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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,760)
  • 1965-1969  (1,760)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1915-1919
  • 1967  (1,760)
  • General Chemistry  (1,332)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (422)
  • Insulin
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,760)
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Years
  • 1965-1969  (1,760)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1915-1919
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 382-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Isolated fat cells ; Insulin ; Glucose metabolism ; in vitro incubation ; CO2 collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié les conditions de réponse optimale à l'insuline en ce qui concerne la transformation du glucose-1-14C en14CO2 par les cellules adipeuses isolées. On a trouvé que les cellules adipeuses libres étaient sensibles à 0.25–1.0μU d'insuline par ml. L'effet maximum était obtenu avec 20–30μU d'insuline par ml. Celui-ci se traduisait par une augmentation de la transformation du glucose de 8–30 fois, quand la concentration de glucose du milieu était de 0.1 mg par ml. L'effet maximum de l'insuline diminuait quand les concentrations de glucose extracellulaire augmentaient, tandis que la sensibilité à l'insuline demeurait inchangée. Un certain nombre de facteurs causait une augmentation de l'oxydation basale du glucose et, par conséquent, une diminution de la réponse à l'insuline: manque d'albumine dans le milieu de préparation, incubation prolongée et traitement mécanique trop vigoureux des cellules. Des préparations de cellules insuffisamment lavées contenaient assez de collagénase pour inactiver de petites quantités d'insuline. Des insulines préparées à partir de 11 espèces animales différentes présentaient des activités biologiques semblables sur les cellules de rat (60–100 pour cent du standard d'insuline de boeuf). Le sérum de cobaye anti-insuline de boeuf neutralisait les activités à des degrés variables. Les activités des insulines provenant de 2 poissons différents n'étaient pas — ou étaient seulement légèrement — diminuées par ces anticorps anti-insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Bedingungen für eine optimale Insulinwirkung auf die Bildung von14CO2 aus Glucose-1-14C an isolierten Fettzellen untersucht. Freie Fettzellen zeigten eine Insulinempfindlichkeit bis zu einer Konzentration von 0.25–1.0μE/ml. Der Maximaleffekt wurde mit einer Insulinkonzentration von 20–30μE/ml erreicht. Der Anstieg des Glucoseabbaues war also 8–30-fach, wobei die Glucosekonzentration des Medium 0.1 mg/ ml war. Der maximale Insulineffekt fiel mit steigender extrazellulärer Glucosekonzentration ab, während die Insulinempfindlichkeit unverändert blieb. Eine Reihe von Faktoren führte zu einem Anstieg der Basaloxydation von Glucose und somit zu einem Abfall des Insulin-effektes: Fehlen von Albumin im Medium während der Preparation, verlängerte Inkubation und zu brüske mechanische Behandlung der Zellen. Ungenügend gewaschene Zellpräparate enthielten genügend Kollagenese, um kleine Mengen Insulin zu aktivieren. Insulin von 11 verschiedenen Tierspezies hatten an Rattenfettzellen ähnliche biologische Aktivität (60–100% des Rinder-insulinstandards). Serum mit Anti-Rinderinsulin vom Meerschweinchen neutralisierte die Aktivität in verschiedenem Ausmaß. Die Aktivität zweier verschiedener Fischinsuline wurde nicht — oder nur gering — durch diese Insulinantikörper gehemmt.
    Notes: Summary The conditions for the optimal response of isolated fat cells to insulin in terms of the conversion of glucose 1-14C to14CO2 were studied. Free fat cells were found to be sensitive to 0.25–1.0μU of insulin per ml. The maximum effect was obtained with 20–30μU of insulin per ml. This was an 8–30 fold increase in the glucose conversion when the glucose concentration of the medium was 0.1 mg per ml. The maximal effect of insulin decreased with increasing extracellular glucose concentrations, whereas the sensitivity to insulin appeared unchanged. A number of factors caused an increase in the basal oxidation of glucose, and consequently a decrease in the response to insulin: lack of albumin in the preparation medium, prolonged incubation and a too vigorous mechanical treatment of the cells. Insufficiently washed cell preparations contained enough collagenase to inactivate small amounts of insulin. Insulins prepared from 11 different animal species had similar biological activities on rat cells (60–100 per cent of the beef insulin standard). Guinea pig anti-beef-insulin serum neutralized the activities to varying degrees. The activities of 2 different fish insulins were not — or only slightly — depressed by these insulin antibodies.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 389-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; Serum Insulin-like Activity ; Serum immunoreactive insulin ; glucose tolerance test ; Isolated fat cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité insulinique (ILA) des sérums de sujets normaux a été dosée en utilisant une dilution à 5 pour cent dans du tampon au bicarbonate de KrebsRinger. L'activité était partiellement supprimée par l'addition d'anticorps anti-insuline. — Les sérums provenant de 4 sujets normaux à jeun présentaient une ILA supprimable de 12–21μU par ml (ILA mesurée multipliée par le facteur de dilution). 30–60 minutes après une charge en glucose per os l'ILA supprimable s'élevait à 32–97μU par ml. On a trouvé une ILA non-supprimable équivalente à environ 50–80μU par ml dans tous les sérums, et cette fraction ne changeait pas pendant le test de tolérance au glucose. L'insuline ajoutée aux sérums était retrouvée quantitativement. Quand les sérums étaient dilués à 10, 5, 2.5 et 1.25 pour cent, l'ILA supprimable était diluée dans les mêmes proportions. L'insuline humaine cristalline et l'ILA supprimable réagissaient de la même façon vis-à-vis des anticorps anti-insuline de boeuf. L'ILA supprimable de chacun des 16 sérums des 4 sujets normaux n'était pas différente de l'insuline immunoréactive, dosée d'après la méthode deHales etRandle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die insulinähnliche Aktivität (ILA) wurde im Nativserum von Normalpersonen nach Verdünnung mit Krebs-Ringer-Bikarbonatpuffer im Verhältnis 1:20 bestimmt. Die Aktivität war durch Zugabe von Insulinantikörper teilweise zu hemmen. — Seren von 4 fastenden Normalpersonen enthielten 12–21μ Einheiten pro ml hemmbarer ILA (gemessene ILA mal Verdünnungsfaktor). 30–60 Minuten nach einer oralen Glucosebelastung stieg die hemmbare ILA auf 32–97μ Einheiten pro ml an. Die nicht hemmbare ILA entsprach in allen Seren einer Aktivität von etwa 50–80μ Einheiten pro ml. Diese Fraktion blieb während des Glucosetoleranztestes unverändert. Insulin, das Serum zugegeben wurde, konnte quantitativ wiedergefunden werden. Die hemmbare ILA blieb bei Serumkonzentrationen von 10, 5, 2.5 und 1.25% der Verdünnung proportional. Kristallines Humaninsulin und hemmbare ILA reagierten in ähnlicher Weise mit Antikörpern gegen Rinderinsulin. Die hemmbare ILA eines jeden der von 4 Normalpersonen erhaltenen 16 Seren unterschied sich nicht von dem nachHales undRandle bestimmten immunoreaktiven Insulin.
