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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The blood vessels of the cat girdle placenta. Observations on corosion casts, scanning electron microscopical and histological studies (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 209-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Fetal microvasculature ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fetal microvascular architecture of the feline near-term placenta was investigated using scanning electron micrographs of partially fractured corrosion casts from plastic-filled vessels. The findings were compared with those on corresponding semithin histological sections. The branches of both umbilical arteries and veins roughly follow a course parallel to the zonary girdle on the allantochorionic side of the feline placenta in an acute-angled pattern of ramifications. They join the double-layered capilary networks in the chorionic lamellae of the labyrinth, which generally exhibit a chorio-uterine orientation and are partially twirled. On the allantochorionic side of the labyrinth, these fetal capillary networks are “suspended” on the maternal stem-artery-system of the placenta; on the uterine side, they have peduncular or tuft-like endings of capillary loops and are flattened by the uterine septa, which at this level converge into the maternal veins. The chorionic capillary lamellae have a variable breadth and length and therefore need shorter or longer arterioles and venules from the allantochorionic side to become irrigated at any level of the labyrinth. As a result, the feline placenta is characterized by a generally one-way crosscurrent type of materno-fetal blood flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319006
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An anatomical study of the projections from the dorsal column nuclei to the midbrain in cat (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 29-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Anterograde tracing ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Midbrain ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The termination of the fibers from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the midbrain has been investigated in the cat with the degeneration method, the anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method and autoradiography after 3H-leucine injections. The results show that the DCN project to several midbrain regions. The external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IX) receives the heaviest projection from both the gracile and cuneate nuclei. The DCN fibers form three joint terminal zones in IX. Each terminal zone contains clusters with dense aggregations of DCN fibers. Fairly dense terminal networks are found in the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the compact part of the anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc) as well. More scattered DCN fibers are present in the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the lateral part of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the red nucleus (NR), the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (B), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SI, SP). The projections to all regions are mainly contralateral. Most of the few ipsilateral fibers terminate in IX. A somatotopic organization was seen in IX and NR. The gracile fibers terminate preferentially in the caudal and lateral part of IX and the cuneate ones preferentially in its rostral and medial part. In the red nucleus the gracile fibers terminate ventral to the cuneate ones. In the pretectal region there was a predominance for gracile fibers. There also appeared to be quantitative differences in the projections from various levels of the gracile nucleus, with more midbrain projecting fibers originating in the rostral than in the middle and caudal parts of the nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319455
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomy of the cecum of the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cecum ; Cat ; Macroscopic anatomy ; Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of comparative anatomical studies on the ceca of various mammals the cat was chosen as representative of a “typical” carnivore. In the domestic cat, the cecum is conspicuously small and macroscopically relatively undifferentiated in comparison to most herbivores. Microscopically (light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), however, it is characterized by an abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes rich in organelles, suggestive of functional activity. In addition to the morphological description, which also includes arterial supply and mesenteries of the cecum, the discussion is focussed on 1) the possible functional significance of the numerous goblet cells 2) a general categorization of the different types of ileal-caeco-colical junctions and 3) speculations concerning the justification for considering the carnivore cecum as being rudimentary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319003
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The termination of spinomesencephalic fibers in cat (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 265-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Midbrain ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Degeneration-HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projections to the midbrain from the spinal cord have been investigated in the cat with the degeneration technique and by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an anterograde tracer. Two types of spinal cord lesions were performed: 1) Cordotomies at cervical or thoracic levels transecting the ventral and lateral funiculi. 2) Transections of the ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral or dorsal funiculus, respectively, at cervical levels. In the anterograde tracing experiments HRP was injected into the spinal cord at cervical, lumbar or sacral levels. The results show large projections to the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (D). More moderate projections go to the medial division of the periaqueductal gray (PAGm), the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), lateral part of the deep layer of the superio colliculus (SP) and magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus (GMmc), while scattered spinal fibers are present in the dorsal part of the periaqueductal gray (PAGd), the external inferior collicular nucleus (IX), the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SI), the lateral part of the red nucleus (NR) and in the Edinger-Westphal portion of the oculomotor nucleus (3). In addition a few fibers are present in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (CA) and anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc). The results indicate that at midcervical levels most of the spinomesencephalic fibers ascend in the ventral funiculus, with only a moderate fraction ascending in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Almost no fibers ascend in the dorso-lateral funiculus and none appear to pass in the dorsal funiculus. No distinct somatotopic pattern was found in the spinomesencephalic projections, but more fibers from cervicobrachial segments terminate in the rostral than in the caudal parts of the terminal fields in PAG, CF, SP and IX, while the lumbar fibers were more numberous in the caudal parts. PP seems to receive spinal fibers mainly from the caudal half of the cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318730
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An autoradiographic study of topographical relationships between pallidal and cerebellar projections to the cat thalamus (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellothalamic projections ; Pallidothalamic projections ; Ventral nuclei of thalamus ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injections of 3H-leucine were made in the entopeduncular nucleus or dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in eight cats. The terminal projection zones of both pathways in the thalamus were studied using the sagittal plane and their relationships to one another as well as to cytoarchitectural boundaries of thalamic nuclei were compared. The data indicate that the territories controlled by the two projection systems are almost entirely segregated. The segregation is mainly along the antero-posterior axis as the main pallidal projection zone occupies the medio-ventral VA while the main dentate projection zone lies posterior to it in the VL. Furthermore, the dorsolateral part of the VA not occupied by pallidal projections receives dentate projections. In the VM, both afferent systems terminate in the lateral part of the nucleus with pallidal territory located anteriorly and dentate territory located posteriorly, again without overlap. As the delineations of nuclear subdivisions in the ventral thalamus of the cat have been a subject of some controversy, it is suggested that the boundaries of the VA, VL and VM in the cat thalamus be defined on the basis of basal ganglia and cerebellar projection zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235822
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to lower brain stem reticular formation in cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticospinal collaterals ; Sensorimotor cortex ; Corticobulbar pathways ; Fluorescent tracers ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescent retrograde double-labeling technique has been used to determine whether corticospinal neurons in the cat sensorimotor cortex distribute collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation. In this study the fluorescent tracers Nuclear Yellow and Diamidino Yellow 2HCl were used in combination with Fast Blue. One tracer was injected unilaterally in the spinal cord and the other was injected ipsilaterally in the bulbar medial reticular formation. The distribution of the retrogradely labeled neurons was studied in the contralateral hemisphere. In the sensorimotor cortex a large population of neurons was found which were labeled from the spinal cord and were double-labeled from the brain stem. These branching neurons were concentrated in the rostromedial part of area 4 and the adjoining lateral part of area 6. In this region the percentages of corticospinal neurons which were double-labeled from the brain stem ranged from 5% laterally to 30% medially. In two cats it was demonstrated by means of the anterograde transport of HRP that the corticobulbar fibers from this region which must include the corticospinal collaterals are distributed to the reticular formation of the lower brain stem. In view of the fact that the double-labeled neurons are concentrated in the anterior part of the motor cortex, those branching neurons are in all likelihood involved in the control of neck, back and shoulder movements. This control is probably exerted by way of two routes i.e. by way of the direct corticospinal connections to spinal interneurons, and by way of the indirect cortico-reticulospinal connections established by the cortical fibers to the bulbar reticular formation. The present findings suggest that this dual control may be exerted by one and the same cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235823
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specialized subregions in the cat motor cortex: Anatomical demonstration of differential projections to rostral and caudal sectors (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 259-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Thalamocortical ; Corticocortical ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) Ipsilateral cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical projections to the cat motor cortex were determined from the locations of retrogradely labeled neurons following single small intracortical injections of HRP in area 4γ. These projections were also examined by studying the distribution of anterogradely transported axonal label following multiple injections of HRP or of tritiated amino acids in areas 1–2 of SI and in area 2pri (SII). (2) The number of retrogradely labeled cells in areas 1–2 and in area 2pri differed markedly between HRP injection sites located in the precruciate (anterior sigmoid gyrus) and postcruciate (posterior sigmoid gyrus) subregions of area 4γ. These associational projections from primary and secondary somatosensory cortices were dense to postcruciate subrogions but weak to the precruciate subregions. (3) The associational projections from areas 1–2 and from area 2pri to the postcruciate subregion of area 4γ were topographically organized, but no clear topographic organization could be demonstrated for the precruciate projection. (4) Anterograde terminal labeling following injection of either HRP or tritiated amino acids into areas 1–2 and area 2pri confirmed the preferential projection of somatosensory cortex to the postcruciate subregion of motor cortex. The projection from somatosensory areas 1–2 was uniform over its terminal field, but that from area 2pri was more patchy and complex. (5) HRP injections in area 4γ gave rise to lamellae of labeled neurons in the ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus (VL). A topographic relationship was found between the site of injection and the location of the lamella of labeled neurons. (6) The percentage of retrogradely labeled neurons in the shell zone surrounding the border of the ventrolateral nucleus and the ventrobasal complex (VB) was greater following postcruciate than precruciate injections, whereas fewer retrogradely labeled neurons were found in central lateral nucleus (CL) after postcruciate injections than after precruciate injections. (7) These observations support the hypothesis that differential cortical and thalamic projections to different subregions of area 4γ may give rise to the different physiological properties of neurons observed in these subregions (Vicario et al. 1983; Martin et al. 1981).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238155
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyramidal control of skin potential responses in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Skin potential response ; Cat ; Pyramidal tract ; Reticulospinal tracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pyramidal command of Skin Potential Response (SPR) was investigated in 20 cats paralyzed by gallamine and under a halothane anaesthetic. For each animal, a transection of the medulla sparing only the pyramidal tract was carried out. The pyramidal tract and Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) were stimulated before and after the transection. Results taken before transection show that the SPR can be elicited from stimulation of the pyramidal tract and the MRF. After transection, stereotaxic stimulations of the pyramidal tract still evoked the SPR even after aspiration of the medullary tissue posterior to the section and overlying the pyramids. Control reticular stimulations with higher stimulus intensities failed to evoke the SPR. These results show that stimulation of the pyramidal tract can elicit the SPR independently of reticulospinal neurons. It is hypothesized that a group of corticospinal fibers could transmit volleys having autonomic activity on preganglionic autonomic neurons of the intermediate zone of the grey matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236228
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Afferents to the cortical pupillo-constrictor areas of the cat, traced with HRP (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pupillo-constrictor areas ; Afferents ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afferents of the cortical pupillo-constrictor areas (PCAs) of the cat were studied using the horseradish peroxidase method. PCAs receive heavy cortical inputs from areas 7, 19, 21, the lateral suprasylvian area, the splenial visual area, and subcortically from the claustrum, the intralaminar nuclei, the pulvinar-lateral posterior nuclear complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236240
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The control of rapid limb movement in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 134-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Tracking ; Isometric ; Updating ; Delayed feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In cats trained to track a moving display by making rapid, isometric force adjustments, responses are characterized by extremely short reaction times (60–70 ms) and a stereotyped temporal configuration. The animal uses early derivatives of display movement to scale force responses to target stimuli of different sizes according to a learned relationship between initial display motion and required force (Ghez and Vicario 1978a, 1978b). In the present study we altered that relationship by using double stimulation and delayed feedback to assess the animals' ability to update their responses. 2. In experiments where a second target stimulus followed the first after a controlled interval (15–120 ms) on random trials, the animal modified its response in the appropriate direction with little or no increase in reaction time. When the second stimulus called for a return to baseline, the animal aborted the ongoing response. When the second stimulus called for a doubling of force, the animal increased its phasic force output; however, this increase was not sufficient to reach the new target level and late responses were emitted. 3. The control response which followed each experimental double stimulation trial showed consistent differences from other controls in the amplitude of both peak force and peak dF/dt. Control responses following trials calling for a return were reduced in size; those following stimuli requiring response doubling were increased. We concluded that the experimental trials not only elicited modification of ongoing responses but also caused the animal to alter its internalized gain function relating initial display derivatives to required force. 4. In experiments where feedback was delayed after giving a first target stimulus such that the compensatory display failed to reflect the animal's initial response, the animal emitted a new updated response 70–80 ms after the first. The display trajectory which caused the cat to update its response on delayed feedback trial was identical to that of control trials with long reaction times. In this case, however, the information eliciting response updating had to be derived as a difference between the actual display trajectory and that expected by the animal, based on its experience with the tracking task. This suggests that the animal develops an internal model of display properties which is used to determine when a new response is required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240507
