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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 301-315 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new finite element technique for calculating energy release rates is presented. An explicit expression for energy changes due to virtual crack extensions is formulated based on a variation of isoparametric element mappings. Energy release rates are calculated directly from integral expressions evaluated over singular quarter-point isoparametric elements surrounding the crack tip. Since the energy release rates are expressed in variational form, there is no need for the analyst to select a small finite crack extension to simulate a virtual crack extension. The method is shown to produce very accurate solutions even with fairly coarse element meshes. A similar technique for mixed-mode fracture based on mutual potential energy release rates is described.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 386-386 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 387-388 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 437-449 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper extends the earlier work by the present authors for a single embedded crack in an infinite solid and presents a solution to the problem of multiple coplanar cracks in an infinite medium. An alternating method in conjunction with an analytical solution for a single crack is used to determine the stress intensity factors for interacting multiple coplanar embedded cracks in an infinite body. The alternating method, as implemented here, leads to a highly accurate evaluation of the appropriate stress intensity factors.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 421-435 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element is developed for the three-dimensional deformation of a circular ring. The derivation is based on ring theory. The unique feature of the element is that it provides for coupling between the in-plane and out-of-plane loads and deflections. The element is derived in terms of polar co-ordinates so that no co-ordinate transformation is needed to assemble the elements. Three ring deflection problems are solved using an assembly of the elements. Two of the solutions are compared with analytical results and one is compared with experimental results. The comparisons verify the theory.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 543-554 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A procedure to discretize explicit enthalpy formulations for one-dimensional planar phase change problems is derived, which removes numerical oscillations in temperature and phase front position. The technique is based on an enthalpy balance for the control volume containing the phase front in combination with linearized temperature profiles near the phase front. A continuous casting solidification problem and a problem with known analytical solution are applied to demonstrate the effect of the scheme.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 585-600 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A generally applicable and simple joint/interface element for three- and two-dimensional finite element analysis is presented. The proposed element can model joints/interfaces between solid finite elements and shell finite elements. The derivation of the joint element stiffness is presented and algorithms for the treatment of nonlinear joint behaviour discussed. The performance of the element is tested on typical problems involving shell-to-shell and shell-to-solid interfaces.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 617-635 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A 48 degrees-of-freedom quadrilateral element, including the effect of both material and geometric nonlinearities, is formulated and appropriate numerical procedures are adopted for the development of a systematic and efficient approach for the static nonlinear analysis of general shell structures. The element surface is described by a variable-order polynomial in curvilinear co-ordinates. The displacement functions are described by bicubic Hermitian polynomials in curvilinear co-ordinates. Without being confined to the assumption of axisymmetry, this formulation allows for the treatment of shells with a more general shape and with a complex spread of plastic zones. In the formulation for geometric nonlinearity, the total Lagrangian approach is adopted. Only small strains and small rotations are allowed. In the formulation for plastic deformation, the concept of a layered element model is used. In the inelastic range, the material is assumed to obey the Von Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. A tangential stiffness formulation is combined with the modified Newton-Raphson iteration method for the solution of nonlinear problems. A systematic choice of examples ranging from fiat plates to cylindrical panels and to spherical caps is solved and compared with available solutions to evaluate the recommended formulations and procedures in terms of their accuracy and efficiency.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 683-689 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: As an approximation for the mechanism behind noise emission from a rock drilling rod, the transient damped vibrations of a beam (the drilling rod) in bending and shear is studied. At one end the beam is supported by a distributed damped Winkler-type foundation. In order to determine required transfer function from an applied moment at the other end of the beam, it is divided into two finite elements. Each element is treated as a uniform Rayleigh-Timoshenko beam in an ambient medium. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is utilized. Good agreement between calculated and measured strains is obtained. A single-figure measure which is approximately proportional to the sound power radiated from the vibrating beam is calculated for different damping materials at the supported end. It is found that a relatively high value of the stiffness of the Winkler-type foundation is needed if a significant level of reduction in the sound power radiated from the beam is to be achieved.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 713-721 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: At present there are many general methods of approximating a possibly nonlinear operator equation by a finite equation system. The most commonly applied methods are the finite element and the finite difference. Numerous papers (e.g. References 9 and 10) have dealt with a comparison of these methods.In Reference 12 the Galerkin finite difference method (GFDM) is developed. The GFDM is a special finite element method designed t o solve nonlinear and possibly coupled partial differential equations numerically. It consists of a finite difference scheme derived from a Galerkin finite element method through the use of special local basis functions and a special grid.In this paper, we are concerned with extending the GFDM to derive ‘normal’ difference schemes. e.g. five-point schemes on two-dimensional domains for a general class of operators, even in nonlinear cases.Using GFDM or the finite element method on two-dimensional regions generally leads to at least 7- or 9-point schemes as well as expensive approximations of the nonlinear terms. Often, numerical integration is necessary. These computational costs are due to the non-orthogonality of the continuous and differentiable local basis functions that are