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  • Electronic Resource  (338)
  • 1980-1984  (338)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1983  (338)
  • Engineering General  (281)
  • Electron microscopy
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  • Electronic Resource  (338)
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  • 1980-1984  (338)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 401 (1983), S. 109-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Clear-cell sarcoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neural crest ; S-100 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A clinico-pathological, light microscopic and immunohistochemical study of 15 clear-cell sarcomas, with an ultrastructural analysis of 6 of the tumors, is presented. The tumors showed a strong predilection for tendons and aponeuroses of the extremities in predominantly young and middle-aged people. The clinical setting, course and light microscopic appearance agree well with the original description by Enzinger (1965). Nine of the 15 patients developed metastases, most of them including lymph nodes, and 8 of the patients had died at the time of follow-up (median follow-up time 4.8 years). Reducing pigment was demonstrated within the cells of 2 tumors. Ultrastructurally the 6 tumors studied had a uniform appearance with characteristically rounded or oval tumor cells with a single nucleus containing one or two very prominent nucleoli, a light-staining cytoplasm with a moderate amount of organelles and a variable content of glycogen. Polymorphic melanosomes were seen in the cells of one of the tumors. External laminas enclosed groups of tumor cells and invested parts of individual tumor cells. With immunoperoxidase analysis for S-100 protein positive staining was observed in the vast majority of the tumor cells of all 15 clear-cell sarcomas. Metastases appearing in 9 of the 15 cases showed positive staining for S-100 protein. There was a strong staining of the cytoplasm and generally a weak and varying staining of nuclei. The immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings indicate that clear-cell sarcoma is a homogenous entity among soft tissue sarcomas, of probable neural crest derivation.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Murine lymphoma development ; Virus infection ; Thymus ; Reticular epithelial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes two types of reticular epithelial cell in the thymic cortex of the BALB/c mouse, an immature and a mature form. During early stages of lymphoma development, i.e., 2–6 weeks postinfection (p.i.) with Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV), activation of the epithelial cells is observed. Although the percentage of these cells in the total cell population of the thymic cortex remains constant during that time, the number of mature epithelial cells is significantly increased in infected animals. Subsequently, about 6 weeks p.i., the number of immature epithelial cells starts to increase, whereas the number of mature reticular epithelial cells declines and the appearance of the mature epithelial cells changes drastically. The results of light and electron microscopic studies indicate degeneration of the mature reticular epithelial cells at the onset of lymphoma development at a time when the first deficiencies in the immunologic competence of the reticular epithelial cells are apparent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 106 (1983), S. 234-239 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Osteosarcoma ; Collagen types ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen cases of typical highly malignant osteosarcoma were investigated by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate the presence of collagen types I–III. It was shown that, in light-microscopically anaplastic areas of the tumor, collagen type III predominates, while only very few membranes of collagen type I are observed. Ultrastructurally, the cells are characterized by numerous free ribosomes in their cytoplasm and only a few membranes of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In osteoblastic areas, collagen type I is increased, while type-III collagen is decreased. The cytoplasm of cells contains markedly more granular ER. An increasing mineralization of matrix is observed. In fibroblastic areas of the tumors, collagen types I and III are codistributed. Tumor cells have a fibroblast appearance with elongated nuclei and well developed granular ER. The chondroblastic areas, characterized by immature neoplastic cartilage, contain varying amounts of collagen type II. Chondroblast-like tumor cells have typical ring-shaped membranes of granular ER in their cytoplasm. The evidence of different collagen types in osteosarcomas lends additional support to the concept that a pluripotent mesenchymal cell is the stem cell of osteosarcomas.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 119-142 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid neoplasms ; Hemangioendothelioma ; Electron microscopy ; Factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG) ; Tumour classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 65 cases of hemangioendothelioma (HE) of the thyroid were accepted as such after control of slides of surgical or autopsy specimen or both. In a few of the more recent cases material could be examined by electron microscope and in some the search for factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG) was carried out. The demonstration of Weibel-Palade bodies in tumour cells in two cases and the evidence of FVIIIRAG in tumour cells of at least two cases, including primary tumour and distant metastasis, finally show, that the hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid is not simply an anaplastic carcinoma with some peculiar features; at least some of these tumours are true endotheliomas. The proposal that the term hemangioendothelioma be eliminated from the classification of thyroid tumours is therefore unfounded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Liposarcoma ; Sarcoma ; Soft tissue neoplasms ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural comparison of 7 examples of myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma (myxoid MFH) with 6 of myxoid liposarcoma is described. Despite certain histological differences between the two, electron microscopy was more valuable in differentiating MFH from liposarcoma. Electron microscopically, MFH contained a variety of cell types including histiocyte-like, fibroblast-like, intermediate-type, xanthomatous, multinucleated tumor giant cells and undifferentiated cells. Liposarcoma was composed mainly of lipoblasts at various stages of differentiation with a minority of undifferentiated cells and fibroblast-like cells. In contrast to the component cells of the MFH, these lipoblasts were characterized by abundant cytoplasmic glycogen, numerous pinocytotic vesicles and a discontinuous basal lamina in addition to large lipid droplets.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cystitis ; Electron microscopy ; Vasculitis ; Elastic tissue ; Autoimmune diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bladder vessel walls of 20 patients with interstitial cystitis were studied by the electron microscope. 14 (70%) had severe endothelial injury. 10 (50%) showed injured smooth muscle cells. Odd basement membrane proliferations and disruptions were seen. Clusters of microfibrils about 10 nm in diameter and numerous partially membrane-bound vesicles of 100–600 nm with granular or tiny vesicular content (“granulovesicular bodies”) were also seen. Intercellular junctions of endothelial cells were open and there was emigration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and platelets. The findings show pronounced vascular injury to have taken place, with neoformation of elastic tissue. It is suggested that the injury is immunologically mediated and that particularly those clusters of connective tissue microfibrils not yet covered by an amorphous elastin component may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Tracheobronchial amyloidosis ; Electron microscopy ; Amyloid fibril ; Fibroblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The author reports on the electron-microscopic examination of the diffuse tracheobronchial amyloidosis of a 51-year-old patient. The amyloid deposits were located in the lamina propria of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa. At the edge of the nodular deposits, condensation and radial arrangement of amyloid fibrils could be seen. Closely connected with the amyloid, active fibroblasts were present and their cytoplasm contained amyloid fibrils. The cell membrane of the fibroblasts was missing in part. Intracellular amyloid fibrils mingled with extracellular deposits. It can be assumed that active fibroblasts play an important role in local amyloid formation.