    Notes: Summary Native sera from normal persons were assayed for insulin-like activity (ILA) at a dilution of 5 per cent in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. The activity was partially suppressed by the addition of insulin antibodies. — Sera obtained from 4 fasting normal humans had a suppressible ILA of 12–21μU per ml (measured ILA times dilution factor). 30–60 minutes after a glucose load by mouth the suppressible ILA increased to 32–97μU per ml. A non-suppressible ILA equivalent to about 50–80μU per ml was found in all of the sera and this fraction did not change during the glucose tolerance test. Insulin added to the sera was recovered quantitatively. The suppressible ILA was arithmetically diluted in 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 per cent serum. The reaction of crystalline human insulin and that of suppressible ILA to beef insulin antibodies were similar. The suppressible ILA of each of 16 sera from the 4 normal persons was not different from the immunoreactive insulin as assayed by the method ofHales andRandle.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 449-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: EDTA ; Insulin ; Hypoglycaemia ; Adipose Tissue ; Muscle ; Chelating agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hypoglycémie provoquée par l'insuline était augmentée chez les rats par l'administration simultanée d'EDTA disodique ou d'EDTA calco-disodique, mais non par l'EDTA magnésio-disodique. Aucun de ces complexes EDTA ne modifiait le glucose sanguin en l'absence d'insuline. —In vitro, l'EDTA de Na et l'EDTA de Ca inhibaient tous les deux la stimulation due à l'insuline, de la captation de glucose par l'hémidiaphragme isolé du rat, mais n'avaient pas d'effet sur la captation basale de glucose. — Par contre, l'EDTA de Mg augmentait la captation basale de glucose avec peu ou pas d'effet sur la stimulation due à l'insuline. Sur le tissu adipeux épididymaire, l'EDTA de Na et l'EDTA de Ca ou bien ne modifiaient pas, ou bien réduisaient légèrement la stimulation par l'insuline de la captation du glucose. Ils augmentaient parfois la captation basale de glucose. L'EDTA de Mg augmentait nettement la captation basale de glucose. — On suggère que l'effetin vivo de l'EDTA de Ca et de Na s'exerce sur la réponse homéostasique à l'hypoglycémie plutôt que sur l'action de l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Ratten wurde die insulininduzierte Hypoglykämie durch gleichzeitige Gabe von Dinatrium-EDTA oder Calcium-Dinatrium-EDTA, nicht jedoch von Magnesium-Dinatrium-EDTA, verstärkt. Ohne Insulin beeinflußte keine dieser Verbindungen den Blutzuckerspiegel. —In vitro hemmten sowohl Na-als auch Ca-EDTA die insulinstimulierte Glucoseaufnahme des isolierten Rattendiaphragma, doch hatten diese Verbindungen keinen Einfluß auf die basale Glucoseaufnahme. Im Gegensatz dazu führte Mg-EDTA zu einer Steigerung der basalen Glucoseaufnahme mit wenig oder fehlender Wirkung auf die insulinstimulierte Glucoseaufnahme. Am isolierten epididymalen Fettgewebe zeigten Na- und Ca-EDTA entweder keinen oder einen leicht hemmenden Einfluß auf die insulinstimulierte Glucoseaufnahme. Manchmal kam es zu einer Steigerung der basalen Glu-coseaufnahme. Übereinstimmend steigerte Mg-EDTA die basale Glucoseaufnahme. — Es wird angenommen, daß derin vivo — Effekt des Ca- und Na-EDTA eher durch Wirkung auf den homöostatischen Regulationsmechanimus bei der Hypoglykämie als durch Beeinflussung der InsulinWirkung zustande kommt.
    Notes: Summary Insulin induced hypoglycaemia was enhanced in rats, by the simultaneous administration of disodium EDTA or calcium disodium EDTA but not bmagnesium disodium EDTA. None of these EDTA complexes affected the blood sugar in the absence of insulin.In vitro, both Na and Ca EDTA inhibited the insulin stimulation of glucose uptake by the isolated rat hemidiaphragm, but had no effect upon basal glucose uptake. In contrast, Mg EDTA increased basal glucose uptake with little or no effect upon insulin stimulation. On the isolated epididymal fat pad, both Na and Ca EDTA either did not affect, or slightly reduced, the insulin stimulation of glucose uptake. They sometimes increased the basal glucose uptake. Mg EDTA consistently increased the basal glucose uptake. -It is suggested that thein vivo effect of Ca and Na EDTA is upon the homoeostatic response to hypoglycaemia rather than upon the action of insulin.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 47-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Calcium ; Magnesium ; Insulin ; Secretion Rabbit ; Pancreas ; Foetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le glucose, le glucagon, le tolbutamide et la L-leucine stimulent la libération d'insuline par le pancréas de lapin étudié in vitro. Cette stimulation n'a pas lieu lorsque le milieu d'incubation est préparé sans calcium. L'absence de magnésium n'a pas d'effet sur la sécrétion insulinique stimulée par le glucose, alors que le magnésium à la concentration de 10mM exerce un effet inhibiteur. La concentration optimale du calcium extracellulaire pour la sécrétion insulinique est de 2.64 mM. La stimulation de la sécrétion insulinique par le glucose est également supprimée par l'absence de calcium pour le pancréas de foetus de lapin âgé de 27 jours.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Freisetzung von Insulin aus Kaninchen-Pankreas in vitro wird durch Glucose, Glucagon, Tolbutamid oder L-Leucin stimuliert. In allen diesen Fällen bleibt die Stimulation in Abwesenheit von Calcium in Inkubationsmedium aus. In Abwesenheit von Magnesium stimulierte Glucose die Insulinsekretion weiter, währenddem eine Erhöhung der Magnesiumkonzentration auf 10 mM deutlich hemmend wirkte. Die optimale Sekretion von Insulin erfolgte bei einer Calciumkonzentration von 2.64 mM. In Abwesenheit von Calcium wurde die Freisetzung von Insulin auch aus dem Pankreas von 27 Tage alten Foeten gehemmt.
    Notes: Summary Glucose, glucagon, tolbutamide and L-leucine stimulated insulin secretion from rabbit pancreas studiedin vitro. In each case stimulation was inhibited by omitting calcium from the incubation medium. The omission of magnesium had no effect on glucose stimulated insulin secretion but 10 mM magnesium inhibited secretion. Optimal secretion of insulin occurred at an extracellular calcium concentration of 2.64 mM. The omission of calcium inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreas of 27 day rabbit foetuses.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; invertebrates ; Cyclostomes ; Elasmobranchs ; Teleost fish ; Amphibians ; Chicken ; Ox ; Guinea Pig ; comparative endocrinology ; comparative immunology ; blood glucose ; anti-insulin sera ; passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a comparé quelques propriétés immunologiques et physiologiques de préparations d'insuline obtenues à partir d'un grand nombre de vertébrés et d'invertébrés avec les propriétés de l'insuline cristalline de boeuf et de morue. La quantité d'insuline obtenue à partir de ces préparations insulaires est indiquée. — De très puissants sérums anti-insuline de boeuf obtenus chez le cobaye et le cheval se montraient incapables de provoquer de l'hyperglycémie chez le Téléostéen marinCottus scorpius (le sculpin) et chez le CyclostomeMyxine glutinosa (la myxine). — L'insuline cristalline de boeuf et de morue provoquait de l'hypoglycémie et la mort aussi bien du sculpin que de la myxine mais seulement après de fortes doses et un temps d'observation de plusieurs jours. Au contraire, on obtenait avec facilité et avec une promptitude assez prononcée une réponse hypoglycémique chez la myxine en utilisant sa propre insuline. On n'a pas pu noter de différences quantitatives bien prononcées entre les effets de l'insuline de boeuf, de morue et de sculpin chez le sculpin, ni entre l'insuline de boeuf et de morue chez la myxine. — Les résultats indiquent qu'il existe une spécificité d'espèce de l'insuline aussi bien immunologique qu'hormonale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einige immunologische und physiologische Eigenschaften der bei einer Reihe von Wirbeltieren und Wirbellosen gewonnenen Insulinpräparate wurden mit entsprechenden Eigenschaften kristalliner Insuline vom Rind und vom Dorsch verglichen. Gleichzeitig wird über die jeweiligen Ausbeuten an Insulin bei den Extraktionen berichtet. — Anti-Rinderinsulin-Seren vom Meerschweinchen und vom Pferd, die bei der Ratte eine starke Hyperglykämie hervorrufen, bewirken beim Seeskorpion oder Seeteufel (Cottus scorpius) aus der Klasse der Knochenfische und beim gemeinen Inger oder Schleimaal (Myxine glutinosa) aus der Klasse der Rundmäuler keine Hyperglykämie. Die Gabe kristallinen Rinder- bzw. Dorschinsulins bewirkte beim Seeskorpion und auch beim Schleimaal eine in einigen Fällen tödliche Hypoglykämie, jedoch erst bei sehr hoher Dosis und nach mehrtägiger Beobachtungszeit. Diese Befunde standen im Gegensatz zur ausgeprägten und rasch einsetzenden Hypoglykämie beim Schleimaal wenn homologes Insulin gegeben wurde. Rinder- und Dorschinsulin erwiesen sich beim Schleimaal als etwa gleich wirksam. Beim Seeskorpion zeigten Insuline vom Rind, vom Dorsch, und das homologe Insulin des Seeskorpions annähernd gleiche blutzuckersenkende Wirkungen. — Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, daß sich neben der immunologischen Speziesspezifität verschiedener Insuline in einigen Fällen auch eine Speziesspezifität der biologischen Wirkung nachweisen läßt.