needed in this case.The basic idea of the multi-bases approaches, which are the major concern in this paper11, is to reduce the smoothnessproperties ofthelocal basis functions in favour oftheir orthogonality. Thiscan beachieved with the help of so-called transfer operators which map the non-orthogonal and differentiable basis onto an only bounded but orthogonal basis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 777-778 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 775-776 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 763-774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We derive a closed-form expression for the change in the variational indicator of a finite element mesh with respect to perturbations in nodal point co-ordinates. The expression is evaluated very effectively from standard finite element data obtained in one solution, and may be easily programmed as part of a general finite element code. We present the derivation for two- and three-dimensional isoparametric elements used in linear and nonlincar elasticity. The expression has practical applications in the computation of stress intensity factors in fracture mechanics and in the determination of the ‘optimal’ mesh with a given element-node connectivity. We demonstrate both applications by accurately determining the stress intensity factor of a Mode I crack using a finite element mesh which was improved using mesh optimization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 825-835 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Many plane stress finite elements which can exactly represent rigid-body and constant-strain modes are too stiff in their response to the simple flexural action of a beam. This problem has received considerable interest. In this paper we explore a new interpretation of the problem and show that the poor bending response of the original 4-node plane stress quadrilateral can be quantitatively predicted by an error model.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1361-1362 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1345-1359 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Introduced herein is a generalization of Newmark's time marching integration scheme, called the β-m method. Like the SSpj method (introduced in Parts 1 and 2 of this series), the β-m method provides a gcneral single-step scheme applicable to any set of initial value problems. The method is specialized by specifying the method order m along with rn integration parameters, β0, β1, …, βm-1. For a particular choice of m, the integration parameters provide a subfamily of methods which control accuracy and stability, as well as offering options for explicit or implicit algorithms. For the most part, attention is focused on the application to structural dynamic equations. Most well-known methods (e.g. Newmark, Wilson, Houbolt, etc.) are shown to be special cases within the β-m family. Hence, one computationally efficient and surprisingly simple algorithm unifies old and new methods. Stability and accuracy analyses are presented for method orders m = 2, 3 and 4 to determine optimal parameters for implicit and explicit schemes, along with numerical verification.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1381-1390 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical scheme has been constructed to simulate the imposition of a step in heat transfer at the surface of a multi-layered substrate. The numerical simulation of this process is carried out by applying an extended version of the Keller Box-Scheme to multi-layered diffusion problems. Numerical calculations show that accurate choice of length and time-scales is critical in determining the behaviour of the heat flow through the substrate. Thus, the results from the numerical simulations are of value to the experimentalist, particularly in determining the accurate shape of the response curves which enable experimental apparatus to be designed effectively. The proposed scheme yields heat fluxes as accurately as temperatures, and can be easily adapted to other related applications.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1521-1533 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple and logical finite element formulation is presented for the analysis of rings and sectors, with Timoshenko effects. The elemental properties are derived from the governing differential equation of motion using the Galerkin method. A quintic polynomial, satisfying the compatibility of derivatives up to second order, has been used for the ring finite element. The interpolating function is the same as for a thin ring. The efficiency of the formulation has been illustrated by the numerical results presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1547-1553 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For about a decade, each and every researcher who used isoparametric quadratic elements to solve fracture mechanics problems employed only incomplete versions of these elements. Although complete formulations of isoparametric elements are almost as available as incomplete ones in general-purpose finite element computer programs, no attempt to use complete formulations has been seen yet. The purpose of this paper is to show how the complete quadratic isoparametric elements can be employed in the field of fracture mechanics.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1709-1727 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented which enables the calculation of the settlement behaviour of circular or general loadings on horizontally layered soils which undergo secondary or ‘creep’ consolidation. The method of analysis involves the use of Hankel or double Fourier transforms to simplify the equations governing the consolidation process. This leads to great savings in the preparation of data and the amount of computer storage needed to solve problems involving three-dimensional loadings since such problems are essentially reduced to that of one spatial dimension: Solutions are then obtained by a ‘forward marching’ process where solutions at a particular time are found from those at a previous time. A method is presented which eliminates the need to store the solutions at all previous time steps, and is therefore very efficient. The theory is illustrated by examples of the behaviour of rectangular and circular loadings on layered soil profiles.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1749-1758 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A technique is described in which global approximations are used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. The technique is theoretically based on two corollaries to the Lax-Milgram lemma which are presented in this paper. Basically, the technique consists of factoring the unknown function for which an approximation is desired into the product of a global approximation and a second unknown function. Finite element methods are appropriately applied to obtain an approximation to the second unknown function. The approximation to the original function then consists of the product of the specified global approximation and the approximation to the second unknown function. The advantage that finite element methods possess with respect to obtaining banded matrices is preserved in this technique. In addition, numerical examples indicate that the technique's accuracy is as much as a factor of fifty better than the accuracy obtained by directly applying a finite element method to approximate the original function.
