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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 46 (1997), S. S120 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Akuter Schmerz kann schädliche Wirkungen auf beinahe jedes Organsystem im Körper ausüben. Störungen des respiratorischen, kardiovaskulären und neuroendokrinen Systems sind unmittelbar erkennbar. Nicht sofort erkennbar sind Veränderungen in der Genexpression von Neuropeptiden, Zytokinen, Wachstumsfaktoren, u.a. Diese können zu Störungen führen, die später einsetzen und länger andauern. Interaktionen zwischen dem Immun- und Nervensystem tragen gleichermaßen zur Entstehung wie auch zur Kontrolle des Entzündungsschmerzes bei. Ein Gewebstrauma triggert eine Kaskade an lokalen Vorgängen, die in einer erhöhten Sensibilität und Schmerzhaftigkeit resultieren. Etwa zur gleichen Zeit werden Mechanismen aktiviert, die dieser Entwicklung entgegenwirken. Sie führen durch zentrale wie auch lokale Wirkungen von endogenen Opioidpeptiden zu einer zunehmenden Inhibition des Entzündungsschmerzes. Der Übergang von akutem in chronischen Schmerz hängt möglicherweise einerseits von Störungen dieser intrinsischen Kontrollmechanismen, andererseits von dem rechtzeitigen Einsetzen wirkungsvoller Therapiemaßnahmen ab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lokalanästhetika: Bupivacain ; Toxizität: Lokalanästhetika ; Key words Anaesthetics ; local ; Bupivacaine ; Cerebroventricular perfusion ; Toxicity: local anaesthetics ; CNS effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives: The cardiotoxic properties of bupivacain have been well documented under in-vitro, as well as under in-vivio conditions. A further mechanism of cardiovascular impairment by bupivacaine via the central nervous system gained investigational interest in animal studies. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the effect of a ventriculocisternal perfusion of bupivacain on systemic hemodynamic variabels and their reversability by wash-out with mock-CSF. Methods: After obtaining animal investional commitee consent, nine anaesthetized and relaxated pigs were prepared for a ventriculocisternal perfusion (VCP). Hemodynamic data were obtained by invasive blood pressure measurements in the high and low pressure system as well as cardiac output (thermodilution technique), intracranial pressure and electrocardiogram. Systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume were calculated using standard formulas. A second group of three animals were exposed to an intravenous infusion of the same dose of bupivacain over the same period of time to rule out direct cardiac effects. After instrumentation baseline data were obtained (KO 1) under VCP with mock-CSF for 30 minutes. The mock-CSF was replaced by 0,05% bupivacaine in mock-CSF and VCP was continued with 3 ml · h–1 for 20 minutes. After adminstration of 500 µg bupivacaine data were collected (BU). The bupivacaine solution was replaced by mock-CSF and after twenty minutes hemodynamic measurement were repeated (KO2). Results: The intravenous adminstration of 500µg bupivacaine had no effect on all measured variables. VCP of the same dose resulted in significant increase in heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures. Left and right heart filling pressures as well as systemic vascular resistance were not affected while the stroke volume decreased. After continuation of VCP with mock-CSF hemodynamic changes were reversed. Discussion: Our results demonstrate that bupivacaine initiates an indirect cardiovascular stimulating effect of a VCP with 500 µg of bupivacaine via the central nervous system. The intravenous administration of the same dose had no effect. The centrally mediated cardiovascular effect of bupivacaine was reversed by wash-out with mock-CSF. The cardiovascular stimulation observed in this animal experiment may be of clinical relevance as a potential sign of toxic effects of bupivacaine on the CNS.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in vitro nachweisbaren kardiotoxischen Eigenschaften des Bupivacains sind weitgehend bekannt, eine weitere, über das Zentralnervensystem vermittelte Beeinflussung des Herzkreislaufsystems wird dagegen diskutiert. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen der zentral vemittelten Bupivacainwirkung auf systemische Kreislaufparameter und deren Reversibilität durch Auswaschung mit künstlichem Liquor (m-CSF) tierexperimentell zu untersuchen. Methodik: Dazu wurden nach Genehmigung durch die Tierschutzkommission 9 anästhesierte Jungschweine für eine ventrikulozisternale Perfusion (VCP) mit insgesamt 500 µg Bupivacain in m-CSF präpariert. Die Messungen umfaßten neben invasiv registrierten Blutdrücken im kleinen und großen Kreislauf Herzzeitvolumen, intrakraniellen Druck und Elektrokardiogramm. Der periphere Widerstand und das Schlagvolumen wurden berechnet. Zusätzlich wurde drei Tieren einer Kontrollgruppe Bupivacain 500 µg zum Ausschluß einer direkt kardialen Wirkung intravenös appliziert. Nach einer Stabilisierungsphase im Anschluß an die Präparation wurden