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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gentherapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis – ein bereits anwendbares Therapieprinzip? (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Rheumatoide Arthritis ; Gentherapie ; Definition der Gentherapie ; Vektorsysteme ; tierexperimentelle Versuche ; erste Ansätze bei RA Patienten ; Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; gene therapy ; experimental animal models ; ex vivo and ex vitro experiments ; vector systems ; first trials in RA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Based upon our increasing knowledge of mechanisms underlying tissue destruction in RA patients, new therapeutic principles have been developed, aimed at blocking proinflammatory cytokines or using antiinflammatory cytokines. Both principles, however, have proven to be very effective. In addition, the availability of the methodology to transduce cells with genes has initiated first experiments in animal models to test whether gene therapy for arthritis is suitable, followed by a first, very carefully formulated protocol for human RA. Gene therapy for RA has to still be considered as an experimental form of therapy in a very early stage, not allowing even now any serious treatment offer to RA patients. Several problems, such as the question of a suitable vector system have not yet been solved. With more experiments this therapeutic principle might become available and might prove effective even in a disease with a systemic character like RA in the coming years.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit einem zunehmenden Kentnisstand über pathogenetische Mechanismen, die bei der rheumatoiden Arthritis zu einer Gelenkdestruktion führen, haben sich neue Therapieprinzipien entwickeln lassen, die durch eine Blockade von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen oder der Anwendung von antiinflammatorischen Zytokinen den Krankheitsverlauf zum Teil außerordentlich günstig beeinflussen. Mit den zusätzlichen Möglichkeiten, Gene für antiinflammatorische Therapieprinzipien wie den Interleukin 1 Rezeptorantagonisten in Zellen einzubringen, sind auch erste Versuche, basierend auf vorangegangenen Experimenten im Versuchstier, bei Patienten mit einer RA vorgenommen worden, mit dem Ziel die Krankheitsaktivität durch die intraartikuläre Injektion von transduzierten autologen Zellen zu behandeln. Die ersten Versuche sind ermutigend, doch ist es zu früh, dieses Therapieprinzip als eine Behandlungsmethode für die rheumatoide Arthritis anzubieten. Weitere Untersuchungen, nicht zuletzt hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung besserer Vektoren sind notwendig, um eine Gentherapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis zu realisieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050072
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die okzipitozervikale Fusion bei chronischer Polyarthritis (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Chronische Polyarthritis ; Halswirbelsäule ; okzipitozervikale Fusion ; transorale Densresektion ; Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; cervical spine ; occipitocervical fusion ; transoral dens resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report will relate our experience with the y-plate, which we used in the treatment of 39 patients (32 women and 7 men) with a mean age of 62.6 years (range 47 to 79 years) between 1987 and 1994. All patients had rheumatoid arthritis. Occipitocervical fusion was indicated by instabilities within the occipitocervical region and in cases with additional basilar invagination and/or after transoral dens resection for decompression of the spinal cord. The length of the fusion depended on the pathological changes of the subaxial cervical spine. Before surgery, 35 patients suffered from strong and 4 patients from moderate pain in the neck and/or the back of the head. On a linear scale from 0 to 10, the pain was rated as 8.1 on average (range 4 to 10). 31 patients had an instability of the atlantoaxial region and 19 patients a basilar invagination of the odontoid. A cervical myelopathy was found in 20 cases. One surgeon fused the occiput to C2 in 22 cases, to C3–C5 in 8 cases and to C7–T2 in 9 cases. An important factor in this operation is the integration of atlantoaxial screws in order to resist the translational dislocation of C1/C2. In 13 patients a resection of the odontoid had to be performed to adequately decompress the spinal cord. A reduction of C2 without dens resection was performed in cases with reducible instability C1/2. 32 of the patients could be controlled with a minimum follow-up of 12 months (average 32.2 months, range 12 to 66 months). Out of the other 7, 6 patients had died. At the time of follow-up, the pain was rated as 2.3 on average (range 0 to 10). A myelopathy was present in 2 cases. Six patients required further operations on the cervical spine; 4 patients developed an instability at the level(s) below the fusion and an enlargement of the fusion to these levels had been performed. The fusion rate was 96.9%, despite breakage of the implant in 3 and a screw loosening in 2 patients. According to the criteria of Conaty, the result was satisfying in 25 (75%) and not satisfying in 8 patients (25%). These results show the effectiveness of the occipitocervical fusion with the y-plate in rheumatoid arthritis. A transoral dens resection is only indicated in cases with basilar invagination causing a compression of the spinal cord or in such cases where a compression caused by the dens or the retrodental pannus formation cannot be treated by a reduction of the second cervical vertebra alone.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: In einer retrospektiven Studie untersuchten wir die Ergebnisse der okzipitozervikalen Fusion mit der Y-Platte bei 39 Patienten (32 Frauen und 7 Männer) mit chronischer Polyarthritis, die zwischen 1987 und 1994 an der Schulthess-Klinik Zürich mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 62,6 Jahren (47 bis 79 Jahre) operiert wurden. Die Indikation zum chirurgischen Eingriff wurde bei Instabilität des okzipitozervikalen Übergangs und in Fällen mit basilärer Impression und/oder nach transoraler Densresektion gestellt, wobei die Ausdehnung der Fusion vom Ausmaß der pathologischen Veränderungen der mittleren und unteren Halswirbelsäule abhing. Material: Präoperativ klagten 35 Patienten über starke und 4 über mittelstarke Schmerzen im Nacken und/oder Hinterkopf, die auf einer linearen Skala von 0 bis 10 mit durchschnittlich 8,1 (4 bis 10) beurteilt wurden. Bei 31 Patienten war eine atlantoaxiale Instabilität und bei 19 Patienten eine basiläre Impression des Dens in das Foramen magnum vorhanden. Eine zervikale Myelopathie wurde in 20 Fällen diagnostiziert. Die Fusion erfolgte vom Occiput bis C2 in 22, bis C3–C5 in 8 und bis C7–Th2 in 9 Fällen. Bei 13 Patienten wurde vor der dorsalen Stabilisierung eine transorale Densresektion durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: 32 Patienten konnten mit einem Mindestzeitraum von 12 Monaten (durchschnittlich 32,2 Monate, Minimum 12 Monate, Maximum 66 Monate) nachkontrolliert werden. Nach den Kriterien von Conaty wurde in 24 Fällen (75%) ein befriedigendes und in 8 Fällen (25%) ein unbefriedigendes Resultat erzielt. Zum Nachkontrollzeitpunkt wurde der Schmerz mit durchschnittlich 2,3 (0 bis 10) angegeben. Eine Myelopathie war bei 2 Patienten vorhanden. Bei 6 Patienten wurden weitere Operationen an der Halswirbelsäule nötig. Bei 4 Patienten mußte die Fusion nach kaudal verlängert werden, da eine Instabilität in den Segmenten unterhalb der Spondylodese aufgetreten war. Die Fusionsrate betrug 96,9%, obwohl es bei 3 Patienten zu einem Plattenbruch und bei 2 zu einer Schraubenlockerung gekommen war. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Effektivität der okzipitozervikalen Fusion bei Patienten mit chronischer Polyarthritis. Eine transorale Dekompression halten wir nur bei den Fällen für indiziert, in denen eine durch den Dens axis oder das retrodentale Pannusgewebe hervorgerufene Kompression des Myelons nicht durch eine Extension behoben werden kann oder in denen eine basiläre Impression mit Myelonkompression vorliegt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050073
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktive Arthritis nach Katzenbiß: eine seltene Manifestation der Katzenkratzkrankheit – Kasuistik und Übersicht (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Katzenkratzkrankheit ; reaktive Spondarthritis ; Bartonella henselae ; rheumatische Manifestationen ; Key words ; Rheumatic manifestations ; reactive spondylarthropathy ; cat scratch disease ; Bartonella henselae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a rarely recognized infectious disease in Germany. Only a few years ago the causative agent, Bartonella henselae, could be isolated. The typical clinical manifestations of CSD consist of skin changes at the inoculation site and a benign lymphadenopathy; other manifestations are rare. We report the case of a 47 year old woman, who developed a reactive spondylarthropathy with synovitis of finger joints, polyarthralgias of large- and medium-sized joints, and inflammatory spinal pain after a cat bite. The rheumatic manifestations resolved after 10 months by treatment with non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs. Only a few cases of rheumatic manifestations associated with CSD have been described in the literature. Because the prevalence of Bartonella henselae infection of cats is high in Europe, rheumatic manifestations might be more frequent. Diagnosis of CSD is now improved by the development of serological tests. We provide an overview of the clinical manifestations and the diagnostic criteria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Katzenkratzkrankheit (KKK) handelt es sich um eine in Deutschland wenig bekannte Infektionskrankheit. Erst vor wenigen Jahren konnte der Erreger, Bartonella henselae, isoliert werden. In der Mehrzahl der Fälle findet sich ein typisches Krankheitsbild mit Hautveränderungen im Bereich von Katzenbiß- oder Kratzwunden und einer benignen Lymphadenopathie. Weniger häufig kommt es zu weiteren Organmanifestationen. Wir berichten über eine 47-jährige Patientin, die nach einem Katzenbiß eine reaktive Spondarthritis mit Synovialitiden der Fingergelenke, Polyarthralgien der mittleren und großen Gelenke und entzündliche Lumbalgien entwickelte. Die rheumatische Symptomatik war zeitlich limitiert und sprach gut auf NSAR an. Bislang sind nur wenige Fälle von Gelenkbeteiligung im Rahmen einer KKK beschrieben worden. Da die Durchseuchung von Katzen mit Bartonella henselae in Europa jedoch hoch ist, könnte es sich um eine häufigere Ursache von Gelenkbeschwerden handeln, als bislang angenommen. Die Diagnostik der KKK wurde in den letzten Jahren durch die Entwicklung serologischer Teste erleichtert. Wir geben einen Überblick über die klinischen Manifestationen und fassen die diagnostischen Kriterien dieser Erkrankung zusammen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050074
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Therapie der refraktären chronischen Polyarthritis mit Tumornekrosefaktora Rezeptor- Fusionsproteinen (TNFR55-IgG1) – Ergebnisse aus doppelblinden placebokontrollierten Studien über 3 Monate (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Chronische Polyarthritis ; Tumornekrosefaktorα ; Rezeptor-Fusionprotein ; TNFR-IgG ; Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; tumor necrosis factorα ; receptor fusion protein ; TNFR-IgG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aim of studies: To determine the optimal dose regimen for i.v. TNFR55-IgG1 in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: 218 patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled for two double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trials (Europe and USA). They were treated with monthly i.v. placebo, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.5mg/kg TNFR55-IgG1 after a 4 week wash-out of DMARDs. An additional German trial compared biweekly i.v. 20mg TNFR55-IgG1 and monthly 50mg following a loading does of 100mg in 60 patients. Results: TNFR55-IgG1 induced a substantial improvement already apparent one day after the first infusion. A maximal, dose dependent effect was reached after two weeks. Later, efficacy declined in parallel to an increase in anti-TNFR55-IgG1 antibodies resulting in an increased drug clearance. The drug was well tolerated with predominantly mild or moderate adverse events. Conclusion: Intravenous TNFR55-IgG1 was well tolerated and effective in refractory rheumatoid arthritis but the treatment schedules tested could not stabilise the initial improvement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der folgenden Studien war die Dosisoptimierung für eine Therapie der chronischen Polyarthritis mit TNFR55-IgG1 durch Erfassung der Wirksamkeit, Sicherheit, Verträglichkeit und Pharmakokinetik. Methode: In zwei doppelblinden, placebokontrollierten, multizentrischen Studien (Europa und USA) wurden insgesamt 218 Patienten mit refraktärer, florider chronischer Polyarthritis nach Auswaschen der Basistherapeutika bei gleichbleibender Dosis von NSAR und ggf. Steroiden mit monatlich i.v. Placebo, 0,01, 0,05, 0,2 oder 0,5mg/kg TNFR55-IgG1 behandelt. In einer weiteren deutschen Studie wurde eine Erhaltungstherapie von 14tätig 20mg TNFR55-IgG1 i.v. verglichen mit einer monatlichen Gabe von 50mg. Zuvor hatten die 60 Patienten in dieser Studie eine initale Dosis von 100mg erhalten. Ergebnis: In allen drei Studien zeigten Patienten, die mit TNFR55-IgG1 behandelt wurden, eine rasche und deutlische Besserung aller gemessenen Parameter bereits einen Tag nach der ersten Gabe. Das Maximum des therapeutischen Effektes war von der Dosis abhängig und wurde nach zwei Wochen erreicht. Nachfolgend kam es trotz der weiteren Gabe der Prüfsubstanz zu einem Anstieg der Entzündungsparameter. Parallel konnten anti-TNFR55-IgG1 Antikörper nachgewiesen werden, die die Clearance der Prüfsubstanz beschleunigten. Die Prüfsubstanz wurde in den drei Studien gut vertragen. Diskussion: Intravenöses TNFR55-IgG1 war rasch wirksam und gut verträglich bei Patienten mit „therapierefraktärer” chronischer Polyarthritis. Mit den geprüften Therapieschemata konnte aber die initial erreichte Besserung nicht aufrecht erhalten werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050116
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BÄK/KBV/AWMF-Curriculum „Qualitätssicherung –Ärztliches Qualitätsmanagement”: Konzept einer zielorientierten Umsetzung praxisrelevanter Inhalte (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Fortbildung ; Key words Quality management ; further education
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since 1996, the curriculum „Quality management for physicians” exists with a three-level training concept. Based on these contents, a purposeful course program has been developed by the ZQ, and through May 1998 four level I-, four level II- and four level III-courses have been performed in Hannover. Thus, 50 physicians are qualified for new professional roles as hospital quality managers. The evaluation of a standardized questionnaire shows that the concept is highly accepted – meanwhile also by other professionals in health care. As a new model of quality assurance/quality evaluation is now developed for German hospitals, the contents of the training program will be updated for actual needs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit dem Curriculum „Ärztliches Qualitätsmanagement” liegt seit 1996 ein dreistufiges Fortbildungkonzept vor. Gemäß dem auf dieser Basis entwickelten zielorientierten Kursangebot wurden bisher im ZQ vier Grundkurse, vier Stufe-II-Kurse und vier Stufe-III-Kurse durchgeführt. Damit sind inzwischen 50 Ärzte/innen für neue Rollen als Qualitätsmanager im Krankenhaus qualifiziert. Die Ergebnisse der Teilnehmerbefragungen zeigen, daß das Konzept positiv bewertet wird – inzwischen auch von anderen Berufsgruppen im Gesundheitswesen. Nach nunmehr zweijähriger Erfahrung steht eine Aktualisierung der Inhalte bevor, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund neuer anstehender Qualitätsdarlegungsmodelle für deutsche Krankenhäuser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007326
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Qualitätsmanagement in der medizinischen Rehabilitation (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 345-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Qualitätssicherung ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Patientenzufriedenheit ; Prozeßqualität ; Rehabilitation ; Key words Quality management ; process quality ; benchmarking ; patient satisfaction ; rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the context of the quality assurance program of the German pension insurance institutions, instruments and procedures have been developed in the past few years in order to assess the quality of structure, process, and results of inpatient rehabilitation, as well as patient satisfaction. The routine implementation of these procedures aims at providing rehabilitation hospitals with fast information on shortcomings in their current practice, so that concepts of treatment and – in the long run – effects of rehabilitation can be systematically improved. When the „quality profiles” of rehabilitation hospitals are compared („benchmarking”), paying institutions of rehabilitation could gain information on the cost-quality-ratio of particular hospitals as well as important leads for improving the steering processes of patients and hospitals.  In the present article, results of a first „field-run” of the procedures for measuring patient satisfaction and quality of rehabilitation processes are reported. A comparative analysis of patient satisfaction in four orthopaedic/rheumatologic rehabilitation hospitals showed high degrees of overall satisfaction in all hospitals. In several subdimensions of patient satisfaction, however, significant differences between hospitals were found.  Quality of rehabilitation processes – as assessed by a standardized peer-review – varied substantially between 36 hospitals. Problems of quality were found especially in some dimensions that must be considered as crucial for rehabilitation, e.g., in the history and diagnosis of disabilities, in the consideration of psycho-social problems, or in the assessment of occupational capacities.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen des Qualitätssicherungsprogramms der Rentenversicherungsträger wurden in den letzten Jahren Instrumente und Verfahren zur Erfassung der Struktur-, Prozeß- und Ergebnisqualität sowie der Patientenzufriedenheit erarbeitet. Durch den routinemäßigen Einsatz dieser Verfahren sollen den Kliniken zeitnah Informationen über etwaige Qualitätsprobleme („Schwachstellen”) zur Verfügung gestellt werden, die eine Weiterentwicklung der Behandlungskonzepte und damit letztlich bessere Rehabilitationsergebnisse ermöglichen sollen. Ein Vergleich der Qualitätsprofile von Rehabilitationseinrichtungen („benchmarking”) kann den Kostenträgern der Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen – neben wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten (Pflegesatz) – außerdem wichtige Hinweise für die Zuweisungs- und Belegungssteuerung liefern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ergebnisse aus einem ersten Einsatz der Verfahren zur Messung von Patientenzufriedenheit und zur standardisierten Beurteilung der Prozeßqualität vorgestellt.  Bei einer vergleichenden Analyse der Patientenzufriedenheit in vier Rehabilitationskliniken mit orthopädisch/rheumatologischem Schwerpunkt fanden wir insgesamt eine hohe Zufriedenheit mit den Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen. In einigen Bereichen der Zufriedenheit ergaben sich zwischen den Kliniken jedoch signifikante Unterschiede.  Die Prozeßqualität, beurteilt durch ein Peer-Review-Verfahren, variiert zwischen 36 untersuchten Kliniken erheblich. Qualitätsprobleme fanden sich insbesondere in einigen für die Rehabilitation zentralen Dimensionen, so z.B. bei der Anamnese und Diagnostik von Fähigkeits- und Funktionsstörungen, bei der Berücksichtigung psychosozialer Belastungen und bei der sozialmedizinischen Stellungnahme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050127