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  • 24
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1791-1802 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient block overrelaxation algorithm is presented for the solution of the steady-state dam seepage problem. The formulation of Alt is used in conjunction with a finite element method on a fixed mesh to obtain a finite dimensional problem which is then solved by the algorithm. Some similarities of the formulation and the residual flow method of Desai are also discussed. Numerical results are compared with results of other authors.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1938-1939 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 26
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1925-1934 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Material modelling requirements for accurate stress fields in a nonuniform anisotropic composite are established for all six components of stress at a material point. The gauge section from a conical involute structure tested in an earlier investigation provides the case data for this modelling study. Stress results from a tricubic Hermite finite element model are shown to be in agreement with another computational analysis by Pagano using a Reissner energy formulation. Comparisons are made in the interior and at a corner with high interlaminar stress gradients. The small, but critical, matrix dominated stress components are shown to be very sensitive to modelling material orientation changes within each finite element. Uniform stress accuracy was obtained using distribution functions for material orientation of the same degree as the displacement functions, an isoparametric material geometry model.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2013-2025 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An effective technique is presented for recovering surface tractions and distributed reaction forces from finite element displacement solutions of structural mechanics problems. Nodal values of surface tractions and assumed trial functions are used to represent the distribution of surface stresses. Equations obtained from the familiar Galerkin formulation are used to compute the nodal traction values. The method is demonstrated to be efficient and highly accurate, even in the presence of jump conditions or singularities. Extensions of the method are possible for recovering secondary solution variables in non-structural finite element applications.
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  • 28
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1941-1955 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper compares the performance of the SS22 and SS23 (References 1 and 2) single step algorithms for the numerical solution of the second-order structural dynamic equation and a related new algorithm SS32B applied to the equivalent first-order system, with sine and step forcing functions. Various aspects of stability relevant to these equations are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1957-1969 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for obtaining difference equations from differential equations which has previously been applied to ordinary differential equations is here applied to the time-dependent heat conduction equation as a representative example of parabolic partial differential equations. Explicit difference equations are derived which are stable for all values of αΔt/Δ2 and are also accurate. Implicit-algorithms with improved accuracy are also derived. Problems in cartesian and cylindrical co-ordinates are treated.
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  • 30
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2128-2129 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 31
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2157-2168 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present a method which makes it possible to apply the idea of iterated defect correction to finite difference methods for the numerical treatment of partial differential equations. The method yields numerical approximations of very high accuracy for the solution, while the corresponding algebraic systems of equations still have ‘reasonable’ size.
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  • 32
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2201-2219 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A higher-order shear deformation theory is used to analyse laminated anisotropic composite plates for deflections, stresses, natural frequencies and buckling loads. The theory accounts for parabolic distribution of the transverse shear stresses, and requires no shear correction coefficients. A displacement finite element model of the theory is developed, and applications of the element to bending, Vibration and stability of laminated plates are discussed. The present solutions are compared with those obtained using the classical plate theory and the three-dimensional elasticity theory.
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  • 33
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2289-2302 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Bernoulli-Euler theory and Bessel functions are used to obtain explicit expressions for the exact dynamic stiffnesses for axial, torsional and flexural vibrations of any beam which is tapered such that A varies as yn and GJ and I both vary as y(n + 2), where A, GJ and I have their usual meanings; y = (cx/L) + 1; c is a constant such that c 〉 - 1; L is the length of the beam; and x is the distance from one end of the beam. Numerical checks give better than seven-figure agreement with the stiffnesses obtained by extrapolation from stepped beams with 400 and 500 uniform elements. A procedure is given for calculating the number of natural frequencies exceeded by any trial frequency when the ends of the member are clamped. This enables an existing algorithm to be used to obtain the natural frequencies of structures which contain tapered members.
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  • 34
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2305-2306 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 35
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 36
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. i 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1-11 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: ‘Dynamic’ or ‘viscous’ relaxation procedures have not gained much popularity in finite element analysis in which the direct (Gaussian elimination) solution dominates. Reasons for this are various - the most important being the rather slow convergence generally achieved for such procedures. However, it is possible to accelerate this quite dramatically and a method of doing so is shown in this paper. With the use of such acceleration and the inherent advantages of greatly reduced storage requirements and simplicity of programming, relaxation procedures promise an exciting possibility for the solution of large two- and three-dimensional problems in both linear and nonlinear ranges.