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Mycosis fungoides ; Premycotic lesions ; Parapsoriasis en Plaques ; Langerhans cells ; Virus-like particles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin biopsies of patients with small and large plaque parapsoriasis, premycotic lesions and mycosis fungoides in different stages were examined. Special attention was paid to the relationships between Langerhans cells (LC) and the neighbouring keratinocytes and lymphocytes. At the contact areas of LC and keratinocytes as well as LC and lymphocytes, particular cell membrane phenomena were observed. Aggregations of Langerhans granules and fusions of granules with LC plasma membranes were found exclusively at LC-keratinocyte interfaces. At LC-lymphocyte contact zones cell membrane appositions were seen. In all cases investigated, virus-like particles were mainly ound in LC and indeterminate cells (IDC). In 3 cases lymphocytes also contained these particles. It was of particular interest that virus-like particles were observed in skin specimens of all diseases investigated. Discrimination of these particles from other cellular organelles - especially lysosomes- was difficult, however. The significance of our findings, particularly regarding to the supposed virus aetiology of cutaneous T cell lymphomas, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Pityriasis rubra pilaris ; Histochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) were analyzed by means of light and electron microscopy as well as by histochemistry and autoradiography. The results were compared with findings in psoriasis vulgaris. In PRP we found a moderate increase of the labeling index of epidermal cells, a highly increased labeling index of dermal infiltrating cells, and a mild spongiosis, and in the stratum granulosum, a decreased number of tonofilaments and an increased number of keratinosomes. The horny layer in PRP showed a pronounced histochemical and electron microscopical parakeratosis, even when histological parakeratosis was absent. In contrast with psoriasis vulgaris, there was no exocytosis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes into the epidermis, the papillomatosis index was normal, and there were no tortuous capillaries in the dermal papillae. The stratum granulosum was always present and sometimes thickened, showing electron microscopical changes different from those referred to in psoriasis. These changes point to a relatively distinct pattern of epidermal changes in PRP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 275 (1983), S. 407-411 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Langerhans cell ; ATPase ; Ia-like antigen ; OKT6 ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 59 (1983), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Decompression sickness ; Brain ; Gas bubbles ; Blood-bubble interface ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were exposed to 6.1 bar (abs.) air for 90 min and subsequently decompressed to the ambient pressure. After a decompression rate of 6.8 bar/min pial veins and superior sagittal sinuses were found to contain gas bubbles; no intravascular bubbles were observed subsequent to a decompression rate of 1.5 bar/min. Under the electron microscope platelet aggregates were observed at both the electron-dense layer of the blood-bubble interface and in pial veins with no bubbles. It is concluded that during decompression sickness bubbles and both activation and aggregation of platelets occur in intracranial veins. Subsequent venous congestion may contribute to the neuronal lesions and symptoms of acute decompression sickness.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 59 (1983), S. 246-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Electron microscopy ; Terminal nerves ; Denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intrafusal and extrafusal nerve segments in muscle spindles from tumbricalis muscles of the hind-paw of the rat were studied by electron microscopy from 10h to 5 days after severance of the sciatic nerve. In several spindles examined, nerve fascicles piercing the spindle capsule in the equatorial region contained a large myelinated, a smaller myelinated and an unmyelinated fiber. Unmyelinated fibers were not present in small fascicles leading to the polar region. The changes in the extrafusal nerve segments followed the pattern of Wallerian degeneration. Intra-axonal glycogen deposits were prominent in sensory fibers. The unmyelinated fibers were the earliest to degenerate, the large myelinated ones the latest. Differences between motor and sensory fiber degeneration emerged in their preterminal intrafusal segments and were analogous to those of the nerve endings. Terminal nerve fibers in the spindle equator succumbed to attack of mesenchymal cells, leaving extensive basement membrane reduplications around myelin debris-laden Schwann cells, while polar fibers were engulfed by Schwann cell processes, leaving regular bands of Büngner.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Mesonephric duct ; Fetus ; Glycogen ; Human development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human mesonephric duct epithelial cells contained empty appearing regions in the infranuclear cytoplasm when prepared for transmission electron microscopy using glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation. The same regions stained positively with PAS in Epon sections for light microscopy suggesting that glycogen was present. Incubation with saliva abolished the reaction. For electron microscopy the glycogen stained very intensely if a mixture of osmium tetroxide and potassium ferrocyanide was used instead of osmium alone. Glycogen accumulations were present between the ages of 5 to 10 weeks and absent at the age of 15 weeks. Reports by others indicate that glycogen may be present in different reactive forms in relation to its staining behaviour after various fixatives. The present results, and similar studies in other tissues, indicate that osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide fixative should be used routinely for preservation of embryos and fetuses and where indicated, for ultrastructural identification of glycogen and cytoplasmic filaments in clinical specimens.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 59 (1983), S. 295-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Menkes' kinky hair disease ; Brain degeneration ; Mitochondrial abnormalities ; Distribution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of an autopsy case of Menkes' kinky hair disease (MKHD), after routine histological examination, was studied extensively by electron microscopy, particularly the mitochondrial alterations. There were widespread mitochondrial abnormalities, including enlargement with tubulo-vesiculated cristae, swelling, and dense body formation and occasional accumulation of glycogen within mitochondria, in addition to increased numbers of mitochondria in some neurons. These abnormalities of mitochondria were present in decreasing severity in the following: Purkinje cells, neurons of the molecular and granule cell layers of the cerebellum, and neurons of the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus, lateral nuclei of the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and the myelinated axons in the white matter. This distribution and the degree of mitochondrial abnormalities in the various structures of the brain were compared with those of degenerative lesions in the respective structures. The comparison disclosed that there was a positive correlation between the two. The mitochondrial enlargement and swelling as in the present study had been well documented in the brain of the brindled mouse; mitochondrial dense bodies had also been reported in previous case reports of MKHD by other authors. The present study strongly suggests that the mitochondrial disease is an essential abnormality and may be responsible for the progressive degeneration of the CNS in MKHD.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human sural nerve ; Electron microscopy ; Myelin sheath thickness ; Internodal length ; Node of Ranvier ; Organic solvents ; Glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and morphometric study was performed on sural nerve biopsies of four industrial spray painters (35–59 years) and 11 controls (6–64 years). No difference could be shown in spray painters and age-matched controls as to the number of myelinated nerve fibres per area, their size distribution, variation of internodal length along single nerve fibres or the ratio between the number of myelin lamellae and the axon circumference. There was marked scattering of the two latter parameters in older exposed and control individuals. The distribution of NADH2-tetrazolium reductase activity was similar in exposed and control cases. The general ultrastructural appearance of nodal-paranodal regions in controls conformed with that noted in experimental animals. The overall ultrastructural organization and age-related changes of nerves of exposed cases were similar to those of control cases except for a presence of paranodal axonal mitochondria which contained glycogen-like particles in exposed cases. In one exposed case abundant dispersed or clustered glycogen-like particles were seen in the paranodal axoplasm. These findings are suggested to be an effect of chronic exposure to organic solvent vapours. Ageing seems, however, to have a much greater impact on the morphology of the sural nerve fibre than occupational exposure to organic solvent.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano bodies ; Extraocular muscle ; Aging ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three rectus superior extraocular muscles from 23 autopsy cases, all over 60 years, were examined. Eosinophilic inclusions (Hirano bodies) were observed in all the muscles; they were stained deep red by Masson's trichrome stain and were positive for protein stain. They consisted of a collection of filamentous structures of two types: (1) a regular array of filaments 100 Å in diameter which sometimes were arrayed in perpendicular planes and (2) another type in a herring bone or ladder-like pattern. Both structures were closely associated with the accumulated thin filaments 50–60 Å in diameter (actin?) in the subsarcolemma. The frequent appearance in aged muscle fibers of Hirano bodies indicates that their formation is a change closely related with aging.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 61 (1983), S. 116-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Methylmercury ; Mitochondria ; Cerebral cortex ; Postnatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonatal rats received s.c. injections of methymercuric chloride (MeHg) in physiological saline (1.5 mg Hg/kg b.wt.) at 48-h intervals from postnatal day 2 to day 50. Littermate controls were injected with an equivalent volume of saline. All animals were perfused on day 51 and blocks of cerebral cortex were prepared for electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes in mitochondria were evident in the dendrites, axons and presynaptic terminals of cortical neurones in the MeHg-treated animals. Many mitochondria were condensed with an increased electron density of the inner matrix. Some profiles exhibited regressive alterations, including a disruption of cristae and the inner membrane with an accumulation of electron-opaque material in the matrix. Membranous whorls were found in association with the most degenerate mitochondria. A morphometric analysis of mitochondrial profiles in the neuropil of layer I revealed a 24% decrease in average profile area and a 16% increase in the number of profiles per micrograph in the MeHg-treated animals. These pathological changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure are consistent with an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The observed increase in the number of mitochondrial profiles may reflect a compensation by cortical neurons for the reduced efficiency of aerobic metabolism in the individual organelle.