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  • 1985-1989  (14)
  • 1980-1984  (19)
  • 1965-1969  (12)
  • 1986  (14)
  • 1982  (19)
  • 1968  (12)
  • 1899
  • 1894
  • Kidney
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1985-1989  (14)
  • 1980-1984  (19)
  • 1965-1969  (12)
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 334 (1986), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Serotonin ; Norepinephrine ; Age ; Rat ; Kidney ; Amplification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Isolated kidneys of Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were perfused with Tyrode's solution. In 2- and 6-month old SHR, the maximal increase in perfusion pressure caused by norepinephrine was higher than in 2- and 6-month old Wistar rats, but the sensitivity, as judged from the dose of the agonist required to reach 50% of the maximal response was the same. Both the maximal response and the sensitivity to serotonin were significantly augmented in 6-month old SHR and Wistar rats when compared to the young animals. This hypersensitivity was more pronounced in SHR than in Wistar rats. Infusion of serotonin potentiated the vasoconstriction induced by a bolus of norepinephrine. This amplification, due to activation of S2-serotonergic receptors, was more pronounced in the old animals. No amplification occurred when norepinephrine was infused instead of serotonin. Tachyphylaxis to the amplifying effect of serotonin was observed and was less pronounced in kidneys from old than from young animals. The amplifying effect of serotonin was inhibited by ketanserin at concentrations which did not, or only moderately, inhibit the response to norepinephrine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 587-589 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Fibrinolysis ; Renal veins ; Acute renal failure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In 50 patients without renal insufficiency, fibrinolytic activity, as reflected by euglobulin lysis time, was determined in blood obtained from the renal veins, the renal artery and a peripheral vein. Fibrinolytic activity was found to be significantly higher in the renal veins than in the renal artery and the peripheral vein. Other coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters did not show such differences. In addition, a patient with acute oligoanuric renal failure was investigated. This patient demonstrated reduced overall fibrinolytic activity, but there were no differences between the activity in the blood of the renal veins and that of the renal artery or peripheral vein. It seems, therefore, that the kidneys release plasminogen activators into the systemic circulation. This may be decreased in renal failure, probably contributing to the well-known diminished fibrinolysis in some kidney diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 862-870 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Ammoniagenesis ; Glutamine metabolism ; Ammonium excretion ; Ammonium transport ; Nonvolatile acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Hauptort der renalen NH3↔NH 4 + -Bildung ist die proximale Tubuluszelle. Glutamin ist das wesentliche Substrat dafür. Die Desamidierung durch die mitochondriale Glutaminase ergibt Glutamat− und NH 4 + (und nicht NH3, wie oft behauptet). Ein zweites NH 4 + -Ion wird aus der Desaminierung von Glutamat− zu 2-Oxo-Glutarat2− gewonnen. NH 4 + gelangt in das Tubuluslumen großteils (aber nicht ausschließlich) in der Form von NH3 (nicht-ionische Diffusion). Für jedes sezernierte NH3 bleibt ein H+-Ion in der Zelle zurück, das separat ins Lumen transportiert wird. Im Lumen wird aus beiden wieder NH 4 + gebildet, das dann im Urin ausgeschieden wird. Dieser Prozeßper se entfernt keine H+-Ionen aus dem Körper. Zu diesem Zwecke müssen erst die anionischen Metaboliten, die bei der Ammoniagenese entstehen (2-Oxo-Glutarat2− u.a.), in neutrale Stoffe umgewandelt werden (CO2, Glukose). Dies geschieht ebenfalls, wenn auch nicht notwendigerweise, in der Tubuluszelle. Für jede negative Ladung des Substrats entsteht dabei ein HCO 3 − -Ion, das die Zelle auf der Blutseite verläßt. Eine luminale NH 4 + -Bildung, katalysiert durch γ-Glutamyltransferase, trägt in geringem Ausmaß zur NH 4 + -Anhäufung im Lumen bei. Am Ende des proximalen Konvoluts findet sich 9mal mehr NH3↔NH 4 + als im Glomerulusfiltrat. Nur ein Drittel davon erreicht das distale Konvolut, vor allem weil NH 4 + als solches im dicken, aufsteigenden Teil der Henleschen Schleife durch Co-Transport oder Elektrodiffusion resorbiert wird. Beide Prozesse erhalten ihre Energie durch den aktiven Na+-Transport in diesem Nephronteil. Dadurch wird NH3↔NH 4 + u.a. im medullären Interstitium akkumuliert, so daß ein chemischer Gradient für die nicht-ionische Diffusion von NH3 ins Lumen des Sammelrohrs aufgebaut wird. Begünstigt wird dies auch durch den sauren Disäquilibriums-pH-Wert im Lumen dieses Segments. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, daß NH3↔NH 4 + , wohl via nicht-ionische Diffusion, auch in den absteigenden Teil der Henleschen Schleife sezerniert wird, um, zusammen mit der NH 4 + -Resorption im aufsteigenden Schleifenteil, die hohe interstitielle NH3↔NH 4 + -Konzentration, die markwärts zunimmt, aufrechtzuerhalten. Das Prinzip der Gegenstrom-Multiplikation scheint daher auch bei der NH 4 + -Ausscheidung eine wesentliche Rolle zu spielen.
    Notizen: Summary The proximal tubule cell is the major site of renal ammoniagenesis. Glutamine is the major substrate. Deamidation by mitochondrial glutaminase yields glutamate− and NH 4 + (not NH3, as traditionally taught). A second NH 4 + ion is obtained by deamination of glutamate− to 2-oxo-glutarate2−. NH 4 + preferentially enters the tubule lumen primarily, but probably not exclusively, by non-ionic diffusion of NH3. For each NH3 formed in the cell one H+ ion is left behind. H+ and NH3 are secreted on separate routes, but recombine in the lumen to NH 4 + and reach the final urine in this form. This processper se does not net-remove H+ from the organism. For this purpose, the anionic products of ammoniagenesis (2-oxo-glutarate2− and others) have to be converted into neutral compounds (CO2, glucose). This metabolism again takes place usually in the tubule cell. For each negative charge one HCO 3 − is formed which enters the peritubular blood. Luminal γ-glutamyl transferase-mediated ammoniagenesis contributes to NH 4 + accumulation in the proximal tubule to a small extent. The endproximal NH 4 + delivery exceeds the filtered load by a factor of 9. Only 1/3 of it reaches the distal convoluted tubule mainly because NH 4 + as such is reabsorbed from the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop by secondary active transport or electrodiffusion. Both processes are energized by the active Na+ transport in this segment. Thereby NH3↔NH 4 + is accumulated in the medullary interstitium, which establishes the chemical gradient for non-ionic diffusion of NH3 into the lumen of the collecting ducts. This is favoured by the acidic disequilibrium pH in the lumen of this segment. Secretion of NH3↔NH 4 + , probably by non-ionic diffusion, also into the descending limb of the loop is hypothesized to maintain (together with the NH 4 + reabsorption in the thick ascending limb) the high interstitial NH3↔NH 4 + concentration increasing towards to inner medulla. Thus, the principle of counter current multiplication seems to be involved also in NH 4 + excretion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 353-363 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonia metabolism ; Glutamine metabolism ; Kidney ; Muscle ; Gut
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of acid and alkali food supplementation on systemic ammonemia to explain the hyper-ammonemia previously observed in rats fed a high protein diet. In normal rats, arterial ammonia concentration significantly increases after 4 days of HCl-supplemented diet. Following a NaHCO3-enriched food, there is only a slight but not significant decrease in arterial ammonia level. These changes occur before any variation in arterial acid-base status and are of renal origin. Indeed, there is a positive linear correlation (r = 0.946;P 〈 0.001) between arterial ammonia level and the ammonia concentration difference between the renal vein and artery (which varies proportionally to the urinary ammonium excretion). Hindquarter uptake and intestinal release of ammonia do not significantly participate in the arterial ammonia changes observed. Following HCl-enriched diets, increased renal glutamine uptake, enhanced hindquarter glutamine release, and perhaps decreased intestinal glutamine uptake occur simultaneously. In conclusion, acid and alkali food supplementation intervenes on the renal ammonia release into the circulation with concomitant arterial ammonemia changes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 299-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Raja erinacea ; Squalus acanthias ; Peritubular sheath ; Tight junctions ; Thin section ; Freeze-fracture ; Countercurrent system ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the kidney of two elasmobranch fish, the little skate (Raja erinacea) and the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), each tubular bundle is wrapped by a continuous sheath of extremely flattened cells which are ordered in several closely superimposed layers. Thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas demonstrate that extensive tight functions exist between the cells of this peritubular sheath. The sheath cells lie on a discontinuous basement membrane which suggests that they do not belong to the connective tissue. Conceivably, each peritubular sheath segregates the milieu inside the sheath (surrounding the bundle of 5 tubules bules and capillaries which form the countercurrent system) from the milieu outside the sheath (connective tissue matrix in which the bundles are embedded).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Globoid cell leukodystrophy ; Dog ; Galactosylceramide ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The kidney of a 7-month-old male Cairn terrier with globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) was investigated with light and electron microscopes. A few tubular epithelial cells in the inner medulla as well as some exfoliated cells in the lumina revealed PAS-positive cytoplasm in which needle-like structures were to be seen on occasion. At the ultrastructural level, characteristic inclusions of GLD were found in these cells. This observation indicates that in addition to our previous report in the kidney of murine GLD (Takahashi et al. 1984), kidney in canine GLD also is a site of abnormal storage of galactosylceramide, although so far no morphological or biochemical evidence of galactosylceramide storage was demonstrated in human GLD