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 13-18 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 37-63 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Structural reanalysis problems, such as in nonlinear finite element analysis or optimum design, involve progressive changes in the global stiffness matrix and its matrix factors. Although many studies have been devoted to the subject of matrix factor modification, most investigations have dealt with the problem separately from sparse matrix methods. This paper introduces a graph-theoretic model for the forward solution procedure which is applicable for identifying the modified entries of the matrix factors due to changes in the original matrix. Applications of this graph-theoretic model to existing refactorization methods are presented. The relation between substructuring and sparse matrix ordering strategies, and their effects on reanalysis are discussed. Modification of a sparse matrix associated with an n × n finite element grid ordered by the nested dissection scheme is analysed.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 19-36 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method is presented for the design of thin turbomachinery blades with specified whirl velocities across the blade span. The numerical scheme involves iteration between the directs solution of a finite-volume method developed earlier on by Soulis1 and a design solution.The finite-volume method, which is a combination of finite elements and finite differences, solves the three-dimensional, inviscid, steady arid potential flow through turbomachinery blade rows in the incompressible, compressible and transonic flow range. In the design step, the whirl velocity distribution is specified across the blade span (Dirichlet boundary condition). The design procedure yields a new set of co-ordinates for the blade geometry which are used in the next iteration of the direct solution. However, in the present analysis only thin turbomachinery blades are designed, although a fully three-dimensional numerical method is used (the whirl velocity components of the flow field are averaged over the blade suction and pressure surface).The numerical method has been used to design free-vortex thin turbomachinery blades. Results show that the new numerical procedure is a comparatively economic and reliable method for designing thin turbomachinery blades. It may form the baseline for complete three-dimensional turbomachinery blade designs.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 65-88 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution procedure for the analysis of planar and axisymmetric-contact- problems involving sticking, frictional sliding and separation under large deformations is presented. The contact conditions are imposed using the total potential of the contact forces with the geometric compatibility conditions, which leads to contact system matrices and force vectors. Some key aspects of the procedure are the contact matrices, the use of distributed tractions on the contact segments for deciding whether a node is sticking, sliding or releasing and the evaluation of the nodal point contact forces. The solutions to various sample problems are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 89-104 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Relations between displacement models using reduced integration and hybrid mixed models based on the Hellinger-Reissner and the Herrmann principles have been investigated. Five different isoparametric elements are considered for the case of plane stress, plane strain and plate bending elasticity problems.It is proved that the following relations hold for both models, provided the number of terms of a polynomial expressing the stress or strain component in the formulation of the mixed models is equal to the number of integration points of the reduced integration. If the stiffness matrix of the mixed model is evaluated by the identical integration rule with the reduced integration, the stiffness matrices of both models are identical. Thus, both models are equivalent, if the stiffness matrix of the mixed model is integrated exactly by the identical integration rule with the reduced integration.The displacement models using uniform reduced integration and selective reduced integration are equivalent to the mixed models based on the Hellinger-Reissner and the Herrmann principles except for the 6-node element, respectively.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 105-114 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new three-noded triangular element for plate bending is described. The element is based on an earlier stress-smoothed triangular element due to Razzaque,1 but extra internal ‘bubble’ functions are included to make it more flexible. The accuracy of the new element is compared with that of a number of other high-performance triangular elements. It is concluded that the present element and that due to Hansen, Bergan and Syvertsen2 are the two most accurate triangular thin plate elements currently available. The extra lines of FORTRAN required to convert Razzaque's shape function subroutine to that for the new element are given, thus making the new element easy to implement in any general-purpose finite element program.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 115-129 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A vector boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation and numerical solution procedure is presented for problems of three-dimensional elastic wave radiation and scattering from arbitrarily shaped obstacles. The formulation is explicitly in terms of surface traction and displacement, rather than wave potentials, and the BIE on which numerical work is based is written in a form entirely free of Cauchy principal value integrals. Indeed, the subsequent computational process, based on quadratic isoparametric boundary elements, renders all integrals free of singularities, so that ordinary Gaussian quadrature may be used. Numerical examples include scattering from spherical surfaces and radiation from a cube.
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 163-168 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A fully discrete stability and accuracy analysis of some algorithms for the one-dimensional heat equation is presented. Results illustrate that 2-pass explicit schemes which simultaneously employ lumped and coupled capacity matrices are capable of improved performance over the standard 1-pass explicit scheme.
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 169-182 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general matrix operator is established for solving linear boundary value problems in slip-line field theory. The operator will enable a wider class of problems to be solved than were previously possible with the matrix slip-line field technique. As an illustration, a range of solutions are generated involving the previously intractable Coulomb friction boundary condition.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 193-193 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 193-193 
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 194-195 
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  • 50
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 229-238 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 197-209 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Exact expressions are presented for the potentials, at an arbitrary point in space, due to two quadratic distributions in a triangular disc. These expressions are obtained by means of extensions of the analytical techniques previously developed for evaluating the potential integrals for constant and linear distributions. It is shown that the potential due to any quadratic distribution in a triangle may be obtained by using the two expressions derived here, together with an expression for the potential corresponding to a linear distribution. This latter expression was presented in an earlier paper.1 Numerical values obtained through the use of the two expressions are compared with those which result from the numerical evaluation of the potential integrals by triangle quadratures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 211-228 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Use of the Green function, for the solution of boundary-value problems, frequently results in singular integral equations. Algorithms are presented for the accurate and efficient treatment of singular kernels frequently encountered in the boundary element method (BEM). They are based upon the use of appropriately weighted Gaussian quadrature formulae, together with numerical geometrical transformations of the region of integration. The use of high-order subdomain expansion functions, for interpolation over nonplanar elements, allows boundary curvature to be accommodated. In particular, the handling of Green functions with logarithmic and r-1 behaviour are detailed. Volume integrals, with r-2 singularity, are outlined. Operations are performed on a simplex, thus resulting in generality and ease of automation. This scheme has been incorporated into boundary element method software and successfully applied to a variety of problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 239-265 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper reports a new explicit and conditionally stable finite difference equation for heat conduction. It predicts results with an accuracy comparable with or better than that obtainable by other methods. Stability of operation can be extended to any desired degree by subdividing the basic time step and increasing the number of nodes. Some existing difference equations are special cases of the new equation reported in this paper. The new solution has been tested by calculating the response of a slab to transient and progressive waves whose analytical solutions are known.