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transformation of cross-reinnervated slow-twitch muscle after deafferentation in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deafferentation ; Cross reinnervation ; Contractile properties ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cross-reinnervations were effected between the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the cat hind limb. At the same time dorsal root section or ganglionectomy was performed over segments L6-S1. Completeness of the deafferentation was subsequently confirmed either by dissection or by dorsal root recording. The isometric and forcevelocity properties of the muscles were measured. In animals with a unilateral cross plus deafferentation the conversion of the contractile properties of the normally slow-twitch soleus to those resembling a fast-twitch muscle was typical of that seen with an intact afferent supply. In cats with a bilateral cross-reinnervation and unilateral deafferentation there was no significant difference in the degree of transformation between the two sides. It is concluded that at least for the conversion of a slow-twitch to a fast-twitch muscle afferent feedback does not play a major role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240509
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contralateral corticofugal projections to cat visual thalamus (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 462-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Contralateral connections ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Sub-cortical commissures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contralateral corticofugal projections from visual cortical areas to thalamic nuclei were demonstrated in the cat using anterograde transport of tritiated proline. Thalamic nuclei receiving projections from contralateral visual cortex include both subdivisions of the lateral-posterior nucleus, the posterior nucleus of Rioch, and the posterior nuclear complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238176
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An HRP study of the cat's spinal respiratory motoneurones during postnatal development (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 458-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Postnatal development ; Phrenic motoneurones ; Intercostal motoneurones ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization and morphology of spinal respiratory motoneurones (phrenic and intercostal) were studied in the cat by retrograde labelling using Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP), at different stages of postnatal development. At birth, the distribution of the phrenic and intercostal motoneurones in the cervical and thoracic ventral horn, respectively, is similar to that observed in adult animals. At birth, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurone somata have respectively 60% and 40% of their adult volume, appearing much more developed than the motoneurones involved in the motor control of limbs. During postnatal development, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurones undergo a characteristic sagittal elongation without evident modification along their transverse axes. From birth, the ratio of the somatic volume to that of its corresponding motor column markedly decreases inside of the phrenic column compared to the data obtained in the limb's muscle motor columns by other authors. Similar determinations in intercostal motor columns give intermediate values between those obtained from the phrenic column and from the motor system. These results indicate that the motoneurones innervating the respiratory muscles have some specific features of development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237986
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brainstem afferents to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Pretectal nuclei ; Superior colliculus ; Parabigeminal nucleus ; Reticular formation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ascending connections from the brainstem to the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus were examined using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled cells were identified in a variety of structures, including the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the superior colliculus (SC), the parabigeminal nucleus (PBN), the midbrain reticular formation (MRF), locus coeruleus and nucleus sub-coeruleus, the substantia nigra (SN), and parts of the raphe complex. The projections from NOT, NPP, MRF, LC and PBN were all bilateral in origin. The most intense labelling was observed in the nucleus of the optic tract and the superior colliculus. Colliculo-geniculate cells were located primarily in the superficial gray lamina II1 and II2 of Kaneseki and Sprague (1974), but sparse labelling was also observed in lamina II3 and in statum opticum (lamina III). Consistent with the report of Harrell et al. (1982), these cells represent a morphologically diverse population, which includes stellate cells, granule cells, and both vertical and horizontal fusiform cells. A similarly diverse population of cell types contributes to the geniculate projection arising from NOT. These results confirm and extend earlier descriptions of the brainstem projections to the cat LGNd, and serve to emphasize the diversity of brainstem influences over the geniculate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236224
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neck muscle afferent input to spinocerebellar tract cells of the central cervical nucleus in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 286-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Neck muscle afferents ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from spinocerebellar tract neurones of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in C1–C3 segments of the anaesthetized cat. These neurones were identified by antidromic activation from the cerebellar peduncle. Stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal root elicited extracellular spikes or EPSPs with a monosynaptic latency in almost all CCN neurones in the same segment (segmental input). Late excitatory effects were also observed in about one third of CCN neurones. The monosynaptic EPSP was occasionally followed by an IPSP. The excitatory input from the dorsal root to CCN neurones was extended over several segments for some CCN neurons (extrasegmental input). Monosynaptic excitation was evoked in CCN neurones after stimulation of dorsal neck muscle nerves as well; i.e. splenius (SPL), biventer cervicis and complexus (BCC), rectus capitus dorsalis, and obliquus capitus caudalis. Thresholds for this excitation were near the threshold of the nerve, suggesting that it originated from group I fibres. The component of excitation added after strong stimulation of neck muscle nerves would be attributed to group II fibres. When a CCN neurone received excitatory input from the nerve of one muscle, it was generally not affected by stimulation of other nerves in the same segment. Such muscle specificity of segmental input was the principal pattern of connexion of neck muscle afferents with CCN neurones. In some cases, however, excitatory convergence from SPL and BCC nerves onto single CCN neurones or excitation from the SPL nerve and inhibition from the BCC nerve were also observed. Nearly half of the CCN neurones received input from one muscle nerve of the same segment and not from the afferent of the same muscle of different segments, indicating a segment specificity of input. In the remaining CCN neurones, weaker excitatory effects were induced from afferents of different segments as well. In such extrasegmental effects, inputs to CCN neurones from caudal segments predominated in frequency over those from rostral segments. The origin of extrasegmental input was generally confined to the same muscle. Low threshold muscle afferents from the SPL and BCC were intraaxonally stained with HRP. The collaterals of the stained fibre distributed branchlets and terminals to the CCN, laminae VII, VIII, and motor nuclei. Two fibres responding to local muscle prodding or stretch showed a similar morphology. The findings indicated that muscle spindle afferents from primary endings projected to the CCN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237279
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A physiological study of identification, axonal course and cerebellar projection of spinocerebellar tract cells in the central cervical nucleus of the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 272-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Cerebellum ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurones in and around the central cervical nucleus (CCN) were physiologically identified by antidromic activation of these cells on stimulation of the cerebellum. Among the Spinocerebellar tract cells thus identified, those ascending the contralateral spinal funiculi were found in the CCN and ventralwards, whereas those ascending the ipsilateral funiculi existed mostly dorsal to the CCN partly overlapping with crossed cells in the nucleus. Mapping sites from which CCN cells were antidromically activated showed that axons of the CCN-SCT cross at the same segment, ascend the ventral funiculus initially, the lateral funiculus at rostral C1 and the lateral border of the medulla to reach the cerebellar peduncle, enter the cerebellum mainly via the restiform body but possibly also via the superior peduncle. Systematic mapping of stimulation within the cerebellum indicated that the CCNSCT projects to the medial part of the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe bilaterally. Projection to lobules I–II was found in almost all CCN-SCT cells examined. Three fourths of CCN-SCT cells projected to the posterior lobe, as revealed by less extensive mapping. Mapping of axonal regions of the same single CCN-SCT cells showed that they project multifocally in the cerebellum, where projection to lobules I–II was common and that to other areas varied with individual cells. Conduction velocites decreased within the cerebellum probably as the result of repeated branching. Mossy fibre responses evoked on stimulation of the C2 dorsal root in cats with the transected dorsal funiculi were shown to be mediated mostly via the CCN-SCT. Mapping the field potential showed that the response was by far the largest in lobules I–II. This suggested that the terminals provided by the CCN-SCT are the densest in these lobules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237278
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endogenous peroxidase-like activity in the feline dorsal column nuclei and spinal cord (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 325-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Endogenous peroxidase ; Light and electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endogenous peroxidase-like activity was investigated with a combined light and electron microscopical technique in 15 cats. The lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei, and segments C6 and L5 of the spinal cord were incubated with diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride (DAB) or tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). After histochemical reaction with DAB a considerable amount of activity was found in nerve cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The neuronal labelling was mainly located in mitochondria of axon terminals and in dendrites whereas the astrocytic and pericytic activity was found in cytoplasmic dense bodies. The quantity of stained structures differed considerably between the animals. In TMB reacted tissue endogenous peroxidase-like activity was only sparsely seen. It was found mainly in frozen sections, in which the neuropil and perivascular structures sometimes contained granules and irregular filaments. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to observations in tracer studies using horseradish peroxidase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237283
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of accessory optic system lesions on vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Vestibulo ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were studied before and after lesions within the accessory optic system (AOS) in the cat. Post-lesion retinal input to the AOS was evaluated using the autoradiographic technique. Unilateral lesion of the lateral terminal nucleus of the AOS (LTN) and the resulting retinal deafferentation of the medial terminal nucleus of the AOS (MTN) induced a spontaneous nystagmus in the dark whose slow phase was directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. VOR gain was reduced for both directions with a maximal decrease for stimulation directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. OKN gain obtained for both directions of binocular stimulation was decreased, mainly when the stimulus was directed contralaterally to the lesion. After two postoperative weeks, spontaneous nystagmus disappeared and the VOR symmetry recovered simultaneously. A symmetrical OKN was only observed after one month. In spite of the known visual selectivity for vertical direction in LTN-MTN cells, the results of this study support a functional involvement of these nuclei in horizontal VOR and OKN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240497
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences between cats in response properties of horizontal semicircular canal primary afferents (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nerve afferents ; Semicircular canal biophysics ; Semicircular canal time constants ; Vestibular neurophysiology ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response properties of cat horizontal canal afferents (N = 81) were characterized by three parameters: their long time constants (τ), low frequency gain constants (G1), and middle frequency gain constants (Gm). An average value of each of these parameters was calculated for each of eight animals and comparisons were made across animals. There were significant differences between individual animals in their average values of τ and Gm. There was also a significant negative correlation between τ's and Gm's. An animal with a larger average τ tended to have a smaller average Gm. We also used anatomic data on membranous canal duct diameter from the literature to independently estimate the potential effect of interanimal anatomic variability on the predicted range of τ and Gm values in a population. We then compared the data from our 81 afferents with the predictions from the anatomic data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237453
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inspiratory on-switch evoked by stimulation of the mesencephalon: Activity of phrenic and laryngeal motoneurones (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Phrenic and laryngeal motoneurones ; Inspiratory on-switch ; Stimulation ; Mesencephalic structures ; Patterned response ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats (chloralose-urethan) the effects of brief tetanic electrical stimulation (50 to 100 ms) of the mesencephalic central gray matter and reticular formation on the inspiratory on-switch were studied during the expiratory (E) phase on the gross and unitary activities of phrenic, laryngeal inspiratory and laryngeal expiratory nerves. On the inspiratory laryngeal and phrenic nerves, stimulation elicited a short latency gross response concomitant with the train: the inspiratory Primary Response (Prim.R.) which is followed by an inspiratory Patterned Response (Patt.R.) of longer duration which corresponded to the inspiratory on-switch. The Patt.R. generally appeared from the Prim.R. within a latent period (Silent Phase: Sil.P.) as long as 100 ms. On the expiratory laryngeal nerve, stimulation elicited a brief activation (expiratory Prim.R.) concomitant with the beginning of the inspiratory laryngeal Prim.R. and which rapidly stopped as the latter continued during the stimulus train. The inspiratory Prim.R. corresponded to a simultaneous activation of both early and late (so defined during their spontaneous discharge) inspiratory motoneurones. The laryngeal motoneurones were more strongly activated than the phrenic ones. During the inspiratory Patt.R. all the phrenic motoneurones presented a recruitment delay earlier, compared with the spontaneous one, whereas the recruitment drastically changed from an inspiratory laryngeal motoneurone to another. Thus, the two pools of motoneurones presented different properties of activation. During the inspiratory Sil.P. no concomitant expiratory laryngeal activation was observed when most of the inspiratory motoneurones were inactive. As some inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones did not stop firing, the existence of some central respiratory neurones exhibiting a similar persistent activity and subserving the inspiratory on-switch mechanisms may be hypothesized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237270
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascending projections from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ascending auditory pathway ; Inferior colliculus ; Medial geniculate body ; Cat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ascending projections from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (NBIC) in the cat were studied by the autoradiographic tracing method. Many fibers from the NBIC ascend ipsilaterally in the lateral tegmentum along the medial border of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. At midbrain levels, fibers from the NBIC end in the superior colliculus, the pretectum, the central gray and the peripeduncular tegmental region bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance. NBIC fibers to the superior colliculus are distributed densely to laminae VI an III throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus. In the pretectum, NBIC fibers terminate in the anterior and medial nuclei and the nucleus of the posterior commissure. NBIC fibers to the dorsal thalamus are distributed largely ipsilaterally. Many NBIC fibers end in the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate body, but few in the ventral division. The NBIC also sends fibers to the suprageniculate, limitans and lateralis posterior nuclei and the lateral portion of the posterior nuclear complex; these regions of termination of NBIC fibers constitute, as a whole, a single NBIC recipient sector. Additionally, the NBIC sends fibers to the centralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, paraventricular and subparafascicular nuclei of the thalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236219