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Proximal tubule ; Kidney ; K+ conductance ; Cell membrane potential ; Ouabain temperature ; Phlorizin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In isolated perfused segments of the mouse proximal tubule, the potential difference across the basolateral cell membrane (PDbl) was determined with conventional microelectrodes. Under control conditions with symmetrical solutions it amounted to −62±1 mV (n=118). The potential difference across the epithelium (PDte) was −1.7±0.1 mV (n=45). Transepithelial resistance amounted to 1.82±0.09 kΩ cm (n=28), corresponding to 11.4±0.6 Ω cm2. Increasing bath potassium concentration from 5 to 20 mmol/l depolarized PDbl by +24±1 mV (n=103), and PDte by +1.6±0.1 mV (n=19). Thus, the basolateral cell membrane is preferably conductive to potassium. Rapid cooling of the bath perfusate from 38°C to 10°C led to a transient hyperpolarization of PDbl from −60±1 to −65±1 mV (n=21) within 40 s followed by gradual depolarization by +18±1% (n=14) within 5 min. The transepithelial resistance increased significantly from 1.78±0.11 kΩ cm to 2.20±0.21 kΩ cm (n=15). Rapid rewarming of the bath to 38°C caused a depolarization from −61±2 mV (n=17) to −43±2 mV (n=16) within 15 s followed by a repolarization to −59±2 mV (n=10) within 40 s. Ouabain invariably depolarized PDbl. During both, sustained cooling or application of ouabain, the sensitivity of PDbl to bath potassium concentration decreased in parallel to PDbl pointing to a gradual decrease of potassium conductance. Phlorizin hyperpolarized the cell membrane from −59±2 to −66±1 mV (n=13), virtually abolished the transient hyperpolarization under cooling, and significantly reduced the depolarization after rewarming from +17±2 mV (n=16) to +9±3 mV (n=9). The present data indicate that the contribution of peritubular potassium conductance to the cell membrane conductance decreases following inhibition of basolateral (Na++K+)-ATPase. Apparently, cooling from 37° to 10°C does not only reduce (Na−+K+)-ATPase activity but in addition luminal sodium uptake mechanisms such as the sodium glucose cotransporter. As a result, cooling leads to an initial hyperpolarization of the cell followed by depolarization only after some delay.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 407 (1986), S. S160 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Contraluminal membrane ; Sulfate transport ; Anion exchanger ; DIDS
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of sulfate uptake were studied in basolateral membrane vesicles from rat renal cortex. Sulfate uptake exhibits a DIDS-sensitive, saturable component, and a DIDS-insensitive component, which does not saturate in the tested sulfate concentration range (up to 10 mM). Intravesicular (= trans) sulfate strongly stimulates sulfate uptake by increasingJ max and — to a lesser degree — by decreasing apparentK m. The marked dependence ofJ max on trans-sulfate indicates that the transport system operates as an anion exchanger. Half-maximal sulfate uptake occurs at 0.08–0.14 mmol/l extravesicular sulfate. Half-maximal trans-stimulation is observed at 11 mmol/l intravesicular sulfate indicating that the sulfate transporter is highly asymmetric. Lowering extravesicular pH stimulates sulfate uptake, suggesting that external protons are essential for sulfate uptake. This stimulation is mainly due to a decrease inK m. An inside positive membrane potential stimulates sulfate uptake at pHout=8.8, but not at pHout=6.4. These results are compatible with electrogenic sulfate transport at higher and electroneutral 2H+−SO 4 2− cotransport at lower pH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Interaction ; Kidney ; Mercury ; Selenium ; Metallothionein ; Endogenous copper ; Zinc ; Urinary excretion ; Metals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of single (SC) administration of mercuric chloride (1 mg Hg/kg) alone or jointly with (PO) sodium selenite (0.39 mg Se/kg) on kidney disposition of mercury (Hg) and metallothionein (MT) and urinary excretion of Hg, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) has been studied in the female rat. The excretion of Hg and essential metals was determined every day following exposure. Daily excretion of endogenous Cu and Zn the Hg-exposed group was about threefold and fourfold, respectively, in comparison with control groups of rats. Sodium selenite prevented the urinary excretion of endogenous Cu and partly of Zn.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Ochratoxin A ; Tissue distribution ; DNA damage ; Kidney ; Liver
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The distribution of a single low dose of [3H]ochratoxin A (OTA) in different tissues of male Wistar rats, after administration by intubation, was investigated after 5 h, 24 h and 48 h. This dose corresponds to concentrations encountered in naturally contaminated feed (4 ppm). The distribution of [3H]-label varied with the time elapsed after administration; at 5 h the highest specific label was found in the stomach contents and in decreasing order in: intestinal contents, lung, liver, kidney, heart, fat, intestine, testes, and the lowest in muscles, spleen and brain. With exception of brain, fat, stomach and lung, all tissues showed maximum levels at 24 h, after which time the label decreased steadily, whereas in fat it increased. After a 12-week feeding experiment, with doses of 288.8 μg/kg corresponding to an intake of 4 ppm in feed each 48 h, the DNA in liver and kidneys was investigated for damage. By the alkaline elution method combined with micro-spectrofluorimetric determinations of DNA, evidence for DNA single-strand breaks was obtained. These findings support reports on the carcinogenic action of OTA.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Nephron segmentation ; Zonulae occludentes ; Gap junctions ; Freeze fracture ; Teleosts (Salmo gairdneri Rich.)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cell junctions in the renal tubule of the fresh-water rainbow trout were studied with thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques. Gap junctions were restricted to the proximal tubule, which is consistent with other vertebrate classes. Segments I and II of the proximal tubule and the collecting tubule/collecting duct system exhibited a well-developed zonula occludens with anastomosing strands. The distal segment showed a narrow zonula occludens composed of few parallel strands. The structure of the occluding junctions along the renal tubule of this teleost displays several similarities with the pattern of the zonulae occludentes in the amphibian and the mammalian nephron. From these observations, in conjunction with available data from other vertebrate classes, it can be concluded that in the proximal tubule the development of a deep and complex zonula occludens is a general feature of cold-blooded vertebrates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Proximal tubule ; Atrophy ; Quantitative changes ; Obstructive nephropathy ; Kidney ; Pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Kidneys of pigs with various degrees of induced chronic obstructive nephropathy were studied by light- and electron microscopy to assess the structural changes of proximal convoluted tubules with increasing degrees of atrophy. A particular aim was to evaluate the quantitative relationship between proximal tubular and interstitial changes in early tubular atrophy. The kidneys were subjected to varying degrees of ureteral obstruction and were fixed by in vivo vascular perfusion. Quantitative (morphometric) analyses were carried out on montages of electron micrographs representing randomly selected cortical areas and cross sections of individual proximal convoluted tubules. The results demonstrated that ureteral obstruction was followed by significant reductions in proximal tubular epithelium, in volume of proximal tubular mitochondria and in surface area of proximal tubular basolateral membranes. These changes were present even in the absence of any demonstrable increase in cortical interstitium or alterations in the relationships between proximal tubules and peritubular capillaries. With increase in the volume of cortical interstitium the proximal tubules were further simplified in ultra-structure with a reduced number of interdigitating lateral cell processes. Concomitantly there were significant quantitative changes in the spatial associations between tubules and capillaries due to increase in tubulo-capillary distances. The present study shows that ultrastructural changes in proximal tubules during early atrophy precede the volume increase in cortical interstitium associated with chronic obstructive nephropathy. It is suggested that the early tubular changes are due to decreased functional loads, whereas the further progression of tubular atrophy may be a result of impaired nourishment of the tubular cells due to increased interstitial tissue and altered relationships between tubules and capillaries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 493-499 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endothelium ; Capillaries ; Kidney ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A new endothelial cell structure, named the endothelial pocket, has been found by combined transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of renal peritubular capillaries. Transmission EM observations made on these and other fenestrated capillaries demonstrated that each pocket consists of an attenuated fold of fenestrated endothelium that projects 200 nm into the lumen above