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1577-1581 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient method for solving algebraic equations is given. The linear equations are solved only once and iterations are performed on the non linear equations. If an initial approximation to a desired root is available, then it is utilized in the solution process. Results of some computational experiments are given.
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2221-2236 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem treated is the integration of singular functions which arise in three-dimensional isoparametric formulations of boundary integral equations. A Taylor expansion in the local parametric co-ordinates is developed for the singular integrand, so allowing singular terms to be integrated in closed form, even for curved surface elements. The remainder integral obtained by subtracting out the worst singularities is integrated by repeated Gaussian quadrature.Two groups of tests are presented. First, the accuracy of the integrations has been checked for plane parallelograms (for which exact solutions have been developed) and for curved elements on a sphere. Secondly, results from complete boundary element calculations based on point collocation have been compared with known analytical solutions to two problems; zonal surface harmonics on a sphere and the capacitance of an ellipsoid. The agreement obtained with few degrees-of-freedom suggests that errors which have previously been attributed to point collocation might have arisen in the numerical integration.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2273-2287 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A software system for the automated computer simulation of two-dimensional elastostatic problems by the finite element method is described. This system consists of two parts, automated mesh generation and automated stress analysis. The mesh generation is based on a method in which equilateral triangles are generated successively in the unmeshed region. Automated mesh refinement is carried out in the latter part of the simulation process. The stress analysis is based on the assumed stress hybrid method and the successive over relaxation method. The computer program developed for this paper can generate a succession of increasingly refined triangular meshes until a certain mesh convergence criterion is achieved. The mesh convergence criterion is based on a comparison of nodal stresses in successive analyses until all the stress differences are within a specified tolerance.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 267-283 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a previous paper1, design sensitivity analysis of static response of structural systems when general boundary conditions are imposed during the analysis phase was developed and presented. This paper presents methods for design sensitivity analysis of dynamic response of structural systems when general boundary conditions are imposed during the analysis phase: Eigenvalue as well as transient response problems are discussed. Design sensitivity expression for eigenvalue constraints is derived. For the transient problem, point-wise as well as the integral-type constraint functions are treated. Advantages of these design sensitivity analysis procedures for the dynamic problem are the same as for the static problem. Namely, they are compatible with any existing finite element analysis computer code. Also, they can handle general boundary conditions that are design independent or dependent. Three simple examples are presented to show use of the procedures. Based on these applications, general-purpose numerical procedures can be developed and incorporated into existing computer codes.
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 317-328 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A geometrically nonlinear formulation for a 48 degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.) quadrilateral shell element is presented. Each of the three displacement functions of u, v and w is based on the bicubic Hermitian polynomial. The surface of the element is modelled using linearized ratronal B-spline functions which may be linked to the geometric data bases generated by the computer-aided design system. The displacement functions and the 48 d.o.f. are expressed in both curvilinear and Cartesian forms, whereas the strain-displacement equations are expressed in curvilinear co-ordinates. The use of Cartesian displacement functions and degrees-of-freedom allow for the proper representation of the six rigid body motions even for the element with nonzero Gaussian curvature, such as a bellows. Two examples are demonstrated: snap-through buckling of a spherical cap and large deflection of a semi-toroidal bellows shell. Results compare well with alternative solutions.
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  • 60
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 361-365 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 61
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 367-383 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This communication discusses a 4-node plate bending element for linear elastic analysis which is obtained, as a special case, from a general nonlinear continuum mechanics based 4-node shell element formulation. The formulation of the plate element is presented and the results of various example solutions are given that yield insight into the predictive capability of the plate (and shell) element.
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 385-385 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 487-507 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper reviews the derivation procedure of conventional stress-based elements and then shows how the procedure can be simplified by using degrees-of-freedom which are amplitudes of the boundary loading modes (‘mode-amplitude technique’). This gives one class of element based on stress assumptions and uses only one virtual principle. The natural formulation of hierarchical stress elements is shown.
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 529-541 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The finite prism technique introduced by Zienkiewicz and Too4 is extended to include 12-node prism elements and, more importantly, a novel offset beam element. The use of 12-node prism elements enables parabolic strain distributions to be simulated, this being useful for structures which have strongly tapered cross-sections. The offset beam element is used to simulate flexure and torsion of a beam whose centroid is offset from the main structure. The element is specified completely at the nodes of adjacent prism elements and so is not really an ‘element’ in the usual sense.The analysis is applied to thin and thick plates and to shells, with and without edge beams. It is shown to be more versatile than the finite strip method and it requires smaller computer resources than the finite element method. Experimental verification of the analysis is obtained by comparison with measurements for a double-T bridge deck tested by Loo14.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 583-584 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 601-616 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The displacement of a slightly compressible liquid by another in a porous medium has been modelled. This problem, which involves a moving boundary, has been numerically solved for the one-dimensional case by using the Galerkin method. State and parameter estimation have been carried out using the extended Kalman filter.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 663-670 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Three boundary integral equations for the solution of an important class of elastic slab problems are considered. Some numerical examples are examined in order to illustrate the application of the integral equations to particular boundary-value problems.
