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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Blood glucose ; plasma insulin ; meals ; diurnal patterns ; estrogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant sex differences were observed in 24 young lean men and women submitted to two mixed isocaloric meals (880 Kcal; protein 40 g; carbohydrate 90 g; fat 40 g;) at 8.15 AM and 12.45 PM. After an overnight fast venous blood glucose levels were lower in women than in men. Plasma insulin responses were lower after the afternoon meal than after the morning one in men but not in women. Thus women did not present the well known cycle of insulin secretion described in men. Estradiol benzoate, 10 mg per day given intra-muscularly for eight days in six men who served as their own control, lowered fasting venous blood glucose levels and enhanced post prandial plasma insulin levels after the morning and the afternoon meal as well. It is suggested that the sex related differences in venous blood glucose and plasma insulin patterns may be due in part to estrogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 18 (1980), S. 447-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Haemoglobin A1c ; Insulin-dependent diabetes ; Blood glucose control ; Multiple insulin injections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Haemoglobin A1c concentrations were measured in 102 insulin-treated diabetic outpatients. Only 19% had Hb A1c levels below three standard deviations above the normal mean value (5.23±0.05%). There were no correlations between Hb A1c levels, random C-peptide immunoreactivity or age. A significant correlation (r = 0.49; p〈 0.001) was, however, observed between HbA1c and random plasma glucose levels. The mean random plasma glucose value was normal (89±18 mg/ 100 ml; 5±1 mmol/l) in the patients on insulin three times a day who had received short acting insulin 160 ±6 min before the sampling. — A significant inverse correlation was found (r = -0.26; p〈0.01) between the number of daily insulin injections and the HbA1c concentration. — These results suggest that the use of multiple daily insulin injections improves diabetic control. It should however be emphasised that the patients receiving multiple insulin injections were younger than those on the single injection regime and had lower plasma insulin antibody titres, different social and psychological status and a shorter duration of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Randomized clinical trial ; insulin dependent treatment ; retinopathy ; microaneurysms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have previously reported a slower rate of progression in the number of microaneurysms in insulin dependent diabetic patients treated by divided insulin injections when compared to patients receiving a single daily insulin injection [Diabetes 25, 463–469 (1976)]. This observation is strengthened by the present analysis which uses complementary data obtained after a further year follow up: the mean yearly increase in the number of microaneurysms was 9±1 in the single injection group and 3±1 in the multiple one (p 〈 0.001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude de la glycorégulation a été pratiquée chez 10 adultes atteints d'insuffisance rénale chronique avancée (clearance de la créatinine endogène inférieure à 10ml/mn dans 9 observations et égale à 23ml/mn dans une). Les sujets étaient exempts d'obésité et n'avaient aucun antécédent familial de diabète ou d'obésité. L'état nutritionnel et l'activité physique des malades étaient le plus proche possible de la normale. L'alimentation des sujets comprenait au moins 250 grammes d'hydrates de carbone par jour. Les épreuves suivantes ont été effectuées: hyperglycémies provoquées par ingestion de glucose et par injection intraveineuse rapide de glucose, test au glucagon I–V, test au tolbutamide I–V, test à l'insuline exogéne I–V. Chez trois sujets il a été également effectué un test à la L. leucine. Les glycémies ont été déterminées par la méthode à la glucose-oxydase sur sang veineux. L'insulinémie a été dosée par la méthode radio-immunologique de Berson et Yalow au cours d'épreuves dynamiques chez quatre malades. Les anomalies constatées sont très modérées mais indiscutables. La glycémie à jeun est parfois élevée. Des valeurs anormalement élevées sont constatées lorsque la glycémie n'est pas mesurée par des méthodes enzymatiques du fait de la présence dans le