the rest of the endothelial surface. Beneath this luminal fold, there is a space and then another layer of fenestrated endothelium which abuts the basal lamina. The linear density of endothelial pockets was measured in the capillaries of the kidney cortex, intestinal mucosa and exocrine pancreas in mice and determined to be 0.067, 0.017 and 0.007 pockets·μm-1 respectively. Cationic ferritin decoration of the anionic sites on the luminal surface of the endothelium in these capillary beds revealed that both unlabelled and labelled diaphragms are clustered. In such specimens, the majority of the luminal diaphragms on endothelial pockets did not have cationic ferritin binding sites detectable by either scanning or transmission EM. On this account as well as on account of their general morphology, endothelial pockets appear to be multifold versions of the simple transendothelial channel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Histamine ; Histamine N-methyltransferase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Histamine N-methyltransferase (S-adenosylmethionine: histamine N-methyltransferase, E.C. 2.1.1.8) was purified to homogeneity from rat kidney, and antibody was raised against it in guinea pigs. The antibody immunoprecipitated histamine N-methyltransferase. Immunofluorescent histochemical studies with anti-histamine N-methyltransferase antibody as the first antibody and goat antiguinea pig IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate as the second, showed the presence of immunoreactive structures in the proximal tubules of rat kidney. The brain showed no immunoreaction with the antibody.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 479-488 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Prostaglandins ; Hypertension ; Kidney ; Platelets ; Arteriosclerosis ; Prostaglandine ; Hypertonie ; Niere ; Thrombozyten ; Arteriosklerose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Blutdruckhöhe wird durch komplexe Wechselwirkungen verschiedener Mechanismen bestimmt, die sowohl den Blutfluß als auch den Widerstand des Gefäßsystems beeinflussen. Ein Übergewicht der Faktoren, die den Gefäßwiderstand oder das Extrazellulärvolumen vergrößern, führt zu einem Anstieg des Blutdrucks. Solch ein Ungleichgewicht kann z.B. durch eine erhöhte Aktivität des sympathischen Nervensystems und des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems oder durch eine gesteigerte Mineralocorticoid-Sekretion verursacht sein. Ebenso könnte eine verminderte Aktivität blutdrucksenkender Faktoren wie der Prostaglandine oder des Kallikrein-Kinin-Systems zu einem Anstieg des Blutdrucks führen. In dieser Arbeit wird die mögliche Rolle der Prostaglandine für die Pathophysiologie der essentiellen Hypertonie und degenerativer Gefäßerkrankungen dargestellt, basierend auf der Beteiligung von Prostaglandinen an der Kontrolle des Gefäßwiderstandes, der renalen Regulation des Extrazellulärvolumens und der Thrombozyten-Gefäßwand-Wechselwirkung. Ein Ungleichgewicht der Synthese bestimmter Prostaglandin-Endoperoxid-Metabolite könnte zur Hochdruckentstehung beitragen, auch ohne Vorliegen einer erhöhten Aktivität der bekannten blutdrucksteigernden Faktoren. Dabei könnte die Beteiligung der Prostaglandine an der Entstehung von Hochdruck und degenerativer Gefäßerkrankung sowohl auf einer primären Abnormalität beruhen als auch in einer Mittlerrolle für bekannte Risikofaktoren wie hohe Kochsalz-und Fettzufuhr bestehen. Spezifische Blockade oder Stimulation bestimmter Biosynthesewege, die zu gegensätzlich wirksamen Prostaglandinen führen, oder Änderung der nutritiven Zufuhr von Prekursor-Fettsäuren sollte zu einem besseren Verständnis zugrunde liegender Pathomechanismen und zu neuen Ansatzpunkten für Therapie oder Prävention dieser Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen führen.
    Notizen: Summary The level of arterial blood pressure is set by complex interactions of several mechanisms which influence both blood flow in and resistance of the vascular system. An imbalance favouring elevation of vascular resistance or extracellular volume will result in hypertension. Such alterations may include increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, of the renin-angiotensin system, or excessive secretion of mineralocorticoids. Of equal importance may be a reduced activity of blood pressure-lowering factors such as prostaglandins and the kallikrein-kinin system. This paper describes the possible significance of prostaglandins in the pathophysiology of hypertension and in degenerative vascular disease, based on their involvement in the control of vascular resistance, renal regulation of extracellular volume and plateletvessel wall interactions. An abnormality in the biosynthesis of certain prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolites may lead to hypertension even without an increase in the activity of the classic blood-pressure-elevating systems. The contribution of prostaglandins for the development of hypertension and degenerative vascular disease may be based on an inherent abnormality of the prostaglandin system, as well as on the effects of major risk factors such as dietary intake of sodium and fat on prostaglandin synthesis. Specific blockade or stimulation of distinct biosynthetic pathways leading to antagonistically acting prostaglandins and nutritional manipulation of precursor fatty acids should lead to a better understanding of the pathomechanisms involved and may offer new strategies for therapy or prevention of these cardiovascular disorders.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1165-1172 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Epithelial transport ; Kidney ; Lactate transport ; Electrolyte transport ; Epithelialer Transport ; Niere ; Laktattransport ; Elektrolyttransport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Resorption bzw. Sekretion im proximalen Nierentubulus läuft einmal passiv auf dem parazellulären Weg, d.i. zwischen den Zellen hindurch, ab, zum anderen aktiv, transzellulär, durch die Zellen hindurch. Der transzelluläre aktive Transport ist in der Regel sekundär aktiv. Er verläuft gekoppelt an den Fluß von Na+-Ionen, wobei ein transzellulärer Gradient von Na+-Ionen, der seinerseits durch die kontraluminal gelegene (Na+-K+)-ATPase geschaffen wird, die Triebkraft liefert. Einmal in der Zelle, verlassen die Substanzen die kontraluminale Zellseite vermittels Karrier, die Na+-unabhängig sind. Mit Hilfe von Mikroperfusions- und elektrophysiologischen Techniken sowie mit Hilfe von Bürstensaumvesikeln wurde der Na+-Kotransport von Aminosäuren, Phosphat, Sulfat, Thiosulfat, Gallensäuren, aliphatischen und aromatischen Monokarboxylsäuren (Laktat) sowie der von Dikarboxylsäuren untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dem bidirektionalen Transport von Thiosulfat sowie der Spezifität des Mono- und Dikarboxylsäure-Transportsystems gewidmet.
    Notizen: Summary The transport through the epithelial cell layer of the renal proximal tubule proceeds in principle by passive paracellular and active transcellular transport. The active transcellular transport is mostly secondary active. This means it proceeds coupled with the flux of Na+ ions, where-by the transcellular gradient of sodium, created by the (Na++K+)-ATPase, located at the contraluminal cell side, provides the main driving force. Once in the cell the substances leave the other cell side by a Na+-independent, but carrier-mediated transport system. Using microperfusion and electrophysiological techniques as well as brush border membrane vesicle preparation the Na+-H+ countertransport and the Na+-cotransport of amino acids, phosphate, sulfate, thiosulfate, bile acids, aliphatic-aromatic monocarboxylic acids (lactate) and dicarboxylic acids was studied. Special emphasis will be given to the bidirectional transport of thiosulfate as well as to the specificity of the monocarboxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid transport system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 399 (1982), S. 105-114 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Morphometry ; Multivariate analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Morphometric studies have shown several significant differences in certain features of the kidney of normal individuals, those with minimal changes disease (MC), mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) or diabetic glomerulosclerosis (DGS). However, there is a considerable overlap. As this could prevent the application of morphometry in diagnostic kidney pathology, we have applied multivariate analysis. In total, material from 89 different patients was studied (13 normals, 30 MC's, 13 MPGN's and 33 DGS patients). A two-step approach has heen used because of the pattern of deviations between the different groups. First, the normals and MC's as one group were distinguished from the MPGN's and DGS's as another. With 6 features 90.5% of all the patients were correctly classified (sensitivity 95.6%, specificity 84.6%). For the distinction between the normals and MC's, three features (mesangial cell percentage, total glomerular cells and endothelial cell percentage), was the best discriminating combination. Using 0.75 as a numerical classification probability threshold (for doubtful or inconclusive) none of the minimal changes were misclassified, and only two of the normal patients (16%). Four of the normals were inconclusive (33%) as were four of the minimal changes (14%). This result should be considered with the initial selection criteria in mind (no observable histological changes after careful subjective evaluation, in the presence of a clinical nephrotic syndrome in the minimal change patients). This emphasizes the possibility of morphometry todetect differences, which escape qualitative observations. An even better discrimination can be obtained between the MPGN's and DGS's. Only one of the MPGN's was misclassified, but in contrast to all the other cases, the numerical classification probability of this patient was low (0.65 in comparison with 0.79 to 1.0). It is concluded that in kidney pathology, multivariate analysis of morphometric data gives a better discrimination between different groups than single variate analysis.