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Locomotion in adult cats with early vestibular deprivation: Visual cue substitution (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 395-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neonatal ; Bilabyrinthectomy ; Recovery ; Locomotion ; Vision ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cats labyrinthectomized shortly after birth (DELAB) exhibited the classical vestibular syndrome and recovery, while their motor development was otherwise unimpaired. As adults, they were tested for visual vestibular substitution in a locomotor task with either orientation requirements (tilted platforms) or balance requirements (narrow platforms). Visual motion cues or static visual cues were controlled using normal or stroboscopic lighting, or darkness. Measurements of the average speed of locomotion showed that: Although all cats increase their speed when more visual cues become available, a marked deficit occurs in darkness only in the DELAB cats. With either vestibular cues alone or static visual cues alone, cats are able to reach the same level of performance in the tilted platform test, which suggests a total visual-vestibular interchangeability in orientation. DELAB cats perform very poorly in the narrow rail test. When continuous vision is allowed in the narrow rail test the DELABs' performance rises but does not match that of the control group. A specific deficit in balance for the DELAB group is thus reduced by normal continuous vision as compared to stroboscopic vision, suggesting a significant, though imperfect, substitution of motion visual cues for the missing dynamic vestibular cues. Dynamic visual cues play only a minor role in most situations, when locomotory speed is high. This results support the view that both the vestibular and the visual system can subserve two distinct functions: dynamic information may stabilize the stance in narrow unstable situations, during slow locomotion. and static orientation cues may mainly control the direction for displacement. Possible interactions between head positioning and body orientation in the DELAB cats are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235464
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shortage of binocular cells in area 17 of visual cortex in cats with congenital strabismus (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 470-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Congenital microstrabismus ; Cat ; Visual cortex ; Binocularity ; Visual axis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-nine pigmented offspring of an innately esotropic female cat exhibited varying deficits in the number of binocular cells recorded in area 17 of the visual cortex as compared to 12 normal cats. Misalignment of the two eyes in these cats was found in the awake as well as in the paralysed state. Pupillography combined with measurements of visual disparity yielded abnormal esotropia of up to 8.4° under paralysis, which corresponds to an abnormal convergence of the freely moving eyes of up to 14° (average 7.4°). In the majority of animals cortical binocularity was found reduced by the two eyes controlling independent sets of separate units (U-shaped ocular dominance distribution) whereas in 7 cats the reduction was due to a partial loss of one eye's influence. The proportion of monocular units correlated with the degree of crossover of the visual axes (r = 0.73). Anatomical investigation of the retinofugal projections revealed normal appearance in three previously recorded cats in which more than 50% of cortical units had been monocularly driven. The small angles of esotropia and the “normal” appearance of eye position judged by the pupillary positions in the orbit of these cats, might suggest that we found an animal model for microstrabismus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235278
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroretinographic responses and retrograde changes of retinal morphology after intracranial optic nerve section. A quantitative analysis in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 483-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic nerve section ; Cat ; Pattern ERG ; Retinal morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous experiments have shown that the ERG response to alternating gratings vanishes gradually within 4 months after transection of the optic nerve, changes begin after 2–3 weeks. The response to gratings of low spatial frequencies deteriorates earlier than the response to gratings of high spatial frequencies (Maffei and Fiorentini 1981). Quantitative analysis of ganglion cell sizes in retinal wholemounts shows that ganglion cell shrinkage and ganglion cell loss begin at three weeks in the periphery of the retina, particularly in the temporal retina. The same morphological alteration subsequently becomes apparent also in the area centralis and the nasal retina, respectively. The main and early cell loss occurs among medium sized ganglion cells, supposedly the beta-cells. Among the alpha-cells only shrinkage is observed up to two months postoperatively. Light- and electron microscopic examination of cross sections through the retina show that pathological changes are restricted to the innermost layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235279
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the cat vestibular nerve: radioautographic and biochemical studies (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 523-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glutamatergic synapses ; Vestibular nerve lesion ; Vestibular nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence that glutamate acts as a neuro-transmitter in vestibular nerve fibers was sought (1) by electron microscope radioautographic identification of the uptake sites of [3H]-glutamic acid after incubation of slices of cat vestibular nuclei, and (2) by measuring changes in sodium-dependent high affinity glutamate uptake in nerve endings containing homogenates from normal and deafferented vestibular nuclei 8 to 11 days after unilateral vestibular nerve lesion. Electron microscopic radioautography revealed that glutamate had been taken up by numerous nerve endings projecting over the whole vestibular nuclear complex. The biochemical approach indicated that after section of the vestibular nerve, a significant decrease in high affinity glutamate uptake occurred in the vestibular nuclei, which lost their exclusively ipsilateral projection. This decrease varied from one area of the deafferented vestibular nuclei to another, reaching −58% in the lateral area of the central part corresponding to the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus and the rostral part of the descending vestibular nucleus. It is concluded that glutamate (or aspartate) is used by the vestibular nerve fibers as a neurotransmitter in the vestibular nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237993
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of signals conveyed by the ventral spino-cerebellar tract and spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 426-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Scratch reflex ; Ventral spino-cerebellar tract ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway ; Cerebellum ; Cooling the nervous tissue ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) The “fictitious” scratch reflex was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by pinna stimulation. Activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) from the L4 and L5 segments of the spinal cord as well as of neurons of the spinoreticulo-cerebellar pathway (SRCP) from the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata was recorded. Cooling and destruction of different parts of the lumbo-sacral enlargement of the spinal cord were performed. (2) Cooling of the L5 or L6 segment abolished the rhythmic activity in the greater part of the spinal hindlimb centre but did not affect the generation of rhythmic oscillations in the remaining (rostral) segments of the lumbo-sacral enlargement. Under these conditions, neither the rhythmic activity of VSCT neurons located rostral to the thermode nor that of SRCP neurons changed. (3) A normal rhythmic activity of SRCP neurons also persisted after destruction of grey matter in the L3 and L4 segments. It can be concluded that activity of these neurons is independent of whichever part of the enlargement generates rhythmic oscillations. (4) From these observations a hypothesis is advanced that the main content of signals conveyed by the VSCT and SRCP to the cerebellum is the information regarding activity of the generator of rhythmic oscillations that is located in the L3-L5 spinal segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235467
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticocortical connections to the motor cortex from the posterior parietal lobe (areas 5a, 5b, 7) in the cat demonstrated by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 476-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticocortical connections ; Motor cortex ; Areas 4, 5a, 5b, 7 ; Posterior parietal lobe ; Retrograde transport of HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons in the parietal region of the cerebral cortex, projecting to the ipsilateral distal forelimb area of the motor cortex (area 4γ) were identified in the cat brain using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method. After making microinjections of HRP into the distal forelimb area of the motor cortex, clusters of HRP-labeled cell bodies were observed in different regions of the ipsilateral parietal cortex. In particular these clusters of labeled cells were found in areas 5a, 5b and 7. The area 5a cluster is formed from closely packed irregularly-shaped cells, the area 5b cluster is made up of dispersed medium-sized pyramidal cells, while area 7 contains a cluster of widely dispersed small pyramidal cells. Typically, labeled cell bodies were found in lamina III of cortex. Labeled cell bodies were neither observed in the contralateral cortex nor in the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 19). Since parietal cortex receives projections from primary somatosensory and visual cortex, the projections from parietal to motor cortex may well form the neural substrate for the processing of convergent sensory information used in voluntary movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235473
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase for studying the dendritic trees and axonal courses of particular groups of tract cells in the spinal cord (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Rat ; Spinal tract neurons ; Retrograde HRP transport ; Procedure and evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Modifications have been made in Mesulam's method for labelling neurons by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, with tetramethylbenzidine as chromogen, with the object of increasing the extent of labelling of dendrites and axons. A procedure was devised specifically for studying spinomedullary and medullospinal tract systems, involving implanting easily-made HRP-agar pellets into areas of controlled damage in particular spinal fascicles, and sealing the site of implant with cyanoacrylate glue. Lesions of other fascicles were often made to limit transport to the implanted fascicle. Fourth-order dendrites were regularly labelled over long (30 cm or more) transport distances: axons were also labelled over this whole distance, often allowing exact study of the initial course of particular axons. Controls in both cat and rat showed that the uptake of HRP under these circumstances occurred almost wholly from the region of axonal damage at the site of implant which can be characterized histologically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235478
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peripheral nerve phospholipids in acrylamide neuropathy (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 178-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cat ; Phospholipids ; Acrylamide ; Neuropathy ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of cats with acrylamide, either 7.5 or 15 mg/kg IM, once a day for 10 days, resulted in increases of 31 and 47% in the phospholipid content of sciatic nerve, respectively, from a control level of 41.1±2.7 mg/kg wet weight. Determination of the distribution of individual phospholipids indicated no significant differences between control cats and those receiving a cumulative dose of 150 mg/kg acrylamide. In a separate experiment, cats were treated with the 150 mg/kg dose of acrylamide and the sciatic nerve was divided into proximal and distal portions at the level of the triceps surae nerve. Significant increases in phospholipid content were observed in both the proximal and distal portions of peripheral nerve of the acrylamide-intoxicated cats. This effect was present even when the phospholipid content was expressed in terms of total protein, dry weight or total lipid. Total weight of nerve segments, however, was significantly decreased in the neuropathic animals. The data are consistent with a focal degeneration of axons with relative sparing of phospholipids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316124
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The representation of contrast and other stimulus parameters by single neurons in area 17 of the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 304-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Contrast/response function ; Orientation and direction sensitivity ; Ocularity ; Binocular responses ; Feature specific responses ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The responses of neurons in area 17 were tested as a function of various stimulus parameters. The thresholds of individual cortical neurons were at contrasts between 0.01 and 0.1 (increment of 0.5×10−1 cd/m−2 on a background of 3 cd/m−2), the dynamic ranges were 1.0–2.0 log units of increment, and all cells showed a response decrease at increments above a certain maximum (supersaturation response). The averaged contrast/response curve for all neurons was S-shaped in the logarithmic plot, had a dynamic range of 2.5 log units, reached its maximum at a contrast of 0.75 and supersaturated above this level. The contrast/ sensitivity curves changed their slope under different stimulus conditions. They became flatter when the non-dominant eye was stimuated as compared to dominant eye stimulation or when the stimulation was done at a non-optimal orientation or direction, and they became steeper when both eyes were stimulated. But the maximum was reached at the same contrast and supersaturation was seen above maximum contrast no matter whether a cell was stronlgy (e.g. binocular stimulation at optimal orientation) or weakly excited (non-dominant or non-optimal orientation stimulation). After normalization, the averaged population contrast/response curves were virtually identical at all stimulus conditions. It was concluded, that range as well as maximum and supersaturation of cortical contrast/response curves are determined before the input reaches the cortex, and that the cortical cells summate, essentially, linearly. The findings furthermore demonstrate that the supersaturation of the cortical input must be due to subtractive inhibition, and that the same is true for the orientation sensitive inhibition in the cortex itself. Both, the peripheral contrast and the cortical orientation dependant inhibition cannot be explained by multiplicative inhibition. The fact, that the responses of neurons depend on many variables relativates their significance for feature representation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582601
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angioarchitecture of the pancreas of the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 675-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Angioarchitecture ; Cat ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By the use of scanningand transmission electron microscopy, the possible sources of errors in interpretation of the microcirculation of the pancreas can be reduced in comparison to the classical India-ink injection method. Sphincter-like structures in the capillary wall of the cat pancreas are established by pericytes. These sphincters encircle the junctional zones between the endocrine and exocrine capillaries. They are assumed to be regulatory structures of blood flow and to regulate indirectly hormone secretion according to demand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226968
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron-microscopic study of Reissner's fiber in the caudal spinal cord of the cat and rabbit (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229214
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of dynamic and static skeletofusimotor endings in a cat muscle spindle (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletofusimotor innervation ; Muscle spindles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endings of four β skeletofusimotor axons in a spindle of the cat tenuissimus muscle were examined in semithin (1-μm thick) and ultrathin transverse serial sections. Two (dynamic) β axons terminated on the nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fiber and on extrafusal fibers of the dark type. Two (static) β axons terminated on the nuclear chain intrafusal fibers and extrafusal fibers of the intermediate type. The degree of indentation of axon terminals into the muscle surface, thickness of the sole plate and extent of folding of subjunctional membranes differed among intrafusal and extrafusal terminations of the same axon. Endings of β axons on the bag1 and chain fibers were also morphologically dissimilar. Motor axons may not determine ending morphology. Rather the form and structure of a β bag1 or chain ending may be determined by the type of intrafusal fiber on which the ending lies and the ending's distance from the primary sensory axon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215156