    Notes: Summary Some immunological and physiological properties of insulin preparations from a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate species have been compared with those of crystalline ox and cod insulin, and the yields of insulin from several of these islet preparations are given. — Highly potent guinea pig and horse antisera to ox insulin were unable to provoke hyperglycaemia in the marine TeleostCottus scorpius (the sculpin) and in the CyclostomeMyxine glutinosa (the hagfish), respectively. — Crystalline ox and cod insulin provoked hypoglycaemia and death in both the sculpin and the hagfish, but only after large doses and several days' observation time. These findings contrast with the ease and fair rapidity of eliciting a hypoglycaemic response in the hagfish when the hagfish's own insulin was used. No marked quantitative differences were noted between the effects of ox, cod, and sculpin insulins in the sculpin, neither between ox and cod insulin in the hagfish. — The results indicate a species-specificity of insulin, both immunologically and hormonally.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscope study of oocyte maturation in the mouse revealed that some mitochondria undergo gradual transformation in their ultrastructural appearance. In very young oocytes these mitochondria were already found to contain vacuoles, one in each such organelle. In somewhat older oocytes more mitochondria displayed vacuoles which generally appeared to be getting larger. These intramitochondrial vacuoles were found to be essentially optically empty structures surrounded by a single membrane. In favorable sections someof the developing vacuoles had a bottle-shaped appearance, the constricted end of which was attached to the inner limiting membrane of the mitochondrion. With further maturation of the oocytes vacuoles having a pear-shaped appearance became evident. An hypothesis was presented outlining the mode of formation of these vacuoles by expansion of the individual cristae. Intramitochondrial transformations occuring during both oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mammals were reviewed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 103-133 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The monotypic perciform suborder Luciocephaloidei possesses the following, previously unknown, salient morphological characters: a third joint, the nasopalatopterygoid, between neurocranium and suspensorium; a toothless and dorsally exposed prevomer; no pharyngeal processes on either parasphenoid or basioccipital; a tympanum-covered foramen exoccipitale in the saccular bulla as a hearing organ; a gular ossification; a craniovertebral joint with small exoccipital condyles widely separated from the basioccipital condyle; and a large physoclystic swimbladder with a notable caudal extension. The seemingly functionless gular-like mental ossification is considered a paleomorphic structure with a neogenetic development. Attenuation in longitudinal growth is evident in the derivatives and dermal additions of the mandibular arch and nasal capsule while other regions of the head have remained independent. The primary adaptive significance of the attenuation in the growth of the entire preorbital region is the accomodation of oral incubation. Secondarily the elongate jaws increase both the speed and grasping range of the bite in prey catching. The degree of jaw protrusion depends mainly on the length of the maxillary. The exaggerated length of the ascending processes of the premaxillaries may be the result of a positive differential growth rate within one growth field. The meaning of the preponderance of parallel-fibered cranial muscles is discussed in respect to holding functions, greatest possible excursion of the insertion with minimum loss of force, and muscle fiber length. Based on the overall morphology, the monotypic suborder Luciocephaloidei is retained.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 135-157 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Osteology, myology and motion analysis of the head of the anabantoid fish Helostoma temmincki, a specialized filter feeder, has revealed six functional units: neurocranium, suspensory apparatus, opercular apparatus, hyoid apparatus, branchial apparatus and pectoral girdle. Interactions between the functional units take place through four couplings involved in opening and protruding the jaws. The first coupling is activated in the beginning of the opening cycle by the levator operculi muscle through the opercular apparatus, interoperculomandibular ligament and mandible. The second is activated during feeding by contraction of the sternohyoideus through the hyoid apparatus, interopercular, interoperculomandibular ligament and mandible. The third coupling is active during feeding and “kissing” by contraction of epaxial muscles through mediation of the neurocranium to the jaw apparatus. The fourth coupling is the only one active during air intake and involves contraction of the levator arcus palatini which abducts and rotates the suspensory apparatus forwards, causing the mandible to drop. The retention of isolated ancestral characters during mosaic evolution are explained in terms of the maintenance of couplings which represent functional associations of seemingly remote structures. When natural selection acts on one component of a functional unit or coupling, it essentially acts on all associated elements simultaneously causing character complexes to evolve in common evolutionary trends. It is feasible that functional analysis can separate primary from secondary evolutionary trends.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 89-114 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Large dogs are able to deliver a powerful bite that generates considerable stress in the anterior, prehensile part of the jaws.In the upper jaw most of the biting force is borne by the anterior teeth. The palatal mucosa provides little resistance to deformation. It is easily compressed and rather mobile.In the lower jaw, the mucosa covering the upper surface of the symphysis receives a sizeable portion of the biting force. It is firmly attached to the underlying bone and possesses special connective tissue arrangements that enable it to transduce locally applied pressure to tension distributed over a broad area.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Goldfish testes were nutritionally regressed in about 115 days regardless of season and without controlled light or temperature. A gonosomatic index (testes weight ″ 100/body weight) of the regressed fish was about one tenth that of spawning fish. The regressed testes were primarily composed of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and connective tissue. Fish testes were maintained in a regressed state for over 200 days with no change in gonosomatic index. Fish with regressed testes appeared to be in a state of “pseudohypophysectomy” with respect to gonadotropin. Pituitary replacement and a diet of 5% of the body weight per day initiated spermatogenesis and brought the regressed testes to functional maturity in one month. The results suggest that spermatogonial proliferation and the maturation of sperm have different regulatory requirements.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A theoretical analysis is made of the mechanical advantages of exoskeletons and endoskeletons. More complicated and realistic loading systems are considered than have been by previous authors. For all cases involving static loading, an exoskeleton would seem to be advantageous, but sometimes the advantage is quite small. If impact is considered, the advantage of exoskeletons becomes very much reduced, even on theoretical calculations; and it is likely that in life the advantage may be converted to a disadvantage, particularly in large active animals such as vertebrates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 43-61 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver stained Cordylophora were examined by light and electron microscopy, which provided a general picture of nerve cell forms and distribution for comparison with electron micrographs of osmium-fixed tissues from the same hydroid. Muscle, nerve and neurosensory components were studied in the nectophore of Nanomia (O. Siphonophora) and in the hydromedusae Sarsia and Euphysa by means of vital staining and optical and electron microscopy of epon sections; particular attention was given to relationships and interconnections between the cellular elements of the two marginal nerve rings. Mitochondrial size, numbers and types of vesicles and the occurrence of neurotubules and of parts of sensory cilia may provide useful ultrastructural clues for recognizing nerve elements, but serial sections are often needed to make identification conclusive.In Cordylophora and Nanomia, some neurites contain massed A vesicles (membrane-bounded dense granules) suggestive of neurosecretion (cf. reports on Hydra). However, a small type of A vesicle also occurs at synapses in Sarsia, indicating a probable role here in junctional transmission. Vesicles occur on both sides of some synapses (as previously reported for Cyanea) but on one side only in others, these being the first examples of polarized junctional ultrastructure in coelenterates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 231-249 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A correlated light and electron microscope study was made of lymphocyte-epithelial relations in the appendix of normal rabbits, ranging in age from one week to ten months. The lymphocyte migration into the epithelium was very slight at one week. The lymphocytes were increased considerably in number from two weeks to three months, grouping into unique nests in the epithelium. The basement membrane began to be penetrated by migrating cells at one week and bacame discontinuous in older animals. At one and two weeks, the epithelial cells contained glycogen, which disappeared at three weeks. Degenerating cells as well as bacilli were found in the epithelial cells and in the macrophages of the nodules. The varied appearance of bacilli in the macrophages indicates that they were being digested. The lymphocytes in the epithelium were larger, having less crowded cytoplasm as compared with those in the lymph nodules. Many lymphocytes were in deep folds of epithelial cells. There was evidence favoring an intracellular position for some lymphocytes in the epithelium.