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 81-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Connecting tubule ; Differentiation ; Growth and development ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary At the start of its morphogenesis the tubule of an S-shaped body always attaches to the terminal ampulla of the collecting duct. It remains attached there for some time while the terminal ampulla sprouts toward the renal capsule. The most distal part of the tubule that rises to the ampulla forms the connecting tubule, morphogenically the oldest segment of the tubulus nephroni. When younger S-shaped bodies join the same terminal ampulla, 2 to 3 connecting tubules are temporarily attached side by side to a single ampulla. Soon, however, the connecting tubule of the older nephron shifts its point of attachment away from the ampulla to the connecting tubule of the younger nephron. This process is repeated through successive nephron generations. Thus an arcade develops which at the close of morphogenesis includes the connecting tubules of the 3 to 4 oldest juxtamedullary and midcortical nephrons of the collecting duct and is always situated close to interlobular veins. The connecting tubules of the 2 youngest subcapsular nephrons are not incorporated into arcades, but join directly and permanently the collecting duct. — At the start of histogenesis, the undifferentiated tubule epithelium of the S-shaped body has a uniform structure over its entire length. At the junction of the connecting tubule and the terminal ampulla there is a cytologically sharp boundary between cuboidal, dark-stained connecting-tubule epithelium of the nephron and cylindrical, light-stained ampullary epithelium of the collecting duct. The epithelial differentiation begins in the oldest, juxtamedullary connecting tubules of an arcade and progresses upward to the terminal ampulla, so that immature connecting-tubule epithelium and immature ampullary epithelium are temporarily interposed between mature connecting-tubule epithelium and mature collecting-duct epithelium. The mature epithelium of the connecting tubule stains light, in which respect it behaves like the epithelium of the distal tubule. However, it also contains individual cells that are more strongly basophilic, stain dark and, though of nephrogenic origin, cannot be distinguished from the dark cells of the collecting duct by light microscopy. — Morphogenically and histogenically, the arcade-forming connecting tubules and the subcapsular connecting tubules arise from the nephrogenic blastema.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Rabbit ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Goormaghting cell ; Granular cell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Goormaghtigh cells of the JGA are characterized by an extensive cellular ramification. In order to elucidate the shape and arrangement of the cell processes a three-dimensional model of a Goormaghtigh cell and of an adjacent granular cell has been constructed based on electron micrographs of a series of ultrathin sections. The model shows that a Goormaghtigh cell has the shape of a flatly pressed cylinder with both ends splitting up into a bunch of parallel processes. The processes maintain a close neighboring position and do not intermingle with processes of other Goormaghtigh cells. This feature is most puzzling when considering that Goormaghtigh cells and their processes are extensively connected by gap junctions. Even processes belonging to the same cell are electrically coupled with each other through gap junctions. The granular cells are clearly different in shape from Goormaghtigh cells. In granular cells bunches of processes are lacking. Granular cells obviously ramify into a few, large processes. The present findings are consistent with the assumption of a functionally central position of Goormaghtigh cells within the feedback mechanism of the JGA.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 315-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Loop of Henle ; Differentiation ; Growth and development ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The epithelial differentiation of the loop of Henle was investigated in the kidneys of Wistar rats between embryonic day 15 and postnatal day 30. Three stages can be distinguished in the development of the loop of Henle: (1) the primitive loop, (2) the immature loop and (3) the mature loop. The primitive loop of Henle is composed of thick undifferentiated tubule epithelium and is divided into a strongly basophilic proximal tubule anlage that stains dark in the semithin section, and a weakly basophilic, light-staining distal tubule anlage. The two anlages are separated by a cytologically sharp boundary located in the descending limb just before the bend of the loop. The immature loop of Henle is present when differentiation of the tubule epithelium begins. The shorter initial portion of the proximal tubule anlage develops into proximal straight tubule epithelium with brush border, brush border enzymes and lysosomal enzymes, while the longer, more distal portion of the proximal tubule anlage develops into thin undifferentiated epithelium that is a transitory feature of the immature loop stage. The primitive epithelium of the distal tubule anlage develops into distal straight tubule epithelium. The cytologically sharp boundary of the thin undifferentiated epithelium and distal tubule epithelium is located just before the bend of the loop. The loop of Henle matures as the thin undifferentiated epithelium in the medullary ray and outer stripe of the outer medulla becomes transformed into proximal straight tubule epithelium. At the point where this descending differentiation ends, the borderline of the inner and outer stripe of the outer medulla arises. The thin undifferentiated epithelium in the inner stripe and the inner medulla differentiates into the thin epithelium of the descending limb of Henle's loop. In the bend and ascending limb of long loops, the thick distal tubule epithelium is trans-formed by an ascending autophagous process into the thin epithelium of the ascending limb of Henle. The termination of this process marks the borderline between the inner and outer medulla. The thin descending and thin ascending limb of Henle arise from 2 different anlages; between them lies the histogenetic boundary of the proximal and distal renal tubule.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 50 (1982), S. 77-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Elemental mercury ; Kidney ; Psychomotor function ; Preclinical changes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Renal function and psychomotor performance (eye-hand coordination, arm-hand steadiness) of a group of 43 workers exposed to mercury vapor were examined. Their mean age and average duration of exposure to mercury were 38 and 5 years, respectively. The results were compared with those obtained in a matched group of 47 control workers. Increased proteinuria and albuminuria were found slightly more prevalent in the Hg-exposed group than in the control workers. These results are in agreement with those found during a previous study carried out in another group of workers also exposed to elemental mercury (Bucket et al. 1980). The scores of the psychomotor tests were less satisfactory in the Hg workers than in the control workers, the arm-hand steadiness test being more discriminative than the eye-hand coordination test. Preclinical changes in psychomotor function can be detected independently of the presence of signs of renal dysfunction. No clear-cut relationships were found between the prevalence of abnormal psychomotor scores and the level of mercury in blood (HgB) or in urine (HgU). Increased prevalences of abnormal psychomotor scores seem however to occur for HgB between 1 and 2 μg/100 ml and for HgU between 50 and 100 μg/g creatinine. Therefore, a biologic threshold limit value of 50 μg/g creatinine is proposed for urinary mercury to prevent the development of preclinical effects on the central nervous system. A similar critical HgU level based on renal dysfunction prevalences has been suggested in a previous study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 12 (1982), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Schlagwort(e): Abdomen ; Computed tomography ; Pseudomasses ; Kidney ; Displacements ; Distortions ; Spleen ; Lobulation ; Variants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Occasional normal anatomic variations may produce radiographic appearances that closely simulate disease and visceral enlargement may cause unusual displacements of adjacent organs. Two cases are reported in whom prominent splenic lobulation caused flattening of the upper pole of the left kidney. The appearance simulated that produced by a suprarenal mass. The value of CT in differentiating this normal variation from disease is discussed. A third patient in whom massive splenomegaly caused upward displacement of the left kidney is also reported. The literature concerning visceral relationships in the left upper quadrant and the normal variations that simulate disease is reviewed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 395 (1982), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Gastrin metabolism ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The extraction of plasma gastrin during intravenous infusion of exogenous hormone has been measured in the head, gastrointestinal tract, or kidney of dogs submitted to sham surgery, evisceration, or binephrectomy without or with subsequent kidney transplantation. A significant gastrin extraction was demonstrated not only in the kidney, but also in the head and in the gastrointestinal tract; moreover, plasma gastrin extraction in the head and the bowel was considerably reduced by binephrectomy and was brought back to control values after subsequent kidney transplantation. A non-specific effect of surgery and a variation in peripheral blood flow seem to be excluded. Thus a control by the kidney of the peripheral removal of blood gastrin is evidenced, the mechanism of which remains hypothetical.