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der meßbaren Parameter des Knorpelstoffwechsels in verschiedenen Körperflüssigkeiten (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 375-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Knorpelmatrixstruktur ; Enzyme ; Knorpelmarker ; Aggrecan-Fragmente ; Keratansulfat ; Chondroitinsulfat ; Hyaluronsäure ; Prokollagen ; crosslinks ; COMP ; Key words ; Extracellular cartilage matrix ; enzymes ; cartilage markers ; aggrecan ; hyaluronan ; keratan sulphat ; chondroitin sulphate ; procollagen ; crosslinks ; COMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The human cartilage and bone is characterized by a remodeling during the life, well balanced by neosynthesis and degradation of matrix components. In different joint diseases, it becomes imbalanced and the destruction of the cartilage supersedes the repair. In tissue processes in disease and in normal turnover of the matrix, these molecules are fragmented and released into surrounding fluids, in the synovial fluid, and then in the blood and the urin, where they can be detected. The quantitative measurement in the synovial fluid is more specific than in the other body fluids.  The research process in recent years has suggested that these molecular markers of cartilage and bone matrix metabolism can be used to determine diagnosis, the disease severity rather than its presence or absence, the prognosis, and the response to therapy. They should help to identify the disease mechanism in different joint diseases not only on the tissue but also on the molecular level. The specific cartilage matrix markers promise to become useful tools in the future in clinical use. The research in this area is still in the early stages, with most results dated from the end of the 1980s and the 1990s.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während des Lebens unterziehen sich Knorpel und Knochen in Anpassung an sich verändernde Belastungsbedingungen einem „Remodelling“, welches normalerweise ein physiologisches Gleichgewicht zwischen Abbau und Neusynthese von Matrixkomponenten darstellt. Bei differenten Gelenkerkrankungen ist dieses Gleichgewicht zugunsten der Destruktion verschoben. Beim normalen „turnover“ und gesteigert unter pathologischen Gelenkverhältnissen können intakte und framentierte Matrixbestandteile in die Synovialflüssigkeit, in das Blut und den Urin austreten und dort nachgewiesen werden. Eine Messung von Markern in der Synovia hat eine höhere Gelenkspezifität, während Serum-, Plasma- oder Urinmessungen eher den systemischen Stoffwechsel reflektieren. Der Forschungsprozeß der letzten Jahre hat die Hoffnung bestärkt, eventuell durch kombinierte Messungen mehrerer biochemischer Marker der Synthese und Destruktion des Knorpels und Knochens einen frühen diagnostischen Zugang, eine vermehrte prognostische Aussagefähigkeit und eine Hilfe in der Therapiekontrolle zu erhalten. Durch diese Markerstudien kann ein Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Knorpelmetabolismus und des Krankheitsmechanismus auf dem Gewebs- und Zellniveau geleistet werden. Es besteht die Notwendigkeit einer intensiven Forschung auf dem Gebiet der biochemischen Markersuche zur Nutzung im Bereich der Frühdiagnostik, der Verlaufsbeurteilung, der Kontrolle der Entzündungsaktivität sowie der Therapie- und Rehabilitationseffizienz bei degenerativen, traumatischen und entzündlichen Gelenkerkrankungen, woran weltweit gearbeitet wird. Mit der Anwendung von biochemischen Markern würde besonders die klinische Prüfung verschiedener Therapieformen auf eine solidere Basis gestellt.  Die gewebsspezifischen Marker des Knorpelmetabolismus versprechen in Zukunft nützliche Werkzeuge in der klinischen Anwendung zu werden, mit weiteren Möglichkeiten für interessante Studien. Da die hauptsächlichen Publikationen zu diesem Themenkreis in das Ende der achtziger und in die neunziger Jahre datieren, kann behauptet werden, daß die Forschung noch am Beginn steht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050130
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Descending antinociception and fibromyalgia (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words Fibromyalgia pain ; descending antinociception ; dorsal horn neurons ; spinal cord block ; Schlüsselwörter ; Fibromyalgie-Schmerzen ; deszendierende Antinozizeption ; Hinterhornneurone ; Kälteblock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hypothese wird diskutiert, daß Fibromyalgie-Schmerzen durch eine Dysfunktion des deszendierenden, antinozizeptiven Systems (mit)verursacht sind. Ergebnisse aus Tierexperimenten zeigen, daß eine Unterbrechung des Systems durch Kühlung des Rückenmarks folgende Wirkungen auf nozizeptive Hinterhornneurone hat: 1. Anstieg der Ruheaktivität, 2. Senkung der mechanischen Reizschwelle, und 3. verstärkte Antworten auf Schmerzreize. Die Wirkung der deszendierenden Antinozizeption auf die Reizeffekte von tiefen Nozizeptoren war stärker als die Wirkung auf die Effekte von Nozizeptoren der Haut. Falls ähnliche Effekte auch bei Patienten auftreten, ist zu erwarten, daß eine Störung der deszendierenden Antinozizeption folgende Symptomebewirkt: 1.Spontanschmerzen (Ruheaktivität), 2. Druckschmerzhaftigkeit (Senkung der Schwelle) und 3. Hyperalgesie (verstärkte Antworten auf Schmerzreize). Die Änderungen sollten vorwiegend Schmerzen aus tiefen Geweben betreffen, da die deszendierende Antinozizeption hauptsächlich auf Reizeffekte von tiefen Nozizeptoren wirkt.
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis is discussed that a dysfunction of the descending antinociceptive system may underly the pain of fibromyalgia. Data from animal experimentation show that an interruption of the system by spinal cord cooling leads to (1) increase in ongoing activity, (2) lowering in stimulation threshold, and (3) increase in response magnitude in nociceptive dorsal horn neurons. The influence of the descending system was stronger on the responses to input from deep nociceptors than to input from cutaneous nociceptors. If similar changes occur also in patients, an impairment of the tonicly active descending system should be followed by (1) spontaneous pain (ongoing activity), (2) tenderness (lowering in mechanical threshold), and (3) hyperalgesia (increased responses to noxious stimuli). These changes should affect mainly deep pain, because the antinociceptive system influences predominantly input from deep nociceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050229
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efferent functions of C-fiber nociceptors (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words ; Antidromic vasodilatation ; axon reflex ; flare reaction ; plasma extravasation ; substance P ; calcitonin gene-related peptide ; galanin ; capsaicin ; fibromyalgia ; Schlüsselwörter ; Antidrome Vasodilatation ; Axonreflex ; Flarereaktion ; Plasmaextravasation ; Substanz P ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Galanin ; Capsaicin ; Fibromyalgie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung C-Faser Nozizeptoren haben neben ihrer afferenten auch lokale efferente Funktionen, wie Vasodilatation, Plasmaextravasation und die Modulation neuronaler Aktivität, die durch Freisetzung der Neuropeptide Substanz P, Neurokinin A und Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) an der peripheren Endigung ausgelöst werden. In der Haut der Säugetiere (einschließlich Mensch) ist CGRP der wichtigste Mediator der Flarereaktion. Die Vasodilatation wird beim Schwein durch Aktivierung von spezifischen Hitzenozizeptoren induziert. Bei der Taube wird die antidrome Vasodilatation durch intrinsisch freigesetztes Galanin gehemmt. Plasmaextravasation kann beim Schwein in Hautblasen und mit der Mikrodialyse durch Histaminsuperfusion, nicht aber durch elektrische Stimulation und Capsaicin, ausgelöst werden. Die neurogene Komponente der Histaminantwort (64%) wird durch NK2-Rezeptoren vermittelt und kann durch CGRP moduliert werden. Die genannten Neuropeptide können zur Sensibilisierung und unter bestimmten Bedingungen zur Stimulation von Nozizeptoren führen. Die erhöhte Sensitivität der Flarereaktion bei Fibromyalgiepatienten deutet auf eine veränderte Funktion der C-Faser Nozizeptoren hin.
    Notes: Summary C-fiber nociceptors not only serve afferent but also local efferent functions. The local efferent functions, such as vasodilatation, axon reflex flare reaction, plasma extravasation, and modulation of neuronal activity, are mediated via a local release of substance P, neurokinin A, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the peripheral ending. CGRP is the main mediator of the capsaicin-induced flare reaction in the mammalian skin (including humans). In the pig skin the vasodilatation is due to activation of specific heat nociceptors. In the pigeon, antidromic vasodilatation is markedly inhibited by intrinsic galanin. Plasma extravasation in the pig skin blister base or using microdialysis can be evoked by histamine, but not by electrical stimulation or capsaicin. The neurogenic component of the histamine response (64%) appears to be mediated via NK2 receptors and can be modulated by CGRP. There is some evidence that the neuropeptides can also sensitize or stimulate nociceptors. Since in the fibromyalgia syndrome an increased sensitivity of the flare reaction has been observed, the hyperalgesia might be partly due to altered functions of C-fiber nociceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050226
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    Hyperalgesia or hypervigilance? An evoked potential approach to the study of fibromyalgia syndrome (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words ; Fibromyalgia syndrome ; laser evoked potentials ; auditory evoked potentials ; hyperalgesia ; hypervigilance ; attention ; Schlüsselwörter ; Fibromyalgie Syndrom ; Laser evozierte Potentiale ; akustisch evozierte Potentiale ; Hyperalgesie ; Hypervigilanz ; Aufmerksamkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bisherige Forschung zu dem Phänomen erhöhter Schmerzempfindlichkeit beim Fibromyalgie Syndrom (FS) ergab Hinweise sowohl für eine erhöhte Schmerzstärke nach nozizeptiven Reizen (Hyperalgesie) als auch für eine generelle Verstärkung sensorischer Wahrnehmungen (Hypervigilanz). Um zwischen diesen beiden Aspekten gestörter sensorischer Verarbeitung zu unterscheiden, wurden zerebral evozierte Potentiale nach kurzen, schmerzhaften Laser- und auditiven Reizen bei 10 FS-Patienten registriert. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit denen von gleichaltrigen schmerzfreien Kontrollpatienten verglichen. Die Amplituden der Komponenten mittlerer (N1) und später (P2) Latenz aus den Laser evozierten Potentialen (LEP) waren bei FS-Patienten signifikant größer als in den Kontrollen. Auch die Laser-Schmerzschwelle, nicht aber die Empfindungsschwelle, waren bei FS-Patienten gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe erniedrigt. Im Gegensatz hierzu unterschieden sich die akustisch evozierten Potentiale zwischen den beiden Studiengruppen nicht. Die vergrößerten N1- und P2-Amplituden der LEP deuten auf eine verstärkte sensorische und aufmerksamkeitsabhängige Verarbeitung nozizeptiver Information bei FS hin. Das Fehlen von Unterschieden nach auditiven Reizen stellt das Konzept der Hypervigilanz in Frage. Allerdings wird die Bedeutsamkeit unangenehmer Intensitäten auditiver Reize, die in dieser Studie nicht verwendet wurden, als Voraussetzung diskutiert, um übermäßige perzeptive Reaktionen auch durch nicht-nozizeptive Reize bei FS auslösen zu können.
    Notes: Summary Past research on the phenomenon of enhanced pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia syndome (FS) revealed evidence for both a higher pain magnitude in response to nociceptive stimuli (hyperalgesia) and a general perceptual amplification of sensations (hypervigilance). In order to distinguish between these two aspects of disturbed sensory processing in FS, cerebral evoked potentials after brief painful laser and auditory stimuli were measured in 10 FS patients. Results were compared with those from age-matched painfree controls. Amplitudes of middle-latency (N1) and long-latency (P2) laser evoked potentials (LEPs) were significantly higher in FS than in controls. Furthermore, laser intensity at pain but not at sensation threshold was lower in FS than in controls. However, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) did not differ between groups. Enhanced N1 and P2 amplitudes of LEPs suggest stronger sensory and attentional processing of nociceptive information in FS, respectively. The concept of hypervigilance is challenged by the failure to find differences in auditory perception among FS and control patients. Yet, the importance of unpleasant intensities of auditory stimulation, not applied in this study, to reveal abnormal non-nociceptive perceptual amplification in FS is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050228
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Pathophysiology of akinetic movement disorders: a paradigm for studies in fibromyalgia? (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words ; Akinetic movement disorder ; Parkinson ; fibromyalgia ; basal ganglia ; cell death ; Schlüsselwörter ; Akinetische Bewegungsstörungen ; Parkinson ; Fibromyalgie ; Basalganglien ; Zelltod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Patienten mit Fribromyalgie leiden manchmal unter sensiblen und Bewegungsstörungen, die eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit mit denjenigen bei akinetischen Syndromen aufweisen. Die Akinesie wird durch Funktionsstörungen in dem kortiko-thalamo-nigro-striatalen System und assoziierte Areale verursacht. Der Grund für diese Störung liegt bei der Parkinsonschen Krankheit in der verminderten Anzahl dopaminerger Neuronen in der Substantia nigra, pars compacta. Veränderungen anderer Neurotransmitter, wie GABA oder Serotonin, sowie in den Neurotransmitterreceptoren, sekundären Botenstoffen, und sekundären Modulierungen nach medikamentöser Behandlung treten auch auf. Die Ätiologie der nigralen Dysfunktion ist nur in seltenen Fällen bekannt. Toxische Substanzen und Mutationen gewisser Gene sind bekannte Beispiele in der Ätiologie von Bewegungsstörungen im Allgemeinen. In anderen akinetischen Syndromen, wie die Multisystemaffektion, die kortikobasale ganglionäre Degeneration und die progressive supranukleare Lähmung, wurde ein komplexerer Befall weitere Hirnareale festgestellt. Diese pathologisch-anatomischen Veränderungen haben typische klinische Folgerungen, die mittels Bildgebung und physiologischen Messungen in vivo untersucht werden können. Da die Basalganglien zudem eine Rolle in der Schmerzwahrnehmung spielen, erscheint eine vergleichende Untersuchung ihrer Störungen bei Nozizeption (inklusive Fibromyalgie) und bei Bewegungsstörungen vielversprechend, vor allem wenn es dann darum geht, neue, rationalere Therapiemodalitäten zu finden.
    Notes: Summary Patients with fibromyalgia sometimes have sign of a movement disorder in addition to sensory disturbances sometimes similar as those found in akinetic syndromes. Akinesia is due to disturbances in the functions of the cortico-thalamo-nigro-striatal system and associated areas. The reason of this dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease is a decreased nigral dopaminergic efferent innervation due to a neuronal degeneration in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Changes in other neurotransmitters, like GABA or serotonin, and in receptors and second messengers also occur, with additional modulation due to therapy. The aetiology of nigral malfunction is in only rarely known. Drugs and mutations of some genes are examples which give much insight in the pathogenesis of movement disorders in general. In other akinetic disorders, like multisystem atrophy, corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, and progressive supranuclear palsy, more complex patterns of degeneration have been found. This pathological anatomical disturbances have typical clinical effects which can be studied physiologically and with imaging in vivo. Since basal ganglia play also a role in pain, a comparative study of their involvement in movement disorders and nociception seems to be fruitful, especially in devising new therapeutic strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050230
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concepts of illness in populations as applied to fibromyalgia syndromes: a biopsychosocial perspective (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words ; Fibromyalgia syndrome ; nosology ; person-centered analyses ; biopsychosocial mechanisms ; course management ; Schlüsselwörter ; Fibromyalgie Syndrom ; Nosologie ; Personenzentrierte Dynamik ; Biopsychosoziale Mechanismen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Chronische großflächige Schmerzen im muskuloskelettalen System werden seit der Antike berichtet. Die kritische klinische und experimentelle Forschung zu diesem Thema wurde jedoch erst in den letzten ein bis zwei Jahrzehnten intensiviert. Bezüglich vielfältiger Aspekte dieses Problems existieren kontroverse Vorstellungen: Klassifikation und Nosologie, kausale Mechanismen, Verläufe und Folgen sowie therapeutische Strategien. Das Fibromyalgie Syndrom (FMS) ist keine Krankheit im herkömmlichen Sinne, sondern als eine funktionelle Störung anzusehen. Verschiedene typische Ausprägungen als auch disponierende Faktoren wurden bislang identifiziert. Unter diesen Gesichtspunkten ist für das Verständnis der komplexen multifaktoriellen Wechselwirkungen beim FMS eher ein neues biopsychosoziales Paradigma der personenbezogenen Dynamik erforderlich als die Suche nach einem spezifischen Agens oder Umweltfaktoren. Konzeptionelle Modelle zu Ätiologie und Forschungsmethoden sind bisland nur unzureichend entwickelt, um solche komplexen, multifaktoriellen Mechanismen zu untersuchen. Neue Wege der Forschung lassen verbesserte Behandlungsmethoden für FMS-Patienten erwarten.