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment cell differentiation in the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis. I. Structural, chemical, and physical aspects of the adult pigment pattern (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 229-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Wild-collected adults of Bombina orientalis are bright green dorsally and red to red-orange ventrally. As a prelude to an analysis of the differentiation of pigment cells in developing B. orientalis, we describe structural and chemical aspects of the fully differentiated pigment pattern of the “normal” adult.Structurally, differences between dorsal green and ventral red skin are summarized as follows: (1) Dorsal green skin contains a “typical” dermal chromatophore unit comprised of melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores. Red skin contains predominantly carotenoid-containing xanthophores (erythrophores), and skin from black spot areas contains only melanophores. (2) In ventral red skin, there is also a thin layer of deep-lying iridophores that presumably are not involved in the observed color pattern. (3) Xanthophores of red and green skin are morphologically distinguishable from each other. Dorsal skin xanthophores contain both pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles; ventral skin xanthophores contain only carotenoid vesicles. Carotenoid vesicles in dorsal xanthophores are much larger but less electron dense than comparable structures in ventral xanthophores.The presence of carotenes in ventral skin accounts for the bright red-orange color of the belly of this frog. Similar pigments are also present in green skin, but in smaller quantities and in conjunction with both colored (yellow) and colorless pteridines. From spectral data obtained for xanthophore pigments and structural data obtained from the size and arrangement of reflecting platelets in the iridophore layer, we attempt to explain the phenomenon of observed green color in B. orientalis.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790303
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800101
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    Intercellular bridges in ovaries of the newborn gerbil (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study describes intercellular bridges in the ovaries of neonatal gerbils. Electron microscopy has revealed the presence of true intercellular bridges, connecting oogonia or oocytes, in ovaries of newborn gerbils. The cytoplasm of the intercellular channels is similar to that of the connected cells, with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes present. Lysosomes are also occasionally present in the intercellular bridges and they may be involved in early waves of oocyte atresia. An electrondense substance, 350-500 Å thick, is located immediately beneath the unit membrane of the intercellular bridges. Accumulation of electron-dense material increases the thickness of the walls of the intercellular bridges, supporting and maintaining the patency of the channels. It is suggested that the intercellular channels probably allow the interchange of nutrients, organelles, and possibly regulatory materials as well.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800105
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    Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus nlger (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 55-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P 〈 .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800107
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    The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. II. Iontophoretic study of neuron anatomy (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 105-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of neurons of the stomatogastric nervous system of Ascheta domesticus was studied using heavy metal iontophoresis through cut nerve ends followed by silver intensification. Nineteen categories of neuron are described and compared with neurons known from the stomatogastric nervous system of other insects. Possible functions for the neurons are suggested. Motor neuron candidates are suggested for all parts of the gut served by the stomatogastric nervous system, and axons of sensory neurons of the anterior pharynx are located. There are four neuron types that cannot readily be assigned motor, sensory, or interneuron functions: large dorsal cells of the frontal ganglion; the two neurons of the nervus connectivus, and two categories of neurons in the median neurosecretory cell group of the pars intercerebralis, the axons of which are contained in the stomatogastric nerves.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800203
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. I. The gigantic central projection of the pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the pedicellar segment of the fly antenna there is a large campaniform sensillum. The central projection of the sensory cell (LCC) of this large campaniform sensillum is described from labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cobalt. The LCC projects bilaterally to several regions of the brain and subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. The LCC processes in these termination areas were analyzed in relation to other neural processes, including the remaining antennal sensory and motor projection. This analysis was aided by combining HRP labeling with Golgi silver impregnation. Based on earlier findings and the present data we suggest that the LCC, with its various outputs in, e.g., antennal and leg motor centers, serves as a multifunctional sensory path involved in control functions necessary in flight.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800206
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800301
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    Alterations of endocrine pancreas B cells in a sahelian reptile (Varanus exanthematicus) during starvation (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the long starvation period (November to June) of the lizard (Varanus exanthematicus), pancreatic B cells undergo profound modification. The degeneration of β granules observed in electron microscopy appears correlated with the diminution of the immunoreactive insulin-like content of the pancreas. The analogy between the phenomena observed here and those reported in animals treated with alloxan is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800302
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    Structure, crystallography, and morphogenesis of the cryptic shell of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus (Mollusca, gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 195-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and crystallography of the internal shell of the pulmonate gastropod slug Limax maximus were studied at the levels of light and scanning electron microscopy, revealing patterns of shell ontogeny and morphogenesis. The calcified portion of the slightly convex ovoid shell is composed of a single palisade layer of calcitic crystals. Numerous projections, 100 μm in width at the dorsal tip, are found on the dorsal surface of the shell and coincide with local nucleation sites of primordial calcium salt deposition onto the periostracum. With continued calcification these projections coalesce ventrally, forming the single crystalline shell layer. The organic portion of the shell includes the periostracum and an extensive PAS-staining conchiolin. In EDTA-etched preparations, conchiolin appears as a spongy network of fibers throughout the shell. Both horizontal and vertical components of the conchiolin are present, the former of variable thickness and occurring in an intercrystalline manner, the latter always occurring normal to the horizontal set. Macromorphogenic growth is characterized by three distinct temporal stages. Primary growth occurs radially from the umbonal region. Secondary growth is synonymous with shell thickening. Tertiary growth is characterized by both a lateral component, in which the shell extends beyond the primary growth boundaries, and a ventral component, in which the shell continues to grow in thickness. SEM of the ventral shell surface reveals a pattern of growth at the crystalmatrix interface. Proteinaceous fibers of the conchiolin occur unidirectionally in horizontal rows. Zones of incipient calcitic crystallization onto these hypostracal fiber bundles are contrasted by zones of increasing crystallization until the fibrous template (reduced hypostracum) is completely covered by crystals.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800304
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    Ultrastructure of a complex epithelial system: The pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 271-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy shows that the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a structurally complex epithelial system that can be separated into eight epithelial types: gill lamellar, gill interlamellar, goblet cell, protective, terminal (taste) bud, preciliated, ciliated in tracts, and ciliated in grooves. Furthermore, these epithelial types encompass at least sixteen different cell types based on ultrastructure and, in some cases, correlative histochemistry (PAS, Alcian blue). Common to nearly all the epithelial types are basal cells and intermediate cells. These two cell types are seen as undifferentiated. Among mature cells, structural specialization as proceeded in three directions: (1) elaboration of mitochondria, probably related to molecular transport (ion-uptake cells, chloride cells); (2) ciliogenesis (preciliated and ciliated cell types); and (3) production of mucous secretory granules (mucous-platelet cells, goblet cells, superficial protective cells, columnar mucous cells, “cobblestone” cells, and marginal and dark cells in the terminal buds). Many of the functions of the cell types relate to the process of suspension feeding in this animal.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800309
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    A comparison of spindle concentrations in large and small muscles acting in parallel combinations (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A small short muscle frequently acts across a joint in parallel with a vastly larger and longer muscle; therefore it should play a minimal role in the mechanical control of that joint. This study provides evidence suggesting that the small member of such a “parallel muscle combination” (PMC) may serve an important sensory feedback role. The spindle densities of large and small members of PMCs in man and the dog were determined and compared. Epaxial PMCs controlling canine intervertebral joints were dissected and tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, sectioned transversely to the muscles' long axis and, stained with hematoxylin-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Representative tissue sections were projected on to stereological grids and the percentage volume of spindles was determined. Data existing in the literature were used to ascertain spindle densities in human PMCs controlling joints in the cervico-occipital region and the extremities. The spindle density for each muscle in a group of PMCs controlling a particular motion was listed, and the mean spindle densities were determined for both the large and the small members of the group. Student's unpaired t test was used to determine the significance of the differences between mean spindle densities. Linear regression was calculated and the data were plotted graphically.In all PMCs examined, the spindle density of the small muscles was significantly higher than that of their large counterparts. It is therefore proposed that the small muscles of PMCs may function as “kinesiological monitors” generating important proprioceptive feedback to the central nervous system.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800307
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    Histomorophological studies of the female reproductive system of Platynotus punctatipennis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The internal reproductive apparatus of female Platynotus punctatipennis is composed of the paired ovaries, paired lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermatheca associated with its accessory gland, and a bursa copulatrix. The accessory (colleterial) glands are absent. The ovary is made up of a large number of telotrophic ovarioles which are covered by a double-layered peritoneal sheath. The terminal filament is separated from the germarium by the basement membrane of the latter and consists of a syncytial core surrounded by the peritoneal sheath. Nutritive cords are absent. The pedicel shows highly eosinophilic and PAS-positive secretion of obscure origin. The spermatheca reveals a number of interesting features. It is composed of a pair of sperm-storing tubules, enclosed in a very thin muscle layer. A winecup-like structure, provided with a thick coat of circular muscles, connects the spermathecal gland with thespermathecal duct. Four types of intimal linings occur in the spermatheca and its associated structures. The wine-cup-like connection and four types of intima are entirely new features observed. Histology of the various parts of the reproductive apparatus is described.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810102
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    Mesodermal organogenesis in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (Lepidoptera, Micropterygidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of somites, coelomic sacs, splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, circular system, gonads, and musculature in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki, is described. The following paired somites are formed: the labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, labial, three thoracic, and 11 abdominal. Small but distinct coelomic cavities appear in all these somites. Labral somites differentiate into the labral muscles, stomodaeal muscles, and dorsal dilator muscles of the pharynx. Antennal somites differentiate into the antennal muscles, aorta, and the ventral dilator muscles of the pharynx. Intercalary somites are short-lived, disintegrating to liberate many free cells into the yolk. The suboesophageal body is not formed. Mandibular somites differentiate into the mandibular flexor and extensor muscles. Maxillary and labial somites differentiate into the splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, and into muscles of the maxillolabial region. Three pairs of thoracic and ten pairs of abdominal somites split into the splanchric and somatic mesoderm. The 11th abdominal somites merge into the proctodaeal mesoderm, and differentiate into the musculature of the hindgut. The heart is formed by the fusion of the cardioblasts derived from the first thoracic to the tenth abdominal segment. The aorta arises from the antennal median mesoderm. Blood cells are derived from the median mesodermal cells of the maxillary to the tenth abdominal segment. Germ cells appear at the mediodorsal corner of each somite in the fifth abdominal segment. They become enclosed with a mesodermal sheath to form a pair of rudimentary gonads in this segment. Major muscles in the head, thorax, and abdomen of the fully grown embryo are described.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810105
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810201
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    Architectural and histochemical analysis of the semitendinousus muscle in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The architectural and histochemical properties of the anatomically distinct compartments of the semitendinosus muscle (ST) of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits show that the ST is composed of two separate compartments aligned in series - a destal compartment (STd) and a proximal one (STp). The STp is further subdivided into a ventral head (STpv) and a dorsal head (STpd). The muscle fibers were arranged in parallel to the line of muscle pull within each compartment. The STd has the longest and the STpv the shortest fibers in all species. The physiological cross-sectional area and the estimated tetanic tension was greatest in the STd. Based on the staining pattern for myosin ATPase (alkaline preincubation) and an oxidative indicator (NADH or SDH), the STpv has the highest percentage of slow-oxidative (SO) or SO plus fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers of any portion of the muscle. The differences in fiber-type distributions and architectural designs of the separate compartments suggest a specialization of function of the individual compartments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810204
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 97-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus and the relationship between its sensory cells and concretion are described using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, with chemical treatment for cell lysis, calcium chelation, glycogen staining, and lanthanum labelling. The organ is encapsulated and has three units called fuselli. Each is enclosed by two fusellar cells which generate and release calcium granule strands into the cores of the fusellar concretions, which are united in the center of the organ. The surface of each fusellus is traversed by spiral dendrites entering dorsally and ending ventrally. The spiral dendrites arise from sensory neurons contained in a palm-shaped ganglion in the center of the capsule, beyond which they are twisted like a rope before reaching the concretion. The spiral dendrites are linked in pairs by gap and tight junctions and each gives origin to two pairs of 9+0 sensory cilia 30 μm apart. The ciliary distal segments give rise to long tubules which are in contact with the calcium granule strands. The ciliary proximal segments are expanded by many long mitochondria which interdigitate with the branched striated ciliary rootlets. The concretion is suspended in the capsule cavity by axons originating from four neurons of a remote mechanoreceptor. The structure of the organ suggests that it is a sensory organ involved in the reception and integration of a variety of stimuli.