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Allomyces macrogynus ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzyme map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the aquatic phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus is a circular molecule with a size of 56.1 kbp. The cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes SalI and PvuI were mapped by comparing the partial denaturation patterns of isolated restriction fragments with the pattern of the intact circle. The genes coding for the small and large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were located on the restriction map by heteroduplex and R-loop analysis. The gene coding for the large rRNA contains an intervening sequence, app. 0.7 kbp in size, near the 3′-end of the gene. The two rRNA genes are encoded on the same strand of the mtDNA and separated by a region of 17–18 kbp. This rRNA gene organization is similar to that found with members of the Ascomycetes.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Toxicology ; Electron microscopy ; Endothelium ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With quantitative techniques at electron microscopical level chromatin condensation and emptying of the interchromatin space have been established in the nuclei of the endothelial cells of small uterine vessels. The nuclear and cytoplasmic changes after cadmium administration show much similarity between endothelial cells of small uterine vessels and cultured liver parenchymal cells. Cytoplasmic changes in both cell types after cadmium administration are suggestive of a disturbance in ribosomal RNA synthesis as the main cause leading to ultimate cell lysis.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 53 (1983), S. 151-163 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Fenofibrate ; Human liver ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Peroxisomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rodents fenofibrate shares with other triglyceride-lowering agents the potential to increase the liver peroxisome population. It was therefore of interest to look for this effect in hyperlipoproteinemic patients receiving this drug. Light and electron microscopy of liver biopsies from a group of 10 patients treated with fenofibrate and from another group of 15 receiving diet only, show no morphological difference between both groups. In contrast with the rodent data the morphometric study reveals no significant changes in the number (fenofibrate group: 7.96 1010 cm−3; group receiving diet alone: 8.41 1010 peroxisomes/cm3 of liver tissue) or in the size (fenofibrate group: Diameter=0.53±0.07 μm — group receiving diet alone: 0.50±0.06) of peroxisomes. The difference between our results and those obtained consistently in rodents may be due to the relatively low dose in man and/or a species-dependant difference in enzyme content of liver peroxisomes, itself related to an apparent difference in the way in which lipids are handled.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 275 (1983), S. 156-158 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Sarcoidosis ; Fcγ-receptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immune complexes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and rabbit IgG antibodies to HRP were used to study the Fcγ-receptors in granulomas of cutaneous sarcoidosis. Cryostat sections of skin biopsies were incubated with HRP-anti-HRP, and the peroxidase activity was demonstrated with 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and H2O2. Most cells in the granulomas, both epithelioid and giant cells, were stained. By electron microscopy, the reaction products were localized to the plasma membranes of the cells as well-defined granular deposits. No reaction product was demonstrated intra- or extracellularly.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Euglena mutabilis ; Flagellate ; Photomovement ; Photoreceptor ; Phototaxis ; Single-cell analysis ; Videomicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to the lack of an emergent flagellum the green flagellate Euglena mutabilis is restricted to gliding motility. During forward movement, the organisms orient positive phototactically in the presence of a suitable light stimulus. The cell contains both a stigma and a paraflagellar body which differ in shape and size from the organelles found in E. gracilis. The degree of orientation in white light follows an optimum curve with a maximum at about 100 lx. The spectral sensitivity shows a number of prominent peaks in the blue and green regions and extends well into the red region of the visible spectrum. Since the cell does not rotate during locomotion a periodic shading mechanism cannot account for phototactic orientation. Thus, phototaxis in the related species, E. gracilis and E. mutabilis differ in their photoreceptor molecules, their sensory transduction chains and their strategies of light direction detection.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthetic membranes ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis ; Thiocapsa pfennigii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic membranes of the five bchl b-containing bacteria Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, E. abdelmalekii, Rhodopseudomonas viridis, R. sulfoviridis and Thiocapsa pfennigii have been investigated by electron microscopy and digital image analysis. All five species have the photosynthetic complexes hexagonally arrayed in the membrane with lattice spacings close to 13 nm, except for R. sulfoviridis and T. pfennigii which display somewhat smaller (∼12.5 nm) lattice spacings. Correlation averaging which imposes less stringent requirements on the lattice perfection than conventional Fourier filtration techniques has been employed to elucidate the structure of the photosynthetic complexes. Their basic organization, i.e. a ring, probably containing the light-harvesting (LH) polypeptides, surrounding a core (the “reaction centre”) appears to be almost identical for all species under scrutiny. Despite a resolution of ∼1.6 nm, however, little further significant substructure can be deduced from the averages; possible reasons for the “blurred” appearance of the LH-ring and absence of any subdivision in the reaction centre are discussed along with strategies aimed at obtaining a more detailed model of the molecular architecture of the photosynthetic membranes.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Multiple myeloma-Plasma cell ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescent antibody technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of “nonsecretory” myeloma is described. The patient had typical osteolytic lesions and marked infiltration of myeloma cells in the bone marrow, and plasma cell leukemia. A good partial remission was obtained with Melphalan, but the patient relapsed and died one year later. Immunofluorescent and immunoelectroscopic studies on the myeloma cells demonstrated the presence of cytoplasmic γ-and κ-chains at the initial stage and of only κ-chains at a relapse. The electron microscopic method for polysome analysis indicated that both L-and H-chains were synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes initially, but the ability to produce H-chain was missing at the relapse.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 47 (1983), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ; Intracytoplasmic inclusions ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with cells containing two types of cytoplasmic inclusions is described. The inclusions appeared as glubular bodies containing electron dense material with homogenous structure and as crystalloid formations confined in organelles with structure similar to that of the surrounding mitochondria. In distinction to other reports, these structures were not related to the endoplasmic reticulum. The possibility that some of them represented altered mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; short-time staining ; nodular structure ; crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
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    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Small intestine ; Early ischemia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and chronology of an absolute ischemia was investigated on the small intestine of man and rat. It could be shown that the morphogenesis of ischemic damage to the intestinal mucosa in man does not differ from that in the rat. However, there are crucial and in therapeutic terms significant differences in the time course of the ischemic damage to the intestinal mucosa. Whereas in the small intestine of the rat, the first appreciable alterations — detachment and disruption of the lining epithelium at the villous tip — are already to be observed after absolute ischemia lasting 15 min, in the human small intestine the same lesions only occur after 4 h. A comparable complete necrosis of the small intestinal mucosa was detected in the rat after 7-h ischemia, and in man after 44-h ischemia.
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  • 28
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 105 (1983), S. 285-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Borderline lesion ; Severe dysplasia ; Gastric precancerosis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometric analysis ; Bleb formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The “borderline lesion” of the stomach (severe dysplasia of the protruded type) is nowadays considered to be a true precancerous lesion. Histologically, this lesion is characterized by a proliferation in the area of the glandular neck, combined with severe cellular atypia. Investigation by means of transmission electron microscopy reveals the structure of these cells to be very similar to the structure of cells of an intestinal-cell-type carcinoma of the stomach. In addition to signs for a loss of differentiation of the cells, such as the absence of rough-surfaced endoplasmatic reticulum, mucin granules, and of the polarity of the cells, remarkably frequently luminal bulges and “blebs” developed to various extents can be detected. Morphometric analysis is delineating the tendency of structural features of the borderline lesion to develop toward the gastric cancer cell. These irregularities might be expressions of the beginning of expansive growth and signs pointing to differentiation into malignant neoplasia.