    Notes: Summary Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pains have been recorded since antiquity. However, critical medical and experimental research on these conditions have been performed mainly within the past one or two decades. Controversy exists regarding many aspects of these common problems, including: classification and nosology; causation mechanisms; course and outcomes, as well as management strategies. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is not a disease. Neither a defined pathology nor specific etiological mechanisms have been documented. Instead, FMS may be considered a dysfunctional disorder. Constellations of typical, although diverse, manifestations have been identified as well as predisposing factors. Under such circumstances, a new biopsychosocial paradigm of person-centered dynamics, rather than an agent per se or the environment, is fundamental to understanding the complex multifactorial interactions in FMS. Conceptual models of etiology and research methodology to investigate such complex, multifactorial mechanisms are not yet well-developed. More effective research approaches and improved management of persons with FMS is expected to result from such new conceptual constructs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050231
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic factors in fibromyalgia syndrome (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words ; Fibromyalgia syndrome ; genetic factors ; HLA system ; Schlüsselwörter ; Fibromyalgie Syndrom ; genetische Faktoren ; HLA-System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Obwohl die familiäre Häufung des Fibromyalgie Syndroms (FMS) schon mehrfach beschrieben wurde, finden sich bislang nur wenige genetische Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema. So haben einige wenige Studien diese familiäre Häufung zusammen mit einer Assoziation im HLA System berichtet. Unsere eigene Forschungsgruppe hat aktuell in einer Studie die Verbindung von Fibromyalgie Syndrom und HLA System in Familien mit mehrfach an FMS Erkrankten untersucht.
    Notes: Summary Although familial occurrence of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) has been commonly observed, data on a genetic role in this condition are limited. A few studies have reported familial aggregation and association with HLA. We have studied genetic linkage of FMS with HLA in multicase families, and found a rather weak linkage of FMS with HLA (P〈0.029).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050237
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Class II correction with magnets and superelastic coils followed by straight-wire mechanotherapy (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of orofacial orthopedics 59 (1998), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6714
    Keywords: Cephalometric analysis ; Class II malocclusion ; Magnets ; Straight-wire appliance ; Superelastic coils ; Schlüsselwörter ; Kephalometrie ; Klasse-II-Bißanomalie ; Magneten ; Straight-wire-Apparatur ; Superelastische Federn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden 18 fortlaufend ausgewählte Patienten (bei Behandlungsbeginn durchschnittlich 14,7 Jahre alt) mit dentaler Klasse II, Tiefbiß und Platzmangel im oberen Zahnbogen untersucht. Während der ersten sechsmonatigen Behandlungsphase erfolgte die Distalisierung der ersten und zweiten oberen Molaren mittels sich abstoßender Samarium-Cobalt-Magneten auf der einen und superelastischer Nickel-Titan-Federn auf der kontralateralen Seite bei zur Bißöffnung eingesetzter frontaler Aufbißplatte. Die zweite Behandlungsphase von durchschnittlich 1,3 Jahren wurde mit einer Straightwire-Apparatur durchgeführt. Fernröntgenseitenbilder und Gipsmodelle wurden zu Behandlungsbeginn, nach der Molarendistalisierung, am Ende der aktiven Behandlung und ein Jahr nach Behandlungsabschluß angefertigt. Die Behandlung führte hauptsächlich zu dentalen Veränderungen. Die dentale Klasse II wurde durch körperliche Distalbewegung der oberen und Mesialbewegung der unteren Molaren in eine Klasse I korrigiert. Die Korrektur der Molarenrelation war auf der mit Federn behandelten Seite signifikant größer als auf der mit Magneten behandelten (durchschnittlich 3,4 mm gegenüber 3,0 mm). Trotz des Verankerungsverlustes während der Molarendistalisierung in Form einer Protrusion der oberen Schneidezähne um durchschnittlich 1,8 mm wurde der Netto-Overjet durch Klasse-II-Gummizüge durchschnittlich um 2,5 mm verringert. Die durchschnittliche Bißerhöhung um 2,6 mm war vorwiegend auf die Extrusion der Molaren zurückzuführen. Während der einjährigen Beobachtungszeit nach Abschluß der aktiven Behandlung wurden keine signifikanten dentalen oder skelettalen Veränderungen gefunden. Die Langzeitstabilität der Behandlungsergebnisse bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.
    Notes: Abstract The investigation comprised 18 consectuvely selected patients, mean age 14.7 years at the start of treatment, with Class II malocclusion, deep overbite and space deficiency in the maxillary arch. The first phase of the treatment consisted of 6 months simultaneous distal movement of maxillary first and second molars with repelling samarium-cobalt magnets on one side and a superelastic nickel-titanium coil on the contralateral side together with an anterior biteplane to achieve bite opening. For the second phase of the treatment, a straight-wire appliance was used for an average treatment time of 1.3 years. Lateral head radiographs and dental casts were available at the start of treatment, after molar distalisation, at the end of treatment and 1 year post-treatment. The treatment resulted mainly in dental changes. The dental Class II molar relation was corrected to Class I by bodily distal movement of maxillary molars and by mesial movement of the mandibular molars. The correction of molar relation was significantly greater on coil sides than on magnet sides, mean 3.4 mm, and 3.0 mm, respectively. Despite anchorage loss associated with the maxillary molar movement, i. e. mesial movement of the maxillary incisors (mean 1.8 mm), the net overjet was reduced, mean 2.5 mm, by the use of Class II elastics. The average net improvement of bite opening was 2.6 mm, mainly due to extrusion of mandibular and maxillary molars. During the 1-year post-treatment period no significant dental or skeletal changes were found. The long-term implications of the treatment results need further consideration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01317174
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  • 15
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    Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Diols by Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of 3-Oxetanols - A Study Directed Towards the Identification of Suitable Nucleophiles and the Elucidation of Possible Side Reactions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2161-2169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Photocycloaddition ; Ring opening ; Oxetanes ; 1,2-Diols ; Alkyldealkoxylation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ring opening of 3-isopropyl-2-phenyl-3-oxetanol (2a) by various nucleophiles has been studied. In the presence of BF3 as a Lewis acid, a clean reaction at the less substituted C-4 position was observed and the corresponding 1,2-diols 6-11 and 21-23 were isolated in diastereomerically pure form (47-97% yield). Alkyl-, aryl-, alkynyl- and alkenyllithium compounds proved to be suitable carbon nucleophiles. Deprotonated thiols were used as sulfur nucleophiles. An alkoxide derived from benzyl alcohol and an amide derived from benzylamine reacted less readily under these conditions, yielding the 1,2,3-trifunctional compounds 24 (42% yield) and 26 (54% yield). Other 2-phenyl-3-oxetanols such as 2b and 2c can also be employed as electrophiles, whereas 2-anisyl derivatives preferentially undergo rearrangement reactions, as exemplified by the conversion of oxetane 16 to the hydroxy ketone 17 (84% yield). The superior behaviour of 3-oxetanols as compared to their silyl derivatives in reactions with nucleophiles became evident from the reaction of 3-silyloxyoxetane 1a with alkyllithium reagents. A β elimination occurred upon treatment with nBuLi, which, after pericyclic ring opening and addition of nBuLi, yielded the allylic alcohol 20.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescence Quenching of Ester-Substituted DBO-Type Azoalkanes by Olefins and Arenes: Electronic and Steric Effects, Exciplex Formation and Hydrogen Abstraction (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2177-2179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azoalkanes ; DBO ; Fluorescence quenching ; Exciplexes ; Hydrogen transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fluorescence of the DBO derivatives 1-3 is efficiently quenched by olefins and arenes, exciplex formation and hydrogen transfer operate as quenching mechanisms. The electron-accepting ester groups in the azoalkanes 1-3 promote significantly more effective quenching compared to the parent DBO. Steric hindrance accounts for the differences in the quenching efficiencies, but electronic effects dominate
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fragmentation Reactions of Quaternized γ-Amino Alcohols - Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Oxetanes and Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with a (Z)-C—C Double Bond (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2185-2191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Mannich bases ; γ-Amino alcohols ; Grob fragmentation ; (Z)-Alkenes ; Oxetanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quaternized γ-amino alcohols 5 derived from ternary iminium salts 2 are stereospecifically converted into both unsaturated aldehydes/ketones 6 with a (Z)-C—C double bond in a Grob-type fragmentation and highly functionalized oxetanes 7 by intramolecular substitution.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Asymmetric Domino Three-Component Synthesis of β-Lactams (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2201-2207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; Asymmetric synthesis ; β-Lactams ; Michael additions ; Multicomponent reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lithium dialkylcuprates react either in a sequential one-pot or in a domino “three-component” fashion with chiral Michael acceptors, like Oppolzer's N-enoyl-2,10-camphorsultams 7 and 11 or ‘Evans’ N-enoyl-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones 8 and 13, and N-(methoxycarbonylmethylidene)(4-methoxyphenyl)amine 9 to afford the corresponding cis-3-alkyl-4-methoxycarbonyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-ones 10, 14-15 in overall yields of 40-67% and enantiomeric excesses of 91-99%.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of 3-Nitro-ν-benzylideneacetophenone with Carbanions Containing Leaving Groups (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2229-2235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: 3-Nitro-ω-benzylideneacetophenone ; Carbanions ; Michael addition ; Intramolecular vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3-Nitro-ω-benzylideneacetophenone (1) reacts with carbanions containing leaving groups to give addition products to the electrophilic side chain. As a result of conjugated addition and subsequent intramolecular vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (VNS) in the nitroaromatic ring of 1 in the position para to the nitro group, 4-cyano-7-nitro-3-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one and 4-cyano-7-nitro-3-phenylnaphth-1-ol are obtained. Smooth intramolecular VNS in the position para to the nitro group was observed for 4-chloro-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(p-tosyl)butanol.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the Dimers Obtained From the Reduction of 1-Benzyl-3,5-bis(dialkylcarbamoyl)pyridinium Ions - Models of NAD+ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2237-2243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Conformation analysis ; Electrochemistry ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Dimerization ; Mechanism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In aqueous media the one-electron reduction of the title compounds on a mercury pool generally gives rise to three dimers, which are distinguishable by HPL chromatography. From spectroscopic analyses it has been possible to propose a structure for these conformers and their stability has been studied. Two conformers are unstable, yielding the third conformer. A mechanism is proposed for this transformation.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide Delivery from cycloSaligenyl-3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine Monophosphates (cycloSal-AZTMP) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 837-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: AZT ; cycloSal-pro-nucleotide ; Prodrugs ; Nucleotide delivery ; HIV chemotherapy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of our cycloSaligenyl- (cycloSal) pronucleotide concept to the approved anti-HIV dideoxynucleoside 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine AZT (1) is reported. This pro-nucleotide concept has been designed to deliver the corresponding 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine monophosphate AZTMP (2) by selective chemical hydrolysis from the lipophilic precursors cycloSal-AZTMP 4a-h. All derivatives 4a-h were synthesized using differently substituted salicyl alcohols 7a-h as starting materials. In hydrolysis studies, compounds 4 decomposed selectively releasing AZTMP (2) and the salicyl alcohols 7 following the designed tandem reaction. Furthermore, due to the electronic properties introduced by substituents, the half-lives of the triesters 4 could be ajusted over a wide range. Phosphotriesters 4 exhibited considerable biological activity in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected wild-type human T-lymphocyte (CEM/O) cells, whereas, contrary to our expectations, nearly all activity was lost in HIV-2 infected thymidine-kinase-deficient CEM cells.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Constrained Diketopiperazine as a New Scaffold for the Synthesis of Peptidomimetics (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 853-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: N-Alkylation ; Diketopiperazine building block ; Peptidomimetics ; RGD analogues ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As a new scaffold for peptidomimetic synthesis, a highly constrained bifunctional diketopiperazine, 4, has been prepared by smooth N-alkylation with tert-butyl bromoacetate. As a first application, we describe herein the synthesis of new peptidomimetics of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. The product 30, which shows a selective platelet-aggregation inhibiting activity, can be used as a lead for the preparation of more potent products.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Reaction of Aminoxyls with Dioxiranes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 871-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Dioxirane ; Homolysis, induced ; Aminoxyl ; Oxidation ; Spin-trapping ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the reactions of dimethyldioxirane (1a) and methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (1b) with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (2) (TEMPO) in acetone, the corresponding methoxyamine 1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (5) is produced in ≥98% yield, both in air and under N2, and in the absence or presence of a hydrocarbon (adamantane). Kinetic experiments show that aminoxyl 2 triggers the radical decomposition of the dioxirane, in addition to scavenging methyl radicals derived therefrom. The reactions of an aminoxyl less prone to oxidation, namely 1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-indol-3-one-1-oxyl (4), with dioxiranes 1a and 1b in acetone have also been studied. In these cases, not only is the corresponding methoxyamine 8a produced (yield 12-16%), but quinoneimine-N-oxides 10 (yield 12-21%) and 11 (yield 18-19%) are also formed. Furthermore, significant amounts (8-14%) of the amine 9 (the product of deoxygenation of 4) can be isolated. These observations provide useful information concerning the free-radical mechanism that follows the initial attack by the aminoxyl at the dioxirane.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Blue Excitable Charge-Transfer Fluorescent Probe and Its Fluorogenic Derivative (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2373-2377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Charge-transfer fluorescence ; Fluorogenic probe ; Fluorescence labelling ; Maleimide group ; Solvatochromism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structural modification of the highly fluorescent donor-bridge-acceptor molecule “Fluoroprobe” (FP) is shown to extend the excitation window to longer wavelengths. The resulting “Fluorotrope” (FT) shows appreciable absorption in the 350-420-nm range, so that visible (blue) light can be used for excitation. Further functionalization with a maleimide group results in the novel fluorogenic reagent MaleimidoFluorotrope (MFT) which yields fluorescent adducts with amines, thiols and other reactive groups that add to the double bond of the maleimide. The fluorescence wavelength of these adducts is extremely sensitive to the polarity and mobility of the medium.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polylithiated β-Peptides: like-Selective C-Terminal Alkylation of Boc-β-HVal-β-HAla-β-HLeu-OMe (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2379-2387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: β-Peptides ; Polylithiation of peptides ; Li-enolates of peptides ; Back-bone alkylation of β-peptides ; Diastereoselective alkylation of β-peptide enolates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of N-Boc-protected β-tripeptide derivatives with or without N-methyl groups and with free or Me-ester-protected C terminus has been prepared (8-14, 16, 17). As with α-peptides (→ A), the β-peptide derivatives can be polylithiated (→ B, C). No epimerization of stereogenic centers and no β elimination (exception 17 → 24) is observed upon treatment with bases as strong as tBuLi. The C terminal ester Li-enolate moiety of tetralithio β-tripeptides (cf. C) can be selectively alkylated with methyl, benzyl and allyl halides, and with tert-butyl bromoacetate in yields ranging from 35-80% (8 → 18, 14 → 20-23).