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 393 (1982), S. 88-91 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin ; Kidney ; Hypoxia ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Plasma titers of erythropoietin (Ep) are known to increase initially during hypoxia and to return then towards prehypoxia values. To find out if this pattern of plasma Ep might be related to changes in the production of the hormone, I have compared plasma with kidney Ep titers in hypoxic rats. Rats were exposed to hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber at 0.42 atm for various time intervals for up to 4 days. Kidney Ep titers were assayed in extracts from kidneys that had been flushed free of blood in situ. It was found that kidneys of normal rats do not store significant amounts of Ep. Kidney Ep titers increased transiently during hypoxia. They reached maximum values after 6h and then declined to almost undetectable levels at continued hypoxia. In the plasma, maximum values were found after 12–18h of hypoxia. Additional studies were done on the effects of discontinuous hypoxia. It was found that, even after 3 days of previous hypoxia exposure, plasma and kidney Ep titers increased again in rats when these were maintained intermittently in normoxia for 18 h. It is concluded that the rise and fall in plasma Ep titers during hypoxia reflect similar changes in kidney Ep production.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 395 (1982), S. 271-276 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Atrium ; NaCl excretion ; Volume regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Micropuncture studies of the renal effects of atrial natriuretic substance. Injection of atrial extract produced by homogenization, boiling and centrifugation of atrial tissue from one heart caused a 10 fold increase in urine flow rate and a 30-fold increase in Na excretion. Similarly prepared extracts of ventricle were without effect. To identify the site of action of atrial natriuretic substance, extract was infused intravenously at rates corresponding to 3 or 6 atria per hour. During infusion at a rate of 3 atria per hour mean urine flow increased from 9.5±2.8 to 17.2±1.2 μl/min and Na excretion from 0.14±0.06 to 1.78±0.14 μmol/min. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) and proximal and loop of Henle fluid absorption did not change significantly. During infusion of 6 atria per hour, paralleling a greater rise in urine flow rate (from 6.4±2.09 to 40.3±7.5 μl/min) and in sodium excretion (from 0.18±0.0008 to 5.97±0.93 μmol/min), filtration rate, measured for either the single nephron or the whole kidney, rose. As a consequence of the rise in GFR, delivery of fluid and chloride into the distal tubule increased significantly. These data suggest that to a major extent the natriuresis is caused by transport inhibition along collecting tubules and collecting ducts. In addition, at high doses a rise in filtration rate contributes to the natriuretic effect of atrial extracts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 392 (1982), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Adipose tissue blood flow ; Dog ; Exercise ; Kidney ; Microspheres ; Pancreas ; Radioactive ; Regional blood flow ; Skin ; Small intestine ; Tendon ; Tongue
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Adipose tissue blood flow was measured by the microsphere technique in all major adipose tissue depots in dogs during exercise. The measurements were done during rest, after 1 and 2 h of exercise and after a postexercise rest period. It was found that the blood flow to the inguinal, subcutaneous adipose tissue increased from about 6 ml/(100g·min) during rest to about 10 ml/(100 g·min) during exercise. This increase in flow was significantly smaller than the increase found in the perirenal, the mesenteric and the pericardial depots. In these depots the resting blood flow was about 10 ml/(100 g·min) increasing to about 30 ml/(100 g·min) during exercise. It is concluded that the increase in adipose tissue blood flow during exercise is a general phenomenon for all major adipose tissue depots. The increase in flow in the inguinal, subcutaneous fat pad was comparable to the previously described increase in flow in abdominal, subcutaneous tissue in man. Blood flow to abdominal skin was constant during exercise, while the flow in tissues from the gastrointestinal canal and in the kidneys decreased. The flow in the tongue and in the Achilles tendon significantly increased during exercise.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 50 (1982), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): 4-Dimethylaminophenol ; Cyanide therapy ; Methaemoglobinaemia ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Single oral doses up to 25 mg/kg body weight of the methaemoglobin-inducing cyanide antidote, 4-dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) did not result in any gross or histological abnormality in the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys of rats killed up to 24 h after the dose. In animals kept for 7 days after the dose to abnormality was observed in the organs examined or in blood samples taken during the course of the experiment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 319 (1982), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Renin ; Histamine ; Kidney ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The renal effects of histamine, histamine receptor agonists and antagonists were studied in the isolated rat kidney, which was perfused with a synthetic medium at constant perfusion pressure in a single pass system. Histamine induced a concentration-dependent increase of renin release ranging from a two-fold increase at 0.5 μM to a four-fold increase at 10 μM. No change in renal vascular resistance, glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion occurred. Histamine-H2-antagonists (ranitidine and cimetidine) were more effective to block the response to histamine than was the histamine H1-antagonist diphenhydramine. Histamine-H2-agonists (impromidine and dimaprit, 2.5 μM each) were potent stimulators of renin release, their effect was blunted by H2-antagonists. The histamine-H1-agonist pyridyl-2-ethylamine had a low stimulatory activity at 10 μM final concentration, which may reflect partial H2-agonistic effects. It is concluded that histamine stimulates renin release via H2-receptor activation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Protein and glycoprotein synthesis ; Juxtaglomerular cells ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sections of juxtaglomerular cells from sodium-deficient rats were subjected to radioautography after a single intravenous injection of L-tyrosine3,5 3H or of L-fucose 3H to identify the sites of synthesis and to follow the migration of newly-formed proteins and glycoproteins. As early as 2 min after injection of L-tyrosine 3H, the label was highest in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), suggesting that cisternal ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. By 60 min, much of the label had migrated from the RER to the Golgi complex. Some radioactivity was already present over specific granules by 2 min but a peak was reached at 4h. The label over myofilaments was evident at all time intervals, indicating a certain incorporation of tyrosine into their contractile and/or structural proteins. The label over the cell surface peaked at 4h. After injection of L-fucose 3H, there was an early and important relative specific radioactivity in the Golgi complex at 5 min with a peak at 20 min and a decrease thereafter. The label increased slightly but steadily in secretory granules and cell surface to reach maxima at 4 h. A low level of radioactivity was recorded in mitochondria at all time intervals. After injection of both fucose 3H and tyrosine 3H, the label was detected at relatively low levels in the cytosol. These results suggest that renin, as the major secretory glycoprotein of juxtaglomerular cells, is synthetized in the RER, packaged in the Golgi complex and found relatively rapidly in newly-formed secretory granules. Part of the fucose and tyrosine labels is also associated with the thick cell coat of these cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 603-614 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Medullary collecting duct ; Rat ; Rabbit ; Tight junctions ; Freeze ; fracture electron microscopy ; Urinary concentration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The tight junctions along the medullary collecting duct in the kidneys of the rat and the rabbit were studied with freeze-fracture electron microscopy and quantitated according to the number of strands and the apico-basal depth (nm) of the junctions. The most elaborate tight junctions were found in the inner stripe of the outer medulla; rat: 10.6±0.8 strands and 205±24nm; rabbit: 11.6±2.4 strands and 291±55 nm. The elaboration of the tight junctions decreased continuously towards the papillary tip. Inner zone I; rat: 9.3±2.6 strands and 186±38nm, rabbit: 9.5±2.3 strands and 247±59nm. Inner zone II; rat: 7.1±2.2 strands and 129±32nm, rabbit: 8.5±1.4 strands and 199±26nm. Inner zone III; rat: 6.0±1.6 strands and 111 + 19 nm, rabbit: 7.0±1.5 strands and 183±43 nm. In the inner zone III comprising the papillary tip tight junctions with only 1–3 strands were not infrequently seen. Preliminary findings in the kidney of the golden hamster indicate a similar decline of junctional tightness along the collecting duct. These morphological observations suggest that the permeability of the paracellular pathway of the medullary collecting duct increases towards the tip of the papilla, especially in the rat. The functional implications for the medullary recycling of urea and electrolytes, and for the urinary concentrating mechanism are discussed. In addition, the tight junctions of the papillary epithelium are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 363-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Erythrophagocytosis ; Kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Micropuncture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Morphological examination of kidney biopsies from patients with glomerulonephritis and hematuria has revealed the presence of erythrocytes within epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. This observation suggested that the proximal tubule might be capable of phagocytizing morphologically intact erythrocytes. To examine this possibility small quantities of heparinized autologous blood were injected into surface convolutions of proximal tubules of the rat kidney using standard micropuncture techniques. At time intervals ranging from 10 min to 120 h after injection, the kidneys were preserved for light and transmission electron microscopy by drip-fixation with a half-strength Karnovsky's glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde fixative. During the initial 6 h there was a flattening of the brush border and accumulation of electron-dense material representing hemoglobin in apical vacuoles and in lysosome-like structures. From 6 to 15 h after micropuncture, there was progressive loss of the brush border and the simultaneous formation of pseudopodia-like evaginations that extended from the apical plasma membrane and surrounded the individual erythrocytes. By 18 and 24 h, erythrocytes were observed in the proximal tubule cells. At later time intervals, edema, lymphocytic infiltration, and fibrosis were observed in the interstitium. In addition, crystalline structures were present in the lumen and the cells of both proximal and distal tubules. These findings suggest that in addition to their well-established ability to pinocytize hemoglobin and other proteins, the cells of the proximal tubule are capable of phagocytizing morphologically intact autologous erythrocytes. It is possible that phagocytosis by the proximal tubule cells may play a role in the disposal of erythrocytes from the tubular fluid in hematuric conditions.