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  • 29
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    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Adrenoleukodystrophy ; Cerebello-brainstem involvement ; Electron microscopy ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of adrenoleukodystrophy was studied morphologically and biochemically. The patient was a 28-year-old man with no family history of adrenoleukodystrophy. His neurologic symptoms were cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, pseudo-bulbar palsy, and a minimal visual disturbance, with neither adrenal nor hypogonadal symptoms. The morphological and biochemical findings in this case are identical with those in typical adrenoleukodystrophy, but the topographical distribution of the lesions is distinctly different. The changes selectively affect the white matter in the cerebellum and brain stem in contrast to minimal involvement of the occipital white matter.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Motor end-plates ; Abnormal differentiation of motor end-plates ; Arthrogryposis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The syndrome of arthrogryposis and palatoschisis (SAP), an inherited syndrome of muscular hypotonia in Charolais cattle, was used as an experimental model to study neuromuscular differentiation. The ultrastructural development of muscle, peripheral nerve, and neuromuscular junctions was studied to determine the sequence of events preceding hypotrophic changes in the skeletal muscles of affected calves at birth. Dorsiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints in the hindlimbs occurred in fetuses older than 3 months of age, but hypotrophic changes in skeletal muscle, manifested as small fibers scattered among larger and occasional degenerating fibers, was not apparent until late in gestation, affecting 8-month-old fetuses and neonatal calves. Electron microscope and enzyme histochemistry studies disclosed differentiation of skeletal muscle into fiber types which is consistent with changes expected from disuse and does not indicate a primary myopathic abnormality. Abnormal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), composed of several separated axonal endings terminating in shallow synaptic gutters, indicated impaired maturation of the synapse. The earliest indication of abnormal NMJ was observed in a 5-month-old SAP fetus. The clinical signs and pathologic changes found in the neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle of SAP fetuses are consistent with an embryologic defect occurring during development of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the integrated function of the motor neurons to the limbs. However, diversification of myofibers by histochemistry and ultrastructural parameters is evidence that the intrinsic physiologic properties of spinal motor neurons were retained.
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  • 31
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    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 14-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rathke's cleft cyst ; Craniopharyngioma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron-microscopical appearance of a Rathke's cleft cyst is described. The cyst lining is seen to consist predominantly of secretory columnar epithelium, both ciliated and non-ciliated. There are also epidermoid cells occurring singly or in squames. The histogenesis of Rathke's cleft cysts, in relation to craniopharyngiomas, is discussed.
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  • 32
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    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tuberous sclerosis ; Subependymal giant-cell tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissue from seven patients with tuberous sclerosis and subependymal giant-cell tumors was examined with special stains, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was not found in the giant cells of four tumors, but was present in some tumor cells in the other three. Immunoreactive S-100 protein was present in tumor cells of six cases; it was also seen in more tumor cells than was GFAP. Electron microscopy was similar in all cases and showed that the tumor cells had numerous organelles — many dense bodies thought to be primary lysosomes, swollen mitochondria, Golgi complexes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and sparsely distributed intermeadiate filaments. In one case, neurosecretory granules, microvilli, and synapses were observed. In another subject, prominent, thick bundles of glial filaments were seen. These findings suggest that the tumor is made up of unique cells in addition to cells with recognizable neuronal or astrocytic features.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 230 (1983), S. 639-648 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic autonomic nerves ; Quinacrine ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Anococcygeus muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological changes induced in the autonomic nerves of the rat anococcygeus muscle after the injection of quinacrine (QC, 100 or 200 mg/kg) were examined by electron microscopy in order to clarify the nature of QC-binding nerves seen at the fluorescence-microscopic level. A correspondence between granular QC fluorescence and many lysosomal dense bodies is observed both in the cytoplasm of muscle cells and in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) axons during the first few days following injection. A number of brilliantly fluorescent fibres is observed 1 week after injection. At the ultrastructural level, these fibres seem to correlate with NANC axons which are crowded with many dense bodies and large granular vesicles. Notably, some lysosomal dense bodies contain many large granular vesicles. The effects of QC injection on the ultrastructure of adrenergic axons have also been observed, but are not so marked as in the NANC axons. The administration of QC did not cause complete degeneration of the NANC nerves, though degenerating axons were sometimes observed. The present data indicate that most, if not all, QC-binding nerves observed at the fluorescence-microscopic level correspond to NANC nerves at the electron-microscopic level. Furthermore, NANC axons appear to contain a considerable amount of ATP concentrated in the large granular vesicles.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Satellite cells ; Skeletal muscle ; Snake-venom toxin ; Muscle regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Satellite cells were studied in the undamaged part of the rat soleus muscle rendered partially necrotic by a subcutaneous injection of notexin, the myotoxic toxin purified from the venom of the Australian snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. Nuclei of satellite cells were twice as numerous as in the controls, with a decreasing gradient in the number of satellite cells with distance from the necrotic area. The cells were in an activated state with an increased cytoplasmic volume and prominent organelles. Occasionally, mitosis of some satellite cells was observed. Between the satellite cell and the muscle fibre, an unusually wide space was frequently seen, within which a “new” basal lamina was often visible. It is suggested that the role of the satellite cells of undamaged muscle fibres in the regeneration of necrotic muscle is worthy of more detailed investigation.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Digestion ; Membrane flow ; Electron microscopy ; Sarcodina ; Actinophrys sol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The digestion of food in the heliozoonActinophrys sol is characterized by several distinct membrane events. Initially, extrusomes expand and fuse with each other and with the plasma membrane providing the membrane for the nascent food vacuole. During this process a—presumably lytic—material is secreted. After complete forming of the food vacuole a second type of vesicles fuses with it, whereupon usually lysis of the prey occurs. After denaturation and coagulation of the food, fluid is removed from the food vacuole. This process is accompanied by a high cytotic activity around the periphery of the food vacuole. Following this step, the perinuclear Golgi region shows an active appearance and numerous lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole. In consequence of this the food is degradated. The food vacuole shrinks continuously. Simultaneously vesicles filled with the digested material pinch off from the food vacuole, the content of which shows a more and more condensed mass of undigestible material. The undigestible residues are defecated eventually. The process of digestion is accompanied by an increase in volume and number of electron lucent cytoplasmic vacuoles. These vacuoles gradually become filled with a filamentous material starting with the vacuoles in the cell periphery. As the digestion continues, the vacuolar contents become condensed successively. Synchroneously the vacuoles move towards the cell center. After completion of the digestion, the cytoplasmic vacuoles decrease in volume and number and do not show any longer electron dense contents.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacterium ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracmres ; Thylakoid degradation ; Ultrathin-sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Photooxidative bleaching of the CyanobacteriumAnacystis nidulans was studied by electron microscopic investigation of both freezefractured and thin-sectioned samples. During bleaching four consecutive phases in degradation of photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) could be characterized: 1. No ultrastructural changes until photosystem II activity is lost. 2. Derangement of characteristic arrangement of thylakoids. 3. Thylakoids visible only in thin-sectioned but not in freeze-fractured samples. 4. Completely bleached cells, only traces in place of former thylakoids visible in thinsectioned samples. Bleaching did not cause lysis of the cells showing that the cytoplasmic membrane was not damaged. Polyhedral bodies also were still detectable in bleached cells.