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Analogues of Brassinosteroids from Chenodeoxycholic Acid (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2405-2407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Natural products ; Steroids ; Chenodeoxycholic acid ; Brassinosteroid analogues ; Biological activity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of two new bioactive analogues of brassinosteroids with a 24-hydroxylated cholanic side chain, an A/B ring cis-junction and oxygenated functions in C-7 is described.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses and Properties of S2-Bridged Benzidines (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2409-2416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sulfur heterocycles ; Rearrangements ; Reductions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of 1,2-benzodithiino[5,4,3-cde][1,2]benzodithiin-2,7-diamine (1) and dithio-bridged benzidine 2 have been achieved. The starting material for the synthesis of 1 was 1,3-diiodo-5-nitrobenzene (15) which was transformed by conventional means into 1,2-bis[3,5-bis(ethylthio)phenyl]diazane (19). The benzidine rearrangement of 19 in the presence of HBF4 at -30 °C yielded 4,4′-diamino-2,2′,6,6′-tetraethylthiobiphenyl (20) in 50 % yield. Treatment of 20 with sodium in ammonia and work-up in the presence of air yielded 1. The latter compound could be reduced with LiAlH4 to the tetrathiol 20a. The starting material for the preparation of 2 was 3-chloro-1-iodo-5-nitrobenzene (23), a side product of the preparation of 15. It was transformed analogously to the preparation of 1 into 1,2-bis(3-ethylthiophenyl)diazane (28). The benzidine rearrangement of 28 in presence of HBF4 at -30 °C afforded 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-bis(ethylthio)biphenyl (29) in 49 % yield. Treatment of 29 with sodium in ammonia and work-up under aerobic conditions yielded 2. Quantitative reduction of 2 to the thiol 29a could be achieved with LiAlH4. The reversible electrochemical reduction of 1 on unmodified glassy carbon electrodes leads to a product to which the structure of 3 was assigned.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereoelectronic Inhibition of Deprotonation in the Radical Cation of N-Benzylpiperidine: a Contribution to the Debate on the Mechanism of N-Dealkylation of Tertiary Amines (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2425-2429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: N-Heterocycles ; Porphyrins ; Radical cations ; N-Dealkylation ; Stereoelectronic effects ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Evidence for a stereoelectronic inhibition of deprotonation of the radical cation of N-benzylpiperidine is presented. This stereoelectronic effect, which is due to the cyclic structure of the precursor, provides a tool to differentiate hydrogen-atom- versus electron-transfer routes in the biomimetic oxidative N-dealkylation of tertiary amines: the electron-transfer route appears to be the operating mechanism.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    (-)-(M,7S)-Colchicine and (-)-(M,7S)-10-Ethylthiocolchicide/Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions: Synthesis of Novel Colchicine Derivatives by Consecutive [4+2] and [3+2] Cycloadditions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2451-2460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Colchicine ; 10-Ethylthiocolchicide, diene properties of ; π-Facial diastereoselectivity ; Consecutive [4+2],[3+2] cycloadditions ; Atropisomerism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloaddition reactions of the facially dissymmetric diene moiety of (-)-(M,7S)-colchicine (5) and (-)-(M,7S)-10-ethylthiocolchicide (9) to various alkynes have been studied. With 5 and the dienophilic benzyne (3), dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) (4) and cyclooctyne (6) as starting materials all cycloadditions could be realized with high regioselectivity at the 8,12-positions of the alkaloid. The approach of the dienophiles preferentially occurred toward the syn π-face of the diene. In contrast to the cycloaddition mode of 5 the ethylthiocolchicide 9 surprisingly reacted in a different manner. With benzyne as starting material a novel [3+2] cycloaddition of the thioenol ether moiety of 9 towards the dipolarophilic benzyne is supposed, affording the unexpected colchicide 10 after [1,5]H shift of the primarily formed cycloadduct followed by cleavage of the C-S linkage. With DMAD (4) and cyclooctyne (6) the reaction course is more complex. In a consecutive [4+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition (or vice versa) followed by a thermally induced cycloreversion of a not identified intermediate DMAD (4) gives rise to the polycyclic thiophene derivative 13 and the novel allocolchicinoid 14. In a similar way cyclooctyne (6) yielded three products, the thiophene-annulated homobarrelenones 18 and 19 and the tetracyclic allocolchicinoid 21. The structures of the novel colchicine derivatives were assigned on the basis of spectral data, those of the cycloadducts 1 and 19 were verified by X-ray crystallography. For the unprecedented formation of the various allocolchicinoids by consecutive [4+2]/[3+2] cycloadditions plausible reaction pathways are suggested, as far as possible. In addition the inhibitory effects on the tubulin polymerization reaction in vitro of 10, 14, and 21 are reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Electronic Resource
    Exploration of High-Pressure Cycloadducts of Furans and Citraconic Anhydride as Precursors for CD-Ring Fragments of Paclitaxel and Its Analogues (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2483-2492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Paclitaxel (Taxol®) ; Paclitaxel CD-ring ; High-pressure Diels-Alder reactions ; Furan cycloadditions ; Ether cleavage in 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high-pressure promoted Diels-Alder reactions between several furans and citraconic anhydride have been studied and the cycloadducts obtained have been explored in new straightforward routes to the CD-ring fragment of paclitaxel. The reaction between furan and citraconic anhydride afforded the exo cycloadduct diastereoselectively, whereas a variety of 2-substituted furans afforded approximate 1:1 mixtures of exo regioisomers. Separation of both regioisomers was accomplished after either diastereoselective esterification or regioselective reduction of the anhydride function. Ether cleavage of the bicyclic compounds by either high-pressure promoted ether cleavage or Boord elimination afforded several potential CD-ring precursors which can be used in the total synthesis of paclitaxel analogues.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    An Improved Method for the endo-Fusion of Five-Membered Ring Lactones to the Bornane Ring System (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2507-2511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Camphoracetyl chloride ; Lactols, fused ; Lactones, fused ; Pseudoacid chlorides ; Reagents, stereoselective ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: endo-Fused lactone 3 was obtained in high yield from the camphoracetic acid 2 with thionyl chloride and a subsequent reduction of intermediate 5 with tributyltin hydride. The structure of 5 was elaborated and some aspects of the mechanism of its formation and reactivity were investigated. Lactone 3 serves as key intermediate for lactol 1 which is a useful reagent in racemate resolution and asymmetric synthesis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Pyridines and 3,3′-Bridged Bipyridines Using 1,x-Cyclohexanediones (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2609-2615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Supramolecular chemistry ; Domino reactions ; Bipyridines ; 1,x-Cyclohexanediones ; Mannich bases ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A one-pot reaction using 1,x-cyclohexanediones, a Mannich base (or its hydrochloride), and ammonium acetate delivers novel pyridines or 3,3′-bridged bipyridine compounds 8, 16, 18, 20, and 22. This strategy offers a great flexibility in the design of new building blocks, e.g. in supramolecular chemistry and underlines the efficiency of domino reactions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    Fluorinated Analogs of Retinoids: Stereocontrolled Synthesis Employing Fluoroisoprenoidal Horner Ylides (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2603-2607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fluoro analogs of vitamin A ; Horner-Wittig reaction ; Fluoroisoprenoid building blocks ; Stereoselectivity ; Hydrolysis of chlorofluorocyclopropanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An improved method for the preparation of ethyl 2-fluoro-3-methyl-2-butenoate (3) is described. The two stereoisomers [(E)-4 and (Z)-4] obtained after γ-bromination can be separated and can be individually converted into the corresponding diethyl phosphonates. The PO-ylides generated by α-deprotonation of the latter lose their stereochemical integrity by rapid torsional equilibration of the ester tail. Thus, Horner-Wittig reactions accomplished with benzaldehyde and (Z)- or (E)-(β-ionylidene)-acetaldehyde lead inevitably to stereorandomization at the terminal, ethoxycarbonyl-bearing double bond affording (E)- and (Z)-isomers in 50:50 to 15:85 ratios, depending on the reaction conditions. The new double bond, however, is formed with perfect trans-selectivity.
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Cyclization of 3-Aminoacrylates - Total Synthesis of Pumiliotoxin C and Related Stereoisomeric Compounds (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2641-2646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Total synthesis/Pumiliotoxin ; PTX-C ; PTX isomers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the synthesis of pumiliotoxin C (1a) and related stereoisomeric compounds 1c-1f. Starting from (+)- or (-)-3-methylcyclohexanone (6a,b), the oxo esters 7a and 7b were prepared. Condensation with (+)- or (-)-3-aminohexanol (8a,b) gave the stereoisomeric 3-aminoacrylates 9a, 9b and 9c. The hydroxy group of the amino-acrylates was transformed into bromide using the tosylate method. Cyclization of the bromides led to unsaturated quinoline ring systems. Finally, decarboxylation and catalytic hydrogenation gave the different cis- and trans-fused stereoisomeric alkaloids of the pumiliotoxin C type. The structures were verified by X-ray analysis.
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of 3,7-Disubstituted 9-Thiatricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonane-1,5-dithiol Derivatives and Crystal Structure of Tetramethyl 3(4aH)-Oxo-1,4-dihydrophenanthro[9,10-a]pentalene-1,2,4,4a-tetracarboxylate (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2647-2650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Lawesson's reagent ; Thiolation of cyclic ketones ; Anchimeric effect ; cis-Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-diones ; 9-Thiatricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonane ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple and efficient approach to the 9-thiatricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonane ring system (5) has been found by treating cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-diones (1) with Lawesson's reagent or phosphorus pentasulfide. When dione 1 is treated with Lawesson's reagent tetramethyl 3(4aH)oxo-1,4-dihydrophenanthro[9,10-a]pentalene-1,2,4,4a-tetracarboxylate (6) is obtained as a by-product as shown by X-ray structural analysis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Chiral 4-(ω-Hydroxyalkyl)pyrazolidin-3-ones by Ring-Chain Transformation of α-Alkylidenelactones with Hydrazines (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2667-2672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Pyrazolidin-3-ones ; Optical activity ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Ring transformation ; Hydrazines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantiopure α-alkylidenelactones 7 were prepared by a Wittig reaction from α-bromolactones 4 and chiral aldehydes 6. Compounds 7 react with hydrazines 9 by stereoselective Michael-like addition and ring-chain transformation affording optically active 4-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)pyrazolidin-3-ones 11.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    A Novel Concept for Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions: Electron Transfer under Buffered Protic Conditions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2673-2676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Aromatic aldehydes ; Pinacol coupling ; Radical reactions ; Reagent control ; Titanium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel concept for conductingtransition-metal-catalyzed radical reactions that allows highly diastereoselective titanocene-catalyzed pinacol couplings is described.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Spirolactones from the Limonene System (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2677-2682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Terpenoid lactones ; Antifeedants ; Limonene ; Claisen rearrangement ; Iodolactonization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four enantiomeric pairs of spirolactones were obtained in a four step synthesis from (+) and (-) limonene. The Claisen rearrangement and iodolactonization were the key steps of the syntheses presented. The structures of products were confirmed by X-ray crystallography of 11, 18b, and 19.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Functionalisation of the 1-Phosphanorbornadiene Structure at the C2 Position by Stille Cross-Coupling Reactions (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2683-2687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Phosphole ; Phosphanorbornadiene ; Stille cross-coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of alkynylstannanes with 1-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphole at 150 °C affords the corresponding 2-stannyl-1-phosphanorbornadienes (2a, b), in fair yield. Oxidation under mild conditions affords the corresponding phosphane oxides (3a, b), whereas more drastic conditions (H2O2, 15% in toluene at 80 °C) induce the oxidative cleavage of the P-CH2 bond of the bridge to give a bicyclic phosphinate such as 4. Treatement of 4 by iodine leads to a tin → iodine exchange. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of the resulting 1-phospha-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5,7-diene 1-oxide confirms the functionalisation at the α-position and the relief of ring strain taking place upon insertion of oxygen into the P-CH2 bond of the norbornadiene. The 2-stannyl-1-phosphanorbornadiene 1-oxides (3a, b) readily undergo tin → iodine exchange. The resulting 2-iodo derivatives (6a, b) can be cross-coupled with 2-furyl-, 2-thienyl-, 2-pyrrolyl-, phenylethynyl-, and vinyl-tributylstannanes to give the corresponding 2-functional 1-phosphanorbornadiene 1-oxides in excellent yields (80-95%)
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Stereoselective Intramolecular Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions of Cyclic Benzylidenesulfoxides and DFT Calculations on the Transition Structures (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2733-2741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Density functional calculations ; Cycloadditions ; Dihydropyrans ; Enantioselective oxidations ; Sulfur heterocycles ; Sulfoxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 4-benzylidene-3-oxo[1,3]oxathiolan-5-ones 13-15, which were derived from the 3-oxo[1,3]oxathiolan-5-ones 9-11 by Knoevenagel condensation with the aldehydes 12, cyclize in an intramolecular hetero Diels-Alder reaction with high yield and excellent endo/exo as well as induced diastereoselectivity to give the hetero Diels-Alder adducts 16-18. The preferred formation of the Knoevenagel products 13-15 with a (Z) configuration was predicted with DFT calculations (B3LYP-6-311+G*) using the model systems 28 and 29. In addition B3LYP-6-31G*/sB3LYP/3-21G(*) calculations on transition structures for the hetero Diels-Alder reaction of 29 and 30 allowed a good correlation with the experimental results, which show that an endo attack of the dienophile syn to the S-O group in 13-15 leads to the main products.
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Phosphorus Phthalocyanines and Triazatetrabenzcorroles (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2759-2767 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Phosphorus phthalocyanines ; Triazatetrabenzcorroles ; Dihydroxyphosphorus(V) phthalocyanine hydroxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The previously reported reaction of phthalocyanines [H2(pc)] with PBr3, which was claimed to give a phosphorus(III) phthalocyanine “(PcPIII)”, has been reinvestigated in detail with both unsubstituted and alkyl-substituted phthalocyanines, 1-4. The products exhibit unusual electronic and mass spectra compared to normal phthalocyanines and have been identified as oxophosphorus(V) triazatetrabenzcorroles 5-8. The corresponding dihydroxyphosphorus(V) phthalocyanine hydroxides 9-12 have also been synthesized for the first time by insertion of phosphorus(V) into phthalocyanines and have been characterized in detail. The different reactivities of PBr3 and POX3 (X = Cl, Br) toward phthalocyanines are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    A General Synthesis of Disubstituted Rubicenes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2769-2773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Rubicenes ; Cyclization ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Arenes ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of novel disubstituted rubicenes 1a-k is described. Starting from 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone and aryllithium reagents 3, the diol adducts 4 are reduced and the resulting diarylanthracenes 5 are cyclized to afford the title compounds in fair to good overall yield.
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-Soluble Tripodal Phosphane Ligands and Their Rhodium Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Tripodal P ligands ; Rhodium ; Water-soluble complexes ; Immobilization ; Biphasic hydroformylation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the water-soluble tripodal phosphane ligand cis,cis-1,3,5-(PPh2)3-1,3,5-[CH2(OCH2CH2)xOCH3]C6H6 (x = 30-160) (5) has been achieved in a four-step reaction sequence. The alcohol Mo(CO)3[cis,cis-1,3,5-(PPh2)3-1,3,5-(CH2OH)3C6H6] (1) is converted to the corresponding alcoholate 2, which forms the polyethylene glycol derivative 3 in a polyaddition reaction with oxirane. After methylation of the end groups of 3, the ligand 5 is obtained by a combined photochemical/oxidative demolybdenation reaction. The water-soluble tripodal phosphane 5 and the methoxymethyl functionalized tripodal ligand 6 react with Rh(PPh3)3(CO)H to form the water-soluble and water-insoluble rhodium carbonyl hydrido complexes 5a and 6a, respectively. The catalytic activity of the rhodium complex 5a in the hydroformylation of 1-hexene was found to be comparable in a single-phase system (1-hexene/methanol) with that in the biphasic system (1-hexene/water). Only traces of alcohol were found, which demonstrates that the catalyst 5a displays higher selectivity in hydroformylation than in hydrogenation.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metalloarsaalkene [(η5-C5Me5)(CO)2FeAs=C(NMe2)2] as a Ligand in Carbonylchromium, -iron, and -nickel Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Arsaalkenes ; Arsenic ligands ; Carbonyl complexes ; Chromium ; Iron ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of equimolar amounts of the metalloarsaalkene [(η5-C5Me5)(CO)2FeAs=C(NMe2)2] (1) with the carbonyl complexes [Ni(CO)4], [Fe2(CO)9], and [{(Z)-cyclooctene}Cr(CO)5], respectively, affords the adducts [(η5-C5Me5)(CO)2FeAs{M(CO)n}=C(NMe2)2] with [M(CO)n] = [Ni(CO)3] (2); [Fe(CO)4] (3), and [Cr(CO)5] (4). These feature η1 coordination of the arsaalkene ligand via the arsenic atom. The molecular structures of the complexes 3 and 4 have been determined by X-ray diffraction analyses.
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of the Bite Angle of Diphosphane Ligands on Activity and Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 155-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Bite angle ; Catalysis ; P ligands ; Palladium ; Cross-coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sec-butyl magnesium chloride with bromobenzene was investigated. The calculated natural bite angles range from 78° for dppe (1,2-bisdiphenylphosphanoethane) to 110° for Xantphos. The natural bite angle of diphosphane ligands has a large effect on catalyst selectivity and activity. Both rate and selectivity of the cross-coupling reaction increase with increasing bite angle and reach a maximum value with DPEphos (βn = 102.7° ). Larger bite angles of the diphosphane ligands result in a decreased selectivity and activity.
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Magnetic Properties of Transition-Metal Complexes with the Diethyl 2-Quinolylmethylphosphonate (2-qmpe) Ligand - Crystal Structures of [Ni(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2](ClO4)2 and [Mn(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2](ClO4)2 Showing Unexpected O-Binding of the qmpe Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ligand field spectra ; Phosphonate complexes ; X-ray structures ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of transition-metal coordination compounds containing the ligand diethyl 2-quinolylmethylphosphonate (2-qmpe) is described. Complexes of CoII, MnII, NiII, CdII, and ZnII were found to be mutually isomorphous according to their X-ray powder diffraction patterns and IR spectra. The new coordination compounds were identified and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, infrared and ligand-field spectra. The crystal structures of the complexes [M(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (M = Ni, 1; Mn, 2) reveal six-coordinate [M(2-qmpe)4(H2O)2] cations with the qmpe ligand coordinating via the oxygen rather than via the nitrogen atom, as well as lattice perchlorate anions. The metal ion is octahedrally surrounded by the four oxygen atoms of the four organic ligands. The non-participation of the pyridine nitrogen atom is unusual. The two water molecules occupy the fifth and the sixth coordination sites in a trans configuration. The coordinated water molecules are strongly hydrogen-bonded to the pyridine nitrogen atom of the 2-qmpe, further stabilizing the solid-state structure. The geometry of the metal ion can be described as distorted octahedral. For the CuII complex, a hydroxo-bridged dinuclear structure of the type [Cu(2-qmpe)2(OH)(H2O)2]2(ClO4)2 is proposed, based on its spectroscopic and magnetic properties. Ligand-field spectra of the Co and Ni compounds were found to be in agreement with the tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry.