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 837-851 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates represent the logical choice for description of the middle surface of the majority of shells in engineering practice. By means of orthogonalization of originally skew parameter lines at integration points for shell analysis by the finite element method (FEM), the remaining minority can be treated without having to resort to skew curvilinear co-ordinates. Therefore, it does not seem to be worth while to extend existing computer codes for shell analysis by the FEM, restricted to orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates, to general curvilinear co-ordinates. Depending on the structure of such a code, this extension may require a substantial amount of recoding. (However, it is advisable to consider general curvilinear co-ordinates if a new computer code for shell analysis by the FEM, based on thin- or thick-shell theory, is written).Based on these considerations, the concept of ‘discrete orthogonalization of parameter lines’ has been developed. It is presented in this paper and applied to the analysis of a hyperbolic paraboloid groined vault subjected to dead load. In the numerical investigation it is demonstrated that treating skew parameter lines incorrectly as orthogonal has a significant effect on the results for the displacements and the internal forces.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 909-928 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of scattering from bodies in free space is formulated using a differential equation approach. The finite element mesh extends outward into the far field region of the scattering body, where the outer boundary condition is evaluated using the asymptotic expression for the scattered field. Numerical results for two scattering bodies are presented and discussed. Non-physical, standing waves appear in the results due to the inadequacy of the outer boundary condition in fulfilling the radiation condition for the scattered field. The differential equation approach does not appear to be competitive with integral equation approaches for thin bodies, but seems promising for handling scattering from thick inhomogeneous bodies into which the field penetrates.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 801-824 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Mixed finite element procedures with triangular and quadrilateral elements are evaluated and applied for nonlinear elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of some engineering problems. The elastic-plastic analysis involves implementation of von Mises, Drucker-Prager and Cap models. A number of special techniques such as symbolic programming, utilization of dihedral symmetry and the frontal solution are used to achieve computational economy. The procedure is also adopted for simulation of construction sequences in geomechanics such as excavation involving stress-free surface. The proposed procedures are evaluated and verified with respect to closed-form solutions, other finite element (displacement) procedures and field observations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 899-908 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Non-Newtonian fluid motion generated by a vertical porous hot plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is studied when viscous and ohmic dissipations are significant. When the temperature of the plate is very large, a general differential approximation for the radiative flux enables the asymptotic flow, valid far away from the tips of the plate, to reduce to a set of nonlinear and coupled ordinary differential equations. The solutions of these differential equations are studied for both small and large values of the absorption coefficient. The temperature, velocity and magnetic field distributions are discussed quantitatively. A primary conclusion of the analysis is that the distributions of temperature, velocity and magnetic field are much larger for a fluid with a large absorption coefficient than for a fluid with a small absorption coefficient.
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 929-939 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A body-fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system is used to solve the equations of two-dimensional incompressible laminar flow over bluff obstructions by finite differences. Arbitrary conditions at the corner are removed by this method. Results for a backward-facing step are in reasonable agreement with those obtained with conventional mesh systems, and the differences are explained. A treatment of a channel expansion, in comparison with empirical data, is also included. The capability of the present method to handle arbitrary two-dimensional geometries is stressed and demonstrated, using a triangle and a semi-circle as examples.
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 967-970 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1001-1012 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Conventional error analyses norms in the finite element method are based on the percentage error or its equivalent in some computed value as compared to the theoretically predicted value. In problems where two or more field variables are coupled, it is possible that if the field interpolation functions do not ‘consistently’ reproduce limiting situations of physical behaviour, there may be very large errors which are exaggerated enormously when some structural parameters become indefinitely large in a penalty limiting sense. The percentage error norms therefore saturate quickly to a value approaching 100 per cent and do not sensibly reflect the relationship between error and the structural parameter, even on a logarithmic plot.Errors due to these spurious constraints have recently been recognized as belonging to a special class described as ‘errors of the second kind’. A new error norm, called the additional stiffening parameter, helps to recognize the manner in which errors of the second kind can be blown out, of propprtion by a large variation in some structural parameter. Recent investigations in some multi-field problems are summarized here to demonstrate the usefulness of this concept.
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  • 76
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1167-1167 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1205-1228 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A uniform beam element of open thin-walled cross-section is studied under stationary harmonic end excitation. An exact dynamic (transcendentally frequency-dependent) 14 × 14 element stiffness matrix is derived from Vlasov's coupled differential equations. Special attention is paid to the computational problems arising when coefficients vanish in these equations because of symmetric cross-section, zero warping stiffness, etc. The dynamic element stiffness matrix is established via a generalized linear eigenvalue problem and a system of linear algebraic equations with complex matrices. A static stiffness matrix is also derived and the associated consistent mass and geometric stiffness matrices are given. Modal masses are evaluated. A FORTRAN program and a numerical example are included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1339-1344 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper shows that the elasto-viscoplastic model, presented the first time in1, enables to take an isotropic and kinematic hardening law into account easily and gives an economical and accurate solution to cyclic plasticity problems.