    Additional Material: 86 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810109
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    Electron microscopic study of the innervation of the renal tubules and urinary bladder epithelium in Rana catesbeiana and Necturus maculosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the kidney and the bladder of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the bullfrog tadpole, and the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) were studied with special attention to the innervation of renal tubule cells and bladder epithelial cells. In the bullfrog kidney, nerve terminals and varicosities were frequently associated with the tubule cells, apparently in an increasing order from the proximal tubule to the connecting tubule. Although these terminals and varicosities did not directly contact the tubular cell membrane, an aggregation of synaptic vesicles on the side facing the tubule was considered as morphological evidence that neurotransmitter can be released here and can affect the transport activity of the tubule cells. The association of nerve varicosities with canaliculi cells in the connecting tubule was also demonstrated. In the bullfrog tadpoles, renal tubule cells were occasionally innervated. In the mudpuppy, renal tubule cells were only poorly innervated. The epithelium of the bullfrog bladder was commonly innervated. Nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles were located very near basal cells and even contacted them directly on rare occasions. In the mudpuppy, the innervation of the bladder epithelium was observed infrequently. The bullfrog tadpoles did not possess an apparent bladder. In all materials studied, renal arterioles and bladder smooth muscle cells were innervated.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810301
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790101
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    Perinuclear microtubules in postnatal rat heart (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic microtubules can be divided into two subpopulations: (1) those adjacent to the nucleus (perinuclear), and (2) those distributed between the myofilament bundles (nonperinuclear). Previous observations (Cartwright and Goldstein, '83) indicate total cytoplasmic microtubule numeric density increases to a maximum at 5-9 days and decreases to the steady value of the adult muscle. We have examined the numeric density (mean numbers of microtubule profiles per μm2 cross-sectional area) of the perinuclear subpopulation and compared it to the numeric density of the total cytoplasmic microtubule population in postnatally developing rat papillary muscle ages 1, 3, 5, 9, 21, and 42 days, and adult. The perinuclear region was defined as the area around the nucleus which extends to the 0.273 μm from the nuclear envelope. The density of perinuclear microtubules did not change with postnatal development. Our study suggests that perinuclear microtubules are a separate and relatively stable subpopulation of the total population of cytoplasmic microtubules and may serve a function different from that of the more variable nonperinuclear microtubules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790103
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    Fine structure of antennal mechanosensilla of adult Rhodnius prolixus stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each antenna of both sexes of adult Rhodnius prolixus has approximately 570 mechanosensitive neurons that innervate five morphologic types of cuticular mechanosensilla: campaniform sensilla, tapered hairs, trichobothria, and type I and type II bristle sensilla. Each campaniform sensillum and tapered hair is presumably innervated by one mechanosensitive bipolar neuron and probably functions in proprioception. The campaniform sensilla being located at the base of the scape could monitor the position of the antenna. Tapered hairs are found at the distal margin of flagellar segment I and projecting laterally from the bases of the pedicel and scape. They probably provide information about the relative positions of the antennal segments. Seven trichobothrium are located on the pedicel and three on flagellar segment I. Each trichobothrium has a long filamentous hair inserted into the base of a socket that extends inwardly as a cuticular tube and is innervated by one bipolar neuron with a tublar body, a parallel arrangement of microtubules associated with electron-dense material. The trichobothria may respond to small variations in air currents.Type I bristles occur at the base of the antenna and are the most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 452 occur on each antenna of females and 440 on males. The bristle is curved toward the antennal shaft and is serrated distally. Type II bristles are located distally and are the second most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 88 were counted on each antenna of females and 94 on males. The type II bristle is straight with small, longitudinal, external grooves and projects laterally from the antennal shaft. Each type I and II bristle sensillum is innervated by a bipolar neuron whose dendrite is divided into an inner and outer segment. The outer segment is encased by a dendritic sheath which may be highly convoluted and distally contains a tubular body. Two sheath cells are associated with each sensillum. Both types of bristle sensilla have a tactile function.The tubular bodies of both types of bristle sensilla have a complex structure indicating that they are very sensitive. Variations in the amount and arrangement of the electron-dense material at the tip of the tubular bodies may reflect differences in viscoelastic properties that underlie functional characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800104
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    Ultrastructure of the neuromuscular system of the polyp of Aurelia aurita L., 1758 (Cnidaria, scyphozoa) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 69-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structural study indicates that the neuromuscular system of stage I polyps of Aurelia aurita is exclusively ectodermal.The three major muscle fields are the radial muscles of the oral disc, the longitudinal muscles of the tentacles, and the muscle cords of the septae and the column; the muscle fields are in physical continuity at the peristomial pits and share a common innervation and type of myofibril. The myofibril is striated in the tentacle base, in the outer oral disc, and in the upper part of the muscle cord; it grades into a smooth muscle toward the tentacle tip, the mouth, and the lower part of the cord. There is a fourth field of longitudinal smooth muscle in the pharynx.The nervous system consists of an epithelial sensory cell in the tentacle and a single type of neuron found in the subepithelial layer of the tentacle, oral disc, and muscle cord. The lack of gap junctions suggests that there is no nonnervous conduction system. The subepithelial layer also contains three types of fibers and a type of soma which cannot be characterized as neuronal. The soma is identified as the “neurosecretory cell” described in Chrysaora. The absence of neuromuscular elements in the column and stolon distinguishes the Aurelia aurita collected from Washington, USA, from English polyps previously described.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800108
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    Mechanics of blood-feeding in black flies (Diptera, simuliidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 125-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and interrelationships of the mouthparts and of the food canal and its accessory cephalic structures of the females of Simulium venustum are described through microscopic observations. The mouthparts that enter the would during feeding are the mandibles, maxillary laciniae, hypopharynx, and labrum and collectively form a “syntrophium.” The labium and labellar lobes, which do not enter the wound, ensheathe the syntrophium distally and must be retracted to allow biting.We present an interpretation of mouthpart function during biting that emphasizes how biting steps are accomplished and what sensory structures are used to monitor the process. Four phases of biting are identified: (1) initial penetration of the skin effected by the mandibles; (2) consolidation of mouthpart position involving anchoring the syntrophium into the wound by means of the barbed laciniae; (3) diet sampling and active feeding - food (blood) is pumped by three groups of muscles forming two functional pumps, one located in the cibarium, the other in the pharynx. These pumps are separated from each other and from surrounding regions of the food canal by valve muscles making the pumping process a complex and highly coordinated series of muscular contractions; and (4) mouthpart disengagement involving removal of the laciniae, thus releasing the syntrophium from the wound.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800204
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    The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs of flies and the motility of the tips of these hairs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 37-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs (taste hairs) of six fly species, Calliphora vicina, Lucilia caesar, Musca domestica, Phormia terranovae, Sarcophaga carnaria and Stomoxys calcitrans, is described. The species can be distinguished by the differences between the patterns of taste hairs at the ventral side of their prothoracic tarsi. Taste hairs can be subdivided into morphological types, using the shape of the cuticle around the apical pore as criterion, even though this shape changes slightly on opening and closing of the pore. Light microscopical studies reveal that the nature and osmolarity of stimuli are decisive for the effect stimuli have on the shape of the top of the labellar hairs. The motions of the apical cuticle appear to be reversible.Gentle ultrasonic treatment preserves the shape of the cuticle of the top and the diameter of the pores on fluid stimulation. This technique makes it possible to study the effect of a previous stimulation on both tarsal and labellar hairs with the scanning electron microscope. It is supposed that stimuli can affect cuticular components around the pore, producing volume changes in that cuticle which alter the diameter of the pore.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800106
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800201
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    Sexually dimorphic muscles in the forelimb of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the breeding season, male anurans display clasping behavior by holding females with their forelimbs. This behavior is peculiar to males, and may require specializations in forelimb musculature. The present study revealed that five kinds of forelimb muscles were heavier in the male Japanese toad than in the female: the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), the flexor antibrachii medialis caput superius (FAMsup), the abductor indicis longus (AIL), the extensor carpi radialis caput superius (ECRsup), and the flexor antibrachii lateralis superficialis caput superius (FALSsup). In addition, one breast muscle, the coracoradialis (CR), was also heavier in males than in females. A quantitative analysis of muscle fibers processed for myosin ATPase activity showed that, in such “sexually dimorphic muscles” of the female, both fast (twitch) and slow (tonic) muscle fibers were of smaller diameter than in other forelimb muscles of both sexes (all male muscles plus “nondimorphic muscles” of the female). Moreover, both types of fibers were less numerous than in the corresponding muscles of the male. These results suggest that the “sexually dimorphic muscles” are used especially for clasping by the male and are degenerative or subnormal in the female. Slow muscle fibers were neither peculiar to, nor abundant in, these clasping muscles, although they may well be necessary for tonic and prolonged contractions of the forelimb muscles during clasping. The mechanism of sexual dimorphism may be a direct action of androgens on clasping muscles or an indirect action on clasping muscles via the innervating motoneurons.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800310
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    Morphology of shell formation in eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Shells from eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens were examined during different stages of development with light and scanning electron microscopy. Prior to initiation of the calcareous layer, organic spheres or cores appear on the outer surface of the shell membrane. Presumably, these cores nucleate deposition of the mineral layer of the eggshell. Growing shell units of the mineral layer are rounded and nodular in shape, crystallites of adjacent shell units do not interlock, and numerous spaces occur between shell units. As growth continues, most of the spaces between shell units are obliterated, and shell units become more elongate in form. The calcareous layer of partially shelled eggs resembles the calcareous layer of flexible-shelled eggs of emydids and chelydrids. Eggshells assume the morphology typical of rigidshelled chelonian eggs only at an advanced stage of shell formation. These observations indicate that rigid and flexible eggshells may form by fundamentally similar mechanisms, with length of shell growth being the primary determinant of whether shells are flexible or rigid.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810104
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    The morphology of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom gland and reservoir (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hymenopteran venom glands are epidermal glands that have evolved from female accessory reproductive glands. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., the venom gland shows many of the fine structural features of primitive glands. A honey bee venom gland is a simple, long, thin, distally bifurcated structure, opening into an ovoid reservoir. Along most of the length of the gland are similar secretory units that have four major components (secretory cells, duct cells, ducts, and end apparatuses), except in the part of the gland proximal to the venom reservoir, where the secretory units resemble those around the venom reservoir. In the latter secretory units a funnel structure occurs between the duct (which is shorter than that of the secretory units of the gland) and the end apparatus. This funnel may be important in protecting the secretory cells around the reservoir from the cytolytic activity of the complex chemical mixture constituting the venom.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810107
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    The feeding apparatus of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum: Morphology and behavior (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 175-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies of cephalic bones and muscles combined with cine and high-speed videographic analyses of feeding demonstrate that Amphiuma tridactylum uses two distinct types of suction feeding. Small or relatively immobile prey generally elicit a stationary capture mode in which mouth opening precedes buccal expansion and there is no forward movement of the head of the salamander. Actively moving prey are captured by a rapid strike during which mouth opening and buccal expansion are synchronous and the extent of buccal expansion is greater than in stationary feeding. Differences between these feeding modes may be due to differences in the timing of contraction of the rectus cervicis muscle. Synchronous hyoid and mandibular excursions during the strike are probably generated by simultaneous contractions of the depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis, whereas delay of hyoid excursions during stationary capture suggests sequential contraction of the depressor and rectus cervicis.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810206