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polynuclear Complexes with Propynylidene C3-Bridges: General Synthetic Route to Bis-, Tris-, and Tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Polynuclear complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Bridging ligands ; Alkynyl complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sequential reaction of two equivalents of the dimethylamino(ethynyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡CH] [M = W (1a), Cr (1b)] with two equivalents of nBuLi and one equivalent of a transition metal dichloride, [Cl2M′(Ln)], affords trinuclear biscarbene complexes of the type [(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡C-M′(Ln)-C≡CC(NMe)2=M(CO)5] [M′(Ln) = Ni(PEt3)2 (2a, b), Pd(PEt3)2 (3a, b), Pt(PEt3)2 (4a, b), Fe(dmpe)2 (6a), Hg (8a), Ti(η5-C5H5)2 (9a, b)] [dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane]. Treatment of 1a with equimolar amounts of first nBuLi and then [Cl2M′(Ln)] results in the formation of the monosubstitution products [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡CM′(Ln)] [M′(Ln) = trans-Pd(PEt3)2Cl (5a), trans-Fe(dmpe)2Cl (7a)]. Additionally, the synthesis of the heterobimetallicethynylcarbene complex [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡CPd(PEt3)2C≡CH] (10a), starting from 1a and [ClPd(PEt3)2C≡CH], is described. When three equivalents of 1a are treated, first with three equivalents of nBuLi and then with one equivalent of the trihalides PCl3 or BBr3, the novel tris(ethynylcarbene) complexes [{(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C}3E] [E = B (11a), P (12a)] are obtained. The reaction of four equivalents of 1a,b with four equivalents of nBuLi, followed by addition of one equivalent of a group 14 tetrachloride [M′Cl4], yields the novel tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) complexes [{(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡C}4M′] [M′ = Si (13a, b), Ge (14a), Sn (15a, b)]. The complexes 8a, 9a, 12a, and 15a were characterized by X-ray structural analyses. All spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the carbene fragments and the central transition metal or heteroatom in these new bis-, tris-, and tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) complexes interact only weakly.
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    2-Oxacyclopentylidene, 2-Oxacyclohexylidene, and 2-Oxacycloheptylidene Rhenium Complexes by Reaction of ω-Alkynols with the [{MeC(CH2PPh2)3}Re(CO)2]+ Auxiliary (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Oxacyclocarbene complexes ; Vinylidene comlexes ; Alkynols ; Tripodal ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various β-, γ-, and δ-alkynols have been reacted with the 16e- fragment [(triphos)Re(CO)2]+ generated in situ by H2 elimination from [(triphos)Re(CO)2(η2-H2)]BF4 [triphos = MeC(CH2PPh2)3]. Irrespective of the length of the alkyl chain between the C≡C and OH functional groups in the ω-alkynol, 2-oxacyclocarbene complexes are obtained. These include the 2-oxacyclopentylidene derivatives [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH2O}]BF4 and [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH(Me)O}]BF4, the 2-oxacyclohexylidene dervivatives [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH2CH2O}]BF4 and[(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH2CH(Me)O}]BF4, and the 2-oxacycloheptylidene complex [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2- CH2CH2CH2O}]BF4. The latter compound contains a unprecedented seven-membered oxacarbene ring. The rhenium-assisted δ-alkynol to 2-oxacyloheptylidene rearrangement proceeds via the hydroxybutylvinylidene kinetic intermediate [(triphos)Re(CO)2{C=C(H)CH2CH2CH2CH2OH}]BF4, which has been characterized in both the solid state and solution. An X-ray analysis has been carried out on a single crystal of [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH(Me)O}]BF4. The structure of this complex consists of [(triphos)Re(CO)2{=CCH2CH2CH(Me)O}]+ cations and tetrafluoroborate anions with no interspersed solvent molecules. A facial triphos ligand, two cis-disposed carbonyl groups and a 2-oxacyclopentylidene ligand coordinate the Re centre in a slightly distorted octahedral environment.
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Titanium Complexes with a Linked Amido-Cyclopentadienyl Ligand and a Bidentate Organyl Group: Synthesis, Structure, and Ethene Polymerization Activity (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Titanium complexes ; Amido-cyclopentadienyl ligand ; Titanium alkyl ; Intramolecular coordination ; Ethene polymerization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Titanium complexes containing a linked isopropyl- or benzylamido(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) ligand C5Me4SiMe2NR (R = iPr, CH2Ph,) and one bidentate organyl group C6H4(CH2NMe2)-2, CH2C6H4(NMe2)-2, and {η5-C5H3(CH2NMe2)-2}Fe(η5-C5H5) were prepared by salt metathesis of the corresponding dichloro complex Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NR)Cl2 with the lithium organyl. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis of Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NCH2Ph)- {C6H4(CH2NMe2)-2}Cl and of Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NiPr){CH2C6H4(NMe2)-2}Cl revealed the presence of intramolecular coordination with square pyramidal geometry around titanium. In the ferrocenyl derivative Ti(η5:η1-C5Me4SiMe2NCH2Ph)[{η5-C5H3(CH2NMe2)-2}Fe(η5-C5H5)]Cl the NMe2 group is not bonded at the titanium atom. Ethene polymerization catalyzed by these complexes upon activation with methylaluminoxane was examined.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrolytic Cleavage of Diphosphates, Sulfonatophosphates, and Disulfonates by (Pyrazolylborate)zinc Hydroxide Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Zinc complexes ; Pyrazolylborate ligands ; Hydrolytic cleavage ; Diphosphate ; Sulfonatophosphate ; Disulfonate ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three (pyrazolylborate)zinc hydroxide complexes Tp*Zn-OH were used as hydrolytic reagents to cleave the P-O-P, P-O-S, and S-O-S linkages of organic diphosphates, sulfonatophosphates, and disulfonates. The resulting complexes of the types Tp*Zn-OPO(OR)2 and Tp*Zn-OSO2R could also be obtained by condensation reactions between Tp*Zn-OH and HO-PO(OR)2 or HO-SO2R. Two of them were characterized by structure determinations.
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    K2AuPS4, Tl2AuPS4, K2AuAsS4, and KAu5P2S8: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Quaternary Gold Thiophosphate and Thioarsenate Compounds (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Gold ; Chalcogenide ; Flux reaction ; Structure determination ; Metal-metal bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The novel compounds K2AuPS4 (1), Tl2AuPS4 (2), K2AuAsS4 (3), and KAu5P2S8 (4) have been synthesized by direct reaction of the elements with a molten alkaline polythiophosphate(arsenate) flux at 550°C. The crystal structures of these compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. 1, 2, and 3 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/m. The structures of 1, 2, and 3 consist of infinite, one-dimensional anionic chains running along the crystallographic b axis. The chains are separated by potassium or thallium ions. Neighbouring Au atoms are bridged by MS43- tetrahedra (M = P, As) in a trans orientation. Compound 4 crystallizes in the space group P21/c. The anionic chains of 4 are built up from linear AuS2 dumbbell units and PS43- tetrahedra. The chains extend along the [110] and [110] direction and are separated by charge balancing K+ cations. Each of the compounds was investigated by differential thermal analysis, FT-IR, and solid-state UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Dinuclear Molybdenum(III) and Tungsten(III) Calix[4]arene Complexes - Metal-Metal Triple Bonds Supported by Bridging Calix[4]arene Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Calix[4]arenes ; Calix[4]arene complexes ; Molybdenum ; Tungsten ; Metal-metal bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Addition of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene LH4 to the dinuclear compounds M2(NMe2)6 (M = Mo, W) results in the formation of [NH2Me2]2[L2M2] 1 (M = Mo) and 2 (M = W). Both compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The metal-metal distances of 1 and 2, of 2.194(1) Å and 2.293(1) Å, respectively, are consistent with the retention of the M≡M triple bond. Both „ate” complexes contain a [M≡M]6+ dimetal core, supported by two bridging μ2-κ2O,κ2O-calix[4]arene ligands in the solid state. These compounds are the first examples of a formally fourfold deprotonated calix[4]arene acting as a μ2-κ2O,κ2O bridging ligand for two transition metal centres. The calix[4]arenes in 1 and 2 are distorted from a cone conformation in the uncomplexed ligand, to an elliptical cone section. 1H-NMR data at variable temperatures suggest fluxional behaviour of 1 and 2 in solution.
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-Substituted Phosphanes: Synthesis and Structure (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)phosphanes ; Aminobis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)phosphanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bis(1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-1,3-cyclopentadien-1-yl)phosphanes 3-7 are formed in good yields by the reaction of the halogenophosphanes 2a or 2b with the appropriate nucleophile. Following another route, the dialkylaminobis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)phosphanes 11a-c have been synthesized by the treatment of dichloro(dialkylamino)phosphanes with two equivalents of (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)lithium. The compounds 3-11 have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and 3, 5, 6, and 11a have also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The molecular structure of 11a is governed by steric congestion, which typically would lead to a parallel arrangement of the two pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands at the phosphorus atom. However, surprisingly, the crystal structure of the (dimethylamino)phosphane 11a, exhibits a tilted, rather than a parallel, conformation of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl groups [tilt angle: 130.6(1)°].
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Monodentate and Bridging Coordination of 3,3′-Annelated 2,2′-Bipyridines in Zerovalent Palladium- and Platinum-p-quinone Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Palladium ; Platinum ; Bidentate nitrogen ligands ; p-Quinone ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Compounds of the type M(N∩N-κN)(nq)2 and M2(μ2-N∩N)(μ2-pbq)2, in which nq = 1,4-naphthoquinone, pbq = 1,4-benzoquinone, and N∩N is a monodentate or bridging ligand of the α-diimine type, were obtained from reactions of Pd(dba)2 in toluene with the 3,3′-annelated-2,2′-bipyridines: 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dafo) and 4,5-diazafluorene (dafe) in the presence of the appropriate p-quinone. In the corresponding reactions with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpym), N,N′-dicyclohexyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene (chex-dab), bis[N-(o,o′-diisopropyl)phenylimino]acenaphthene (o,o′-iPr2-bian) and 5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline (dh-phen) only complexes of the type M(N∩N-κ2N)(Q) were formed (Q = nq, pbq). The structures of the complexes have been established by NMR in solution and by X-ray diffraction in the solid state; crystal structures of Pd(bpy-κ2N)(η2-pbq) (1) Pd(dafo-κN)(η2-nq)2 (14) and Pd2(μ2-dafo)(μ2,η2:η2-pbq)2 (16) have been determined. Of the ligands, dafo and dafe are the only ones apt to form complexes containing a monodentate or bridging N∩N ligand. This behaviour is ascribed to the geometrical constraints of dafo and dafe; the annelation by one carbon atom at the 3,3′-positions in these ligands causes an increase in bite angle from approximately 77° to 82°.
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Soluble Chloro- and Aryl(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) Complexes: Synthesis and Characterization (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phthalocyanines ; Indium ; Indium-carbon bond ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of highly soluble chloro(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) complexes RxPcInCl (3a: R1 = tert-butyl, R2 = H, x = 4 and 4a: R1 = R2 = n-pentyl, x = 8), and their reactions with R′MgBr [R′ = p-trifluoromethylphenyl- (b), m-trifluoromethylphenyl- (c), p-fluorophenyl- (d), perfluorophenyl- (e)] leading to the stable σ-bonded aryl(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) complexes 3b-e, 4b-e are described. All compounds were characterized by IR, UV/Vis, MS, 1H, 13C and 19F NMR as well as elemental analyses. Phenyl(phthalocyaninato)indium(III) (4f) was prepared by the reaction of (n-C5H11)8PcInCl (4a) with PhLi. The high solubility of the complexes 3a-e and 4a-f is, aside from the influence of the peripheral substituents, considered to be derived from the large dipole moments present which are due to the strongly electron withdrawing axial ligands, and from the lower tendency of axially substituted phthalocyaninato metal complexes to form aggregates.
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Ylidylphosphanes and -diphosphanes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphanes ; Phosphorus ylides ; Nucleophilic addition ; Structure elucidation ; NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlorophosphanyl and dichlorophosphanyl alkylidene- and benzylidenephosphoranes 6 and 8 are converted by reaction with LiAlH4 to the respective phosphanes 7 and 9. The former can be isolated, but decompose on heating or on protonation to give the ylidyl diphosphane 11 and the phosphonium ylide or phosphonium salt, respectively. The final products are the cyclooligophosphanes 15-17. Only the C-tert-butyl derivative 7c is stable in both regards. The conformation of the RPH group in 7 as compared to that of the RPCl group in 6 clearly reflects their different interaction with the ylide moiety.
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  • 57
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    Fluxionality and Phosphane Arm-off Reactions of Octahedral Ruthenium(II) Complexes with the Tripodal Polyphosphane MeC(CH2PPh2)3 (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ruthenium ; Phosphorus ; Triphos complexes ; Fluxionality ; Arm-off dissociation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structural fluxionality is apparent in the 1H- and 31P-NMR spectra of compounds of the type [Ru(L)(MeCN)(triphos)](CF3SO3), 2-5, at 25°C, where L represents a diorganyldithiocarbamate or a heterocyclic κ2N,S coordinating thioamide. In contrast, complexes [Ru(Et2NCS2)(Y)(triphos)]n+ (6, n = 1, Y = CO; 7, n = 0, Y = CN-; 8, n = 0, Y = H-) are stereochemically rigid in solution at this temperature, indicating that MeCN dissociation must occur for the crowded octahedral coordination spheres of 2-5. Reaction of [Ru(MeCN)3(triphos)](CF3SO3)2, 1, with Na(Et2NCS2) at a 1:2 molar ratio yields [Ru(Et2NCS2-κ2S)(Et2NCS2-κS)(triphos)], 9, which slowly converts to [Ru(Et2NCS2-κ2S)2(triphosO-κ2P)], 10, on recrystallization from ethanol/acetone under air [triphosO is O=P(Ph)2CH2C(CH3)(CH2PPh2)2]. A similar κ3P→κ2P arm-off dissociation leads to the formation of [Ru(mpy-κ2N,S)2(triphosO-κ2P)] (13) and [Ru(mmim-κ2N,S)2(triphosO-κ2P)] (14) (Hmpy = 2-mercaptopyridine, Hmmim = 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole). Crystal structures are reported for [Ru(mbt-κ2N,S)(MeCN)(triphos-κ3P)](CF3SO3) (4) (Hmbt = 2-mercaptobenzothiazole), [Ru(mpym-κ2N,S)(mpym-κS)(triphos-κ3P)] (11) (Hmpym = 2-mercaptopyrimidine) and 14, the latter of which is present as the OC-6-13 isomer.
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    Stability of Bridged and Unbridged η2-Alkyne-titanocene and -zirconocene Complexes - Influence of Metals, Alkyne Substituents, Cp Substitution and Additional Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Alkyne complexes ; Titanium ; Zirconium ; Coordination mode ; Metallacycles ; Cyclopentadienes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of metals, alkyne substituents, Cp substitution and additional ligands on the stability of bridged and unbridged η2-alkyne-titanocene and -zirconocene complexes has been investigated. The reduction of the complex [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]TiCl2 with magnesium in the presence of tolan (PhC2Ph) does not give the expected alkyne-titanocene complex [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]Ti(η2-PhC2Ph) but by coupling of two tolan molecules the corresponding titanacyclopentadiene [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]TiC4Ph4 (1) was obtained. In the analogous reaction with Me3SiC2SiMe3 the stable η2-alkyne complex without additional ligands [(η5-C5H4)-SiMe2-(η5-C5H4)]Ti(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (2) was formed, due to the sterical influence of the alkyne substituents. The compounds without additional ligands (thi)2Ti(η2-PhC2Ph) (3) and (thi)2Ti(η2- Me3SiC2SiMe3) (5) were isolated from the unbridged titanocene complex (thi)2TiCl2 (thi = tetrahydroindenyl). Two equivalents of complex 3 reacted with one equivalent of water to yield the dimeric alkylidene-μ-oxo complex [(thi)2Ti(CPh=CHPh)]2(μ-O) (6). The reaction of the unbridged zirconocene compound (thi)2ZrCl2 gave the alkyne complex (thi)2Zr(THF)(η2-Me3- SiC2SiMe3) (7) which is stabilized by THF. At higher temperature THF was eliminated from the orange complex 7 forming the green complex (thi)2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3). This behaviour was investigated in detail using NMR spectroscopy and compared to similar complexes such as Cp2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (not stable without THF), (ebthi)2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (ebthi = ethylenebistetrahydroindenyl; stable without THF) and Cp*2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (Cp* = pentamethyl-Cp, stable without THF). All complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray structural determinations were conducted for the complexes 1, 3 and 7. Compound 3 is the first example of a structurally characterized tolan-titanocene complex without additional ligands.
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    Complexation Studies with a Calix[4]arene-Derived Phosphinite - Divergent Arrays of Cavities Linked by MCl2 Fragments (M = Pd, Pt) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 451-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Calixarene ; Phosphinite ; Calixphosphane ; Transition metals ; X-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A cone-shaped calix[4]arene-derived monophosphinite, 25,27-di(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)-26-hydroxy-28-(diphenylphosphinooxy)calix[4]arene (L1), has been prepared in two steps from calix[4]arene. Treatment of L1 with [AuCl(tetrahydrothiophene)] in tetrahydrofuran gave the phosphinite complex [AuClL1] (1). Reaction of [PdCl2(PhCN)2] with two equivalents of L1 gave selectively trans-[PdCl2L12] (2). Complex 2 · 2 CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯. The molecule is centrosymmetric, leading to a divergent array of the two calixarene moieties. The palladium atom resides outside both cones. As a result of steric interactions, the meta and para carbon atoms of the PPh2-bearing aryl ring are significantly pushed to the interior of the cavity. The related platinum complex trans-[PtCl2L122] (3), was obtained similarly from [PtCl2(PhCN)2] and presents in the solid state a structure which is isomorphous to that of 2. The diphosphinite 25,27-di(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)-26,28-bis(diphenylphosphinoxy)calix[4]arene (cone) (L2) has also been prepared and reacts with [PtCl2(PhCN)2] to yield oligomeric material.