Ausgangswerte unter einer VCP mit m-CSF erhoben (KO 1). Danach wurde die VCP über 20 min mit Bupivacain in m-CSF fortgeführt und eine weitere Messung angeschlossen (BU). Die dritte Messung erfolgte nach VCP nur mit m-CSF über 20 min (KO 2). Ergebnisse: Die ventrikulo-zisternale Perfusion von 500 µg Bupivacain führte zu einem Anstieg des systolischen, diastolischen und mittleren arteriellen Bludrucks, der Herzfrequenz und des Herzzeitvolumens. Die rechts- und linksventrikulären Füllungsdrücke sowie der periphere Widerstand blieben unbeeinflußt. Das Schlagvolumen nahm signifikant ab. Mit der Auswaschung (KO 2) waren alle Kreislaufeffekte vollständig reversibel. Bei der intravenösen Infusion der gleichen Bupivacainmenge traten keine Änderungen in den gemessenen Variablen auf. Schlußfolgerungen: Nach unseren Ergebnissen führte die VCP mit 500 µg Bupivacain im Gegensatz zur intravenösen Infusion zu einer signifikanten, zentral vermittelten Kreislaufstimulation, die unter Fortführung der VCP mit m-CSF durch eine Verdünnung oder Auswaschung innerhalb von 20 min vollständig reversibel ist. Den beobachteten Kreislaufeffekten könnte für die frühzeitige Erkennung einer unerwünschten Reaktion auf Bupivacain für die klinische Routine Bedeutung zukommen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hypotension ; Monitoring ; Elektroenzephalogramm ; Früh akustisch evozierte Potentiale (FAEP) ; Key words Hypotension ; Monitoring ; Electroencephalogram ; Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract For surgical removal of a malignant choroid melanoma, it is necessary to reduce systolic blood pressure to around 50–60 mmHg in order to prevent choroidal haemorrhages. However, blood pressure reduction is associated with the risk of cerebral ischaemia. We report a patient with a malignant choroid melanoma in whom waves I and II of the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) disappeared during surgery under controlled arterial hypotension and hypothermia (31.1° C). The waves could be recorded again immediately after the mean arterial pressure was increased from 48 to 77 mmHg. The oesophageal temperature had dropped by 0.3° C at this time. The 2-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) showed no irregularities during this time period. A bilateral, reversible, apparently blood-pressure-dependent loss of waves I and II during arterial hypotension despite a normal EEG has to our knowledge not been previously described in the literature. The isolated loss of waves I and II with maintenance of waves III, IV, and V is unusual. The literature contains reports of acoustic neurinoma patients in whom only wave V could be recorded. This is regarded as an indication of continued impulse conduction despite the loss of waves I to IV. Others have observed a patient with temporary and reversible loss of BAEP wave I due to vasospasm of the internal auditory artery that apparently occurred during or shortly after manipulation of the internal auditory meatus. Assuming anatomic peculiarities in the blood supply to the generators of the BAEP waves, a stenosis of the basilar artery could be considered as the cause of the bilateral reversible loss of waves I and II. Another potential source could be the induced hypothermia, but this does not seem very likely because the patient's temperature was 0.3° C lower at the return of the waves than at their loss.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über einen Patienten mit einem malignen Melanom der Aderhaut, bei dem es intraoperativ unter kontrollierter Hypotension und Hypothermie (31,3° C) zum Verlust der Wellen I und II der frühen akustisch evozierten Potentiale (FAEP) kam. Nach Anhebung des mittleren arteriellen Drucks von 48 auf 77 mmHg waren die FAEP-Wellen sofort wieder ableitbar, obwohl die ösophageale Temperatur um 0,3° C abgefallen war. Das ebenfalls abgeleitete 2-Kanal-Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) zeigte im betreffenden Zeitraum keine Auffälligkeiten. Ein beidseitiger reversibler, offensichtlich blutdruckabhängiger Ausfall der Wellen I und II während Hypotension bei gleichzeitig unauffälligem EEG ist unseres Wissens bisher in der Literatur nicht beschrieben. Der isolierte Verlust der Wellen I und II bei erhaltenen Wellen III, IV und V ist ungewöhnlich. In der Literatur sind aber Patienten mit Akustikusneurinom beschrieben, bei denen nur die Welle V abgeleitet werden konnte. Ebenso ist ein Fall mit temporärem Verlust von FAEP-Welle I beschrieben. Als Ursache wird eine lokale Minderperfusion wegen Vasospasmus während Manipulationen in Strukturen des Meatus akustikus internus diskutiert. Ausgehend von anatomisch-physiologischen Besonderheiten der Blutversorgung der Generatoren der FAEP-Wellen kann eine Stenose der Arteria basilaris als Ursache für den beidseitigen reversiblen Ausfall der Wellen I und II diskutiert werden. Der Erhalt der Wellen III bis V könnte für eine retrograde Füllung der A. basilaris aus dem Stromgebiet des Circulus Willisii sprechen. Wir interpretieren den beidseitigen Ausfall der Wellen I und II als Folge der Minderperfusion