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    The nervous system of the tube-worm Chaetopterus variopedatus (Polychaeta) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver impregnation of serial histological sections of the tubeworm Chaetopterus variopedatus revealed the presence of a subepidermal nervous system. The anterior nervous system is delimited by the first 11 segments and comprises (1) two dorsolateral cerebral ganglia and lateral instead of ventral nerve cords which are widely separated and thus connected by unusually long commissures, (2) a pharyngeal ganglion in the fourth segment which is connected to the cerebral ganglia by pharyngeal nerves and constitutes along with the pharyngeal plexus a stomatogastric or enteric nervous system, and (3) small, presumably segmental ganglionic swellings along the lateral nerve cords from which emerge commissures and parapodial nerves. No subesophageal ganglion or periesophageal connective could be identified. The lateral nerve cords converge toward the midline in the 12th segment to form the posterior nervous system comprising a pair of ventromedian nerve cords with their repetitive segmental ganglia from which emerge numerous short commissures and three segmental nerves coursing toward the dorsal and ventral regions of parapods and toward the neuropod. Light and electron microscopic investigations of cerebral and segmental ganglia showed an arrangement of inner neuropile and of unipolar neuron somata at the periphery. The neuropile comprises numerous neurites ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 10 μm and making polarized or symmetrical synaptic junctions with each other. The pharyngeal ganglion consists of a similar neuropile and of a large mass of cell bodies which is traversed by an elaborate network of sinuses and harbors three types of neurosecretory cells in addition to the conventional neuron somata. These findings are interpreted in the framework of the highly specialized morphological features and habits of Chaetopterus, and the welldeveloped stomatogastric system is considered to be related to control of the feeding activities.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810205
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    Allogeneic recognition in sponges: Development, structure, and nature of the nonmerging front in Ephydatia fluviatilis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Whenever individuals of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis belonging to different strains come into contact, they reject each other by building a nonmerging front. The present work describes the development, the structure, and the nature of the barrier secreted between two individuals. The observations reported give unequivocal data about the collagen nature of the incompatibility barrier. First, ultrastructural investigations reveal the presence of fibrils and microfibrils which are, respectively, typical of collagen and spongin. Second, incorporation of tritiated proline, a characteristic precursor of collagen and related products, is particularly intense in the front. The involvement of several cell types in the barrier formation is discussed. The allogeneic incompatibility reaction between E. fluviatilis individuals appears very close to the process of allograft chronic rejection that we formerly described for some marine sponges. Both phenomena are basically analogous to the process which fixes to and isolates the sponges from their substrate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810304
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    Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Functional properties and fiber types (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 305-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motor units of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the single lateral gastrocnemius/soleus (LG/S) muscles of the opssum (Didelphis virginiana) were found to have uniformly slow contraction times relative to homologous muscles of the cat. Though a broad range of peak tetanic tensions was found among motor units from both muscles, most of the motor units were quite large relative to tension of the whole muscle. Comparison of the relative sizes of motor units showed that those of LG/S are significantly larger and slower than the units of MG. This suggests that the motor units of the two muscles may be differentially recurited during different behaviors.All of the MG and LG/S motor units were highly or moderately resistant to fatigue. Histochemical staining for NADH-diaphorase activity indicated consistently high levels of the enzyme in all of the fibers of both muscles. Apparently, all of the fast motor units consist of fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG)-type muscle fibers. Our data provide functional evidence that the types of myofibrillar ATPase demonstrated by Brooke and Kaiser ('70), are not necessarily correlated to physiological classification of fiber types as slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) (Peter et al., '72).Perhaps compartmentalization of muscle fiber types may be a first step in the separation of muscles into multiple heads during the evolution of specialization to diverse locomotor habits among the mammals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810305
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    Ultrastructure of the sensory epithelia of oral tube, fungiform sensory bodies, and terminal knobs of tentacles of Ovatella myosotis Draparnaud (Archaeopulmonata, Gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 333-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sensory epithelia of the oral tube, a fungiform body anterior to the tentacles and of the terminal knob of tentacles, were studied in Ovatella myosotis by electron microscopy. All three epithelia consist of columnar support cells, sensory cells, and, except in the oral tube, numerous goblet cells. The epithelia differ significantly in their apical differentiations. In the oral tube an outer layer is formed by irregularly bent villi of support cells completely embedded in a surface coat. Cilia and cytofila of the dendrites of sensory cells intertwine throughout the entire depth of the villous layer. In the fungiform sensory body some of the villi of support cells are singly branched. Their basal region is free of a surface coat. In this region cytofila and cilia of dendrites form a spongy layer, some cytofila extending into the surface coat. In the tentacular terminal knob the villi of the support cells branch dichotomously once or twice, a single villus thus ending with 2-4 tips. Only these terminal twigs are invested with the surface coat. The cytofila and dendritic cilia are confined to a broad spongy layer underneath. Three types of dendrites are present. They differ in their number of cilia, structure of basal bodies and occurrence in the three epithelia. Dendritic cytofila are most abundant in the tentacular terminal knob and least numerous in the oral tube. The observations are discussed with respect to corresponding epithelia in other pulmonates, the homology of the fungiform body, and possible functional correlates of structural features.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810307
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    Histological and enzymatic studies on the renal tubules of some marine elasmobranchs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Renal tubules in the dog shark, leopard shark, and red skate were examined histologically and analyzed histochemically for enzymes. Cells of the distal and collecting tubules exhibit extensive interdigitations and large intercellular spaces, suggesting that these tubules are sites of sodium reabsorption. Although Na-K-ATPase is very scarce to nonexistent in the distal and collecting tubules, very intense carbonic anhydrase activity in these segments indicates that they secrete large amounts of hyrogen ion and reabsorb sodium by H+/Na+ exchange process. Epithelial cells of the necks are not interdigitated, tightly join adjacent cells, and have low enzyme activities. They seem to be passively permeable to the water. Necks are attached to the distal tubules with scant intervening stroma. It seems likely that the stroma has a high osmotic pressure resulting from absorption of solutes in the distal tubules. Water may be reabsorbed from necks to stroma because of a concentration gradient of the solutes distributed between these sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820104
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    Morphology of the intestine of prefeeding and feeding adult Lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L.: The mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 39-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy were used to examine the morphology of the mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone in prefeeding and spontaneously feeding adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.). Absorptive (either types A or B), ciliated, and enteroendocrine cells are present in all regions but the diverticulum and anterior intestine also possess zymogen (secretory) cells. Type A absorptive cells are restricted to the diverticulum and the rostral one-third of the anterior intestine and are characterized by abundant mitochondria and an extensive smooth tubular network. Type B absorptive cells, in the remainder of the anterior intestine and the transition zone, possess small numbers of these organelles but in the transition zone also have inclusion bodies. During feeding, abundant lipid droplets and lipoprotein (VLDL) accumulate in the cytoplasm of both types of absorptive cells and in the lateral intercellular and the perivascular spaces. Lipid is present to a limited extent in ciliated cells and is encountered only rarely in enteroendocrine and zymogen cells. Although the animals are obligate sanguivores, there is little evidence of iron within these mucosal cells. It is suggested that intestinal efficiency displayed by this animal is due in part to ion transport in osmoregulation in type A cells, lipid absorption in types A and B cells, and digestion through enzymes in zymogen cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820103
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    External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 71-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fourteen species of leiognathid fishes (Perciformes, Leiognathidae) from the Philippine Islands, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, and Palau were examined for accessory secondary sexual dimorphism. Thirteen species exhibit either external dimorphism (a clear patch of skin on the flanks of males, a large clear patch of skin on the opercular margins of males, or a flank stripe in males) or internal dimorphism (large light organs in males) or both. Eight of the 14 species (and possibly as many as 11) exhibit both forms of sexual dimorphism. Two species show only internal light organ volume dimorphism, and one species shows neither external nor internal dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is thus very common in leiognathids. The externally dimorphic skin patches are closely associated with the internally dimorphic light organ system in seven species (and possibly as many as ten), indicating a potential for light emission through the clear patches. A bioluminescent signaling function by males is therefore suggested for the sexual dimorphism in leiognathids, which may play an important role in the schooling behavior as well as in species and sexual recognition of these coastal fishes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820105
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    Oral structures and their development in egg-brooding hylid frog embryos and larvae: Evolutionary and ecological implications (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 1-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Among egg-brooding hylid frogs there is much interspecific variation in the degree of development of the young at hatching. In certain species of Gastrotheca the eggs hatch into free-living tadpoles, whereas in others (and in the genera Amphignathodon, Cryptobatrachus, Stefania and Hemiphractus) the eggs hatch directly into frogs. We examined the oral anatomy of tadpoles and embryos of 22 species of egg-brooding hylids in order to determine the morphological differences between free-living larvae and embryos of species having direct development. All free-living Gastrotheca larvae are morphologically similar and have a large array of oral structures directly associated with a suspension feeding way of life. Among those egg-brooding hylids without free-living larvae there is a complete gradation from those with all of the free-living tadpole oral structures to those with none. Different lineages retain different vestiges of free-living larval morphology, suggesting that direct development has evolved multiple times among these frogs. All of the morphological patterns in the direct-developing embryos can be accounted for by simple truncation or acceleration of the normal tadpole developmental program. We explore the possibility that certain Gastrotheca species with tadpoles may have evolved from species that lack larval stages. The development of oral structures in egg-brooding hylids provides insight into the phylogenetic significance of these charactes in other groups of anurans. Most significantly they reinforce the idea that microhylids evolved from ranoidlike ancestors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820102
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820201
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    Immunocytochemical study of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the eyestalks of the prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) and some other Palaemonidae, in relation to variations in the blood glucose level (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: With the use of rabbit antisera against crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), it is possible to describe a distinct immunopositive reaction in a group of neurosecretory cells in the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ2 (MTGX2), in the MTGX-sinus gland tract, and in a considerable part of the sinus gland from several species of prawns belonging to the Palaemonidae. By introductory studies on the CHH system in Palaemon serratus, we can postulate a sequence in the activity cycle of the CHH-producing cells on the basis of differences in staining intensity of the immunoreaction and such morphometric parameters as cellular and nuclear diameter. By studying the CHH-producing system in combination with variations in the glucose level of the blood, an “inverse relationship” is observed between the number of immunoreactive cells and the blood glucose level during different periods of the year as well as during different stages of the molting cycle. A “shift in phase” of this correlation during the diurnal cycle suggests that several rhythmical phenomena may play a role in the regulation of glycemia in Crustacea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820106
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala: II. Fine structure of the large pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A large mechanosensory campaniform sensillum (LCS) is found close to the flagellum/pedicellus joint in the antennae of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. The LCS possesses a single sensory cell, enveloping cells and a cuticular stimulus-conducting structure. The distal part of the sensory process is developed as a tubular body and is connected to the two parts of the stimulusconducting apparatus. The sensory cell is characterized by the complete absence of ciliary structures in the transition zone between dendrite and sensory process.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820108
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    A three-dimensional muscle model: A quantified relation between form and function of skeletal muscles (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 95-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A three-dimensional muscle model with complex geometry is described and tested against experimental data. Using this model, several muscles were constructed. These muscles have equal optimum length but differ in architecture. The force exerted by the constructed muscles, in relation to their actual length and velocity of shortening, is discussed. Generally speaking, the constructed muscles with considerable pennation have great fiber angles, a great physiological cross section, a narrow active and steep passive length-force relation, and a low maximal velocity of shortening. The maximal power (force times velocity) delivered by the constructed muscles is shown to be almost independent of the architecture of the muscles. The steepness of the passive length-force relation is determined mainly by the shortest fibers within the group of constructed muscles, wheras maximal velocity of shortening and the width of the active length-force relation are determined mainly by the longest fibers.The validity of the three-dimensional muscle model with respect to some morphological and functional characteristics is tested. Length-force relations of constructed muscles are compared with the actual length-force relations of mm. gastrocnemii mediales and mm. semimembranosi of male Wistar rats. Moreover, actual fiber angle, fiber length, and muscle thickness of three mm. gastrocnemii mediales are compared with values found for constructed muscles. It is concluded that the three-dimensional muscle model closely approximates the actual muscle form and function.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820107