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    Mesomorphic Cyclometalated (Cyclopentadienyl)palladium and -platinum Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 501-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Metallomesogens ; Azo compounds ; Palladium ; Platinum ; Cyclopentadienyl complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mesogenic 4,4′-bis[4-(n-octyloxy)benzoyloxy]azobenzene (HL) ligand reacts with [(PhCN)2PdCl2] to give the dinuclear cyclometalated complex [(μ-Cl)(L)Pd]2 (1), from which the mononuclear half-sandwich [(η5-C5H5)(L)Pd] (2) species has been obtained by reaction with Tl(C5H5). The PtII analogue of 2, [(η5-C5H5)(L)Pt] (4), has been prepared in a similar manner starting from [(μ-Cl)(L)Pt]2 (3). Both dinuclear complexes 1 and 3 display a smectic C phase (SC) stable over 80°C. Whereas 4 is the first example of an 18-electron PtII mesogen, both mononuclear 2 and 4 are mesomorphic materials that exhibit a nematic phase spanning a wide temperature range.
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    The “Coloring Problem” in Solids: How It Affects Structure, Composition and Properties (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 523-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Quantum chemistry ; Intermetallic compounds ; Transition metal cluster compounds ; Crystallography ; Electronic structure ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The “coloring problem,” as applied to the field of solid state chemistry, addresses the issues of structural preference as well as the distribution of different elements within a given structure. Both the connectivity and arrangement of elements in a solid affect physical and chemical properties, so a clear understanding of the forces controlling how elements will arrange themselves in a solid state structure creates the ability to predict structure-composition-property relationships. There are two fundamental energetic contributions that influence how elements in a structure order: the site energy and the bond energy. This review examines how these two parts of the total electronic energy work together to influence the observed structures, compositions, and properties of intermetallics and transition metal cluster compounds.
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    Octanuclear Bis(triple-helical) Metal(II) Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 559-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Metal(II) complexes ; Octanuclear complexes ; Supramolecular chemistry ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Manganese ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of H2L1 and H2L2 with divalent metal ions leads to octanuclear bis(triple-helical) metal(II) complexes of the general composition [Zn8O2L26] (3) and [M8O2L16] (4: M = Cd2+; 5: M = Mn2+). NMR studies of the diamagnetic cadmium complex 4c show six equivalent ligands. Unambiguous characterisation of 5b was achieved by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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    Syntheses of 3-Heteroaryl-2H-Azaphosphirene Tungsten Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 575-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphorus heterocycles ; 2H-Azaphosphirene complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Tungsten ; Cyclizations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of 3-heteroaryl-substituted 2H-azaphosphirene pentacarbonyltungsten complexes are reported. The products were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 15N, 31P, 183W); the structure of the 3-N-methylpyrryl-substituted 2H-azaphosphirene complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis.
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    Controlled Degradation of a Ligand-Deficient Complex: From [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}4] to [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}3(OH)]- and [Cd(C6F5)(STrt)2]- (Trt = Triphenylmethyl) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 657-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Crown compounds ; Pentafluorophenyl ; Potassium ; S ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(pentafluorophenyl)cadmium, [Cd(C6F5)2], reacts with equimolar amounts of triphenylmethanethiol, TrtSH, in toluene to give [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}4] · 1.5 tol (1). The cuboidal complex of 1 has been transformed into the heterometallic cuboidal complex [{Cd(C6F5)(STrt)}3(OH)K(THF)3] (2) by reaction with KOH in tetrahydrofuran. In the presence of 18-crown-6, the compound [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][{Cd(C6F5)- (STrt)}3(OH)] · THF (3) has been obtained instead of 2. X-ray structure analysis shows the anion of 3 to be an incomplete cuboidal complex, which alternatively can be described as a cyclic trimer of the {Cd(C6F5)(STrt)} unit stabilized by a μ3-hydroxo ligand. The compound [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][Cd(C6F5)(STrt)2] (4) has been isolated from reaction mixtures containing 1, KSTrt and 18-crown-6. The cadmium atom in 4 is three-coordinated, in contrast to the cadmium atoms in 1-3, which are situated in strongly distorted coordination tetrahedra. Intramolecular C6H5···C6F5···C6H5 stacks in 4 are interpreted as resulting from attractive ligand-ligand interactions. Spectroscopic data, particularly from 13C-NMR and IR spectra, are consistent with the order of ligand deficiency: 1 〉 2 〉 3 〉 4. The macrocyclic, eight-coordinate complex [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2]+ in 3 and 4 contains trans arranged THF ligands.
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    Synthesis and Structure of Gallium/Silicon Heterocycles with a Ga2Si2 and a Ga3Si Framework⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 745-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Gallium ; Silicon ; Heterocycles ; Main group elements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of Ga2X4· 2 dioxane with four equivalents of (Me3Si)3SiLi(thf)3 (= hypersilyllithium) affords for X = Br a 1,3,2,4-disiladigalletane together with tetrahedral hypersilylgallium(I). For X = Cl an anionic 1,2,3,4-silatrigalletanate, a four-membered heterocycle with a Ga3 unit, is isolated. These primary examples of gallium/group-14 heterocycles have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. In addition, the synthesis and structure of bis(hypersilyl)gallium chloride is described. This monomeric molecule has a nearly T-shaped Si2GaCl framework.
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    Novel Organoborane Lewis Acids via Selective Boron-Tin Exchange Processes Steric Constraints to Electrophilic Initiation by the Boron Halide (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 761-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Organometallics ; Boron ; Lithium ; Tin ; Metal-metal exchange ; Electrophilic reagents ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the purpose of preparing novel mono- and bidentate organoboron Lewis acids, the scope and limitations of synthesizing the requisite organoboranes by the boron-tin exchange between a boron halide and the appropriate organostannane have been examined in detail. The following organotin derivatives have been obtained either from the corresponding RMgBr or RLi reagent and MenSnCl4-n or from a Barbier procedure using the organic halide, Me3SnCl and magnesium metal: 1,2-bis(trimethylstannyl)ethyne, o-, m-, and p-bis(trimethyl-stannyl)benzenes, α,o-bis(trimethylstannyl)toluene, α,α-bis(trimethylstannyl)-o-xylene, and 2,2-dimethyl-2-stannaindane. The individual interaction of the 1,2-bis(trimethylstannyl)ethyne and the isomeric bis(trimethylstannyl)benzenes with Et2BBr produced the corresponding bis(diethylboryl)-derivatives. By contrast, with Et2BCl the α,o-bis(trimethylstannyl)toluene gave only o-diethylboryl-α-trimethylstannyltoluene and with BCl3 the α,α′-bis(trimethylstannyl)-o-xylene formed only,-bis-(chlorodimethylstannyl)-o-xylene. Furthermore, in the attempted double boron-tin exchange between o-bis(trimethylstannyl)benzene and BCl3, an unprecedented rearrangement of the 1-(dichloroboryl)-2-(trimethylstan-nyl)benzene intermediate into its 1-[chloro(methyl)boryl]-2-(chlorodimethylstannyl) isomer was observed. Likewise, o-bis(trimethylstannyl)benzene with PhBCl2 produced by a similar rearrangement 1-[methyl(phenyl)boryl]-2-(chloro-dimethylstannyl)benzene. The thermolysis of such boranes led variously to definite dimers or ill-defined oligomers. Preliminary studies of the properties of these organoboranes have identified the heightened Lewis acidity of 1,2-bis(diethylboryl)ethyne and the π-electron delocalization involving the 2pz-boron orbitals in the 9,10-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracene system. Finally, an electronic mechanism for the boron-tin exchange has been developed to account for the selectivity of the boron halide's attack at unsaturated carbon-tin bonds.
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    Oxovanadium(IV) and -(V) Complexes with Aminoalcohol Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemical, and Magnetic Properties (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 799-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Aminoalcohol ligands ; Hydrogen bonds ; Magnetic properties ; Oxo complexes ; Vanadium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aminoalcohol ligands diethanolamine (H2dea) and triethanolamine (H3tea) react with [VO(acac)2] to yield the tetranuclear oxovanadium(IV) complexes [{VO(dea)}2{VO(acac)}2(μ2-OMe)2] (1) and [{VO(Htea)}2{VO(acac)}2(μ2-OMe)2] (2). In the case of the potentially bridging aminoalcohol ligands N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (H4edte) and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (H4edtp) the corresponding oxovanadium(IV) complexes could not be isolated. Instead after air oxidation the ligand supported binuclear oxovanadium(V) complexes [{VO(acac)}2(edte)] (3) and [{VO(acac)}2(edtp)] (4) are obtained. The reaction of the ligand H4edtp with ammonium meta-vanadate in methanol solution leads to the methoxy bridged binuclear oxovanadium(V) complex [(VO)2(edtp)(μ2-OMe)2] (5). The tetranuclear oxovanadium(IV) complexes can be isolated as crystalline compounds 1 · 2 MeOH and 2 · 2 MeOH and have been characterized by IR, UV/Vis, and ESR spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Single-crystal diffraction studies reveal that the complexes 1 and 2 contain a tetranuclear {(VO)4(μ3-OR)2(μ2-OR)4}2+ core composed of three different types of edge-shared binuclear units, whereas the oxovanadium(V) complexes 3, 4, and 5 posses binuclear structures, that are either ligand supported as in the case of 3 and 4 or contain a μ2-methoxy bridged{(VO)2(μ2-OR)2}4+ core as in the case of 5. ESR and magnetic data indicate a singlet ground state for 1 · 2 MeOH and 2 · 2 MeOH, although competing ferromagnetic exchange interactions are operative within the tetranuclear core structure. In the solid state compounds 1 · 2 MeOH and 2 · 2 MeOH hydrogen bridged supramolecular structures are found. The hydrogen bonding scheme of both compounds leads to the formation of a similar chain arrangement of the tetranuclear complexes 1 and 2.
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    The Triphosphide (tBu3Si)2P3Na: Formation, X-ray and Ab initio Structure Analyses, Protonation and Oxidation to Triphosphane (tBu3Si)2P3H and Hexaphosphanes (tBu3Si)4P6⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 833-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Silicon ; Phosphorus ; Oligophosphides and -phosphanes ; NMR spectra ; X-ray structure analysis ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The violet THF adduct (tBu3Si)2P3Na(THF)4 (1a) of the triphosphide (tBu3Si)2P3Na (1) is prepared, (i) by protolysis of the tetraphosphide (tBu3Si)2P4Na2 (2) with an equimolar amount of CF3CO2H in THF (transformation of 2 into 1), (ii) by the reaction of tBu3SiNa and the oligophosphane (tBu3SiP3)n in THF (building-down of Pn), and (iii) by the action of tBu3SiNa on PCl3 in THF (building-up of Pn). According to X-ray structural analysis, the SiPPPSi skeleton of the anionic part [tBu3SiPPPSitBu3]- of 1a is W-shaped with two P-P 11/2 bonds; in addition, 1a contains a planar deltoid P3Na backbone with the 4 THF molecules coordinated to Na. The protolysis of 1a leads to cyclotriphosphane (tBu3Si)2P3H (11), and the oxidation of 1a leads to 1,1′-bicyclotriphosphane (tBu3Si)2P3-P3(SitBu3)2 (12) as the main product and bicyclo[3.1.0]hexaphosphane (tBu3Si)4P6 (13) as an isomer of 12. The structures of 11, 12, and 13 as well as the structure of 1a have been unambiguously determined by 31P-NMR studies. Ab initio structure and energy calculations show that the acyclic P3H2- with allylic conjugation and P-P 11/2 bonds is thermodynamically more stable than the cyclic isomer whereas, in contrast, the neutral compound P3H3 prefers the cyclic form. The exceptional downfield shift of the NMR signal of the central phosphorus in 1a is in agreement with DFT NMR calculations for a model compound [H3SiPPPSiH3]Na with P-P 11/2 bonds.
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    A Trinuclear Palladium(II) Complex with Bridging 2-Hydroxyacetophenone N4-Ethylthiosemicarbazone Ligands - An Unusual Dimethylformamide Promoted Deprotonation and Aggregation (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 861-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Trinuclear triangulo palladium complex ; 2-Hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone ; Dimethylformamide aggregation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray crystal structure of a palladium(II) complex of 2-hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H2Ap4E) shows it to be a triangular,trinuclear complex with bridging thiosemicarbazonato sulfur atoms. This species can be formed from a monomer on dissolution in DMF or directly from Li2PdCl4 and the thiosemicarbazone in methanol-ammonia solution.
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    Zirconocene-(μ-Organyl)borate Betaines Derived by Treatment of a (σ-Alkenyl)(σ-alkynyl)zirconocene Complex with Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 889-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Zirconocene ; Metallocene cation ; Isonitrile insertion ; Isonitrile complex ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrozirconation of propyne followed by treatment with propynyllithium yields the (σ-propenyl)(σ-propynyl)zir-conocene complex 11. Its treatment with the organometallic Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 results in transfer of the σ-propynyl group from zirconium to boron followed by insertion of the alkynylborate triple bond into the zirconium carbon bond of the remaining metallaallyl cation to furnish the zirconocene-(μ-hydrocarbyl)borate betaine complex 14. This reacts with three molar equivalents of tert-butyl isocyanide to give 16. Complex 16 contains a five-membered carbocyclic ring, formed by carbon-carbon coupling of the former propenyl and propynyl groups with the C≡N-R reagent, to which a (η2-iminoacyl)(ĸ-tert-butyl isocyanide)zirconocene moiety is attached. Complex 16 was characterized by an X-ray crystal structure analysis.
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    A Methylene-Bridged Dialuminium Compound as a Chelating Lewis Acid: Complexation of Nitrite and Nitrate Anions by R2Al-CH2-AlR2[R = CH(SiMe3)2]⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 921-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Chelates ; Lewis acids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) dissolves readily in THF, when the methylene-bridged dialuminium compound R2Al-CH2-AlR2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2] 1 with two coordinatively unsaturated aluminium atoms is added. Compound 1 reacts as a chelating Lewis acid, and, as shown by a crystal structure deter-mination of the [Na([18]crown-6)(Et2O)]+ derivative 5c, a compound (5) is formed, in which one oxygen atom and the nitrogen atom of the nitrite ion are each coordinated by one aluminium atom to form a five-membered Al2CNO hetero-cycle. The second oxygen atom of the nitrite anion is not affected. Similarly, lithium nitrate (LiNO3) reacts with 1 to yield a THF soluble product (6a). Single crystals were obtain-ed of the [Li(N,N′,N′′-trimethyltriazinane)2]+ derivative 6c, whose structure shows each aluminium atom to be coordinated by one oxygen atom of the nitrate ion to give a six-membered Al2CNO2 heterocycle.
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    Intramolecular Luminescence Quenching in Amino Acid Bridged Ruthenium(II)-Copper(II) Complexes with Negligible Ground-State Coupling (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 957-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Bioinorganic chemistry ; Copper ; Luminescence ; Ruthenium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of heterobimetallic complexes [{Ru(bipy)2}m-AA{Cu(phen)(H2O)}](PF6)3 (m-AA = Nω-(4-carbonyl-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-L-α,ω-diamino acid; diamino acid (AA): 1b, L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid; 2b, L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid; 3b, L-ornithine, 4b, L-lysine) has been synthesized and characterized starting from the 2,2′-bipyridineruthenium(II)-substituted amino acids [{Ru(bipy)2}m-AA-αN-tBoc]2+ (αN-tBoc-1a-4a, αN-tBoc = Nα-tert-butoxycarbonyl). The metal centers in 1b-4b are bridged by insulating alkyl chains. Consequently, spectroscopic and electrochemical investi-gations confirmed the absence of any appreciable ground-state coupling between ruthenium(II) and copper(II). However, the luminescence of 1b-4b is significantly quenched compared to that of the parent compounds 1a-4a. Quenching was found to proceed only intramolecularly and to be most efficient in 1b with the shortest alkyl spacer. Equilibrium constants for the formation of 1b-4b were determined from luminescence titrations of the respective ruthenium-substituted amino acid with [Cu(phen)(NO3)2]. The complexes 2b-4b (K = 1.61-2.08 × 107M-1) were found to be significantly more stable than 1b (K = 5.7 × 106M -1). This is explained by a stronger electrostatic repulsion between the two metal centers in the latter compound.