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1391-1401 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The best approach for the numerical determination of stress intensity factors at crack tips in plane and antiplane elasticity problems is frequently the numerical solution of the corresponding Cauchy-type singular integral equation by the Gauss-Chebyshev method, followed by the application of the natural extrapolation formula for the numerical determination of the stress intensity factors. It is shown here that this approach converges for Hölder-continuous and discontinuous (with jump discontinuities) loading distributions along the crack (or cracks) and that in all cases the rate of convergence is greater than that believed up to now. This superconvergence result is based on a theorem on the numerical equivalence of the Gauss-Chebyshev direct method to a relevant indirect method for the numerical solution of Cauchy-type singular integral equations, also proved here. Numerical results in various crack problems corroborate the theoretical ones.
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  • 82
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1427-1445 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When the finite element method is applied to the analysis of tidal currents in an inland sea with many islands, a system of linear equations with large band and sparse coefficient matrix is solved at each time step, and therefore the finite element methods usually suffer a severe economic disadvantage for practical calculations. The method used in this paper for solving a system of linear equations with large band and sparse coefficient matrix is the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG) method: The ICCG method was compared with other methods such as the Gaussian elimination method, the Gauss-Seidel method and the conjugate gradient method. This method showed significant improvement in computation time and it can overcome the disadvantage that the efficiency to solve the matrix equations which appear in the finite element analysis of tidal currents usually diminishes as the bandwidth grows. The simulation results of tidal currents in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan were compared with field data and good agreements were obtained.
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1403-1426 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a new algorithm to generate interior nodes within any arbitrary multi-connected regions. The boundary nodes and the interior nodes are then linked up to form the best possible triangular elements by a completely revised technique in an efficient and stable manner. Owing to the generality of the central generation program, the global domain is allowed to be divided into as many irregular subdomains as desired, in order to model closely the actual physical situation. Moreover, the boundaries of the sub-domains are updated from time to time when necessary to include the possibilities of progressive refinement around a sharp corner, generating radiating mesh from a prescribed node, generating mesh between two circular arcs, etc. Despite its flexibility and capabilities, data for triangulation have been kept to a minimum by a logical input module; no connectivity information between subregions is needed, and common boundaries are defined once only. All these features have contributed to a powerful method to generate 3-node or 6-node triangular element meshes of great variety within the most irregular heterogeneous regions.
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1447-1458 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method of solving inverse problems of stationary electromagnetic fields is described. It can be applied to problems in non-homogeneous, linear and isotropic environments. The method is based on application of integral equations of the first kind which require regularization because they are ill-posed. Numerical calculations of some selected problems confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1557-1557 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1556-1556 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1535-1546 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The calculation of sensitivity derivatives of solutions of iteratively solved systems of algebraic equations is investigated. A modified finite difference procedure is presented which improves the accuracy of the calculated derivatives. The procedure is demonstrated for a simple algebraic example as well as an element-by element preconditioned conjugate gradient iterative solution technique applied to truss examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1555-1555 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1583-1599 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive study of various mathematical programming methods for structural optimization is presented. In recent years, many modern optimization techniques and convergence results have been developed in the field of mathematical programming. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to discuss the applicability of modern optimization techniques to structural design problems, and (b) to present mathematical programming methods from a unified and design engineers' viewpoint. Theoretical aspects are considered here, while numerical results of test problems are discussed in a companion paper. Special features possessed by structural optimization problems, together with recent developments in mathematical programming (recursive quadratic programming methods, global convergence theory), have formed a basis for conducting the study. Some improvements of existing methods are noted and areas for future investigation are discussed.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1747-1748 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1671-1680 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A one-dimensional exterior electromagnetic scattering problem is formulated using a differential equation approach followed by a finite element discretization. By interpreting the resulting linear algebraic equations as node voltage equations for a transmission line, a boundary element is obtained which satisfies the requirement of no wave reflection at the edge of the finite element region. Numerical results which show the elimination of non-physical standing waves from the scattered field are presented and discussed.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1785-1790 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The speeds of algorithms that are specifically designed to solve sparse matrix equations depend on the ordering of the unknowns. Because it is difficult to know what a good ordering is, many resequencing algorithms have been developed to reorder the equations in a manner that minimizes the execution time of the solver being used. There is no theoretical way of evaluating resequencing algorithms, but four widely used algorithms (Cuthill-Mckee, Gibbs-Poole-Stockmeyer, Levy, Gibbs-King) have been compared with one another on the basis of their performance on a set of benchmark test problems. This paper reports what we believe to be are minimal or near-minimal matrix profiles and wavefronts for the benchmark problems. Comparisons of the minimal results with those produced by the widely used resequencing algorithms show that they produce profiles typically a few tens of per cent greater than minimal, but 50 per cent to 100 per cent greater on two problem types. The algorithm that produced the near-minimal results used a simulated annealing technique, and is far too slow for general use.