sang de substances réductrices non glucosées. L'hyperglycémie par voie buccale se caractérise 7 fois sur 10 par une courbe étalée avec un retour lent de la glycémie à la normale et en particulier la valeur de la glycémie à la 2éme heure est supérieure à 1.20 g/l. Les valeurs du coefficient K de l'hyperglycémie par voie veineuse se situent dans une zone de normalité basse 7 fois sur 10; une fois K est franchement abaissé (0.84). L'insulinémie est normale ou haute. La réponse insulinienne endogène au cours des épreuves hyperglycémiantes anormales est importante, et surtout anormalement prolongée. La réponse au glucagon est normale. Il n'y a pas de résistance à l'insuline exogène. L'hypoglycémie induite par le tolbutamide est d'amplitude normale mais le maximum de la sécrétion est souvent retardé. Les stimulus hypoglycémiants sont souvent prolongés dans leurs effets. Chez deux malades on a observé une sensibilité importante à l'insuline exogène et au tolbutamide et une hypoglycémie secondaire après hyperglycémie provoquée par voie buccale ou après injection de glucagon. Il est possible que les anomalies discrètes de la glycorégulation observées chez 7 malades sur 10 soient dues à une relative diminution de l'efficacité de l'insuline endogène au niveau des tissus périphériques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei 10 Erwachsenen mit vorgeschrittener chronischer Niereninsuffizienz (endogene Kreatininclearance in 9 Fällen unterhalb 10 ml/min und in einem Fall 23 ml/min) wurden Untersuchungen der Blutzuckerregulation durchgeführt. Die Versuchspersonen waren frei von Fettsucht; es bestand kein Anhalt für das Vorliegen von Diabetes oder Fettsucht in der Familie. Der Ernährungszustand und die körperliche Tätigkeit der Patienten waren weitgehend normal. Die Nahrung der Versuchspersonen enthielt mindestens 250 g Kohlenhydrate pro Tag. Es wurden folgende Versuche durchgeführt: Orale Glukosebelastung, intravenöse Glukosebelastung, intravenöse Glukagonbelastung, intravenöse Tolbutamidbelastung und intravenöse Insulinbelastung. Bei 3 Versuchspersonen wurde auch eine L-Leuzinbelastung vorgenommen. Der Blutzucker wurde mit der Glukose-Oxydase-Methode im venösen Blut bestimmt. Bei 4 Patienten wurde während der Belastungstests das Plasma-insulin nach der radioimmunologischen Methode von Berson und Yalow gemessen. Es ließen sich geringe, aber doch deutliehe Abweichungen von der Norm feststellen. a) Die Nüchternblutzuckerwerte waren manchmal leicht erhöht. Diese waren besonders dann hoch, wenn die Blutzuckerbestimmung nicht mit enzymatischen Methoden vorgenommen wurde, weil im Blut außer Glukose andere reduzierende Substanzen vorhanden sind. b) Bei 7 von 10 Fällen zeigte sich beim oralen Glukosetoleranztest eine Erhöhung der Kurve mit verzögertem Abfall des Blutzuckers zur Norm; insbesondere lag der Blutzuckerwert nach 2 Stunden über 120 mg %. c) K-Werte lagen beim intravenösen Glukosetoleranztest in 7 von 10 Fällen im unteren Normalbereich; in einem Fall war der K-Wert eindeutig niedrig (0.84). d) Die Plasmainsulinwerte waren normal oder im oberen Normalbereich. Bei den Belastungstests mit Hypoglykämie war der Plasmainsulinanstieg zwar deutlich, aber abnorm verzögert. e) Die Reaktion auf Glukagon war normal. Es bestand kein Anhalt für eine Resistenz gegen exogenes Insulin. Der Grad der durch Tolbutamid bewirkten Hypoglykämie war normal, obwohl das Maximum der Sekretion oft verzögert war. f) Die hypoglykämischen Reize zeigten oft verlängerte Effekte. g) Eine starke Empfindlichkeit gegen exogenes Insulin und gegen Tolbutamid sowie eine reaktive Hypoglykämie nach oraler Glukosebelastung und nach Glukagonbelastungstest konnten bei 2 Patienten beobachtet werden. Diese bei 2 von 7 beobachteten geringen pathologischen Abweichungen der Blutzuckerregulation lassen sich möglicherweise auf eine relative Wirksamkeitsminderung des endogenen Insulins an den peripheren Geweben zurückführen.