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  • 73
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    Electronic Resource
    Phosphane Complexes of Alkaline Earth Metals (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 905-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphane complexes ; Alkaline earth metal compounds ; Phosphanomethanides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of lithium[bis(dimethylphosphanyl)(trimethyl-silyl)methanide] Li[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)] with BeCl2 gave the homoleptic compound Be[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)]2 (5) with four beryllium-phosphorus bonds constituting a distorted tetrahedron around the beryllium center. The reaction of MgCl2 with Li[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)] resulted in the formation of the bis-chelate complex Mg[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)]2 · 2 THF (7), where the distorted cis-octahedral magnesium center is additionally coordinated by two THF ligands. In the reaction of 7 with an additional equivalent of Li[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)], THF is released and the magnesate anion {Mg[(PMe2)2C-(SiMe3)]3}- (8) was obtained. This compound is not only the first reported hexacoordinated magnesate, but also the first magnesium compound with six magnesium-phosphorus bonds. With CaCl2 and Li[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)], a heptacoor-dinated complex Ca[(PMe2)2C(SiMe3)]2 · 3 THF (10) with three coordinating THF ligands was isolated. The complexes were characterized using 9Be{1H}-, 31P{1H}-, 1H-, 13C{1H}-NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis and by X-ray diffraction. The neutral compounds are highly soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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  • 74
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    Structural Chemistry of Lithium Tetrahydroborate Ether Solvates⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 941-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Lithium tetrahydridoborate diethyl ether (1:1) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate diveron (1:1) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate dimethoxyethane (1:2) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate triglyme (1:1) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate tetrahydrofuran (1:3) ; Lithium tetrahydridoborate 1,3-dioxolane (1:1) ; Hydride-bridge bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: LiBH4 · OEt2 (1) and LiBH4 · O(Me)CMe3 (2) form double-stranded chains in the solid state. While 3 hydrides of the BH4 group in 1 bind to three different Li atoms through Li···H-B interactions, the fourth H atom interacts with three adjacent Li centers. In contrast, in compound 2 there are two single Li···H-B bonds and two doubly bridging hydrogen atoms, the latter again interacting with three lithium centers. Moreover, the arrangements of the ether molecules in 1 and 2 are different. LiBH4 · 2 DME (3) (DME = dimethoxyethane) forms a molecular lattice, in which the BH4- anions are present in Li···H2BH2 bridges. The same structural feature is present in LiBH4 · TG (4) (TG = triglyme = triethylene glycol dimethyl ether), but the TG molecule coordinates to two Li centers through two of its four oxygen atoms in such a manner that a chain structure results. The compound LiBH4 · 3 THF (5) exists as discrete molecules in the lattice. Its BH4- anion is triply bridging to the Li center. In contrast, LiBH4·C3H6O2 (6) (1,3-dioxolane) is polymeric. Due to the presence of two μ22-BH4 groups, a chain of the type ···Li(H2BH2)Li(H2BH2)··· is formed, and the 1,3-dioxolane molecules connect the chains through Li-O coordination to form a three-dimensional array. In spite of the variations in the bonding of the BH4 group to Li centers, the Li atoms are hexacoordinated in 3 to 6 but are heptacoordinated in 1 and 2.
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  • 75
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    Synthesis and Properties of Silver(I) and Copper(I) Helicates with Imine-Bridged Oligobipyridine Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 977-982 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Helicates ; Oligobipyridine ligands ; Self-recognition ; NMR titration ; Self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligobipyridine ligands containing one or two imine bridges were found to form double helicates by treatment with copper(I) or silver(I). The properties of the complexes are similar to those of oxapropylene-bridged oligobipyridines. Titration of a mixture of the bis(bipyridine) and the tris(bipyridine) ligands with silver(I) hexafluorophosphate showed that helicates formed with strict self-recognition.
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  • 76
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    Generation of 1,3-Dithia-, 1-Selena-3-thia-, and 1,3-Diselena-2-tellurole by Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometry⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 983-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Telluroles ; Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry ; DFT calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,2-Dichloro-1,3-dichalcogena-2-telluroles of sulfur and selenium, C6H4[XTe(Cl)2Y] with X, Y = S, Se, serve as precursors to generate the cation radicals of 1,3-dichalcogena-2-telluroles C6H4[XTeY]+• as well as the corresponding neutral counterparts by means of neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. These neutral 2-telluroles are intrinsically stable for at least 1 μs in the gas phase. The most abundant fragmentation channel at the neutral and cationic stages is due to loss of atomic tellurium to afford the corresponding benzo-1,2-dichalcogena-cyclobutenes. For the latter, partial isomerization to the related dichalcogena-ortho-quinones is indicated by the mass-spectrometric fragmentation pattern.
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  • 77
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    π-Bond vs. Agostic Interaction in Three-Coordinated Alkoxy and Thiolate Derivatives of Aluminium, Boron and Cationic Carbon - An ab initio Study of H2X-YR Systems (X = Al, B, C+; Y = O, S; R = H, CH3) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1015-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ab initio calculations ; π interactions ; Agostic interactions ; Electronic structure ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rotational barriers and π conjugation effects have been studied in H2X-YR systems (X = Al, B; Y = O, S; R = H, CH3) by means of ab initio calculations at the MP4/6-311G**//MP2/6-311G** level. In non-substituted systems H2X-YH, it is shown that the rotational barrier depends on three factors: (i) π conjugation strength between the X vacant p orbital and the Y p-lone pair; (ii) the opening ability of the Y-valence angle and (iii) a possible direct interaction between X and the Y hydrogen substituent. The conjugation stabilization has been estimated through Valence Bond calculations and is found to decrease in the order BO (22.6 kcal/mol), BS (16.6 kcal/mol), AlO (10.2 kcal/mol), and AlS (8.1 kcal/mol). Study of the methylated systems confirm the results found in unsubstituted species. The most important feature is the location of a deconjugated secondary minimum for H2B-SCH3 species. An acute B-S-C angle (69.6°) is found, thus evidencing a direct H···B agostic interaction with a four-membered (BSCH) heterocycle. To further evidence our analysis, additional calculations have been performed on carbocationic species H2C+-YR (Y = O, S; R = H, CH3) for which the H2C+ moiety is a strong π acceptor. As expected, the C+-O and C+-S conjugation are strong (about 60 kcal/mol). Only two minima have been located for the H2C+-OCH3 species. In the sulfur case, the Potential Energy Surface (PES) is more complicated and six stationary points have been characterized. A strong agostic interaction is found for a secondary deconjugated minimum for which an hydrogen symmetrically bridges the two carbon atoms. A schematic energy profile connecting the various extrema is given for this cationic species.
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  • 78
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    Substituted Cyclopentadienides of Magnesium from the Reaction of Dialkylmagnesium with Fulvenes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 965-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Cyclopentadienes ; Magnesium ; Metalations ; NMR spectroscopy ; Sandwich complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of n/sec-dibutyl magnesium with 6-methyl-6-phenyl- and 6,6-dicyclopropylfulvene gives the β-hydride transfer products 1,1′-bis(1-phenylethyl)- and 1,1′-bis-(dicyclopropylmethyl)magnesocene, respectively. The latter crystallizes in the eclipsed conformation, whereas the first one shows an anti conformation in the solid state. Dimethyl-magnesium deprotonates 6-methyl-6-phenylfulvene with formation of 1,1′-bis(1-phenylethen-1-yl)magnesocene, which decomposes upon isolation. The deprotonation of 6,6-dicyclopropylfulvene with MgMe2 in thf solution yields [bis(tetrahydrofuran-O)][iro{cyclopropane-1,2′(1′-η5-cyclopentadienyl-1′,3′,3′-tricyclopropyl-1′,2′,3′,3a′-tetrahydropentalene)}-3a′-6′-η2-enyl]magnesium. In the absence of β-hydrogen atoms at the organometallic reagent as well as at the fulvene the addition reaction is the only possible reaction pathway. Thus, one Mg-C bond of MgMe2 adds to tetramethylfulvene to give quantitatively dimeric methylmagnesium ethyltetramethylcyclopentadienide. The bridging methyl groups are sterically shielded against further attack of the fulvene.
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    Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Rare Earth Metal Disulfonamide Complexes⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1009-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Rare earth metals ; Lanthanides ; Chelating sulfonamides ; Silylamide route ; C2 symmetry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of rare earth silylamides Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]3(thf)n [n = 1 for Sc (1a); n = 2 for Y (1b), La (1c), Nd (1d)] with trans-1,2-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonamido)cyclohexane (H2L, rac-2) in toluene at ambient temperature proceeds via an extended silylamide route, affording highly soluble complexes Sc(L)[N(SiHMe2)2] (3) and Ln(L)[N(SiHMe2)2](thf) (4a-c) in excellent yields. An X-ray crystallographic study performed on the solvent-free, dinuclear yttrium derivative 5 revealed an unusual μ2,η4:η1-coordination of the disulfonamide ligand, involving bridging S=O groups. In solution, equilibria between dimeric and monomeric forms, dependent on the presence of a donor molecule, were observed by NMR techniques.
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  • 80
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    Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Fluxional Behavior, and Tricarbonyliron Transfer Reactions of (η4-1-Azabuta-1,3-diene)tricarbonyliron Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 993-1007 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Azabutadienes ; Tricarbonyliron complexes ; Transfer reagents ; Molecular structure ; Fluxionality ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The (η4-1-azabuta-1,3-diene)tricarbonyliron complexes 10 are easily prepared in high yield by condensation of the corresponding arylamines 7 with the cinnamaldehydes 8 and subsequent ultrasound-promoted complexation of the resulting 1-azabuta-1,3-dienes 9 with nonacarbonyldiiron. The complexes 10 are shown to represent excellent reagents for the transfer of the tricarbonyliron fragment onto cyclohexa-1,3-diene (1a). The structural characterization for the complexes 10 is achieved by IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography of 10b, 10c, and 10l. Using variable temperature 13C-NMR spectroscopy the fluxionality of the complexes 10a, 10b, 10c, 10e, and 2 is investigated and the activation barrier for the turnstile rotation of the tricarbonyliron fragment is determined. The transfer reaction and the structural factors influencing the transfer of the tricarbonyliron fragment are extensively investigated.
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  • 81
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    Formation of a Stable Adduct of Ethoxycarbonyldithiocarbamic Acid and a Dimer of Ethoxycarbonyl Isothiocyanate (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1025-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Sulfur heterocycles ; Hydrolyses ; Isothiocyanate ; Dithiocarbamic acids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate with water in the absence of a solvent has yielded the new compound [EtO2CN=CS2C{N(H)CO2Et}{S2CN(H)CO2Et}] (1) in 76% yield that has been isolated in a crystalline form that con-tains one equivalent of ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate. Compound 1 can be viewed as an adduct of a dimer of EtO2CN=C=S and the dithiocarbamic acid 2. Compound 1 dissociates in solution to yield 2 and free ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate. Compound 2 can be isolated chromatog-raphically, but it is slowly oxidized when allowed to stand in the open air to form the thiuram disulfide 3. Compounds 1 and 3 were characterized crystallographically. Compound 1 contains an imino-substituted dithietane ring with a dithiocarbamate substitutent bonded to one of the ring carbon atoms. Compound 3 is a thiuram disulfide which has C2 crystallographic symmetry.
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  • 82
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    Novel Syntheses of Mono- and Bisphosphonated Aromatic Phosphanes by Consecutive Pd-Catalyzed P-C Coupling Reactions and Nucleophilic Phosphanylation - X-ray Structure of Ph2P-C6H4-m-PO3Na2 · 5.5 H2O · iPrOH (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1029-1034 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Pd-catalyzed P-C coupling ; Nucleophilic phosphanylation ; Mono- and bisphosphonated phosphanes ; Monoesters ; Water solubility ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The triphenylphosphane derivatives 2a and 5, bearing one and two phosphonic ester groups, are accessible in high yields by consecutive Pd-catalyzed P-C coupling reactions of p-bromoiodobenzene with Ph2PH and PhPH2, respectively, and then with diethyl phosphite. Ester hydrolysis yields the highly water-soluble sodium salts of mono- and bis-phosphonated triphenylphosphane, 3a and 6, respectively. On reaction of the p- and m-fluorophenylphosphonic diethyl esters 7a, 7b with Ph2PK and subsequent ester hydrolysis the isomeric disodium (diphenylphosphano)phenylphosphonates 3a, 3b were obtained. The X-ray structure of Ph2P(C6H4-m-PO3Na2) · 5.5 H2O · iPrOH (space group Cmc21) has been determined. In the solid state, it forms a layer structure with hydrophilic (PO32-, H2O, iPrOH) and hydrophobic (Ph2P) compartments, in which the PO32- anionic groups are not engaged in coordination of the sodium cations.
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  • 83
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    Conformational Flexibility of the Square-Pyramidal Coordination Cap in a Series of Octahedral Nickel(II) Pentaamine Complexes - Magnetochemical Characterization of the Singly μ-Cl-Bridged Nickel(II) Dimer [(pyN4)Ni-Cl-Ni(pyN4)](PF6)3 [pyN4 = 2,6-Bis(1′,3′-diamino-2′-methylprop-2′-yl)pyridine] (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1041-1049 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Tetrapodal pentadentate ligand ; Square pyramidal coordination cap ; Pentaamine ; Nickel(II) complexes ; Magnetochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The architecture of the tetrapodal pentaamine ligand 2,6-bis(1′,3′-diamino-2′-methylprop-2′-yl)pyridine (pyN4, 1) allows it to coordinate to nickel(II) as a square pyramidal coordination cap. The pyridine nitrogen atom occupies an apical position of the coordination octahedron, while four equivalent pendent primary amino groups occupy the equatorial positions, with a sixth coordination site remaining for a monodentate ligand. Exchange of this ligand is facile, and a series of complexes [(1)NiX]n+ (X = OH2, OClO3, NCS, N3, {Cl-Ni(pyN4)}) has been prepared and characterised by elemental analysis, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopies (as applicable), and X-ray structure determination. While the solid state structures show varying degrees of distortion of the ligand cap 1 from C2v symmetry, a polynucleating coordination mode has not been observed. The ligand enables the synthesis of dinuclear nickel(II) complexes containing a single bridging ligand, as exemplified by the singly -chloro bridged complex [(1)Ni-Cl-Ni(1)](PF6)3. This complex has an antiferromagnetically coupled ground state of total spin ST = 0, as determined from variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements.
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  • 84
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    The 1,3-Sn2O2-Heterocycle as a Ligand in Organometallic Compounds - Dimerization of the Inidene Species [{(CO)5M}2SnOR]- (M = Cr, W) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1057-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Pentacarbonylmetal-tin bonding ; Alkoxytin compounds ; Inidene compounds ; 119Sn NMR ; Bonding ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dimerized inidene complexes [(CO)5M-Sn(OR)-M(CO)5]22- (M = Cr, W; R = Et, iPr), 1, are obtained from [{(CO)5M}2SnCl2]2- by different routes. Dimerization occurs via alkoxy-donor tin-acceptor bonding by which a planar Sn2O2 ring is formed. The Sn-{M(CO)5} bonds are made in a plane vertical to this ring such that, with the R-O groups being almost coplanar with the Sn2O2 ring, the overall geometry of the compounds shows idealized D2h symmetry. - The 119Sn-NMR resonances of 1 are found at rather low fields (M = Cr: δ ≈ 1400; M = W: δ ≈ 1170) indicating a low-lying tin-centered orbital in the LUMO range. Correspondingly EHT analyses show that the 3-center-4π system, which characterizes monomeric inidene species [LnM-E(X)-MLn]n, is still prevalent in the dimeric species 1. The low-lying π*-type LUMOs of 1 are the rationale for the observed 119Sn-NMR low-field shifts of 1. The dimeric compounds 1 react with 2,4-pentanedione to form chelate compounds of the same type as those characteristically obtained from monomeric inidene complexes: [{(CO)5Cr}2SnOEt]22- (1a) reacts to give [{(CO)5Cr}2Sn(acac)]- (2). The experimental results are verified by X-ray analyses in addition to the usual spectroscopic and analytical investigations.
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    Reaction of a Stable Silylene with Divalent Group 14 Compounds (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1067-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Silylene ; N Heterocycles ; Carbene analogs ; Tin ; Subvalent compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the stable silylene 1 (L′Si:) with CO, SnCl2, PbCl2, the stable carbene L′C: (2) and the stable germylene L′Ge: (3) was investigated as a possible approach for the synthesis of hetero-polysilanes (poly-carbosilanes, poly-germasilanes, poly-stannasilanes). The silylene 1 was found to be inert towards all substrates except SnCl2 and PbCl2. Reaction with SnCl2 led to the formation of the yellow, tris(silyl)stannane [(L′SiCl)3SnCl] (5) and elemental tin. The photolabile (5) was characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 29Si, 119Sn) and single crystal X-ray diffraction: C30H60Cl4N6Si3Sn, M = 849.60, orthorhombic, space group Pca21. The bond angles of 115.89 ° (ave. Si-Sn-Si) and 101.87 ° (ave. Cl-Sn-Si) show a slightly flattened tetrahedral geometry around the tin atom. - Thermolysis of 5 at 100 °C led to the deposition of thin films of tin; photolysis resulted in the formation of tin powder. All thermolysis products could be isolated and were characterized as SnCl2, elemental tin, L′Si: (1), L′SiCl2 (6) and the new disilane L′Si(Cl)-(Cl)SiL′ (7). Photolysis led to a reduced product spectrum (formation of Sn + SnCl2 + 7). Reaction of 1 with PbCl2 gave elemental lead and L′SiCl2 as the only products.