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  • 37
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chromosome isolation ; Electron microscopy ; Vicia faba ; Vicia narbonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using a formalin fixation technique whole chromosomes from root tips ofVicia species were isolated into a buffer solution. Combining this technique with the use of a set of reciprocal translocations available for this species—Vicia faba— allowed each member of the karyotype to be isolated and identified. Such isolated chromosomes can be used for optical microscopy or for either transmission or scanning electron microscopy where critical point drying clearly reveals chromatin fibre.
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  • 38
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Parapharyngeal mass ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microprobe X-ray analysis ; Ciliate ; Homalozoon vermiculare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and elemental composition of the granules which make up the parapharyngeal mass of the ciliateHomalozoon vermiculare are analyzed. The mass is made up of two kinds of granules. One is not membrane-bounded and is composed of paraglycogen. The second type is comprised of concentric lamellae. It is rich in magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. These results do not support the contention that the granules are directly involved in the process of food vacuole formation. The role of the parapharyngeal mass remains obscure.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell walls ; Electron microscopy ; Moisture ; Plastic embedding ; Seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aqueous fixatives caused dry seed tissues to swell; mashed peanuts, crushed to remove oil, swelled even more. Use of anhydrous, organic solvents as vehicles for fixatives enabled maintenance of dimensional stability during fixation of dry seed tissues; even crushed seed tissue did not swell significantly when processed anhydrously. However, anhydrously processed specimens proved difficult to section. The difficulty was due to imperfect permeation of plastic into the seed tissues during embedding. An explanation of why anhydrously processed dry seed tissues are so difficult to embed in plastic is offered.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement-membrane production ; Mouse embryos ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mouse embryos (strain NMRI) of days 9 + 2h, 9 + 12h, 10 + 2h, 10 + 12h, 11 + 2h, 12 + 2h, 13 + 2h, and 14 + 2h were fixed (i) in 3% glutaraldehyde +3% paraformaldehyde, (ii) in 1% glutaraldehyde +1% tannic acid, or (iii) in 1% glutaraldehyde +1.5% ruthenium red. The electronmicroscopic picture of the basement membrane (BM) changed depending on the fixative used. Addition of tannic acid led to a higher staining intensity of glycoproteins, whereas after ruthenium red proteoglycans were more heavily stained. The BM around the neural tube and around the epithelial tubules in the lung anlage were investigated electron microscopically. After fusion, the BM in the dorsal regions of the neural tube is missing; on days 9–10 it is, however, reformed. Between days 11 and 13 wide gaps in the BM of the lung anlage occur at the growth buds of the epithelial tubes, which are bridged on late day 13. In the basal parts of these two epithelial types membrane-bordered granules of different density occur singly or in groups. It is postulated that these structures contain BM-material and represent secretion granules. After secretion, BM-material is first bound to the cell membrane. This process is important for the initiation of the formation of the BM. Further growth, however, proceeds via lateral aggregation (self-assembly). Thus, intercellular gaps are bridged independent of the cell membrane. The process of lateral aggregation may also explain deviations from the normal course of the BM.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hamsters ; Harderian glands ; Short photoperiod ; Sexual dimorphism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sexual dimorphism of the hamster Harderian gland at the ultrastructural level, has been reported. Castration of males and the administration of testosterone to females are known to alter the male type gland to the female type and vice versa. In this paper we present data that exposure to a short photoperiod (1L:23D) can induce similar structural alterations between the 4th and 10th week of exposure. Changes in the male included reduction in the number of tubular clusters and large vacuoles, while in the female the number of membrane formations decreased with an accompanying appearance of tubular clusters.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Innervation ; Decentralisation ; Hypogastric nerve ; Pharmacology ; Electron microscopy ; Vas deferens ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The physiological, pharmacological and morphological characteristics of guinea-pig vas deferens supplied by hypogastric nerves rendered inactive by decentralisation were compared with those of vas deferens in which the nerve supply had been chronically stimulated for 3–9 days using implanted electrodes. No change was seen in decentralised preparations prior to 7 days, but from 8–15 days, increased sensitivity to application of noradrenaline in vitro was observed, which was shown to be related to reduced transmitter uptake by nerve terminals as well as to an increase in postjunctional sensitivity; there was also increased fatigability 7–14 days following decentralisation. Continuous stimulation of hypogastric nerves at 2 Hz for 4–8 h daily for 4–8 days resulted in enhanced transmitter uptake and reduced responses to noradrenaline; this was associated with a slight increase in noradrenaline content and a faster adrenergic neuromuscular response with a shorter latency. No appreciable changes in nerve or muscle structure studied by electron microscopy were observed following decentralisation, but there was an increase of between 12.5 and 29.6% in the number of close (〈 100 nm) neuromuscular junctions following chronic stimulation for 8 days.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 433-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (rat) ; Heterophil granulocyte ; Granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the heterophil granulocyte in the bone marrow of the rat is described, and an electron-microscopical analysis of the changes in the cytoplasm as well as in the granule population in several stages of maturation is reported. Three types of granule originate in consecutive stages of heterophil maturation. Granules with an internal fine structure (nucleated granules) are the first to be formed, i.e., in early promyelocytes; azurophil granules are formed in late promyelocytes; and specific granules appear in myelocytes. Quantitative analysis showed that the granule population in mature cells, i.e., about 160 granules per electron micrograph, is composed of roughly 14% nucleated granules, 10% azurophil granules, and 76% specific granules. Three cell stages were observed in mitosis: the early promyelocyte, the late promyelocyte, and the myelocyte. Granule counts in non-dividing cells confirmed the occurrence of mitosis in the late promyelocyte and myelocyte.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 489-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Myocyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac muscle cells from 3-day-old rat neonates were cultured for periods of 2 to 56 days. In order to facilitate ultrastructural studies on the organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the cells were prepared for transmission electron microscopy according to a regimen including postfixation in reduced osmium ferrocyanide. The nonjunctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (NJSR) was organized as a loose, fenestrated sleeve around the exterior of bundles of myofilaments and was particularly prominent at the level of the Z line. The only recognizable junctional elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were in a peripheral location. Reduced osmium ferrocyanide was also useful in distinguishing intermediate (10nm) filaments, since it understained Z substance, which often obscured these structures. Intermediate filaments were arranged both at the Z line and the intercalated disc, in parallel strands, approximately at right angles to the myofilaments.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF ; immunolabelling ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing perikarya and neural processes were detected at ultrastructural level in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and in the median eminence of control and colchicine-pretreated rats. The unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) immunohistochemical method was used in a pre-embedding manner, on thick, non-frozen sections. In CRF-perikarya, neurosecretory granules (80–120 nm in diameter), free ribosomes, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were labelled. Unlabelled axon terminals formed asymmetric synapses on CRF-containing perikarya and dendrites. Immunolabelled axons terminated in the palisadic zone of the median eminence.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Anura ; Stomach ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The young of the aquatic Australian frog, Rheobatrachus silus (Leptodactylidae) develop from eggs to juvenile frogs in the mother's stomach. During brooding the stomach expands greatly and becomes very thin walled. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the distension of the stomach was accompanied by a severe disruption of the smooth muscle layers. Many of the smooth muscle cells seemed to be highly contracted and resembled smooth muscle cells contracted in the absence of an intact connective tissue matrix. Eight days after the birth of the juveniles through the mouth of the female, the stomach muscle cells had returned to a normal appearance. It is suggested that during gastric incubation of the young, smooth muscle cells become at least partially dissociated from their surrounding connective tissue matrix, allowing maximal distension of the stomach wall.