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1871-1886 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of calculating the natural frequencies and mode shapes of rotating blades is solved by an improved finite difference procedure based on second-order central differences. Lead-lag, flapping and coupled bending-torsional vibration cases of untwisted blades are considered. Results obtained by using the present improved theory have been observed to be close lower bound solutions. The convergence has been found to be rapid in comparison with the classical first-order finite difference method. While the computational space and time required by the present approach is observed to be almost the same as that required by the first-order theory for a given mesh size, accuracies of practical interest can be obtained by using the improved finite difference procedure with a relatively smaller matrix size, in contrast to the classical finite difference procedure which requires either a larger matrix or an extrapolation procedure for improvement in accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1853-1870 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The detailed stress analysis of the toroidal field superconducting coil is needed to ensure its structural integrity, which includes conductor breakage, insulation breakage, sliding between two turns, or support structure failure. Such detailed-analysis requires that each of the superconducting coil turns be modelled separately. In this paper, a curved beam finite element,13 having constant radius of curvature, is considered to model a turn of a noncircular toroidal field coil. Four different coil shapes subjected to electromagnetic body forces due to toroidal magnetic fields are analysed to assess the finite element models: circular, elliptic, Princeton-D8 and compound shape9. The comparison of analytical and finite element analysis results for resultant forces, tensions and displacements suggest that the proposed approach may be extended to the detailed stress analysis of the noncircular toroidal field superconducting coil.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1897-1909 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An elastic-viscoplastic constitutive law is implemented in the formulations of a curved quadrilateral element based on thin shell theory. The element surface is defined using variable-order polynomials allowing representation of a wide range of shell geometries. The large displacement effects are included by using an incremental stiffness procedure together with the Lagrangian mode of description of motion. The time rate effects may be treated by using explicit, semi-explicit or implicit time marching schemes. A scheme for automatic calculation of time step is used. By allowing steady-state conditions to be reached, plasticity solutions are obtained. Both perfect plasticity and strain hardening are considered. The Von Mises yield rule and the associated flow rule are used to determine plastic deformation. The spread of plasticity in the thickness direction is allowed by using a layered model. The procedures developed are applied to solve elastic-plastic, small and large displacement problems of thin plates and shells and the results obtained are compared with existing solutions to illustrate the validity and accuracy of the present developments.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2131-2144 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A family of stable algorithms for integration in time of the spatially discretized generalized Boussinesq equation is presented. In space, the finite element approximation is employed enabling arbitrary layout and variable physical properties. Furthermore, the proposed spatial-temporal discretization neither involves inversion of non-diagonal matrices of large scale nor even their storage. The method is theoretically investigated and numerically tested. Comparison is made with known results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2189-2199 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The unilateral buckling of thin elastic plates, according to Kirchhoff's theory, is studied by using a boundary integral method. A representation for the second member of the equation is given. In the matrix formulatiea, boundary unknowns are eliminated; therefore, the unilateral buckling problem reduces to compute the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of a matrix depending on the contact zone with the rigid foundation. An iterative process allows this zone and the buckling load to be computed. The capacities of the proposed method are illustrated by four examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2257-2272 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is proposed to approximate the solutions of a certain class of differential equations, linear or nonlinear, in two or three, dimensions, provided that the boundary conditions are given on a rectangle or a parallelepiped, respectively. For other boundary shapes the co-ordinate system must be transformed to meet that requirement. As in illustration, an example is given for the solution of Poisson's equation in two dimensions with a constant heat source, giving the temperatures on the rectangle together with the heat-flow distribution along its edges. The basis of the method is a Taylor-series development around one point; the result is given in terms of as many partial derivatives in that point as is desired. A similar method has already been described by Small2 for the ‘heat equation’ ∂θ/∂t = ∂2θ/∂x22. Compared with finite difference and finite element solutions, these methods have the advantage that the solution is continuous, whereas first and second derivatives such as heat fluxes are available at hardly any effort. The results are compared with those of the exact solution. Even if the size of the determinant is limited to 4 × 4, the accuracy is already better than 98.98 per cent. When more effort is spent to solve a system of 10 equations, the accuracy is better than 99-95 per cent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2237-2256 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The frequently used subincremental method has so far been based on a linear interpolation of the total strain path within each main step. This method has proven successful when elastic-plastic behaviour and secondary creep is involved. The present paper proposes a nonlinear subincremental method applicable to general elastic-plastic-creep behaviour including problems with a highly nonlinear total strain path caused by the occurrence of creep hardening. This nonlinear method degenerates to the linear-approach for elastic-plastic behaviour and when secondary creep is present. It is also linear during step loadings and it becomes increasingly more nonlinear, the more creep hardening deformations dominate the behaviour. A wide range of structures are analysed and the results from both subincremental methods are compared; the nonlinear strategy increases the accuracy by a factor of typically 3-5 without affecting the computer time. Moreover, the implementation of the nonlinear method is extremely simple. The optimum number of substeps in each main step is found to be around 5. For such a choice, the advantage of using the subincremental method as compared to the more conventional solution technique, where only one type of time step is used, is a significant reduction in computer time without, in practice, affecting the accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2303-2304 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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