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    Primary projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of sturgeon: Acipenser oxyrhynchus and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies of afferent and efferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of chondrostean fishes revealed medial, descending and ascending projections. Entering fibers of the trigeminal sensory root project medially to terminate in the medial trigeminal nucleus, located along the medial wall of the rostral medulla. Other entering sensory fibers turn caudally within the medulla, forming the trigeminal spinal tract, and terminate within the descending trigeminal nucleus. The descending trigeminal nucleus consists of dorsal (DTNd) and ventral (DTNv) components. Fibers of the trigeminal spinal tract descend through the lateral alar medulla and into the dorsolateral cervical spinal cord. Fibers exit the spinal tract throughout its length, projecting to the ventral descending trigeminal nucleus (DTNv) in the medulla and to the funicular nucleus at the obex. Retrograde transport of HRP through sensory root fibers also revealed an ascending bundle of fibers that constitutes the neurites of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, cell bodies of which are located in the rostral optic tectum. Retrograde transport of HRP through motor root fibers labeled ipsilateral cells of the trigeminal motor nucleus, located in the rostral branchiomeric motor column.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820202
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    The nervous system in the hypostome of Pelmatohydra robusta: The presence of a circumhypostomal nerve ring in the epidermis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two types of nerve cells, sensory and ganglion cells, were identified in the epidermis of the hypostome of Pelmatohydra robusta by light and electron microscopy. In the study of distribution of these cells, the presence of a circumhypostomal nerve ring in the epidermis was revealed, although hydras have been considered to possess only a diffuse nervous system or socalled nerve net. The nerve ring, which encircled the hypostome, was constituted by several clusters of ganglion cells, thick bundles of many neurites connecting these clusters, and a small number of individual ganglion cells located along the bundles. In the nerve ring, some of the lamellae protruding from the ganglion cells were frequently myelinated and wrapped the cell bodies of neighboring ganglion cells, and other lamellae were arranged in concentric circles.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820204
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    Morphology of the intestine of prefeeding and feeding adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus (L): The mucosa of the posterior intestine and hindgut (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 137-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epithelium of the posterior intestine and hindgut of recently metamorphosed adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.) prior to and during spontaneous feeding was examined using light and electron microscopy. These two regions differ slightly in their general morphology but possess the same mucosal cell types. Included are caveolated absorptive and mucous cells, which are not present in more cephalic regions of the intestine, and ciliated and enteroendocrine cells. During feeding, the caveolated cells undergo dramatic transformation in their structure, namely, through the acquisition of numerous heterophagic vacuoles. Due to their morphology and to the fact that there are low amounts of lipid, it is suspected that caveolated cells are primarily involved in the absorption of protein components from the ingested host blood and body fluids. Iron in caveolated cells may result from the degradation of ingested heme or reflect the excretion of bile products at this location in the intestine. Mucous cells are likely responsible for lubrication of the luminal surface and may be important as a stem cell for the mucosal epithelium.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820203
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    An electron microscopic study on the type I pneumocyte in the cat: Postnatal morphogenesis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation describes the morphogenesis of the type I pneumocyte from the neonatal stage to the age of 3 months. Cells lining subpleural air spaces were photographed from electron microscopic serial sections and a three-dimensional representation of each cell was obtained by transferring the contours of the cell membranes from micrographs to transparent plastic sheets which were then spaced to scale and stacked. The portion of the reconstructed cell surface taking part in the formation of the blood-airbarrier increased extensively in postnatal stages when compared with reconstructed cells of prenatal stages. Reconstructed cell-surface irregularities decrease during distension. A cytoplasmic plate seen in the last stage studied may represent a forming alveolar pore.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820205
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    Models of tongue movement in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 179-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three hypothetical models of tongue movement of the walrus during suction feeding are examined. These models encompass the entire range of simple tongue retraction movements possible by examining 1) movement of the tongue directly to the rear following the curvature of the palate, 2) to the rear and ventrally in a straight line, and 3) ventrally in a straight line. The percent of muscular force available from the hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus that could be applied toward retraction as predicted by each model is calculated. The resistance that the tongue would provide during retraction is calculated using projected tongue areas and is combined with the above data from the muscles to provide an estimate of the percent of the total available force that is needed to retract the tongue for each model. A separate examination of the direction of tongue-induced wear striations on the palatal and lingual aspects of the teeth is used to help support or reject the three models.The model where the tongue is moved directly to the rear is supported by studies of both muscle force and tooth wear. In the mammalian groups that were compared to the walrus, there is a great deal of interspecific variation in movements of the tongue during suction feeding; no two groups can be considered to have identical stereotyped tongue movements.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820206
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    Displaced horizontal cells in the chick retina (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The retina of the chick contains retinal cells of a morphology very similar to that of the horizontal cells, but the perikarya, axons, and axon terminals lie in the inner plexiform layer. The discovery of this neuronal ectopia appears to support the idea that some horizontal and amacrine cells derive from a common, freely migrating cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820208
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820301
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    The cranial and cervical osteology of the european oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus L. (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cranial and cervical osteology of the European oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus L. is completely described from both whole skeletons and spirit specimens. Contrary to previous reports, the postorbital ligament shows variability in bifurcation and attachment, with the posterior branch, where present, attaching either to the suprameatic process or the zygomatic process. In addition, the quadrate ligament, which had been described as originating from the suprameatic process, appears instead to attach to the zygomatic process in some specimens. The caudal mandibular fenestra, earlier considered absent in oystercatchers, is present in all specimens examined. The cranium is additionally distinguished by a number of features which may be unique to oystercatchers. A fourth, previously unrecorded, division of the maxillopalatine strut is present, while the palatine process of the premaxilla is reduced to a thickening along the edge of the premaxillary process of the palatine. The distinctiveness of the oystercatcher cranium is particularly evident in the area of the quadratomandibular articulation, which possesses features potentially important for stabilizing the joint. A deep retroarticular notch is present, guiding a large medial jugomandibular ligament along the posterior margin of the articulation. A lateral mandibular tuberosity, which is received dorsally by an emargination of the jugal arch and quadrate, may act as an osteological brace, preventing posterior shifting of the closed mandible. The 15 cervical vertebrae are divided on the basis of structural criteria into three sections.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820209
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    Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 197-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many climbing mammals are able to reverse normal hind foot posture to effect the grip necessary to descend headfirst or to hang upside down. Such hind foot reversal is known in sciurids, procyonids, felids, viverrids, tupaiids, prosimians, and marsupials. The joint movements involved, however, have never been documented unequivocally although various interpretations (some contradictory) have been made. We report here radiographic data from species of the genera Didelphis, Felis, Nasua, Nycticebus, Potos, Sciurus, and Tupaia. In the six eutherians studied, three joints are involved, and there is a common pattern in the mechanism: crurotalar plantarflexion, subtalar inversion, and transverse tarsal supination. Hind foot reversal represents the development of an unusual degree of excursion at these joints, rather than the appearance of any new type of movement. In Didelphis the mechanism is quite different: a bicondylar, spiral tibiotalar joint is the principal site of inversion/abduction movements. This specialization is characteristic of didelphids and phalangerids, and occurs in the extinct multituberculates as well; it is not found in macropodids (which are like eutherians in crurotalar joint structure) or other marsupial families. This diversity in pedal structure and function is evidently the result of parallel evolution from the type of tibiotalar joint of cynodonts and early mammals. In Morganucodon the bulbous, hemispheroidal proximal surface of the talus bears two tibial facets. These facets are represented in didelphids and multituberculates as sulci, whereas in macropodids and eutherians they developed as the proximal and medial surfaces of the talar trochlea. Among living mammals, the primitive hemispheroidal joint is retained among monotremes as a ball and socket joint.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820207
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    Variation and timing of the cranial ossification sequence of the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis (Amphibia, Discoglossidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sequence of appearance of the 17 different skull bones in the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, is described. Data are based primarily on samples of ten or 11 laboratory-reared specimens of each of 11 Gosner developmental stages (36-46) representing middle through late metamorphosis. Ossification commences as early as stage 37 (hind limb with all five toes distinct), but the full complement of adult bones is not attained until stage 46 (metamorphosis complete). Number of bones present at intermediate stages is poorly correlated with external morphology. As many as four Gosner developmental stages elapse before a given bone is present in all specimens following the stage at which it may first appear. The modal ossification sequence is frontoparietal, exoccipital, parasphenoid, septomaxilla, premaxilla, vomer, nasal, maxilla, angulosplenial, dentary, squamosal, quadratojugal, pterygoid, prootic, interfrontal, sphenethmoid, and mentomeckelian. Most specimens are consistent with this sequence, despite the poor correlation between cranial ossification and external development as assayed by Gosner stage.The timing of cranial ossification in Bombina orientalis differs in many respects from that described for two other, distantly related anurans, the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and the western toad (Bufo boreas). These include the total number and sequence of appearance of bones, and the timing of ossification relative to the development of external morphology. Interspecific variation may reflect differences in the timing of the tissue interactions known to underlie skeletal differentiation and evolution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820302
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    Ultrastructure of osmoregulatory organs in larvae of the brackish-water mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 257-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules, ileum, rectum, anal canal, and anal papillae of larvae of the mosquito Culiseta inornata was examined. The Malpighian tubules, rectum, and anal papillae have many of the ultrastructural features characteristic of ion transport tissues, i.e., elaboration of the basal and apical membranes and a close association of these membranes with mitochondria. The Malpighian tubules possess two cell types, primary and stellate. The larval rectum of C. inornata is composed of a single segment containing a homogenous population of cells. In this respect, the larval rectum of C. inornata is distinct from that of saline-water species of Aedes. The cells in the larval rectum of C. inornata, however, closely resemble those of one cell type, the anterior rectal cells, of the saline-water mosquito Aedes campestris with regard to cell and nuclear size, the percentage of the cell occupied by apical folds, and mitochondrial density and distribution. No similarities can be found between the rectum of C. inornata and the posterior segment of the saline-water Aedes, which functions as a salt gland. On this basis, we have postulated that the rectum of C. inornata does not function as a site of hyperosmotic fluid secretion. The ultrastructure of the anal papillae of C. inornata is consistent with a role in ion transport. The significance of these findings to comparative aspects of osmoregulatory strategies in mosquito larvae is discussed.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820303
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    Morphology of the sternal and tergal glands producing the sexual pheromones and the aphrodisiacs among the cockroaches of the subfamily oxyhaloinae (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 279-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Among cockroaches in the subfamily of Oxyhaloinae, the adult males produce two essential and successively active chemical signals: the sex pheromone attracting females from a distance secreted by the sternal glands, and the aphrodisiac required for mating which is secreted by the tergal glands. The adult males of the seven species studied, Nauphoeta cinerea, Henschoutedenia flexivitta, Leucophaea maderae, Jagrehnia madecassa, Gromphadorhina portentosa, G. laevigata, and G. chopardi, possess well-developed sternal and tergal glands whose number varies according to the species and methods of mating (three to six sternal glands and four to seven tergal glands). These glands are basically composed of type three glandular units (glandular cell + duct cell) and type 2 cells (modified oenocytes) which exhibit no significant external cuticular modification except for tergite 2 of L. maderae. The extreme variance in development of these glands can be linked to sexual behavior. The hypothesis put forward here is that of a regressive evolution of the tergal glands, related to a modification of the role played by the aphrodisiacs which they secrete.
