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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Anticholinesterase agents ; Clearance ; Demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide ; Dimethoate ; Hemodialysis ; Hemoperfusion ; Intoxication ; Nitrostigmine ; Organophosphate ; Therapy ; Anticholinesterasen ; Clearance ; Demeton-S-methylsulfoxid ; Dimethoat ; Hämodialyse ; Hämoperfusion ; Intoxikation ; Nitrostigmin ; Organophosphate ; Therapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht, ob extracorporale Hämodialyse oder Hämoperfusion mit beschichteter Aktivkohle bei Vergiftungen mit Nitrostigmin, Demeton-S-methylsulfoxid oder Dimethoat zur Elimination der Organophosphate eingesetzt werden können. Nitrostigmin war nicht hämodialysabel. Die beiden anderen Organophosphate dagegen ließen sich gut durch Hämodialyse aus dem Blut eliminieren. Bei einem Blutfluß von 100 ml/min betrug die Clearance für Demeton-S-methylsulfoxid 52,98 ml/min und für Dimethoat 59,07 ml/min. Die Clearancewerte durch Hämoperfusion mit beschichteter Aktivkohle waren unter gleichen Versuchsbedingungen höher. Sie betrugen für Demeton-S-methylsulfoxid 83,70 ml/min und für Dimethoat 87,84 ml/min. Auch Nitrostigmin konnte durch Hämoperfusion aus dem Blut entfernt werden; die Clearance betrug 59,20 ml/min. Bei einem Patienten mit Nitrostigmin-Intoxikation in suicidaler Absicht ließen sich die o. g. Ergebnisse der in vitro-Hämoperfusion bestätigen.
    Notes: Abstract Whether or not extracorporeal hemodialysis or hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal might be used in eliminating organophosphates following poisoning with nitrostigmine, demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide, or dimethoate was here examined. Nitrostigmine could not be hemodialysed. The other two organophosphates, on the other hand could be well eliminated from the blood by hemodialysis. The clearance rates for demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and dimethoate were 52.98 ml/min and 59.07 ml/min respectively, at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The clearance values for hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal were higher under the same trial conditions, the values being 83.70 ml/min for demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and 87.84 ml/min for dimethoate. Nitrostigmine, too, could be eliminated from the blood by hemoperfusion, its clearance being 59.20 ml/min. These results from in vitro hemoperfusion were verified on a patient admitted with nitrostigmine intoxication following attempted suicide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 36 (1976), S. 43-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Intoxication ; Paraquat ; Diquat ; Gut lavage ; Hemodialysis ; Hemoperfusion ; Schlüsselwörter ; Intoxikation ; Paraquat ; Deiquat ; Darmspülung ; Hämodialyse ; Hämoperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen. Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse. Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.
    Notes: Abstract Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents. Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis. In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 29 (1972), S. 255-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Phosphonic Acid (Soman) ; Pesticides (Paraoxon) ; Oximes (HS-3, HS-6, 4-PAM, Obidoxim) ; Phosphonsäureester (Soman) ; Insektizide (Paraoxon) ; Oxime (HS-3, HS-6, 4-PAM, Obidoxim)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die direkte Umsetzung von Soman und Paraoxon mit Pyridinium-Aldoximen in vitro untersucht. Der Reaktionsablauf wurde über die Abnahme der Somankonzentration und die Bildung von p-Nitrophenol, einem Reaktionsprodukt von Paraoxon, gaschromatographisch gemessen. Oximkonzentrationen von 5×10−4 M (HS-3, Obidoxim) bzw. 10−3 M (HS-6, 4-PAM) führen zu einer Halbwertzeit des Somanumsatzes von 14 bis 19 min bei pH 7.4 und 37 °C. Um entsprechende Halbwertszeiten des Paraoxonumsatzes mit Oximen zu erreichen, sind um 2 Zehnerpotenzen höhere Oximkonzentrationen nötig. Inwieweit diese Direktreaktion als Antidotprinzip therapeutische Bedeutung bei der Somanoder Paraoxonvergiftung hat wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The direct interaction of soman and paraoxon with pyridinium aldoximes was studied in vitro. The kinetics of reaction were measured gaschromatographically from decrease of soman concentration and rise of p-nitrophenol, a reaction product of paraoxon. Using oxime concentrations of 5×10−4 M (HS-3, Obidoxim) and 10−3 M (HS-6, 4-PAM) respectively, half time of soman is in the range of 14 to 19 min at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. To obtain similar half times for the reaction between paraoxon and oximes the concentration of oximes has to be increased two powers of ten. The question whether this direct interaction can be used as an antidote principle in therapy of soman or paraoxon intoxication is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 2 (1976), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Anticholinesterase agents ; Blood exchange transfusion ; Demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide ; Dimethoate ; Haemodialysis ; Nitrostigmine ; Organophosphates ; Parathion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human blood was contaminated with nitrostigmine, dimethoate and demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide. It was then dialysed, concentrations of organophosphates were determined and dialysance values calculated. The influence of blood exchange transfusion on poison elimination as well as on the cholinesterase activity of blood, brain and muscle was studied in rats poisoned with nitrostigmine. Haemodialysis was found to be quite an effective method for eliminating demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and dimethoate, dialysance values of 52.98 ml/min and 59.07 ml/min being found for demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and dimethoate respectively. Nitrostigmine could not be removed by haemodialysis. These findings suggest that haemodialysis could be of therapeutic value in the treatment of severe demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and dimethoate poisoning in man. By blood exchange transfusion only 0.06% of the injected dose of nitrostigmine could be removed from the body of poisoned rats. Acetylcholinesterase activity increased only briefly in the period of blood exchange transfusion and decreased gradually afterwards. The enzymatic activity of brain and muscle was unaffected. Therefore, blood exchange transfusion has, if any at all, only poor therapeutic properties in nitrostigmine intoxication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 655-659 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Dermal Toxicity ; Paraquat ; Percutaneous Absorption ; Poisoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fatal paraquat poisoning can occur when relatively large areas of skin are contaminated with a concentrated solution of paraquat (Gramoxone). A paraquat absorption takes place of the same magnitude as that with an equal dose per os. In the presence of mechanical or chemical lesion of the skin the percutaneous paraquat absorption is distinctly enhanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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