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: White Leghorn eggs were incubated to desired prevasular stages. Each embryo, upon its intact yolk and surrounded by albumen, was rolled from the shell into a sterile 50 ml beaker. In an uppermost position, the blastoderm was lightly stained with neutral red. Three types of localized cuts were made as indicated below, and the beaker-embryo unit placed in a sterile humidified chamber for further incubation. Results: (1) Unilateral cuts adjacent to the body and parallel with its axis blocked or suppressed formation of the vitelline artery on the cut side, even though healing occurred; (2) A specific site was found in the area pellucida opposite the sinus rhomboidalis which, when lightly cut perpendicular to the body axis, resulted in blockage or shifting of the final junction between aorta and vitelline artery as far cephalad as the thirteenth somite level. Formation of a dual final junction with the aorta also occurred. (3)Transverse cuts through the body axis and into the area pellucida bilaterally, frequently resulted in bilateral blockage or bilateral shifting. In still other cases, growth of a functional loop around the cut to connect the aortae in anterior and posterior segments with the vitelline artery were observed. Other unique circulatory patterns are described.Apparently, slight interference with the capillary plexus which precedes the vitelline artery causes anomalous development. Circulation is considered a major factor in arterial differentiation. Cutting probably alters the plexus and relation of its components to the onset of blood flow.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Branches of the coronary arteries of normal human hearts, supplying both atria and ventricles, were found by fine dissection and have been named rami atrioventriculares. They comprise atrial branches from ventricular arteries and ventricular branches from atrial arteries. Their incidence was 74% in the 50 adult individuals studied. The subjects had committed suicide with a poison which did not damage the coronary arteries. The atrioventricular branches constitute communications across the coronary sulcus, thus establishing a continuity between the atrial and the ventricular arterial supply. Therefore, there is not invariably a sharp demarcation of blood supply between atria and ventricles, as has been commonly taught. Neither atrial nor ventricular branches consist exclusively of ascending and descending branches of the coronary arteries, as has been assumed. Atrioventricular branches can play a role in collateral circulation and may, in individuals who are born with them, provide an explanation for some of the variability in signs and symptoms incidental to heart attacks.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paper deals with the development of the salivary gland system in Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, which begins in the prepupal stage. The silk glands degenerate by autolysis at the end of the larval stage. Degeneration is characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and pycnosis of the nuclei of the secretory cells. The glandular secretory portion of degenerated silk glands separates from the excretory ducts. The salivary glands develop from the duct of the larval silk glands. The thoracic salivary glands develop from the ducts of the secretory tubules and the head salivary glands from the terminal excretory duct. The mandibular glands appear in the prepupa as invaginations of mandibular segments, and their differentiation to attain the adult configuration occurs during pupation. The hypopharyngeal glands have their origin from evaginations of the ventral anterior portion of the pharynx. A long tubule first appears with walls formed by more than one cellular layer. Then some cells separate from the lumen of the duct, staying attached to it by a cuticular channel in part intracellular. The initial duct constitutes the axial duct, in which the channel of the secretory cells opens. During the development of salivary and mandibular glands, they recapitulate primitive stages of the phylogeny of the bees. During the development of salivary glands system, mitosis accounts for only part of the growth. Most of the growth occurs by increase in size of cells rather than by cell division. In brown-eyed and pigmented pupae six days before emergence, the salivary gland system is completely developed, although not yet functioning.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caudal anatomy (caudal skeleton, musculature, vascularization, innervation, and urohypophysis) and swimming behavior of three clupeiform and three perciform fishes: Elops hawaiensis (Cupeiformes: Elopidae), Oncorhynchus nerka (Cupeiformes: Salmonidae), Chanos chanos (Clupeiformes: Chanidae), Kuhlia sandvicensis (Perciformes: Kuhlidae), Apogon menesemus (Perciformes: Apogonidae), and Gnathanodon speciousus (Perciformes: Carangidae), were studdied. The taxonomic significance of caudal structures was determined and evaluated by detailed examination of differences in caudal anatomy. An interpretation of functional significance of these differences was attempted by relating them to observed differences in swimming behavior. The swimming behavior was studied by the observation of swimming activities of fish while resting or cruising and while feeding in the aquarium, and by an analysis of each frame of an 8 mm movie film of swimming activities.There are certain consistent and basic differences between all three species of the order Clupeiformes and all three species of the order Perciformes in respect to caudal structures. Although certain caudal structures show overlapping in number and/or complexity of arrangement, they seem to indicate more complex structural organization in Clupeiformes than Perciformes. The differences confirm the conclusion of others that the order Clupeiformes is more “primitive” than the order Perciformes.With respect to caudal structures of the three clupeiform species studied, E. hawaiensis is the most “primitive” and, of the three perciform species studied, K. sandvicensis is the most “primitive.”Caudal structural variations from one species to another are related to the mode of adaptation to swimming as well as to the evolutionary status of the species.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The forms of the tectorial membrane and its connections to the ciliary tufts of the hair cells have been studied in detail in 18 species of lizards and, less thoroughly, in three others. This group, which represents eight lizard families, exhibits three forms of tectorial membrane: a complete form that connects to all parts of the auditory papilla, an abbreviated form that makes this connection only in one limited region of the papilla, and a dendritic form in which the distal portion of the membrane subdivides into strands reaching all the hair cells.Sometimes the tectorial membrane connects directly with the tufts of the hair cells, but more often it makes this connection through intermediary structures. Seven types of such intermediary structures have been identified (if we include the sallet, which is not “intermediate” in a strict sense).Detailed descriptions are given of the various forms of tectorial membrane structures and their variations along the auditory papilla in 12 lizard species. The description for Iguana iguana is offered as representative of the iguanid pattern found in ten members of this family.Consideration is given to the functioning of the tectorial membrane, and also of the sallet, in the process of hair-cell stimulation.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There were no lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes demonstrable in adult and larval Rana catesbeiana by a method that adequately demonstrated the same in mammals. Although the parenchymal arrangement in the lymphomyeloid organs is not exactly the same as in mammalian hemal nodes, nonetheless the vascular patterns of the lymph glands and jugular bodies are prima facie evidence that they function as blood-filtering organs among other probable functions. The vascular pattern of the lymph gland is that of a rete mirabile, particularly a venous portal system, inasmuch as the afferent and efferent vessels are venous in character and interposed between them is a labyrinth of sinusoids. This is not the case, though, in the adult organs. The vascular pattern of the jugular bodies is very much like the spleen, viz., artery-capillary-sinusoid-vein sequence. It is doubtful, however, if the propericardial and procoracoid bodies ever filter blood, because the smallest blood vessels in them are capillary in type Because of the absence of a well-defined capsule in some parts of the propericardial body, similarly to lymphoid follicles, especially in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, it is probable that it filters tissue fluid. The last two organs are apparently mainly blood cell-forming organs. It is inferred from the vascular connections of the larval and the adult lymphomyeloid organs that they are not genetically related. This aspect was analyzed from earlier developmental data, but actual follow-up of the larval organs to the adult stage is still in progress.