des betreffenden Hirngewebes. Die gleichzeitig bestehende Hypothermie scheidet als Ursache für den temporären Verlust der Wellen I und II aus, weil die Temperatur des Patienten beim Wiederauftreten der Wellen I und II 0,3° C niedriger war als bei ihrem Verlust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 21 (1995), S. 235-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Hypokalemia ; Potassium shift ; Catecholamine release ; Head trauma ; Beta-2-stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A sudden decrease of serum potassium below 2.5 mmol/l carries the risk of dangerous arrhythmias and requires immediate replacement therapy [6]. We refer to a patient with a brain stem compression after head injury, who developed a profound hypokalemia (K+=1.2 mmol/l) with life-threatening arrhythmias, probably due to a catecholamine induced intracellular potassium shift (beta-2-stimulation). Only by aggressive potassium replacement up to 80 mmol/h (610 mmol/16h) could potassium levels be increased and cardiac arrhythmias terminated. Although replacement therapy was stopped when the serum K+-level increased to 2.4 mmol/l, 3.5 h later the patient became hyperkalemic (8.1 mmol/l). This was probably due to a secondary shift of potassium from intra-to extracellular space. In patients with severe head trauma and the potential risk of excessive catecholamine release special attention must be paid to changes in potassium balance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Utilizing the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) in conjunction with x-ray and neutron reflectometry (NR) and diffraction, we have studied the magnetic coupling of Fe/Cr(001) superlattices grown at room temperature and 250 °C. Only the samples grown at elevated temperature exhibit noncollinear coupling of 5.0 nm Fe layers across 1.7 nm Cr interlayers. The noncollinear samples feature a less-disordered in-plane interfacial structure than those grown at room temperature. Using x-ray diffuse reflectivity, we have measured a length scale of 10 nm for these in-plane features. We have also observed, via NR, a remanent noncollinear coupling angle of 50° and, via MOKE and NR, a gradual approach to saturation at upwards of 7 kOe. These features can be explained qualitatively by the proximity magnetism model of Slonczewski. We will compare the predictions of both the proximity and bilinear/biquadratic models with our data and present the results of ongoing neutron measurements of the temperature dependence of the coupling. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 6432-6438 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Results are outlined of experimental work concerning Slonczewski's theories explaining 90° coupling: "loose spin'' theory and thickness-fluctuation mechanism. The loose spin theory suggests that 90° coupling originates from paramagnetic impurities in the interlayer of an exchange-coupled layered structure. The influence of these paramagnetic impurities on the magnetic exchange coupling was studied using the wedge technique. High-quality single-crystalline Fe/Ag/Fe samples were prepared in UHV and each sample consisted of two wedges: one wedge with additional Fe deliberately inserted during growth into the Ag interlayer and one wedge with a pure Fe/Ag/Fe structure. The detailed analysis of magneto-optic hysteresis loops revealed quantitatively the bilinearly and the 90° coupling strength. As predicted by loose spin theory additional Fe in the Ag spacer lead to a strong temperature dependence of the 90° coupling. According to the theory an increase of 90° coupling strength proportional to impurity concentration was detected while the strength of bilinear coupling decreased. For the pure Fe/Ag/Fe structure, a linear increase of the 90° coupling strength with decreasing temperature was observed. This result can be explained within the fluctuation mechanism which creates 90° coupling through a combination of interface roughness and intralayer ferromagnetic exchange. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 28 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Immediately after ovulation a neovascular response occurs at the level of the theca interna. Pericytes and endothelial cells of post-capillary venules locally remodel the surrounding stroma, elongate and migrate into the avascular granulosa folds of the ruptured follicle. In order to examine the composition of the extracellular matrix as well as the growth characteristics of these newly formed vessels, we used immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. Initial sprouts were characterized by the appearance of a fibrillary network of fibronectin along the main axis of the sprout. Type IV collagen stained weakly and extracellular deposits of laminin were amorphous and patchy around immature capillary sprouts. In advanced maturational stages of the sprouts the capillaries were surrounded by increased deposits of fibronectin, whereas laminin and type IV collagen displayed a distinct and well-developed line around endothelial cells and pericytes. These