    Additional Material: 47 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820304
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    Morphology and histology of the alimentary tracts of ambassidae (Cuvier) (Teleostei) in relation to feeding (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology and histology of the alimentary tracts of three species of glassy perchlet; Ambassis productus, A. natalensis, and A. gymnocephalus from estuaries on the southeast coast of Africa were investigated. The anatomy of the digestive tracts in all three species was found to be similar. Well-developed dentition and pharyngeal teeth together with a distensible stomach and a low relative gut length (RGL) suggest a predatory and carnivorous habit for all three species.The relative gut lengths of Ambassis species from different estuarine systems are compared‥ Differences in RGL for A. productus and A. natalensis from the Kosi and St Lucia systems with fish from Mdloti estuary are discussed. It is suggested that decreased RGL for fish at Mdloti is attributable to decreased food availability and not to a lack in the calorific content of their diet.Histological investigation revealed the presence of the following regions: a pharynx; an oesophagus; a stomach differentiated into cardiac and pyloric regions; a duodenum or upper intestine; an ileum or lower intestine; and a rectum. Pyloric and rectal sphincters are present. The tunics of the above regions are described. The epithelium of the oesophagus contains taste buds and numerous mucus cells, and varies from stratified anteriorly to simple columnar posteriorly. The muscularis comprises dorsally and ventrally located inner muscle bundles and an outer circular layer. Both layers consist of striated fibres.Gastric glands are present in the mucosa of the cardiac stomach but are absent in the pylorus. Columnar absorbing cells and goblet cells are present in the epithelium of the upper and lower intestine. The rectum is distinguished from the intestine by the proliferation of mucous-secreting cells which are thought to aid defecation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820305
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    Growth and metamorphosis of the rectus abdominis muscle in Rana pipiens (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 317-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cross sections through the middle segment of the anuran rectus abdominis muscle were analyzed morphometrically at nine stage of development, from early larval life through full maturity. The numbers, sizes, and relative distributions of twitch and slow muscle fibers, newly differentiated fibers, degenerating fibers, and satellite cells were determined at each stage. The data indicate that the muscle increases slowly in size and fiber content during early larval life. New fibers appear to form primarily along the medial margin of the muscle. During mid-larval stages, when thyroid hormone levels are rising, new fibers form throughout the medial portion of the muscle. At a slightly later stage, fibers in the lateral region of the muscle begin to degenerate. Structurally normal presynaptic elements are present on both degenerating fibers and the empty basal laminae of fibers that had been removed by phagocytes. Both fiber formation and fiber loss slow during midmetamorphic climax, at the time when thyroid hormone levels reach a peak in anurans and begin to decline. Degenerating fibers appear within the body of the muscle at the end of metamorphosis. By the end of the second postmetamorphic month, neither degenerating nor newly differentiated fibers are present. The muscle continues to grow through adult life primarily by fiber hypertrophy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820307
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    Adrenergic innervation of the gills of brown and rainbow trout, Salmo trutta and S. gairdneri (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 307-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The adrenergic innervation of structures in the gills of brown and rainbow trout was studied with catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry.In the arterio-arterial vascular pathway, there was an innervation of the afferent and efferent lamellar arterioles, but the afferent and efferent filamental arteries and the secondary lamellae were devoid of any fluorescent nerve fibres. In S. trutta only, there was an additional innervation of the afferent and efferent branchial arteries and the base of the efferent filamental artery.The innervation of the arterio-venous vascular pathway was similar in both trout species. Many fluorescent nerve fibres were found on nutritive arterioles in the gill arch and interbranchial septum, and in the core of each filament between the surface epithelium and the wall of the filament venous sinus. No fluorescent nerve fibres were observed at the origins of the capillaries arising from the efferent filamental artery.The sympathetic nerve supply is provided to the gills mainly through the posttrematic nerve, with an occasional small contribution through the pretrematic nerve.The presence of adrenergic nerves in the gills is discussed in relation to the regulation of blood flow through the arterio-arterial and arterio-venous pathways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820306
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    Morphometric diffusing capacity and functional anatomy of the book lungs in the spider Tegenaria spp. (Agelenidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 339-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The presence of both book lungs and a tracheal system in many spiders raises the question of the functional significance of this double respiratory system. The present physiological and morphometric study of the house spider (Tegenaria spp.) reveals that the diffusing capacity (Dto2) of the lungs alone suffices during rest and following exercise to meet measured rates of oxygen consumption (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm.} $\end{document}o2) at driving pressures (ΔPto2) similar to those calculated for vertebrate lungs. During moulting ΔPto2 may rise to more than double the vertebrate values, implying the possible insufficiency of book lungs during this critical life phase. Resting \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 is greatest (92 mm3/h · g) during the early morning and lowest (66 mm3/h · g) near midday: during moulting \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 rises to 278.7 mm3/h · g. In spiders recovering from exercise \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 is consistently greater than during rest: neither value is significantly reduced by blockage of the tracheal stigmas. Regression calculations of morphometric values for a hypothetical 100-mg Tegenaria yield a total lung volume of 0.578 mm3, a pulmonary surface area of 69.8 mm2, and a surface-to-volume ratio of 120.89 mm2/mm3. In spite of the similar thickness of the chitinous and hypodermal components of the air-hemolymph barrier (each ca. 0.2 μm in nonmoulting animals), the low permeability of chitin for oxygen makes this layer the greater barrier to diffusion. For a 100-mg specimen Dto2 is 3.5 mm3/h · torr: similar to that of a turtle (Pseudemys) on a gram-body weight basis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820308
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  • 91
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790201
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  • 92
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    Styletogenesis in nemertean worms: The ultrastructure of organelles involved in intracellular calcification (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of cellular organelles involved in stylet formation is examined in six species of nemertean worms by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Stylets are nail-shaped structures containing calcium phosphate that are assembled intracellularly in large uninucleate cells, called styletocytes. Each stylet develops within a membrane-bound vacuole in the styletocyte cytoplasm. Well developed arrays of Golgi bodies are typically found in the vicinity of developing stylet vacuoles, and fully formed vacuoles are filled with PAS+ material that appears to be derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. At the onset of styletogenesis, a conical sliver of organic material differentiates on the inner surface of the vacuolar membrane. This material displays a species-specific banding pattern in decalcified sections, and apparently acts as a template during calcification of the stylet shaft. After the organic core of the shaft is formed, mitochondria aggregate around the stylet vacuole and presumably help accumulate the calcium used in mineralization of the stylet. A knob-shaped proximal piece is subsequently assembled on the base of the shaft. The proximal piece contains a nonbanded matrix and has electron-dense material at its surface that may help in correctly orienting this region toward the basis during replacement of the central stylet.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790202
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  • 93
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790301
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  • 94
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    Ultrastructural observations on the embryonic development of the integument of Lacerta muralis (Lacertilia, Reptilia) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 203-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Integumentary development on the dorsal and ventral aspects of the body of 14, 21, 26, 33, and 40-day incubated embryos of the European Wall Lizard (Lacerta muralis) is described. While the earliest stages of epidermal differentiation resemble those reported for other tetrapods, precocious differentiation of dermal collagen more resembles that of anamniotes than that of birds and mammals. Anchoring complexes comprising cellular components, anchor filaments, and collagen are described, and their possible relationship to the formation of scale anlagen is discussed. The first embryonic epidermal generation differentiates beneath the periderm; most features of its histogenesis resemble those that have been described for the epidermis of adult squamates, but certain previously ignored organelles, including possible earlier β-keratin precursors, are reported. Different strategies regarding in ovo peridermal loss and posthatching shedding behavior are described and discussed in light of presently available data concerning control of cell differentiation in the squamate epidermis.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790302
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  • 95
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    Ultrastructure of the male reproductive system and of spermatogenesis in the viviparous brittle-star, Amphipholis squamata (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 243-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the male reproductive system of the hermaphroditic brittle-star, Amphipholis squamata, has been studied in specimens from both the Pacific coast (Washington) and the Atlantic coast (New Hampshire). Each testis is a small (100-μm) sphere and is attached to the internal wall of the bursa by peritoneal suspensor cells. Occasional flagellated cells are found on the external surface of the testis. The testicular wall of A. squamata is a multilayered structure, similar to that of other ophiuroids, but the hemal sinus is PAS negative in this species. Germinal cells are surrounded throughout their development by the filopodia of interstitial cells. Adjacent interstitial cells are interconnected, and thus form a structural network within the testis. Positionally and functionally, the interstitial cells resemble Sertoli cells; however, their origin, behavior and ultrastructure are different in many ways.Spermatogenesis includes a series of cyclical changes (aspermatogenic phase, proliferative phase, differentiative phase, and evacuative phase). Within a single testis, the resulting production of sperm is in short pulses, but if all 10 testes are taken together, sperm are produced continuously throughout the year. The events of spermiogenesis closely follow those that have been described in other echinoderms. However, we have provided new information on the release of excess cell membranes and the fusion process of mitochondria.The mature spermatozoa of A. squamata are flagellated and motile, and have “primitive” structural features, in spite of the fact that they fertilize the eggs inside the genital bursae. The spermatozoa do not, as was previously thought, enter the bursa by rupture of the adjacent walls. Instead, they are ejaculated through a gonoduct into the rapid incurrent flow of water entering the bursa. The locomotion of the spermatozoa is in eccentric spirals, due to the unusually large angle at which the flagellum is inserted into the base of the sperm.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790304
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  • 96
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    List of reviewers for the journal of morphology, 1983 (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800102
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  • 97
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    Comparative study of the choanosome of Porifera: 1. The Homoscleromorpha (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 3-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The choanoderm and pinacoderm of representatives of the two families of Homoscleromorpha sponges, the Oscarellidae and Plakinidae, have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Different fixative procedures have shown the dramatic influence of fixation conditions on the morphology of choanocytes. These two families of sponges have the following morphological features in common: flagellated endopinacocytes with short apical microvilli and basal pseudopods; the presence of a very thin and dense sheet of matrix material which limits the mesohyl. There are, however, only minor differences in the flagellar morphology, granule content, and anchoring system of their choanocytes.Two findings are of particular interest: (1) the presence of glycocalyx bridges between the microvilli of the choanocyte collar; and (2) the discovery of a new cell type, the apopylar cell, which has a morphology intermediate between that of pinacocytes and choanocytes. The apopylar cells limit the apopylar opening of the choanocyte chamber and indicate the transition between choanoderm and pinacoderm.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800103
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  • 98
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    Formation and ultrastructure of the micropylar apparatus in Bombyx mori ovarian follicles (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 47-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of the micropylar apparatus during oogenesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The micropylar apparatus is formed by three types of cells: the micropylar channel-forming cells (MCFCs), the micropylar orifice-forming cells (MOFCs), and the micropylar rosette-forming cells (MRFCs). During the formation of the vitelline membrane and the chorion, each of the MCFCs extends a cytoplasmic projection serving as the mold of a micropylar-channel into the egg envelopes. The detachment and collapse of the projections takes place at the end of choriogenesis. The micropylar channels possess a common external orifice on the chorion and several internal orifices within the vitelline membrane. The MOFCs interact closely with the MCFCs and contribute to the formation of the external micropylar orifice. A petal-like rosette surrounding the orifice is imprinted on the outer chorionic surface by the MRFCs which enclose a group of the MCFCs and MOFCs.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790106
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  • 99
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    Movements of the mandibles and tongue during mastication and swallowing in Pteropus giganteus (Megachiroptera): A cineradiographical study (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 95-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Quantitative lateral and dorsoventral cineradiography shows that the masticatory movements of the mandible, condyles, tongue, and hyoid of Pteropus giganteus (Chiroptera) move along highly regular paths that are characteristic for each of the three food types tested.Mandibular movements are predominantly orthal, although a small forward translation occurs early in opening and small lateral deflections occur in both opening and closing phases. These deflections are related to the existence of active (bolus bearing) and balancing sides of the jaws, chewing being not truly bilateral. The deflections are associated with a shift of both condyles toward one side. In consequence the active condyle is located in a lateral part of the associated fossa, the inactive condyle in a medial part. Food transfer from side to side involves a reversal of the chewing direction during opening. Such reversals are especially frequent near the end of a chewing sequence.The fore, middle, and hind parts of the tongue differ in their movement patterns. Movements of the fore part, and to a lesser extent of the middle part, follow the open-close movements of the lower jaw. The hind part of the tongue moves predominantly dorsally during slow closing and ventrally during fast opening and fast closing. All three parts move forward during slow closing and slow opening, and backward during fast opening and fast closing. Movements of the hyoid are closely synchronized with those of the hind part of the tongue. Furthermore, tongue and hyoid movements are synchronized with jaw movements. All cycles of Pteropus giganteus are transport cycles, and the synchrony appears to reflect the consistency of the food (soft pulp, juices). Food consistency also accounts for the high swallowing rate and the absence of any significant difference between nonswallowing and swallowing cycles.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790109
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  • 100
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    A Golgi study of anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in the alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 153-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anterior dorsal ventricular ridge was examined in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, with cresyl violet and Golgi-Kopsch preparations. Four cytoarchitectonic areas (lateral dorsolateral, medial dorsolateral, intermediolateral, and lateral) can be distinguished by variations in the density of neurons and their tendency to form clusters of neurons with apposed somata. Three distinct types of neurons are distributed throughout these areas. Juxtaependymal neurons lie near the ventricular surface and have dendritic fields paralleling the ependymal layer. Their dendrites bear a moderate density of spines. Spiny neurons all have stellate shaped dendritic fields and dendrites that bear dendritic spines, but they vary greatly in the density of spines and the thickness of their dendrites. A very spiny variety has a high spine density and relatively thick dendrites. A moderately spiny variety has a moderate spine density and thin dendrites. A sparsely spiny variety has a low spine density and thick dendrites. Aspiny neurons have a relatively large number of dendrites that form a gnarled dendritic field and lack spines.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790204
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