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological serial sections of spleens from the adult raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) were processed for microscopic examination. Observations related to various aspects of the internal vascular pattern in the spleen of the raccoon and woodchuck demonstrated features that were characteristic of the respective animal. The spleen of the raccoon possess well-developed ellipsoid sheaths, whereas these same structures were not as prominent in the spleen of the woodchuck. The spleen of both mammals examined demonstrated the presence of an anastomosing series of venous sinuses within the red pulp tissue and may be classified as sinusal in nature.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 55-70 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopical studies allow a descriptive account to be given of he morphogenesis of the egg chamber of Drosophila melanogaster. The study demonstrates that the mitotic products of a single cystoblast generate a branching chain of 16 inter-connected cystocytes. Two specific cystocytes enter meiotic prophase, while the rest become nurse cells. The two pro-oocytes form synaptinemal complexes in their nuclei. However, one of the two cells later switches back into the nurse cell developmental pathway. The elongation of the synaptinemal complexes is described, and estimates are made of the time involved in their formation. These complexes continue to be synthesized long after the DNA replication which gives the oocyte its 4C DNA content. This finding implies that at least some genetic crossing over follows DNA replication. Evidence is presented that cells undergoing crossing over are most efficient in repairing radiation-induced chromosomal breaks. Suggestions are given as to the mechanisms by which (1) cell division is inhibited once 16 cystocytes are formed, (2) the future cleavage planes of cystocytes are programmed, (3) the pro-oocytes are differentiated from nurse cells, and (4) the oocyte is chosen from the twin pro-oocytes. The contrasting behaviors of the oocyte and nurse cell nucleoli are described. During oogenesis nucleolar synthesis of ribosomal RNAs is suppressed in the oocyte and concurrently stimulated in the nurse cells. It follows that the nurse nuclei are the major sources of the prodigious quantities of ribosomes found in the ooplasm of the mature oocyte.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The enigmatic lophophoral organs of phoronids are demonstrated to by accessory sex glands. In the hermaphroditic Phoronis vancouverensis, each mature adult has two pairs of such glands: female nidamental glands that facilitate the temporary brooding of the embryos and male accessory spermatophoral organs that function in spermatophore elaboration. Functional males of Phoronopsis harmeri have complex accessory spermatophoral organs while females of this non-brooding dioecious species lack accessory sex glands.In both species, coelomic spermatozoa are accumulated within the nephridia and passed en masse into the partially enclosed spermatophoral organs. There each sperm mass is molded into a characteristic shape and encased in one or more membranes before release as a spermatophore into the ambient water. The structure of the spermatophore is characteristic for each species and is correlated with the functional morphology of the distinctive spermatophoral organs.The existence of spermatophores, the non-primitive nature of the spermatozoa, and additional features of reproductive biology dictate that fertilization is internal in these species, but attempts to determine the means of sperm transfer proved futile. Reproductive potential and behaviour of male Phoronopsis, means of gamete segregation in Phoronis, and general pattern of reproductive biology for both phoronids were also studied.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the column of hydra, tissues continually move away from a region located just underthe whorl of tentacles. Above this subtentacular region, tissues proceed into the hypostome and tentacles; below it tissues pass into the buds or continue down the stalk. These movements represent a steady state pattern of tissue renewal in which column growth is balanced by tissue loss at the body extremities. But the existence of a subtentacular zone in which tissue appears stationary does not necessarily indicate that growth is restrictedto this region, as is commonly stated.The body column of hydra can be viewed as an expanding cylinder whose elongation is balanced by tissue loss at the two ends. In such a body there must be one region from whichtissue appears to emanate, regardless of how growth is distributed along the cylinder. Only the rates at which tissues move will be characteristic of the underlying growthpattern. In Hydra littoralis, the measured rates of tissue movement down the gastric column are consistent with the distributions of mitotic figures, which indicate that growth is spread out along the column.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Profiles of fresh chick lenses of 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20 days embryological age were photographed and from tracings of these profiles, volumes were calculated using a formula for volume of a solid of revolution. Accurate volumes were also obtained by assuming the lens to be two half oblate spheroids of different minor axis, or, better, two half-solids of profile (x/a)k + (y/b)k = 1. In addition, the k in this equation described well the curvature of the lens profiles and thus provided a quantitative measure of developing lens shape. Lens diameter, depth and shift of equatorial diameter upon lens axis as a function of age were also studied.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ductuli efferentes in four examined genera of family Didelphidae are organized into highly convoluted tubules, located within a conical body adjacent to the vascular plexus supplying the testis. They have yellowish-green color in the adult Didelphis virginiana and grey pink color in other genera. The ductuli efferentes in all examined animals are lined by very low columnar cells, covered by microvilli or booth cilia and microvilli.Histochemical analysis reveals several types of cytoplasmic granules in the genera examined. A single sperical body about 1.5 μ in diameter is found in epithelial cells of the four eyed opossum (genus Philander); this body stains positively for RNA and non-histone protein, and appears granular under the electron microscope, without a limiting membrane. Abundant cytoplasmic bodies in the Virginia opossum show strong reactions for SH groups; these granules may be responsible for the green color of the ductuli in this species. Ultrastructural studies show that the morphology of membrane limited granules in the ductuli of the examined genera is characteristic for each genus. Abundant pinocytotic vacuoles in the apices of these cells and a strongly positive alkaline phosphatase reaction suggest a marked absorptive activity of epithelial cells.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 179-207 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Detailed descriptions are presented of morphogenetic and histogenetic events occurring in the membranous and bony labyrinths, sensory areas, acoustic ganglia, and acoustic centers of the hindbrain of the chick embryo, stages 11 to 45. Major morphogenetic changes occur between stage 11 and stage 30. During this period primordial ganglionic neuroblasts are segregated from the otic epithelium and differentiate into the bipolar neuroblasts of the vestibular and cochlear ganglia, neuroblasts of the alar plate in the acoustic region of the rhombencephalon differentiate, migrate, and are organized into acoustic nuclei, and the otic cup closes to form a vesicle which undergoes complicated structural changes to become a labyrinth. Morphological events in neural structures are closely followed by structural changes in the labyrinth. Minor morphological changes continue to occur through stage 44. The histogenetic period, stage 26 to 38, is the same for all parts of the acoustic apparatus. Minor histogenetic events occur up to hatching. In this period, differentiation of ganglionic and central neurones precedes differentiation of sensory cells.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: With the help of PF and PAVB bulk-stained preparations and sections the neurosecretory system of Ranatra elongata has been described. Two medial, each of 9-10 cells, and two lateral, each of 3-4 cells, groups of neurosecretory cells have been observed in the protocerebrum. Only the A-cells have been found to be positive to PAVB histo- and cyto-chemical technique. Axons of the A-cells after traversing the proto- and deuto-cerebrum emerge from the tritocerebrum as the NCC I. The NCC I after bypassing the corpora cardiaca penetrate the aorta wall. There is no physical continuity between the corpora cardiaca and the NCC I and the two are separable. The NSM from the A-cells, transported by their nerve fibers, has been observed in the aorta wall. On the basis of large accumulation on NSM in the aorta wall the latter has been considered as the storage-and-release organ for the A-material. Corpora cardiaca are found to be devoid of A-material. Axons from the B-cells, after emergence from the tritocerebrum as the NCC II, have been observed to penetrate the corpora cardiaca. On the basis of ample amounts of B-material the glands have been considered as the storage-and-release organ for the B-material only.Observations are compared with results on related species and it is concluded that two independent organ complexes constitute the neurosecretory systemt of R. elongata. The A-cells, their pathways, the NCC I, and the aorta wall comprise the first; and the B-cells, their pathways, the NCC II, and the corpora cardiaca the second. The former is concerned with the elaboration, transportion, storage-and-release of the A-material and the latter with the B-material. Finally arguments are presented to include the aorta wall in the neurosecretory system.