    Notes: Summary Glycoregulation was studied in 10 adult patients with severe chronic renal insufficiency (endogenous creatinine clearance lower than 10 ml/min in 9 cases, 23 ml/min in 1 case). None of these subjects was obese; there was no evidence of a family history of diabetes or of obesity. Nutritional state and physical activity were as close as possible to the normal range. Every patient was given a diet containing at least 250 g per day of carbohydrates. The tests performed included the following: oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucagon test, intravenous tolbutamide test, intravenous exogenous insulin test. In 3 patients, L-leucine tests were performed. Blood glucose was determined, after venous collection, by glucose-oxidase method. In 4 patients, plasma insulin was determined, according to the radio-immunologic method of Yalow and Berson during dynamic stimulation tests. Slight, but definite, abnormalities were noted, as follows: a) fasting blood sugar was, at times, slightly increased. This increase was higher when the determination was performed by a nonenzymatic method (related to the presence, in the blood, of reducing substances that are not true glucose). b) in 7 patients out of 10, the oral glucose tolerance test was characterized by a raised curve with a delayed return of blood glucose to its basal value (in particular, the 2-hour blood glucose value was above 120 mg/100 ml). c) in 7 patients out of 10, K values were in the lower limit of the normal range (intravenous glucose tolerance test); in 1 patient K value was clearly decreased (0.84). d) plasma insulin was normal, or in the upper limit of the normal range. During the performance of hyperglycemic tests, endogenous insulin response was clear-cut, and abnormally delayed. e) glucagon response was normal. There was no evidence for a resistance to exogenous insulin. Tolbutamide induced hypoglycemia had a normal amplitude, although the maximal secretion rate was often delayed. f) hypoglycemic stimuli often had prolonged effects. g) in 2 patients, an important sensitivity to exogenous insulin and tolbutamide was observed, together with a secondary hypoglycemic response after oral glucose load and after glucagon injection. These slight abnormalities of the glycoregulation, observed in 7 out of 10 patients, may possibly be related to a relative decrease of endogenous insulin effectiveness upon peripheral tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Amniotic fluid ; C-peptide ; insulin ; diabetes ; pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucose, insulin and C-peptide were determined in amniotic fluid from 28 normal and 46 insulin-treated diabetic pregnant women. Glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations in amniotic fluid were higher in the diabetics than in the normal subjects. In diabetic women insulin levels did not correlate with birth weight or birth weight adjusted for gestational age, but C-peptide did. C-peptide correlated poorly with insulin (p〈0.05) in diabetics but closely (p〈0.002) in normal subjects. These results suggest that amniotic fluid investigations in insulintreated diabetic women should use C-peptide assays as these seem to reflect more closely the insulin production of the fetus than do insulin assays. There were no differences in amniotic fluid glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations where the amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio indicated fetal pulmonary maturity or immaturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude quantitative des anticorps anti-insulines chez l'homme a été effectuée chez 14 malades diabétiques par la méthode radio-immunologique deBerson etYalow. Les antisérums possèdent au moins deux types de sites réactifs. Dans l'interprétation des insulinorésistances immunes, le premier type de sites réactifs intervient de façon prépondérante pour lier l'insuline. La plupart des antisérums différencient l'insuline de boeuf de l'insuline de porc mais les comportements envers l'insuline porcine et humaine sont souvent analogues. Cependant les caractéristiques de l'antisérum peuvent étre très différentes chez des diabétiques ayant été traités par la même insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mit der radioimmunologischen Methode vonBerson andYalow wurden bei 14 Diabetikern quantitativ Insulinantikörper untersucht. Die Antikörper haben mindestens 2 Typen von Reaktionsstellen, die jeweils durch ihre Bindungskapazität und ihre Gleichgewichtskonstante definiert sind, von der die Änderung der freien Standard-Energie der Insulin-Antikörper-Reaktion abhängt. Die Gleichgewichtskonstante und die Bindungskapazität des ersten Reaktionsstellentyps müssen genügend hoch sein, um den immunologischen Ursprung einer Insulin-Resistenz annehmen zu können. Im allgemeinen hat das Immunserum weniger Affinität für Schweineals für Rinderinsulin, doch besteht oft kein Unterschied zwischen der Affinität für Schweine- und menschliches Insulin. Wegen der individuellen Schwankungen der immunologischen Reaktion bei Personen, die mit dem gleichen Insulin behandelt wurden, ist es jedoch unmöglich, aus der Kurve der direkten Reaktion bei Gleichgewicht für ein Serum abzulesen, wie die Kreuzreaktion verlaufen wird. Schnellteste für Bindungs- und Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen sind für die Reihenanalyse von Serum und für die Feststellung sich aus der Antigenantikörperreaktion ergebender klinischer Konsequenzen von Nutzen.