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1982), S. 583-595 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Collecting duct ; Antidiuretic hormone ; Freeze fracture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) induces an aggregation of intramembranous particles (IMP) into discrete clusters in the luminal plasma membrane of rat renal papillary collecting duct cells (Harmanci et al. 1978). The correlation between an elevated dose of ADH, increased urine osmolality, and greater IMP cluster frequency has led to speculation that the water permeability of the luminal plasma membrane is reflected by the IMP cluster density (Harmanci et al. 1980). The present study indirectly evaluated this water permeability by quantitating collecting duct IMP cluster frequency from freeze fracture replicas in two regions of the renal papilla, at its base and at its tip, in antidiuretic and in water diuretic rats. During antidiuresis there was a high frequency of IMP clusters (189/100 μm2 of luminal plasma membrane) in cells from the papilla base but not at the papilla tip (9.0/100 μm2). During water diuresis there were few IMP clusters in either cells from the papilla base (5.9/100 μm2) or at the papilla tip (1.4/100 μm2). Most significantly these results suggest that the water permeability of the terminal portion of the inner medullary collecting duct of antidiuretic rats is significantly lower than that of the collecting duct epithelium higher in the papilla.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 255-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lamprey ; Kidney ; Basal bodies ; Ciliogenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Replication of basal bodies (centrioles) replication and ciliogenesis were followed in the neck segment of the tubular nephron during stage 3 of metamorphosis in the sea lamprey,Petromyzon marinus L. Procentrioles are formed through both centriolar and acentriolar pathways. In the acentriolar pathway, dense granules, initially formed at or near the Golgi apparatus, become closely associated with all developing procentrioles and may provide precursors required for centriole development. Both cylindrical structures and dense bodies are seen in this region and are likely formed from the coalescence of dense granules. Either dense bodies or mature centrioles become the central element in a generative complex from which procentrioles arise. After maturation of the procentrioles into basal bodies, they migrate to the apical surface of the cell where they align themselves and develop a ciliary axoneme from their distal end. There are fundamental similarities in the mechanism of basal body replication during development of a ciliated epithelium in all vertebrates so far examined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 300 (1968), S. 148-160 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Aldosterone ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Proximal Tubule ; Sodium Chloride Loading ; Niere ; Aldosteron ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; proximaler Tubulus ; Natriumchloridbelastung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten 4 Wochen lang isotone Kochsalzlösung als Trinkflüssigkeit. Glomerulumfiltrat und Passagezeit von Lissamin-Grün im proximalen Tubulus blieben unverändert. Die spezifische Resorptionskapazität des Tubulusepithels — gemessen mit der „gespaltenen-Tropfen-Methode“ — nahm signifikant ab. Daraus ergab sich eine Verminderung der fraktionellen Natrium-und Wasserresorption im proximalen Tubulus von 51 auf 38% der gefilterten Menge. Die Na+-Ausscheidung stieg von 0,06 (Kontrollen) auf 1,25% der gefilterten Menge. Diese Veränderungen waren rückgängig zu machen durch Injektion von d-Aldosteron. Durch Bestimmung des TF/P-Inulin-Quotienten am Ende des proximalen Konvolutes wurden die Ergebnisse bestätigt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Resorptionshemmung im proximalen Tubulus bei chronischer Kochsalzbelastung durch verminderte Sekretion von Mineralocorticoiden bedingt und letzten Endes Ursache der vermehrten Na+-Ausscheidung ist. Ein Teil der proximalen Resorptionshemmung wird anscheinend in weiter distal gelegenen Nephron-Abschnitten kompensiert.
    Notizen: Summary Rats were kept on isotonic saline as drinking fluid for a period of 4 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate and proximal transit time of Lissamine green remained unchanged. The intrinsic reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubular epithelium—measured by the “shrinking-droplet-method”—decreased significantly. As a result, fractional proximal reabsorption of sodium and water decreased from 51 to 38 per cent of the filtered load. Sodium excretion rose from 0.06 (controls) to 1,25 per cent of the filtered load. These changes were reversible by injection of d-aldosterone. The results were confirmed by measuring the TF/P ratio of inulin at the end of the proximal convolution. The results indicate that in rats chronically loaded with salt, the inhibition of fractional proximal reabsorption is due to a decreased secretion of mineralocorticoids, and is the cause of the higher sodium excretion. Apparently, the decreased proximal reabsorption is partly compensated in more distal parts of the nephron.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Concentration ; Dialysis ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Dialyse ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß des Plasmaharnstoffspiegels auf die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Niere zu untersuchen, wird der Blutkreislauf von Ratten an eine Dialysiervorrichtung angeschlossen und der Harnstoffspiegel des Blutes für 3 Std durch Dialyse gegen eine harnstoffreie Spüllösung gesenkt. Gleichzeitig wird der Harnfluß der Tiere durch eine Regelanordnung konstant gehalten. Die Regelung wird dadurch erreicht, daß dem Blutkreislauf bei zu hohem Harnfluß automatisch Flüssigkeit entzogen und bei zu niedrigem Harnfluß Flüssigkeit zugeführt wird. Es wird gefunden, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn linear mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel abfallen bzw. ansteigen. Die Summe der Elektrolytkonzentrationen fällt dagegen mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel nur wenig ab. Falls ein völliger Harnstoffentzug möglich wäre, würde auch dann noch eine Konzentrierung der Elektrolyte auf mehr als doppelt isoton möglich sein. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung lassen sich am einfachsten mit der Annahme interpretieren, daß in der Niere der Ratte zwei unterschiedlich arbeitende Konzentrierungsmechanismen wirksam sind, von denen der eine im wesentlichen Elektrolyte, der andere im wesentlichen Harnstoff konzentriert. Der Konzentrierungsmechanismus für Elektrolyte könnte im äußeren Mark, der für Harnstoff im inneren Mark lokalisiert sein.
    Notizen: Summary To investigate the influence of plasma urea levels on the concentrating power of the kidney, the blood circulation of rats was connected to a dialyser; with dialysis against a urea-free cleaning solution, the urea level of the blood was lowered for three hours. During this, the urine flow of the animals was kept constant by a regulating arrangement. This control was achieved by removing fluid from the blood circulation in the case of too high urine flow and by putting in fluid in the case of too low urine flow. It was found that the concentration of urea in the urine had a direct linear relationship with the plasma urea level. The total electrolyte concentration fell only slightly compared to the plasma urea level falls. If the urea could have been completely removed, high concentrating of the electrolyte, to more than double isotonic, would still have been possible. The simplest way to interpret the results of this research is by the hypothesis that two different concentrating mechanisms are at work in the rat kidney, the one essentially concentrating electrolytes, and the other principally urea. The concentrating mechanism for electrolytes could be localised in the outer medulla, and for urea in the inner medulla.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Concentration ; Infusion ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Infusion ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Um die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Harnstoff und NaCl bei der Bildung eines konzentrierten Harns zu untersuchen, werden Ratten 2 Tage lang NaCl-Lösungen mit wechselndem Harnstoffgehalt infundiert. Sodann werden der Harn sowie das Gewebe der Nierenrinde, des äußeren Marks und des inneren Marks auf ihren Gehalt an Kalium, Natrium und Harnstoff analysiert. Es wird gefunden, daß die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Rattenniere unter diesen Versuchsbedingungen für NaCl bei gleichzeitiger Zufuhr von Harnstoff geringer wird. In der Niere steigen NaCl und Harnstoffkonzentrationen unter allen Infusionsbedingungen von der Nierenrinde zur Nierenpapille hin an. Bei Infusion reiner NaCl-Lösungen entsprechen die NaCl- und Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn denen in der Papille. Bei Infusion von harnstoffhaltigen NaCl-Lösungen sind im Harn die NaCl-Konzentrationen höher und die Harnstoffkonzentrationen niedriger als im Papillengewebe. Diese Ergebnisse schließen aus, daß die hohen Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Nierenmarkgewebe durch einfache Diffusion des Harnstoffes aus den Sammelrohren in das Nierenmarkgewebe zustande kommen. Es wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrierung unter den hier wiedergegebenen Versuchsbedingungen durch Gegenstromdiffusion in dem Vasa recta-System verursacht wird. Der Konzentriereffekt hierfür könnte durch einen Wasserfluß aufgrund osmotischer Kräfte von dem Blutgefäßsystem in die Henleschen Schleifen zustande kommen, wenn der Harn in den Henleschen Schleifen durch Aufnahme von NaCl, das aus den Sammelrohren stammt, hyperton wird.