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 579-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rods ; Cones ; Retina ; Bullfrog ; Synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lumps of electron-dense material were observed in synaptic clefts associated with all types of photoreceptors, in the vicinity of the synaptic ribbons, in the retinae of dark-adapted frogs. Frogs were reared under a cyclic illumination (light on at 8:00; light off at 20:00) and then exposed to one of two courses of dark adaptation: one started from 11:00 in the morning, and the other started from 20:00 in the evening. The synaptic clefts of red rods became wider at some places where spherical or polygonal lumps of dense material were accumulated. The frequency and sectional area of the lumps increased faster for the first hour in the regime starting from 20:00 than in the regime starting from 11:00, then they reached the similar saturation levels of about 0.6 (per ribbon) and 1.6 to 1.8×104 (nm2) in both the regimes. In greenrod synapses, plate-shaped lumps of dense material were present in synaptic clefts and interspaces between the processes of second-order neurons. In cone synapses at the end of about 1 h darkness, the frequency and area of the lumps reached maximum values of about 0.12 (per ribbon) and 9×103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 11:00 and, about 0.08 (per ribbon) and 4 × 103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 20:00. On exposure to light, the dense material abruptly disappeared from all types of photoreceptor synaptic clefts. Large dense-core vesicles, occasionally observed in light-adapted rod photoreceptor terminals, seem to participate in exocytosis of the dense material. The number of dense-core vesicles per synaptic ribbon in a terminal was about 0.55 at the end of 3 h light in the morning and about 1.28 at the end of 12 h light in the evening. The increased number of dense-core vesicles during the daytime may contribute to the faster accumulation of dense material in the synaptic clefts. Although the chemical identification or the functional significance of the electron-dense material remains unknown, it is interesting that this material showed a rise and fall in response to darkness and illumination. Also the fact that this material is clearly visible will be helpful for future analysis of frog photoreceptor synapses.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Insect ; Microvilli ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double plasma membrane (DPM) surrounding intestinal microvilli of the migratory milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is described. Mutant and wild types of the phytophagous insect have been studied by conventional SEM and TEM procedures with the use of membrane-enhancing staining methods. Longitudinal and transverse sections revealed a DPM surrounding microvilli and continuing over the apical portions of the intestinal cell. The outer membrane of the DPM contributes to an intestinal lining or peritrophic membrane (PTM), which apparently accumulates in layers. SEM studies reveal a rugose intestinal surface and complete PTM in both starved and fed insects. Only rarely are exposed microvilli seen by SEM. SEM examinations also enable the observation of numerous blebs on the luminal side of the PTM apparently held in position by a neck-like attachment and apparently derived from the outer membrane of the DPM. Preliminary TEM studies of microvilli revealed unique microvesicle-like structures, lying just inside the inner membrane of the DPM, which may be of membrane origin based on their typical trilaminar appearance after en bloc staining with uranyl acetate. Highly ordered microfilaments were observed to occupy the most central aspect of the microvilli.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin-containing neurons, identified by immunocytochemistry, are located predominantly in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. By electron microscopy, the immunoreaction product is seen within the cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the perikarya and dendritic processes, the immunoreactive material is associated primarily with neurosecretory granules. Axonal processes, identified by their content of microtubules and accumulation of neurosecretory granules, show the immunoreaction product in association with both of these organelles. Afferent axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and putative axo-axonic synapses with immunostained vasopressinergic neurons can be identified. The presynaptic profiles do not contain immunoreactive material. This study contributes to the ultrastructural characterization of vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and of their afferent synaptic input.
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  • 50
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary element method as it applies to two-dimensional elastostatic problems is implemented with quadratic variation in boundary variables and geometry. Additional parameters are associated with nodes at segment intersections to allow for discontinuous tractions. Supplementary equations consistent with linear elasticity are used to augment the regular boundary integral equations for certain mixed and displacement boundary conditions. Zoning or subregionalization capabilities are included to provide solutions to piecewise nonhomogeneous problems or problems on regions of irregular shape. Example problems are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the application of successive block overrelaxation methods to obtain the deflection of a skew plate are compared, although the techniques herein are applicable to a wider range of problems. An algorithm for the direct solution of the submatrices comprising the two-line blocks of the skew grid is presented and the results are compared with the block (line and peripheral) overrelaxation methods.
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  • 52
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Treatment of the finite element method for an unbounded field problem was proposed by McDonald and Wexler in 1972. Their method is superior to others, because it can exclude the singularities of Green's functions. This paper explains the treatment of the method in our 1979 letter which had some revisions of McDonald and Wexler's and calculated the time-harmonic field problems. Examples presented are electromagnetic fields of two-dimensional tapers which are open-ended. Electromagnetic waves propagate in the taper and radiate from the taper to free space. In this case, the exact solutions for radiation from tapers are not available because of the complicated shape, and so the finite element method is useful in solving these problems. Electromagnetic fields of tapers involving dielectric slabs are also calculated as examples of inhomogeneous problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 257-269 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Procedures for smoothing experimentally determined displacement fields are presented such that dynamic, non-steady-state metalworking processes can be analysed using the visioplasticity method. The procedure establishes a rectangular grid in which strain, strain rate and stress values may optionally be obtained at all points on the grid. The condition of material continuity is automatically satisfied by constraints during polynomial smoothing in position and time, using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization technique. Examples are given of quasi-static and dynamic plane strain upsetting operations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 293-303 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: By using the finite element technique, stress intensity factors have been obtained for finite rectangular plates and the results have been given for various h/a, W/a and L/W ratios. By using a three-dimensional isoparametric element, the problem has been considered as a three-dimensional one and the variation of stress intensity factor across the plate thickness has been found to be nonlinear.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 185-215 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is well known that one way to treat nonlinear periodic dynamical systems governed by ordinary differential equations is to find first the corresponding point mappings. This approach has many advantages but it has a main obstacle in that it is difficult to obtain the exact mapping except in very special cases. Presented in this paper is a procedure which allows us to determine the point mapping in a polynomial form up to any specific degree of accuracy. The procedure when applied to linear periodic systems reduces to the one proposed by Friedmann et al.22 After presenting the algorithm for finding the point mappings, the method is applied to several problems in order to study the dynamical properties of the systems and to demonstrate the usefulness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 281-291 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The inclusion principle provides a qualitative characterization of the eigenvalues of a matrix. The principle has been shown to apply to systems described by a single Hermitian matrix, the most important of which being the real symmetric matrix. Self-adjoint distributed systems, when discretized by either the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method or by the finite element method, lead to algebraic eigenvalue problems described in terms of two real symmetric matrices. The algebraic eigenvalues problem derived by the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method possesses the embedding feature required by the inclusion principle, but that derived by the finite element method in general does not. This paper demonstrates that the inclusion principle can be extended to discretized systems derived by the hierarchical finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 310-310 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 581-615 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a geometrically nonlinear formulation using total lagrangian approach for the three-dimensional curved shell elements. The basic element geometry is constructed using the coordinates of the middle surface nodes and the mid-surface nodal point normals. The element displacement field is described using three translations of the mid-surface nodes and the two rotations about the local axes. The existing shell element formulations are restricted to small nodal rotations between two successive load increments. The element formulation presented here removes such restrictions. This is accomplished by retaining nonlinear nodal rotation terms in the definition of the displacement field and the consistent derivation of the element properties. The formulation presented here is very general and yet can be made specific by selecting proper nonlinear functions representing the effects of nodal rotations. The element properties are derived and presented in detail. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the behaviour and the accuracy of the elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 393-404 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new, improved infinite element based on mapping is proposed for modelling unbounded domain problems. Mapping has previously been used in such problems, not only for the entire domain, but also for the infinite element itself. The novelty of the present approach is the simplicity of the mapping, and the retention of standard integration abscissae and weights. The implementation of these elements is very straightforward, and they are ideally suited for the analysis of infinite domain static problems in two and three dimensions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 647-664 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A Fortran computer program is described which calculates physical quantities for a class of shell triangular elements undergoing inextensional bending. These elements are in quadratic parametric representation and may have positive, zero or negative Gaussian curvature.The exact inextensional bending solutions for the rectangular displacement components are cubic in the surface co-ordinates and the curvature changes are relatively slowly varying.