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    Preparation, Structures, and Properties of Dinuclear Ni and Pd Complexes of Tridentate Amine-Chalcogenolate Ligands (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1071-1077 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Dinuclear complexes ; Nickel ; Palladium ; Amine-thiolate ligands ; Amine-selenolate ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and characterization of dinuclear NiII and PdII complexes of the tridentate amine-chalcogenolate ligands 4-tert-butyl-2,6-di(aminomethyl)thiophenol (4a) and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-di(aminomethyl)selenophenol (4b) are re-ported. Reaction of 4a,b with Ni(ClO4)2·6 H2O or (COD)PdCl2 in a 1:1 molar ratio yields 1:1 complexes of composition [M2(L)2][BPh4]2·CH3CN·CH3OH [M = Ni, L = 4a,b (5a,b); M = Pd, L = 4a,b (6a,b)]. The palladium complex 6a is isomorphous with 5a as shown by X-ray crystal structure analysis. NMR studies reveal that both complexes retain their solid-state structure in solution and that the selenolate complexes are isostructural with the thiolate complexes. All complexes undergo electrochemically reversible one-electron transfer processes in the potential range -1.0 to -0.8 V vs. SCE ascribed to metal-centered reductions with formation of mixed-valent MI,II species [M2(L)2]+. Further reduction at more negative potentials then leads to the neutral [M2(L)2] species, which are not stable on the time scale of the CV experiment. The spectroscopic properties of the thiolate and selenolate complexes are very similar indicating electronically similar properties of the tridentate amine-chalcogenolate ligands.
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    Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Catalyzed by Iron Tetrasulfophthalocyanine FePcS: Inverse Isotope Effects and Oxygen Labeling Studies (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1269-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Oxidation ; Catalysis ; Phthalocyanine ; Iron ; Anthracene ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Iron(III) tetrasulfophthalocyanine (FePcS) was shown to catalyze the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by H2O2. Benzo[a]pyrene and anthracene were converted to the corresponding quinones while biphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was the main product of phenanthrene oxidation. The mechanism of the anthracene oxidation by H2O2 in the presence of FePcS or by KHSO5 with iron(III) meso-tetrakis(3,5-disulfonatomesityl)porphyrin (FeTMPS) (see Figure 1 for catalyst structures) has been investigated in details by using kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and 18O labeling studies. KIEs measured on the substrate consumption in the competitive oxidation of [H10]anthracene and [D10]anthracene by FePcS/H2O2 and FeTMPS/KHSO5 were essentially the same, 0.75 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.06, respectively. These inverse KIEs on the first oxidation step can be explained by the sp2-to-sp3 hybridization change during the addition of an electrophilic oxoiron complex to the sp2 carbon center of anthracene to form a σ adduct (this inverse KIE being enhanced by stronger stacking interactions between the perdeuterated substrate with the macrocyclic catalyst). Although the first oxidation step seems to be the same, different distribution of the oxidation products of anthracene and very different 18O incorporation into anthrone and anthraquinone in catalytic oxidations performed in the presence of H218O suggested that different active species should be responsible for anthracene oxidation in both catalytic systems. All the results obtained are compatible with an involvement of TMPSFeV=O (or TMPS+FeIV=O), having two redox equivalents above the iron(III) state of the metalloporphyrin precursor, while PcSFeIV=O (one redox equivalent above FeIII state of FePcS) was proposed to be the active species in the metallophthalocyanine-based system.
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure/Chiroptics Relationships of Planar Chiral and Helical Molecules (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1491-1509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chirality ; Circular dichroism ; Cyclophanes ; Theoretical calculations ; Strained molecules ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chiroptical properties of planar-chiral and helical molecules without stereogenic centres and with well-defined structure, strain, electronic properties and chirality are investigated by experimental and theoretical circular dichroism spectroscopy. We report on the synthetic and theoretical achievements made during the past 10 years in the field of rigid [2.2]metacyclophane propellers, as well as in the area of [n]para- and [n]metacyclophanes containing aliphatic parts like adamantane or unsaturated bridges. Results for carbo and hetero helicenes and helicene-related molecules like twisted phenanthrenes are presented. It is demonstrated how reliable theoretical calculations using configuration interaction and time-dependent methods in combination with density functional theory today are and how useful the interplay between theory and experiment stimulates the development of chiral molecules optimized for this purpose. Even for large molecules it is routinely possible to assign Cotton effects to electronic transitions, to evaluate chromophore contributions, to determine absolute configurations and conformational equilibria, and to discover intramolecular charge transfer effects.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2,3-Dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1517-1520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Nucleophilic carbenes ; Heterocycles ; Decarboxylation ; Photochemistry ; Matrix isolation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Irradiation of imidazole-2-carboxylic acid (3) - matrix-isolated in argon at 10 K - with a wavelength of 254 nm leads to decarboxylation and the formation of a complex between 2,3-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene and carbon dioxide (1·CO2). Upon irradiation of 2,3-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (1) with λ = 254, 193, and 185 nm no imidazole can be detected. On the other hand flash vacuum pyrolysis of imidazole-2-carboxylic acid (3) produces imidazole and carbon dioxide. 2,3-Dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (1) - the possible intermediate - cannot be trapped under these conditions.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cis- and trans-2-(Isocyanomethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane - Synthesis and Structure of the First Chiral Isocyanomethylphosphonate Synthons (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1511-1516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chiral isocyanomethylphosphonates ; Phosphorus heterocycles ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Both cis-2-(isocyanomethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane (1a) and the trans epimer 1b have been prepared as potentially useful chiral isocyanomethylphosphonate synthons. 2-Methoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes 5 and the corresponding 2-ethoxy analog 6 were prepared from 2,2-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol (2) and were converted in an Arbuzov-type reaction to 2-(formamidomethyl)oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 7, which upon dehydration gave 1a. Thus, both (±)-1a and (2S,4S)-(-)-1a were prepared, and their molecular structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Treatment of (2S,4S)-(-)-1a with KF gave a 1:3 equilibrium mixture of the phosphorus epimers 1a and 1b, from which the predominant trans epimer (2S,4R)-(-)-1b was isolated by column chromatography and crystallization.
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Twofold Heck Reaction on 1,2-Dihalocycloalkenes and Subsequent 6π-Electrocyclization of the Resulting (E, Z, E)-1,3,5-Hexatrienes: A New Formal {2+2+2}-Assembly of Six-Membered Rings (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1521-1534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Heck reaction ; Cross coupling ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; 6π-Electrocyclization ; Cyclohexa-1,3-dienes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,6-Disubstituted (E, Z, E)-1,3,5-hexatrienes (4 and 5) were prepared by vicinal twofold Heck coupling reactions from 1,2-dibromocyclopentene (1), 1,2-dibromocyclohexene (2), 1,2-diiodocyclopentene (8), 1,2-diiodocyclohexene (9), 1-bromo-2-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxycyclohex-1-ene (11), or 1-chloro-2-nonafluorobutanesulfonyloxycyclohex-1-ene (19) with alkenes 3, e. g. methyl, tert-butyl, menthyl, 8-phenylmenthyl acrylate, styrene, and alkenylsilanes, respectively, in moderate to mostly good and very good yields (20-92 %). The coupling of alkenylsilanes 3f-k could only be achieved with the 1,2-diiodocycloalkenes 8 and 9, respectively. The corresponding hexatrienes 5 with two different substituents in the 1- and 6-positions were prepared by a sequence of two coupling reactions with different alkenes from 1-chloro-2-nonafluorobutanesulfonyloxycyclo-hex-1-ene (19) or by Wittig-Horner-Emmons olefination of 2-bromocyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde (24) and subsequent Heck reaction of the resulting (E,Z)-bromodienes 25. Several of the hexatrienes (4aa, ee, 5aa, ee, al, am, el) readily underwent a 6π-electrocyclization upon heating in an inert atmosphere to give the 5- or 6-ring-annelated cis-5,6-disubstituted cyclohexadienes 26, 27 (50-95 %). Starting from 5am 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydronaphthalene 28am was formed under oxidative conditions (air) in the reaction and in the work-up procedure. The bissilyl-substituted derivatives 4ff, jj, 5ff did not cyclize under thermal conditions, apparently due to the steric demand of the two silyl substituents which would have to end up cis with respect to each other in the cyclohexadiene products.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of N-Fused “Lactendiynes” (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1543-1548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Enediynes ; β-Lactams ; Cycloaromatization ; Anticancer compounds ; Lactendiynes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New “lactendiynes”, characterized by the fusion at C-4 and N-1 of a β-lactam with a hydroxylated 10-membered cyclic enediyne, were synthesized. Studies on their reactivity have shown that this type of fusion with the azetidinone represents a sufficient “safety-catch” against cycloaromatization. These compounds are relatively reactive toward basic hydrolysis, affording monocyclic enediynes which undergo fast cycloaromatization at room temperature.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surprisingly Facile Addition of Thiols to the Double Bonds of Bicyclopropylidene and Other Methylenecyclopropanes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1535-1542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Radical reactions ; Spiro compounds ; Additions ; Sulfides ; Amino acids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The addition of thiols 8a-h onto the double bonds of bicyclopropylidene (1) and methylenespiropentane (2) proceeds quantitatively in benzene at 20 to 75 °C in the absence of catalysts or radical initiators to give products 9, 10 with complete retention of both three-membered rings. Methylenespiropentane (2) yields exclusively the anti-Markovnikov adduct 10. The unsubstituted methylene-cyclopropane (3) gives 9% of the ring-opened compound 12 in addition to the anti-Markovnikov adduct 11. The addition of thiols to n-heptylbicyclopropylidene (13), methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (15), and the amino acids 17, 19 containing bicyclopropylidene or methylenespiropentane fragments, does not proceed stereoselectively, though in all cases the mercapto function adds to the double bond with retention of the cyclopropane ring to give interesting new amino acids containing bicyclopropyl and spiropentyl fragments, respectively. The probable mechanism of this thiol addition is discussed in the light of a test with the cyclizing intramolecular addition of 2-(2-methylenecyclopropyl)ethanethiol 27.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromophore-Appended C60 and C70 Fullerenes: Anthracene and Pyrene Derivatives - Syntheses, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Spectra (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1549-1557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Functionalized fullerenes ; Cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry ; Ions and radical ions ; Absorption and emission spectra ; Intramolecular energy transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: C60 and C70 adducts containing spacer-linked phenyl (BK1), 9-anthracenyl (BK2), 4-(9-anthracenyl)phenyl (BK3), and 1-pyrenyl groups (BE1 and FE1) have been studied. Two different synthetic pathways were employed based on the [4+2] cycloaddition of fullerenes with 2-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadienes (TB). Spectroscopic data for the new compounds are given. Electrochemical and optoelectrochemical studies were undertaken by using cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical methods. The fluorescence emission spectra of BK2, BK3, BE1, and FE1 are reported. Intramolecular energy transfer from the excited fluorophore to the fullerene subunit is shown to occur.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Communication in [Co2(CO)6]2-Diyne and [Co2(CO)4(dppm)]2-Diyne Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1473-1477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Electrochemistry ; Mixed-valent compounds ; Alkynecobalt complexes ; Through-bond interactions ; Through-space interactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrochemical behaviour of the [Co2(CO)6]2(μ-R-C≡C-L-C≡C-R) and [Co2(CO)4(dppm)]2(μ-R-C≡C-L-C≡C-R) series is reported. Qualitative evidence suggests that both through-space and through-bond interactions are operating with different relative weight depending on the spacer L.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Photochemistry of M3(CO)12 (M = Ru, Os) with Pyrazole and Its Substituted Derivatives (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1479-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Photochemistry ; Ruthenium ; Osmium ; Clusters ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photochemistry of M3(CO)12 [M = Ru (1a), Os (1b)] with pyrazole, 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, and 3,5-diphenylpyrazole is documented. With 1a, photolysis with pyrazole leads to the substitution product HRu3(CO)10(C3H3N2) (2a). In the case of 1b, the initial product is the ortho-metallated species HOs3(CO)10(C3H3N2) (3b), heating of which yields HOs3(CO)10(C3H3N2) (2b). Photolysis of 1a and 1b with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole yields HRu3(CO)10(C3HMe2N2) (4a) and HOs3(CO)10(C3HMe2N2) (4b), respectively. The molecular structure of 4b has been determined by X-ray crystallography. There is no reaction on photolysis of 1a and 1b with 3,5-diphenylpyrazole.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β-Diiminato Complexes of VIII and TiIII - Formation and Structure of Stable Paramagnetic Dialkylmetal Compounds (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1485-1494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Titanium ; Vanadium ; Polymerizations ; Diimine ; Dialkylmetal compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (Mono-β-diiminato)titanium(III) and -vanadium(III) dichlorides LMCl2 [L = ArNC(R)CHC(R)NAr-] are easily accessible from the metal trichlorides and LLi in THF. The crystal structures of LVCl2 (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, R = Me) and LTiCl2 (Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, R = Me and Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, R = tBu) reveal tetrahedral metal environments. Treatment of LVCl2 with alkyllithium reagents affords surprisingly stable dialkylvanadium(III) compounds; the structure of LV(nBu)2 (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, R = Me) is similar to that of the dichloride. The corresponding dialkyltitanium(III) compounds are less stable; only the dimethyl derivatives could be obtained in pure form (from LTiCl2 and MeMgI), and only for ligands bearing 2,6-disubstituted aryl groups. The structure of LTiMe2 (Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, R = Me) is also similar to that of the dichloride. Reaction of LTiMe2 with B(C6F5)3 produces a catalyst for α-olefin polymerization, but the corresponding VIII derivatives are inactive.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tuning Metal Stoichiometry in Heterometal Alkoxides: First Structurally Characterised Molecular Precursor to BaZrO3 (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1327-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Barium ; Zirconium ; O ligand ; Heterometal alkoxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Manipulable metal ratios are accessible in a series of heterometal Ba-Zr alkoxides by changing the size and the charge of the ligands. The synthesis and characterisation of four mixed-metal Ba-Zr species [BaZr2(OtBu)10] (1), [Ba2Zr(OtBu)8(tBuOH)(THF)2] (2), [BaZr(OtBu)6(THF)2] (3) and [BaZr(OH)(OiPr)5(iPrOH)3]2 (4), based on different Ba/Zr stoichiometries, are reported. The molecular structures of 1, 2, and 4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. 1 exhibits a bow-tie structural motif in which a trigonally distorted six-coordinate barium atom is chelated by two bipyramidal {Zr(OtBu)5}- units. 2 reveals a triangular “Ba2Zr(μ3-OtBu)2(μ2-OtBu)3” core structure formed by the fusion of three octahedra built about two Ba atoms and a Zr atom. The structure is unique in terms of the distribution of terminal ligands at each of the metal centers. One of the barium atoms possesses one -OtBu and one tBuOH as terminal ligands, while the terminal ligands on the second barium atom are two THF molecules; the zirconium center bears -OtBu groups as the terminal ligands. Hydrolysis of compound 3 with one equivalent of water, followed by alcoholysis (iPrOH) of the resulting product, gave 4. The structure of 4 shows a planar tetrametallic Ba2Zr2 frame capped by two μ3-hydroxo ligands. The coordination figure of the zirconium atoms resembles a distorted octahedron, whereas the geometry of the barium centers is best described as capped trigonal prisms. Both 3 and 4 are excellent precursors to morphologically pure BaZrO3 ceramic by the sol-gel process.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Unique Copper-Controlled Template Synthesis of Tetradentate N4-Donor Ligands and Their Propeller-Type Linear Trinuclear CuII Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 547-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Copper ; Trinuclear ; Formamidines ; Magnetism ; Crystal structure ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In situ reaction of CuII triflate with aminopyridine or aminopyrimidine and triethylorthoformate in ethanol results in unique linear trinuclear CuII complexes with the general formula [Cu3(L-)4](CF3SO3)2(EtOH)x (L = dehydronated ligand N,N′-bis(pyridine-2-yl)formamidine or the new ligand N,N′-bis(pyrimidine-2-yl)formamidine). The structure [Cu-Cu-Cu angle 175.19(2)°] consists of four nearly flat molecules of the ligand which contribute to the propeller-type structure around the Cu-Cu-Cu axis. A strong antiferromagnetic interaction between the CuII ions is observed, resulting in an S = 1/2 ground state below 100 K.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclopentadienyl Complexes of Yttrium Aminotroponiminates: An Example for an Improved Alternative Ligand System (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 593-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Yttrium ; Aminotroponiminate ; Cyclopentadienyl ; Dynamic NMR ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mixed aminotroponiminate ([ATI]-) cyclopentadienyl complexes were prepared using two different synthetic routes. Reaction of [[(iPr)2ATI]YCl2(THF)2]2 (1) with KCp* (Cp* = C5Me5) or Li[C5H3(SiMe3)2] affords [(iPr)2ATI]YCp2* (2a) and [(iPr)2ATI]Y[C5H3(SiMe3)2]2 (2b), respectively. Moreover, [(iPr)2ATI]YCp2* has also been obtained from the reaction of Cp2*Y(μ-Cl)2Li(OEt2)2 (3) and [(iPr)2ATI]K. The single crystal X-ray structure of [(iPr)2ATI]YCp2* shows that the steric demand of the [(iPr)2ATI]- ligand is somewhat similar to that of the well-known cyclopentadienyl group and diazadiene ligand. [(iPr)2ATI]Y[C5H3(SiMe3)2]2 shows a dynamic behavior in solution (1H NMR), which is essentially caused by rotation of the cyclopentadienyl group rather than by migration of the [(iPr)2ATI]- ligand.
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