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the ventral neck region of the scincid lizards Chalcides ocellatus and Scincus scincus is presented and is found to be similar to that of other lizards as described in the literature. The internal carotid artery arises by 3-5 roots from the dorsal side of the ascending limb of the carotid arch. During its first part, the internal carotid artery is completely divided into two nearly equal channels. The carotid sinus is more complicated in Chalcides than in Scincus. In lizards, it may be homologous to the carotid labyrinth of fishes and amphibians. Around the origin of the internal carotid artery are two kinds of epithelioid cells scattered in the adventitial connective tissue: a- large cells with rounded, faintly stained nuclei, and little, clear cytoplasm; b- cells with small darkly stained nuclei. Both kinds of cells appear to represent different levels of secretory activity. The number of the large cells increases with greater complexity of the carotid sinus. The cells also increase in size and number during summer (sexual period); this is especially true in younger animals. The epithelioid cells are considered to be homologous to the carotid body of higher vertebrates. The carotid sinus and epithelioid cells together form a closely interrelated system which may be intermediate between the carotid labyrinth of fishes and amphibians, and the carotid body of birds and mammals.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the nerve cell types in the white planarian Procotyla fluviatilis were described. Ganglion cells comprise the major portion of the brain. These cells are irregular in shape with several cytoplasmic processes and contain ribosomes, a sparse endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lysosomes, and a Golgi apparatus with numerous small vesicles. Granule-containing cells are situated in the peripheral regions of the brain and along the nerve cords. These cells contain ribosomes, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus with associated dense granules. The granules occupy most of the cytoplasm and are ∼ 750A in diameter with moderately dense contents, ∼ 750A with opaque contents, and ∼ 1000A with contents of medium density. These granules are similar to those in the nervous systems of higher animals that contain epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neurosecretory substance, respectively. Each cell contains predominantly one type of granule although there is some intermixing of granules and intermediate types between the three most abundant granules. Small clear vesicles, resembling cholinergic synaptic vesicles, and all types of dense granules occur in the neuropil and within nerve endings.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the ingestion of particulate matter from the pallial space located between the shell and the outer surface of the mantle of Isognomon alatus and Pinctada radiata was undertaken with the aid of the electron microscope. For this purpose colloidal thorium dioxide (thorotrast) was introduced into the pallial space for periods of 1-5 days after which time the mantle was excised and prepared for examination with the electron microscope. After 24 hours thorotrast micelles were observed in the pallial space, on the surface of the microvilli, in small pinocytotic vesicles between the bases of the microvilli, in vacuoles undergoing coalescence and finally in large dense bodies (lysosomes). Amoebocytes in the pallial space also participate in the removal of particulate matter in a manner similar to that described for the surface epithelium. During active ingestion the Golgi apparatus changes from a vesicular to a lamellar form. The method of ingestion observed in the surface epithelia and the amoebocytes is similar to the ingestion of protein and other particulate material reported for a variety of vertebrate tissues.
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  • 35
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 231-247 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proventriculus of White Leghorn chick embryos (stages 29-45) newly-hatched chicks, and adult chickens were frozen, sectioned in a cryostat and treated histochemically to identify localizations of alkaline and acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, non-specific glycerophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinic dehydrogenase. Ribonucleic acid, proteins and acid mucopolysaccharides were identified in tissues fixed in FAA.Acid phosphatase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, ribonucleic acid and proteins were present in the cells of the deep glands at all stages of development. Alkaline phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase were found only in mesenchymal derivatives of the proventriculus. After the chick begins swallowing and digesting albumen, enzymatic activity increased and non-specific esterase became very reactive.The surface epithelium is covered with a mucous coat. Ribonucleic acid, non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase and nucleotide-diphosphatase were localized in the basal portions of the epithelial cells. The functional significance of these different patterns is discussed.
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  • 36
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 265-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basal tail constriction occurs in about two-thirds of the species of plethodontid salamanders. The constriction, which marks the site of tail autotomy, is a result of a reduction in length and diameter of the first caudal segment. Gross and microscopic anatomical studies reveal that many structural specializations are associated with basal constriction, and these are considered in detail. Areas of weakness in the skin at the posterior end of the first caudal segment, at the attachment of the musculature to the intermyotomal septum at the anterior end of the same segment, and between the last caudosacral and first caudal vertebrae precisely define the route of tail breakage. During autotomy the entire tail is shed, and a cylinder of skin one segment long closes over the wound at the end of the body.It is suggested that specializations described in this paper have evolved independently in three different groups of salamanders.Experiments and field observations reveal that, contrary to expectations, frequency of tail breakage is less in species with apparent provisions for tail autotomy than in less specialized species. The tail is a very important, highly functional organ in salamanders and it is suggested that selection has been for behavioral and structural adaptations for control of tail loss, rather than for tail loss per se.
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  • 37
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Esophagi of White Leghron chick embryos, six days to hatching, were fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde in a cacodylate-sucrose buffer, postfixed in 1% OsO4, dehydrated and embedded in Araldite. Tissues were sectioned with glass knives and viewed with a Philips EM 100C. The epithelium in early stages of development is characterized by small intercellular spaces, few cell processes and few desmosomes. In contrast the differentiated epithelium contains numerous cell processes, large intercellular spaces and numerous desmosomes. Mucin appeared in the mucous glands at 17 days.
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  • 39
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Different types of sebaceous glands in guinea pigs were chosen to study their comparative responsiveness to steroid hormones. Glands selected were (1) Sebaceous glands associated with rudimentary hair in the supracaudal gland; (2) Free sebaceous glands of the nipple; (3) Sebaceous glands associated with the hair. The results showed distinct differences in sensitivity among these different sebaceous glands and according to the sex of the experimental animal. The most responsive of the glands in males was the supracaudal gland; in the female the most responsive glands were the sebaceous glands of the nipple. Sebaceous glands associated with normal hair were relatively insensitive to changes in hormonal level. In all cases testosterone propionate was more potent in stimulating any of the sebaceous glands than progesterone. After gonadectomy, various sebaceous glands showed unequal states of depletion due to the different rates of differentiation and disintegration of their cells into sebum.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The lymphoid cell population of thymus in the rattlesnake and king snake is similar to that of mammals. Lymphocytes occupy the interstices of an epithelial cell framework. An abudance of tonofilaments and desmosomes occupy the cytoplasm of epithelial cells with light, homogeneous nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Other epithelial cells contain phagocytized material in a dense cytoplasm which surrounds an irregular nucleus with heavily clumped chromatin. Small, granular vesicles are found within some epithelial cells.Myoid cells occur in the medullary area. In mature forms, myofibrils are arranged in a concentric fashion around the nucleus and occupy much of the cytoplasmic volume. The presence of developmental stages of these cells suggests their differentiation within the thymus of the adult animal.