    Notizen: Summary To investigate the mutual interdependence of urea and sodium in producing concentrated urine, solutions of different concentrations of sodium and urea were infused into the stomach of rats. After two days' infusion, the urine and tissues from the different zones of the kidneys were analysed for sodium, potassium and urea content. It was found that the efficiency of the rat kidney in producing urine with high sodium content was diminished if urea was infused together with the sodium chloride. Under all conditions sodium and urea concentrations increased from the cortex to the papilla of the kidneys. When pure sodium chloride solutions were infused, sodium and urea concentrations in the urine were nearly equal to the corresponding concentrations in the papilla. Infusion of solutions containing NaCl and urea caused production of urine with a higher sodium concentration and lower urea concentration than in the papilla. These results show that the high concentration of urea in the medulla of the kidney does not arise by passives diffusion of urea from the collecting ducts into the medullary tissue. The possibility that the concentration of urea in the inner medulla is produced by counter current diffusion of urea in the vasa recta is discussed. The concentration effect necessary for this counter current multiplication could be created by an osmotic flow of water from the vasa recta into loops of Henle, if the urine in the loops becomes hypertonic by taking up sodium chloride from the collecting ducts.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Tubules ; Kidney ; Intraluminal Oil Injection ; Ultrastructure of Kidney ; Proximales Tubuluskonvolut ; Rattenniere ; intraluminale Ölinjektion ; Ultrastruktur der Niere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Light- and electronmicroscopic evaluation of proximal convolutions of the rat kidney were made following injection with either mineral oil or castor oil. The following observations were made: 1. Injection of mineral oil does not result in a complete blockade of the tubular lumen and leads to morphological lesions of epithelial cells. 2. Injection of the more viscous castor oil, in contrast, leads to a dilatation of the tubular lumen and a compression of the brush border of proximal tubular cells. Thus a better blockade of longitudinal flow is achieved. A toxic effect of castor oil on the tubular epithelium could not be detected. Mechanical lesions, similar to those observed after mineral oil injection, were less frequent. They consisted in a penetration of oil into the cells, perhaps as consequence of the tubular dilatation. 3. In oil-injected proximal tubular segments the following cytologic phenomena were observed: a) a cessation of the normal pinocytosis, which is induced in the presence of tubular fluid, b) simultaneously the “large resorption vacuoles” disappear, indicating that they originate from confluence of pinocytotic vesicles, c) in dilated tubules protein resorption vacuoles are found to have ruptured towards the tubular lumen suggesting a high hydrostatic pressure within the vacuoles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Tubular Water Reabsorption ; Henle's Loop ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; tubuläre Wasserresorption ; Henlesche Schleife
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 4 Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie war der Perfusionsdruck der geklammerten Niere normal, während der arterielle Mitteldruck auf 188 mm Hg angestiegen war. Die Ausscheidung von Natrium und Wasser im Harn der geklammerten Niere war normal, im Harn der ungeklammerten Niere erheblich höher als normal. Glomerulumfiltrat (pro g Niere), intratubulärer Druck, Tubulusweite, Passagezeit von Lissamingrün und die fraktionelle Resorption von Natrium und Wasser waren im proximalen Tubulus sowohl in der geklammerten wie in der ungeklammerten Niere normal. In der ungeklammerten Niere war die Passagezeit durch die Henlesche Schleife stark verkürzt und die Resorption von Natrium und Wasser in der Schleife erheblich vermindert. Diese Veränderungen — obwohl zum Teil kompensiert durch vermehrte Resorption im distalen Tubulus und im Sammelrohr — sind verantwortlich für die höhere Wasser- und Natriumausscheidung der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Ursache ist wahrscheinlich eine stärkere Durchblutung des Nierenmarkes. Im Nephron der geklammerten Niere war die fraktionelle Natrium- und Wasserresorption nicht signifikant von normalen Werten verschieden mit der Ausnahme einer niedrigeren Natriumresorption im distalen Tubulus und einer höheren Natriumresorption im Sammelrohr. Der Natrium-Transport im distalen Tubulus ist anscheinend gestört; TF/P−Na+ betrug im Mittel 0,6 bis zum Ende des distalen Tubulus. Die Ergebnisse können die unterschiedliche Harnausscheidung erklären, die beim Hypertoniker mit einseitiger Nierenarterienstenose beobachtet wird (Howard-Test).
    Notizen: Summary Four weeks after clamping one renal artery, the perfusion pressure of the clamped kidney was normal whereas the mean arterial pressure had increased to 188 mm Hg. Urinary excretion of sodium and water of the clamped kidney had not changed while that of the untouched kidney increased considerably. Glomerular filtration rate (per g kidney), intratubular pressure, tubular diameter, transit time of Lissamine green and fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the proximal tubule were normal in both the clamped and the untouched kidney. In the untouched kidney, the transit time through Henle's loop was shortened and the sodium and water reabsorption in it was significantly reduced. These changes, although partly compensated by higher reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct, are responsible for the increased sodium and water excretion of the untouched kidney. They are probably due to an increased medullary blood flow. In the clamped kidney, fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the whole nephron did not differ significantly from normal values. However, sodium reabsorption was lower in the distal tubule and higher in the collecting duct. Sodium transport in the distal tubule seemed to be impaired; throughout its length sodium TF/P ratio averaged 0.6. These results may explain the different urinary excretion found in human hypertension following unilateral renal artery stenosis (Howard-Test).
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 303 (1968), S. 249-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Fluxes ; Osmotic Gradients ; Niere ; Flüssigkeits-Substanzbewegungen ; osmotische Gradienten
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Durch artifizielle osmotische Druckdifferenzen von 150 mOsmol/l zwischen Lumen- und Blutseite der Tubulusepithelien von Rana ridibunda wird Flüssigkeit im Richtungssinne der Reabsorption oder — in geringerem Maße — der Sekretion längs des osmotischen Gradienten bewegt. Na+ wird in jedem Fall „trocken” reabsorbiert. Bei mit Furosemid blockiertem aktiven Na+-Transport läuft isoton Flüssigkeit längs des osmotischen Gradienten aus dem Tubuluslumen in das blutseitige Medium. Bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Gradienten wird das Filtrat so verändert, als ob es durch Einstrom reinen Wassers verdünnt würde. Die Tubulusepithelien verhalten sich so, als besäßen sie — im Zustand des blockierten aktiven Na+-Transportes — ein „Rückschlagventil” für Na+. Wenn der osmotische Gradient so gerichtet ist, daß Wasser oder Flüssigkeit aus dem Lumen in das blutseitige Medium läuft, dann kommt es bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Na+-Konzentrationsgradienten nicht zum Einstrom von Na+ in das Tubuluslumen. Die Na+-Harnkonzentration sinkt beträchtlich unter die des Perfusates, was als Ausdruck einer Na+-Reabsorption gegen den Konzentrationsgradienten gedeutet wird. Bei Blockierung des Na+-Transportes durch Furosemid kommt es wiederum zum Einstrom reinen Wassers in die Tubuluslumina. Die Versuche mit durch Furosemid blockiertem Na+-Transportmechanismus sind beweisend, daß die Tubuli für Na+ im Richtungssinne der Sekretion impermeabel sind. Die „Verdünnung” des Tubulusinhaltes durch einen osmotischen Gradienten, der Wasser in die Tubuli hineinlaufen läßt, kommt also nicht durch ein Überwiegen der Reabsorption über die „Sekretion” zustande. Wird statt des leicht penetrierenden Na-Chlorids das schwer penetrierende Natriumcyclohexansulfamat angeboten, dann wird absolut gegenüber den Versuchen mit Na-Chlorid weniger Na+ transportiert. Im übrigen zeigen die Nieren jedoch das gleiche Verhalten wie bei Angebot von Na-Chlorid.