    Notes: Summary Insulin antibodies were studied quantitatively by the radio-immunological method ofBerson andYalow in 14 diabetics. The antibodies have at least two types of reactive sites, each of them being defined by their capacity and their equilibrium constant on which the free standard energy change of the insulin antibody reaction depends. The equilibrium constant and the capacity of the first type of reactive sites must be sufficiently high to ensure the immune origin of resistance to insulin. Usually immune serum has less affinity for porcine than for beef insulin and is less able to distinguish between human and porcine insulin. However, because of the individual variations in immune response of human subjects treated by the same insulin it is impossible to see, for one serum, from the graph of direct reaction at equilibrium what will occur with the cross reaction. Quick tests for association and equilibrium studies are useful to analyse series of sera and to detect clinical consequences of antibodies to insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 15 (1978), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes control ; microangiopathy ; blood glucose ; vascular complications ; treatment of diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This review seeks to supply the arguments which support or deny the relationship between the quality of control of blood glucose levels and the course of diabetic microangiopathy. The ideal study is impossible to do in man but most prospective studies suggest that the better the control the slower the rate of progression and severity of lesions. “Scientific” but indirect arguments from biochemical, enzymatic and functional studies have shown that insulin and/or blood glucose control reverse some early diabetic changes that are probably related to the late events. Recent studies suggest that observations on animals that have shown the beneficial effect of treatment are relevant to the problem of diabetic microvascular lesions in man. Heredity influences the development of diabetic microangiopathy in diabetics but retinal and/or glomerular lesions — which are definitely not pathognomonic for diabetes — do not appear in the absence of hyperglycaemia. Muscle capillary basement membrane thickening that seems not to be a specific abnormality was not observed by several investigators in recently diagnosed diabetics. Therefore most of the arguments that have been given to support the point of view that tight control is not justified may be rejected. The opinion of the author is that strict control of diabetes is worthwile in patients with long life expectancy and no psychological, social or cultural handicaps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; insulin-treated diabetics ; multiple injections ; control of diabetes ; hypoglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two groups of insulin-treated outpatients (one followed up at the Hotel-Dieu Hospital and the second mainly supervised by general practitioners) were chosen at random in 1978. The two populations were comparable in age, age at diagnosis, sex, level of education, overall activity and socio-professional and economic status. Outpatients followed up in the diabetic unit had better blood glucose control, with about the same number of hypoglycaemic reactions as patients followed up in general practice. This better control was associated with more social activity and less visits to the physician, despite the fact that patients attending the hospital spent more money on their diet and had more daily insulin injections. All these differences remain significant after adjustment for the duration of diabetes. It may be inferred that attempts to improve control in insulin-treated patients are associated with a more active life and with no increase in the frequency of hypoglycaemic reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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