observations indicate that the microvascular extracellular matrix undergoes a series of quantitative rather than qualitative changes during capillary development before achieving final maturation. Ultrastructural analyses showed that early capillary sprouts in the bovine corpus luteum were usually preceded by pericytes migrating at the tips of the sprouts. Endothelial cells comigrated in cohesive cylindrical projections, forming immediately a slit-like lumen which satisfies the criteria of the intercellular canalization type. Pericytes at the tips of endothelial sprouts exhibited a slender, bipolar morphology and were regularly surrounded by fragmented basal lamina, which is well-developed around pericytes in a more proximal position of the sprout. The regular association of pericytes with the leading front of the capillary sprouts suggests that these cell types may serve as guiding structures aiding outgrowth of endothelial cells in the bovine corpus luteum.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Elektrokonvulsionstherapie ; Manie ; Bipolare Störungen ; Kardiale Rhythmusstörungen ; Key words Electroconvulsive therapy ; Mania ; Bipolar disorder ; Cardiac arrhythmia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Despite newly developed pharmacological possibilities, treatment of acute mania may still be a problem in single patients. Independent of the first choice of medication, i.e. neuroleptics, lithium, carbamazepine or valproate, the average response rate is only approximately 50–70%. Therefore, treating mania often implies a number of monotherapeutic and polypharmaceutic attempts for several months, until a sufficient mood stabilization has been reached. The aim of this case report is to remind that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still in use for treating mania, which has been widely neglected in Germany despite its high success rate, mainly reported from Anglo-Saxon countries. As demonstrated in this report, ECT may be a useful tool for a fast antimanic response in patients which may be either refractory to standard treatment or are medically severely ill, and should, in our opinion, therefore be considered already at an earlier stage of treatment in this group. However, persistence of improvement can usually only be achieved with the overlapping start of drug treatment unless the option of maintenance ECT is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Trotz der Vielzahl der in jüngerer Zeit entdeckten pharmakotherapeutischen Möglichkeiten gestaltet sich die Behandlung der akuten Manie im Einzelfall oft schwierig. Unabhängig von der Auswahl des zunächst eingesetzten Medikamentes, sei es ein Neuroleptikum, Lithium, Carbamazepin oder Valproat, beträgt die Ansprechquote im Schnitt doch nur maximal 50–70%. Oft ist daher die Maniebehandlung durch eine Vielzahl monotherapeutischer und additiver Behandlungsversuche über mehrere Monate gekennzeichnet, bis sich eine hinreichende Affektstabilisierung zeigt. Anhand der hier beschriebenen Kasuistik soll daher an die Möglichkeit der Elektrokonvulsionstherapie (EKT) in der Maniebehandlung erinnert werden, die trotz der in der angelsächsischen Literatur berichteten hohen Erfolgsquote in Deutschland stark in den Hintergrund getreten ist. Wie die Kasuistik aufzeigt, kann sie gerade bei pharmakotherapeutisch nur schwer zu behandelnden und zugleich auch internistisch erkrankten Patienten einen schnellen Heilungserfolg bringen, und sollte daher auch bei dieser Patientengruppe frühzeitiger erwogen werden. Wie die Kasuistik aber auch zeigt, läßt sich, sofern die Option der Erhaltungs-EKT nicht umsetzbar ist, der Behandlungserfolg in der Regel nur durch eine überlappend einsetzende Pharmakotherapie aufrecht erhalten.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 873-878 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Stammganglienverkalkung ; Hypoparathyreoidismus ; Alport-Syndrom ; Kalzium-Stoffwechsel ; Key words Basal ganglia calcification ; Hypoparathyroidism ; Alport-Syndrome ; Calcium-metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In most patients with basal ganglia calcification no disturbance of calcium metabolism is present. We present four patients with basal ganglia calcification. Two suffered from a secondary hypoparathyroidism following a complicated strumectomy years ago, one had an Alport-Syndrome and hypoparathyroidism. Her mother showed basal ganglia calcification and an abortive Alport-Syndrome as well, but no hypoparathyroidism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei den meisten Patienten mit Stammganglienverkalkung läßt sich keine Störung des Kalziumstoffwechsels nachweisen. Wir stellen 4 Patienten mit Stammganglienverkalkungen vor. Bei 2 Patienten lag ein sekundärer Hypoparathyreoidismus bei Zustand nach komplizierter Strumektomie vor, bei einer weiteren ein Alport-Syndrom und Hypoparathyroidismus. Die Mutter letzterer Patientin zeigte ebenfalls Stammganglienverkalkungen und ein abortives Alport-Syndrom, aber keinen Hypoparathyreoidismus.
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