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 757-764 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An algorithm based on a new formulation of problem is used in generating the co-ordinates of the meridian of the drop-shaped tank. The stresses and moments of this form, due to the varying hydrostatic pressure head, are obtained by a finite element simulation and the usefulness of this approach is assessed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 451-465 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper we extend predictor-corrector methods, commonly used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (o.d.e.s), to parabolic partial differential equations (p.d.e.s), typically of the form ut = auxx + ƒ(u, ux, x, t).We describe linear multistep methods for p.d.e.s, the nonlinear algebraic equations arising from implicit formulae being solved using a corrector analogous to those used for o.d.e.s. A sufficient condition for convergence of the iteration is then derived and is found, in most cases, to be far less restrictive than that obtained from the usual method of lines approach. Numerical results are presented to investigate the necessity of this condition. They also indicate that we can accelerate convergence by reducing the time increment. This allows us to achieve convergence within a prescribed number of iterations and so to construct PCm methods corresponding to P(EC)m methods for o.d.e.s. Numerical results are also given to test the absolute stability of the Crank-Nicolson corrector for various predictors P, and iterations, m.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 505-520 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is shown in this paper that non-conforming finite elements on the triangle using second-degree polynomials can be easily built and used. Indeed they appear as an ‘enriched’ version of the standard piecewise quadratic six-node element. This work is divided into two parts. In the first we present the basic properties of the element, namely how it can be built and basic error estimates. We also show that this element exhibits a very peculiar regularity property. In the second part we apply our element to the approximation of viscous incompressible flows and more generally to the approximation of incompressible materials.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 623-624 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 665-709 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A number of numerical methods for mildly nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems on general domains is presented. The discretization procedures considered are: a fourth-order FFT-type method, collocation using Hermite bicubic splines and Galerkin with linear triangular as well as quadratic quadrilateral isoparametric elements. The linearized collocation and Galerkin equations are solved by various direct methods available in the ELLPACK system. A comparative study of the above equation solvers is presented for different domain geometries and compilers. The evaluation of software for the general mildly nonlinear elliptic equations is performed over 36 instances from a population of 16 parametrized problems with ‘real world’ and ‘mathematical’ behaviour. The performance data suggests that collocation is an effective method for such general problems, while Galerkin with quadratic quadrilateral isoparametric elements is uniformly superior to the one with linear elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 739-755 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Stable difference schemes that approximate partial differential equations to any desired order are generated by means of power series. The method is demonstrated on the one-dimensional heat equation and the stability is studied in detail. Stability analyses are then presented for parabolic linear equations with constant coefficients. A nonlinear example is presented which indicates the efficiency of the higher ordered schemes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 772-784 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) algorithm for multivariable unconstrained nonlinear function minimization is implemented on a desk microcomputer - the Hindustan Computers MICRO-2200 - with a floppy disk memory extension peripheral. The program is developed using the programming keys of the system. The program is closely based on FMFP, a well-known FORTRAN subroutine of the algorithm. Among the exercises performed are two standard nonlinear programming (NLP) test problems, namely the Rosenbrock and Wood function minimization and two SUMT (Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique) illustration problems in structural optimization, i.e. two-bar and three-bar truss weight minimization examples. Experience bears out the potential of desk calculating systems as tools in nonlinear programming algorithm research. Also, the small-scale structural optimization capability afforded by such systems is expected to be of significance in teaching and preliminary design contexts.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 831-840 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A clearer understanding of the problems associated with reduced integration and optimum integration schemes for the development of Mindlin plate elements is presented. It is shown that an optimal selective integration rule can be found for the 4-node quadrilateral plate bending element which requires 2 × 2 Gaussian integration for bending energy and 1 × 2 and 2 × 1 rules for the shear energy terms from (θx - w,x) and (θy - w,y), respectively. This will give an element of correct rank, without any zero energy mechanisms and without shear locking in the thin plate limit, and better performance in moderately thick situations than the currently available 4-node quadrilaterals using one-point shear integration or modified one-point shear integration due to Hughes et al. The effects of arbitrary orientation of the grid and the non-rectangular form of element are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 873-889 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A decomposition procedure is proposed in this paper for solving a class of large-scale optimum design problems for perfectly-plastic structures under several alternative loading conditions. The conventional finite element method is used to cast the problem into a finite dimensional constrained nonlinear programming problem. Structures of practically meaningful size and complexity tend to give rise to a large number of variables and constraints in the corresponding mathematical model. The difficulty is that the state-of-the-art mathematical programming theory does not provide reliable and efficient ways of solving large-scale constrained nonlinear programming problems. The natural idea to deal with the large-scale structural problem is somehow to decompose the problem into a collection of small-size problems each of which represents an analysis of the behaviour of each finite element under a single loading condition. This paper proposes one such way of decomposition based on duality theory and a recently developed iterative algorithm called the proximal point algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 949-949 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 1871-1880 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The heating (or cooling) of the rock adjacent to water flowing through a crevice is of interest in certain geothermal studies. For many purposes, only the rock temperature at the rock-water interface is needed. The fact that the convective heat transfer coefficient is a function of time in the case of unsteady flow takes this problem out of the strictly classical domain.Several methods of solution are described. An approach in which the heat equation is solved, under appropriate side conditions, by standard finite difference techniques is shown to be satisfactory but rather wasteful because much unneeded information concerning internal rock temperatures must be obtained. Several integral equations of Volterra type are derived that provide the temperature only at the interface. Two numerical approaches to their solution are described: one quite classical and only partially effective; the other an apparently new algorithm that is fast and efficient. Analytical upper and lower bounds on the temperature are obtained and serve to demonstrate that this numerical device is also very accurate.The algorithm is applicable to a wide class of Volterra integral equations of the second kind. A brief discussion of the possible future uses of this scheme and the need for additional research is given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 73-91 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this study, three boundary element method approaches are compared by solving a typical problem in linear elastodynamics. The first approach formulates and solves the problem in the real time domain in conjunction with a time-stepping algorithm. The other two approaches formulate and solve the problem in the Laplace and the Fourier transformed domains, which necessitates a numerical inversion of the results to the time domain. The results obtained compare favourably with available analytic solutions. A detailed tabulation of the computer time and memory requirements of each approach is presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 341-353 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An analysis of the stability and oscillation properties of upwind finite element methods for convection-diffusion is given and used to develop a variable upwinding formulation. This formulation is particularly well suited to problems with nonconstant coefficients, nonlinearity or non-uniform meshes. We present the theoretical analysis and numerical studies for a standard steady-state and transient model one-dimensional convection-diffusion problem. The variable upwind strategy can also be used to significant advantage in conjunction with adaptive mesh refinement. Numerical results for the steady-state case in which convection dominates and the mesh is adaptively refined into a boundary layer confirm the efficacy of the scheme.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 237-255 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A shear-flexible finite element is employed to investigate the transient response of isotropic, orthotropic and layered anisotropic composite plates. Numerical convergence and stability of the element is established using Newmark's direct integration technique. Numerical results for deflections and stresses are presented for rectangular plates under various boundary conditions and loadings. The parametric effects of the time step, finite element mesh, lamination scheme and orthotropy on the transient response are investigated. The present results agree very closely with the results available in the literature for isotropic plates, and the results for composite plates should serve as bench marks for future comparisons by other investigators.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 305-309 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 311-311 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 355-371 