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  • 42
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ovary in Callosobruchus analis consists of telotrophic ovarioles with the so called nurse cells confined to one chamber at the anterior end of the ovariole. There are three types of lipids in the ovary: (1) L1 bodies that are present in the early oocytes, in the posterior prefollicular tissue and in the follicular epithelium and contain unsaturated phospholipids; (2) L2 bodies that have a complete or incomplete sheath of phospholipids and a triglyceride core; (3) L3 bodies that are formed of highly saturated triglycerides. Lipids are absent from the trophic tissue. In a mature oocyte the L1 and L2 bodies are cortical in distribution while the L3 bodies are centrally located.The mitochondria contain lipoproteins with RNA. The yolk spheres are acid mucopolysaccharides and protein in nature. The precursors of the yolk spheres appear first in the cortical coplasm and are absent from the follicular epithelium or the trophic tissue. The nucleolus of the oocyte shows evidence of extrusions that are believed to pass into the ooplasm.There are no nutritive cords connecting the trophic tissue to the oocytes; nor is there any evidence of any histochemically demonstrable nutritive material being contributed to the oocyte by the trophic tissue. The circumstantial evidence points towards a contribution of the raw materials to the oocyte by the haemolymph either through or in between the follicular epithelium in some soluble form or as submicroscopic particles.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parenteral administration of methylcellulose causes massive splenomegaly and hemolytic anemia in rats. The red pulp of the spleen is markedly cellular due mainly to: (1) large numbers of voluminous free macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced vacuoles, (2) an increase in the number of plasma cells and (3) stasis of blood evidenced by a large number of erythrocytes and platelets in vessels, sinuses and cords. White pulp changes are usually less marked. Here the major change is the presence of macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced inclusions. The slow circulatory time in the spleen and the increase in macrophages may cause the hemolytic anemia observed in these animals.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The squirrel monkey uterine cervix was studied macroscopically and microscopically in intact and ovariectomized monkeys. The effect in ovariectomized monkeys of estradiol dipropionate or progesterone of both given after estrogen priming was studied by PAS staining.The lower portion of the cervix was dilated to form a vestibule into which projected fibromuscular colliculi which arose from the isthmic end of the cervix. The stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina was continuous through the external os with a similar epithelium lining the vestibule and covering the external surfaces of the colliculi. The transitional zone between the stratified epithelium and columnar cells was variable. The colliculi were covered internally with mucosal folds of columnar epithelium continuous with those of the endocervical canal.Glycogen concentration in the smooth muscle did not fluctuate markedly, irrespective of the hormones used. Glycogen granules were more numerous in the stratified squamous epithelium. Malt-diastase-resistant material appeared to be more abundant in the columnar epithelium and glandular lumina when the monkeys received both hormones than when they received solely estrogen or progesterone.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 46
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological examination of the fibrous and cellular connective tissue components of the periodontal ligament in the Caiman and the Alligator reveals the presence of reticular fibrillae, collagenic, elastic, and oxytalan fibers, as well as fibrocytes, osteoblasts, cementoblasts and epithelial rests. The oxytalan fibers differentiated by the peracetic acid aldehyde-fuchsin method are most numerous in the coronal region, radiating from the primary cementum into the periodontal ligament a short distance. Oxytalan fibers in fewer numbers are found interspersed between the oblique and the horizontal principal fiber bundles. Inasmuch as the crocodilian teeth have continuous replacement and thus a relatively short functional life, the oxytalan fibers of the Caiman and the Alligator appear to be proportionally fewer in number than they are in the mammalian periodontal tissues. The presence of the oxytalan fibers and epithelial rests in the Order Crocodilia (Crocodilia) adds to the number of dental structures shared with the Class Mammalia (Mammalia) (mammals) such as a stellate reticulum, a primary and secondary cementum and a periodontal ligament. This furnishes additional histological evidence for evaluation of the phylogenetic position of this group.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical methods, especially azo dye methods for detecting acid phosphomonoesterase activity were applied to normal, regenerating and denervated, amputated limbs from larval Amblystoma maculatum. Efforts were made to control inactivation of enzymic activity and diffusion of both enzyme and reaction product. “Base-line” values for enzymic activity were determined for normal limbs. Activity appeared most intense in macrophages, less intense in epidermis and cartilage matrix. Some activity was detected in Schwann cells, peri- and endoneurium and muscle fibers form normal limbs. Enzymic activity in regenerating limbs was strongest within macrophages which appeared in increased numbers especially in early stages. Wound tissue showed little increased activity. As the blastema formed, increased enzymic activity was detected in epidermis and within increased numbers of macrophages. Chondrocytes showed increased activity especially during cartilage matrix deposition. Amputated, denervated limbs showed large numbers of active macrophages beneath and within epidermis and along muscle. As regression commenced, areas of cartilage matrix breakdown showed increased enzymic activity but, in general, greatest activity was in macrophages. The various possible roles of acid phosphomonoesterase activity in the specific biological situations dealt with are considered in light of such observations.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 249-263 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult newts, Triturus viridescens, were treated with from 1.0-10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D one day before amputation of both forelimbs. Mean survival times ranged from over 50 days in newts treated with 1.0 μg/g to 13.2 days in animals given 10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin. Low doses little altered the course of regeneration, but animals treated with over 2.0 μg/g never formed blastemas. In another series, animals were given doses of 2.5 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D at intervals from 14 days before to 30 days after amputation. It was found that certain signs of toxicity (loss of equilibrium) are related to the time of administration of the drug whereas others (hemorrhage into the limb stumps) are restricted to a definite phase of the regenerative process. Early administration of actinomycin completely inhibits regeneration whereas later treatment results in a considerably lessened effect. The postamputational stages which are basically destructive in nature are not noticeably affected by actinomycin D, but the phases of dedifferentiation, blastema formation and redifferentiation are strongly inhibited.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 345-365 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The major events associated with the morphogenesis of the amphibian alimentary tract are described and illustrated with a series of photomicrographs that present a continuous account of the differentiation process from its onset at stage 38 until the initiation of feeding at stage 46. Histological evidence is presented for the normal disappearance of the midgut region of the archenteron and the de novo formation of the intestine through the yolk mass. The mechanics of intestinal lumen formation are discussed in terms of the dynamic autonomous actions and interactions of the endoderm and the splanchnic mesoderm. The opening of the intestinal lumen as a consequence of cytolysis or cellular digestion is discounted. The relation of the present observations to the previously described polar endoderm cells is considered.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 52
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, possesses lympho-myeloid and epithelial structures that are morphologically similar in some respects to lymph nodes of mammals. These organs are present during the entire life cycle of the frog, however, the structures that are present during larval stages do not appear to be morphological precursors of adult organs. According to certain terms used previously by other investigators, two major organs are present throughout the larval stages: the lymph gland and the ventral cavity body. In the adult, the jugular body, the epithelial body, the precoracoid and propericardial bodies are found in the ventral neck region in contrast to the lateral and ventral arrangement of the lymph gland and ventral cavity body in larvae. The function of these organs is not known but it is believed that they play a role in the production of certain blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, and they may be involved in some aspects of the differentiation and maintenance of the immune response capacity.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 441-461 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study of the functional mesonephros in the 8-day chick embryo revealed the following features of the nephron:Proximal tubule cells. Nuclei are spherical and basally oriented. Mitochondri are round or elongate with clear-cut cristae. Intramitochondrial granules occur sporadically. The Golgi complex, lying adjacent to the nucleus in apical cytoplasm, consists of flattened lamellae and associated secretion droplets. The cytoplasm is filled with ribosomes which occasionally are spiral in arrangement. Characteristic microvilli project from the apical end of cells. Basal regions of the cells are bounded by a homogeneous basement membrane. Adjacent epithelial cells are separated at their base by wide intercellular spaces. Interdigitating processes between cells are common in this area. At their apices, cells are joined by junctional complexes.Distal tubule cells. Nuclei are round and centrally located. Microvilli are sparse and usually absent. When present, they are short and blunt. Cells are closely allied at their base and joined tightly at their apices. Interdigitating processes are not as prevalent as in proximal tubules. Infoldings of the plasma membrane are prominent and compartmentalize mitochondria.Glomerulus. Endothelial cells are elongate, bordering the capillary lumen, and their membranes contain definite slit-pores. Epithelial pedicels extend from the cell body, intergiditate with each other and rest on the capillary basement membrane. The latter consists of three layers resembling those in adults.The similarity in the fine structural characteristics between chick mesonephros and adult metanepros corroborates the holonephric theory of vertebrate kidney evolution.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 559-567 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hemolymph cells of Orconectes virilis were stained during the months of August to November by a variety of histological and histochemical techniques. Cells were classified as hyaline cells, small granulocytes, and large granulocytes. Presence of mitochondrial enzymes was indicated by tests for succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. Reaction to test for the hydrolytic enzyme, leucine acylnaphthylamidase was intense in the granules of the large granulocytes. The PAS reaction indicated a mucopolysaccharide at the cell membrane. Lipid was found in all three hemolymph cell types of Orconectes virilis at the time of this study.