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    Notes: This paper contains numerical considerations on, and the results of the problem of a fluid filtering through a porous, isotropic, homogeneous, three-dimensional dam with variable cross-section. The numerical solution is obtained by the finite element method using cylindrical elements that exactly match the curved part of the boundary.Furthermore, a lower and an upper numerical enclosure of the free boundary are considered, together with a description of the procedure of calculations performed by an IBM 370/158 computer.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 421-430 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new technique for the solution of singular integral equations is proposed, where the unknown function may have a particular singular behaviour, different from the one defined by the dominant part of the singular integral equation. In this case the integral equation may be discretized by two different quadratures defined in such a way that the collocation points of the one correspond to the integration points of the other. In this manner the system is reduced to a n × n system of discrete equations and the method preserves, for the same number of equations, the same polynomial accuracy. The main advantage of the method is that it can proceed without using special collocation points. This new technique was tested in a series of typical examples and yielded results which are in good agreement with already existing solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 479-493 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A uniform linearly elastic beam element with non-coinciding centres of geometry, shear and mass is studied under stationary harmonic end excitation. The Euler-Bernoulli-Saint Venant theory is applied. Thus the effect of warping is not taken into account. The frequency-dependent 12 × 12 element stiffness matrix is established by use of an exact method. The translational and rotational displacement functions are represented as sums (real) of complex exponential terms where the complex exponents are numerically found. Built-up structures containing beam elements of the described type can be analysed with ease and certainty using existing library subroutines.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 567-580 
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    Notes: The implementation of a combined boundary element-finite element analysis capability is discussed. A comparison is then made between the finite element, boundary element and coupled method as applied to unbounded problems in elasticity and plasticity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 521-539 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An elasto-plastic analysis of thin plates and shells by means of the finite element displacement method is considered for anisotropic materials, using the Semiloof curved shell element. The elasto-plastic analysis is based on the Huber-Mises yield criterion extended by Hill for anisotropic materials. The yield function is generalized by introducing anisotropic parameters of plasticity which are updated during the material strain hardening history.Numerical examples are presented and compared with available solutions. The effects of anisotropy on these solutions are also discussed. The practical problem of an aerofoil blade is also considered and some results presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 617-622 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An algorithm to generate universal matrices for plane triangular finite elements for the general ‘quasi-harmonic’ equation is presented. For every member of the triangle family three numerical universal matrices are obtained which are independent of the size, shape and ‘material’ properties of the element. Of these, two are basic and the third can be generated from one of these two. The element ‘stiffness’ matrix is conveniently generated by manipulating these two basic matrices taking into account the size, shape and material properties of the element in a simple manner.
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  • 88
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 711-724 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of differential quadrature is demonstrated by solving the two-dimensional Poisson equation. The results for three test problems are compared with the exact analytical solutions and the numerical solutions obtained by others for the Galerkin, the control-volume and the five-point finite difference methods. The method of differential quadrature leads to more accurate results for comparable levels of computational effort.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 765-771 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 785-788 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 811-824 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A nonlinear, large deflection, elasto-plastic finite element code (EPSA) has been developed for the analysis of shells in an acoustic medium subjected to dynamic loadings. The nonlinear equations of shells are discretized with the aid of a finite difference/finite element method based upon the principle of virtual work. The resulting system of equations contains the nodal displacements as the generalized co-ordinates of the problem. The integration in time of the equations of motion is done explicitly via a central difference scheme.Shell strain-displacement relations are established by a two-dimensional finite difference scheme. The shell constitutive equations are formulated in terms of the shell stress resultants and the shell strains and curvatures. The fluid-structure interaction is accounted for by means of the doubly asymptotic approximation (DAA) expressed in terms of orthogonal fluid expansion functions. The analytically produced results satisfactorily reproduce available experimental data for dynamically loaded shells.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 913-927 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this publication we present a new infinite element and discuss a formula for numerical quadrature over infinite regions. Both the element and the formula are based on the properties of a set of orthonormal functions, obtained by mapping the Legendre polynomials on the infinite interval. The element can represent any (physical) function over the entire infinite region, and the formula can integrate most integrands over the infinite interval. They are thus very convenient for implementation in a general computer program, which could then be used to solve different problems with no restrictions concerning the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions or the form of integrands to be integrated over the infinite interval. However, the element and the formula will perform at their best when used in conjunction, and for problems of electrostatic, magnetostatic, etc., potential.The formula was compared with other existing formulae and found to be either superior or satisfactory in practically all cases, as shown by the results of many numerical experiments.Expressions of shape functions are given for the element. A test problem was solved using the element and the formula, and the results are shown to be more accurate than those obtained when solving the same problem using infinite elements with exponential decay and Gauss-Laguerre numerical quadrature.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 93
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. i 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 17-26 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple two-step corrective technique is presented in this paper for evaluating stress intensity factors in crack problems. In the first step an approximate evaluation of the stress intensity factor was made by considering the cracked plate to be of infinite size. The stresses of the problem were relaxed by the stresses of the infinite body which corresponds to the approximate value of the stress intensity factor. The expected discrepancy in the value of SIF by the infinite plate approximation was corrected in the second step where the existing residual stresses are equilibrated at the cracked plate by using any of the conventional finite element techniques and the corrective value of the stress intensity factor is calculated by using an appropriate collocation formula. The method was applied to three typical plane problems of cracked plates with satisfactory results.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 431-449 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A uniform linear beam in a uniform linear ambient medium is studied. The beam performs stationary harmonic damped nonsynchronous space vibration in simultaneous tension, torsion, bending and shear in the presence of a large static axial load. Hysteretic and viscous dampings of the beam material and ambient medium are considered. Generalized complex Koloušek functions are derived. A 12 × 12 complex symmetric stiffness matrix is established for a supported beam member excited at its ends by prescribed harmonic translations and rotations which have the same frequency but may be out of phase. This matrix allows for an exact analysis of nonproportionally damped built-up beam structures, thus avoiding assumed mode shapes and lumped or consistent masses. A general notation is suggested. Numerical examples are given, including applications of the computer program SFVIBAT-DAMP.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 468-472 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 467-468 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 803-810 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Universal serendipity elements (USE) are defined as isoparametric elements having linear, quadratic and cubic node configurations at their edges in an arbitrary manner. Formulation of shape functions and their derivatives for USE is presented. A computer algorithm which allows the efficient application of USE is explained. Only corner nodes are kept transparent to the user. Changing the order of USE is fully automated. It is concluded that the USE concept allows interactive mesh refinement in an efficient manner and eliminates the difficulties encountered in the use of higher order isoparametric serendipity elements.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is proposed for the approximate evaluation of normal displacements and normal stresses on the plane of two coplanar cracks located inside an infinite isotropic elastic solid and subjected to normal internal pressure. The formulation results in a single integral equation for the unknown normal stresses on the plane of the cracks. Numerical results are given for the stress intensity factor KI of two coplanar circular cracks and two coplanar elliptical cracks opened up under a uniform internal pressure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 93-112 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for solving finite dimensional structural optimization problems with constraints on natural frequency and on buckling is formulated. The method treats nondifferentiable repeated eigenvalues that have been shown to systematically arise in structural optimization. Recent results on differentiability of eigenvalues are used to develop a generalized gradient projection method for structural optimization. The algorithm is shown to overcome technical difficulties associated with nondifferentiability of repeated eigenvalues. The method is used to solve buckling and vibration optimization problems in which repeated eigenvalues occur.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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