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  • 55
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    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 144 (1967), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Prostaglandin ; Insulin ; Lipoproteidlipase ; Prostaglandin ; Insulin ; Lipoproteidlipase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intraaortale Injektion von 3μg PGE1/kg senkte bei Kaninchen im Hungerzustand und unter dem Einfluß des operativen Vorgehens (Sympathicusstimulierung) innerhalb von 10 min die unveresterten Fettsäuren, die veresterten Fettsäuren und Acetonkörper des Blutes in ähnlicher Weise wie die i.v. Injektion von 0,1 E Insulin/kg. Während Insulin außerdem eine passagere Verminderung des freien Serumglycerins und eine geringe Abnahme des Blutzuckers verursachte, wurde durch PGE1 der Glycerinspiegel nicht beeinflußt und eine Hyperglykämie ausgelöst. Die PGE1-abhängige Senkung der unveresterten Fettsäuren und der Acetonkörper muß als Ergebnis einer gesteigerten Reveresterung der Säuren im Fettgewebe angesehen werden. Die Insulinwirkung dürfte zusätzlich noch durch eine kurzfristige Lipolysehemmung zustande kommen. Die durch Injektion von 100 E Heparin/kg hervorgerufenen blutchemischen Veränderungen ließen sich durch PGE1 in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitpunkt der Injektion des Wirkstoffes mehr oder weniger deutlich beeinflussen. Durch gleichzeitige Verabfolgung von PGE1 und Heparin ebenso wie durch eine PGE1-Dauertropfinfusion (0,3μg/kg/mval) konnte die heparinbedingte Hyperlipacidämie und Hyperketonämie abgeschwächt bzw. unterdrückt werden. Ähnliche Verhältnisse ergaben sich bei der gemeinsamen Injektion von Heparin und 0,1 E/kg Insulin. Der heparinbedingte Anstieg des freien Serumglycerins blieb dagegen in allen Fällen weitgehend unbeeinflußt. Die In-vitro-Aktivität der Lipoproteidlipase von humanem Postheparinplasma erfuhr weder durch PGE1 noch durch Insulin in verschiedenen Konzentrationen eine Änderung. Auch der Aktivitätsanstieg der Lipoproteidlipase im Kaninchenplasma nach 100 E/kg Heparin mit einem Maximum nach 5 min wurde bei gleichzeitiger Injektion von PGE1 und Heparin bzw. Insulin und Heparin nicht verändert. PGE1 und Insulin beeinflussen demnach nicht die heparininduzierte Freisetzung bzw. die Aktivierung der Lipoproteidlipase, sondern verstärken unter den Bedingungen einer gesteigerten intravasalen Triglyceridspaltung die Aufnahme und Reveresterung von unveresterten Fettsäuren in das Depotfett.
    Notes: Summary In animal experiments it was proved that the injection of 3 μg of PGE1/kg into the aorta of starving rabbits under operative conditions (stimulation of the sympathetic system) lowered the level of non-esterified and esterified fatty acids and ketones in blood within 10 min in a similar manner as did the i.v. injection of 0.1 U of insulin/kg. While insulin also caused a transient diminution of free serum glycerol and a slight decrease in blood sugar there was no influence of PGE1 on the glycerol level, and a hyperglycemia was caused. The PGE1-depending decrease in non-esterified fatty acids and ketones in blood should be considered as the result of increased re-esterification of the acids in adipose tissue. The additional activity of insulin may be caused by a short-lasting inhibition of lipolysis. The biochemical changes in blood induced by injecting 100 U of heparin/kg could be influenced more or less by PGE1, depending upon the injection time. The heparin-induced hyperlipacidemia and hyperketonemia could be decreased or suppressed by simultaneous injection of PGE1 and heparin as well as by a PGE1-infusion (0.3 μg/kg/min). Similar results were obtained with simultaneous injections of heparin and 0.1 U of insulin/kg. However, in most cases the heparin-induced increase in free serum glycerol was not influenced. There was no change in thein vitro activity of lipoprotein-lipase of human postheparin plasma, neither by PGE1 nor by insulin at various concentrations. Also, the increase in the activity of lipoprotein-lipase in the plasma of rabbits after administration of 100 U of heparin/kg — with a maximum after 5 min — was not changed by simultaneous injection of PGE1 and heparin or insulin and heparin, respectively. In conclusion, PGE1 does not influence the heparin-induced release or activation of the lipoprotein-lipase but causes an enhanced uptake and re-esterification of non-esterified fatty acids into adipose tissue under conditions of an increased intravasal cleavage of triglycerides.
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  • 56
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 948-949 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 57
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 949-949 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 58
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 952-952 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 60
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 1015-1015 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 61
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 1017-1018 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 62
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 1017-1017 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 63
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 236-237 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 64
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 1021-1021 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 65
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 237-237 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 66
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 237-238 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 67
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 238-238 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 68
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 238-239 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 69
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 239-239 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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  • 70
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 1021-1022 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 71
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 981-981 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 984-984 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 984-985 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 978-978 
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    Notes: Der Rolle der Lösungsmittel - insbesondere der polaren - bei chemischen Reaktionen wird mehr und mehr Beachtung geschenkt[1-4]. Das bemerkenswerteste polare aprotonische Lösungsmittel scheint uns das hexamethyl-substituierte Orthophosphorsäure-triamid, OP(N(CH3)2)3, auch Hexamethylphosphotriamid oder Tris(dimethylamino) phosphinoxid oder abgekürzt HMPA und HMPT, zu sein. Neuerdings wurde Hexamethyl-phosphorsäuretriamid[5-7] hinsichtlich seiner Lösungseigenschaften für Gase[5], für zahlreiche organische und anorganische Salze[7] sowie für Polymere[5] und desgleichen hinsichtlich seiner Anwendbarkeit als Polymerisations-Cokatalysator untersucht. Diese Aspekte sollen hier aber nicht besprochen werden, vielmehr die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des Hexamethyl-phosphorsäuretriamids sowie insbesondere seine Verwendbarkeit als Reaktionsmedium. - Unsere eigenen Arbeiten über Hexamethyl-phosphorsäuretriamid als „Lösungsmittel“ begannen 1961; bis dahin gab es nur ganz wenige diesbezügliche Untersuchungen. Sogar in einer von 1965 stammenden Arbett Parkers[1b] ist HMPT erst spärlich zitiert.
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