    Notizen: Summary Osmotic gradients of 150 mosmol/l between intratubular fluid and blood in the kidney of Rana ridibunda induce a fluid movement down the osmotic gradient which is stronger into the tubule than out of it. In either case Na+ is reabsorbed “dry”. If the active Na+-transport is blocked by Furosemid an osmotically downhill movement of isotonic fluid out of the tubule obtains. Reversal of the osmotic gradient induces a reversal of flow but the inward moving fluid is diluted. The tubular cells seem to inhibit the backwash of Na+. If the osmotic gradient induces an outflow of fluid out of the tubule no influx of Na+ occurs even in the presence of a concentration gradient for Na+ in the opposite direction. The Na+-concentration in the urine falls considerably below that of the perfusion fluid. This finding indicates Na+-reabsorption against a concentration gradient. Upon blocking of the Na+-transport by Furosemid water enters the tubules. The results of the experiments in which the Na+-transport was blocked by Furosemid prove that the tubules are impermeable for Na+ in the direction of secretion. The “dilution” of the tubular fluid as a result of an osmotic gradient which induces an influx of water isnot due to a reabsorption outbalancing “secretion”. If instead of the easily penetrating NaCl the slowly penetrating Na+-cyclohexanesulphamate is used, less Na+ is transported. However, in every other respect the results obtained are similar to those described above.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 336-350 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Distal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Distal Osmolality ; Tubular Potassium Secretion ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; distale Natrium resorption ; distale Osmolalität ; tubuläre Kaliumsekretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Vier Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie wurde die Funktion des distalen Tubulus untersucht. In der ungeklammerten, unter dem hohen Blutdruck stehenden Niere blieb die Tubulusflüssigkeit bis 90% distaler Tubuluslänge hypoton. Dies wird auf eine erhöhten Flüssigkeitseinstrom aus der Henleschen Schleife zurückgeführt; eine verminderte Wasserpermeabilität des distalen Tubulus konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. In der geklammerten Niere war mit Ausnahme des frühdistalen Abschnittes die Natriumkonzentration on jeder Stelle des distalen Konvolutes signifikant höher als in der ungeklammerten Niere und in Kontrollnieren. Auch fehlte im distalen Tubulus der geklammerten Niere eine Nettokaliumsekretion. die distale Gleichgewichtskonzentration für Natrium war auf der geklammerten Seite erhöht, auf der ungeklammerten Seite normal. Der isotone Natriumausstrom (Methode des gespaltenen Tropfens) war in der geklammerten Niere vermindert, in der ungeklammerten Niere erhöht. Die frühdistale Harnstoffkonzentration war in der ungeklammerten Niere gegenüber der geklammerten Niere und Nieren von Kontrollratten erniedrigt. Spätdistal war TF/P-Harnstoff in beiden Nieren gleich. Beide Nieren hatten ein normales Glomerulumfiltrat und normale tubuläre Passagezeiten mit Ausnahme einer verkürzten Schleifenzeit in der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Befunde werden dahingehend interpretiert, daß der aktive Natriumtransport im distalen Tubulus der beiden Nieren voneinander verschieden ist, möglicherweise infolge des unterschiedlichen Reningehaltes der beiden Nieren.
    Notizen: Summary Four weeks after constricting one renal artery distal tubular function was studied using the micropuncture technique. In the untouched kidney tubular fluid remained hypotonic up to 90% distal tubular length. We believe this to be the result of the high inflow of tubular fluid from Henle's loop. A reduced permeability for water could not be demonstrated. Except for the early part of the distal tubule there was a marked increase in sodium concentration in the clamped kidney as compared to values obtained in the untouched one and in kindneys of control animals. In addition no potassium secretion could be observed in the clamped kidney. The distal steadystate concentration for sodium was increased in the clamped kidney and normal in the untouched one. Reabsorptive half-time, measured by the split droplet technique, was prolonged in the clamped kidney and shortened in the untouched one. Early distal urea concentration was lower in the untouched kidney than in the clamped one and in control kidneys, while at the end of the distal tubule urea concentrations did not differ significantly. Both kidneys had normal glomerular filtration rates and proximal tubular transit times, whereas a shortened transit time through Henle's loop of the untouched kidney was found. The results indicate that active sodium transport in the distal tubule of the clamped kidney differs from that of the untouched one, possibly due to the different renin concentration in both kidneys.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 305 (1968), S. 96-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Blood Circulation Time ; Kidney ; Plasma ; Radioautography ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Regional Blood Flow ; Mittlere Kreislaufzeit ; Niere ; Plasma ; Autoradiographie ; Isotopenverdünnungstechnik ; Regionale Nierendurchblutung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary At different times after injection into the renal artery of131I-albumin, the distribution of the tracer in kidneys of the rabbit and the dog was illustrated by a series of autoradiograms. In order to determine the mean circulation time for albumin in the kidney, the radioactivity over the kidney was simultaneously registered by external monitoring. A short mean circulation time was measured for albumin (plasma) passing cortex, and a longer one for that fraction of the albumin that passed through medulla, papillae, and capsule. The investigation rendered probable that the mean circulation time for blood through the kidney determined by the external technique applies to blood passing cortex. The circulation times for blood through medulla, papillae, and capsule are not included in the calculation of the mean circulation time.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Strontium poisoning ; Parathormone ; Kidney ; Knochen ; Strontiumvergiftung ; Parathormon ; Niere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Restitution des strontiumgeschädigten Skelets wachsender Sprague Dawley Ratten ist von einem Anstieg der dialysablen Strontium- und Calciumfraktion des Serums begleitet. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Beeinflussung der renalen Manipulation von Kationen bei Knochenschädigungen durch Fremdmetalle nahe.
    Notizen: Summary Restitution of skeletal damage caused by strontium in growing Sprague Dawley rats is accompanied by an increase in the dialysable serum fractions of strontium and calcium. The results suggest that the renal manipulation of cations is influenced in bone lesions caused by foreign metals.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 145 (1968), S. 270-277 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Schlagwort(e): Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Stop flow dog ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Stop flow-Hund
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Mit Stop flow-Versuchen an Hunden konnten wir nach Infusion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Gegensatz zur Infusion von freiem 1,2-3H-Aldosteron keine proximale Sekretion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid nachweisen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß in Hundenieren die proximalen Tubuluszellen wohl 18-Aldosteronglucuronid aus Aldosteron bilden und an das Tubuluslumen abgeben, während im Nierenarterienblut vorhandenes 18-Aldosteronglucuronid nur glomerulär filtriert und ausgeschieden wird.
    Notizen: Summary In stop flow experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide there was no proximal tubular secretion of this metabolite in contrary to experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-aldosterone. The discrepancy must be explained by formation of 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide out of3H-aldosterone in proximal tubular cells, while the 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide in the plasma of the renal artery blood is only filtered in the glomerulum.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 146 (1968), S. 336-345 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Schlagwort(e): Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Man ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Mensch
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund eines Vergleiches der Verhältnisse von 1,2-3HTetrahydroaldosteronglucuronid zu 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Plasma von drei Normalpersonen und zwei nephrektomierten Patienten nach einer Injektion von 1,2-3H-Aldosteron haben wir folgende Schlüsse in Betracht gezogen: 1. Das im Blutplasma vorhandene 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid wird nur glomerular filtriert. 2. Die renale Clearance von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid, die etwa das Fünffache der Inulinclearance beträgt [13, 15], mu\ zu vier Fünfteln auf Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid durch die proximalen [15] Tubuluszellen zurückgeführt werden. 3. Das Ausma\ der renalen Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid liegt in einer Grö\enordnung von 80% der Gesamtmenge 18-Aldosteronglucuronid im 24 StdUrin.
    Notizen: Summary After an intravenous injection of 1,2-3H-aldosterone the ratios of 1,23H-tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide to 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide in the blood plasma of three normal and two nephrectomized persons were compared. In the three normal persons the ratios were of the same magnitude as in the two nephrectomized persons. On the basis of glomerular filtration of tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide, as previously demonstrated by renal clearance studies in man [13, 15] and stop flow experiments in dogs [6], we made the following deductions: 1. 18aldosterone glucuronide in blood plasma is only filtered in the glomerulum. 2. The renal clearance of 18-aldosterone glucuronide, as investigated during aldosterone infusion in man [13, 15], therefore must be explained by glomerular filtration of only one fifth and by formation of four fifth of 18-aldosterone glucuronide by proximal [15] tubular cells. 3. This means that about 80% of 18-aldosterone glucuronide excreted in urine is formed by the kidneys.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Schlagwort(e): Plasma FFA composition ; Individual FFA extraction in heart ; Skeletal muscle ; Kidney ; Plasma-FFS-Zusammensetzung ; Extraktion der Einzel-FFS in Herz ; Skeletmuskel ; Niere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Bei narkotisierten Hunden wurden die arteriovenösen Differenzen der gesamten und der einzelnen freien Fettsäuren (FFS) am Herzen, am elektrisch stimulierten Skeletmuskel (M. gastrocnemius) und an der Niere bei verschieden hoher arterieller FFS-Konzentration untersucht. Die Konzentration der gesamten FFS wurde titrimetrisch, ihre Zusammensetzung wurde gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Bei einer Steigerung der FFS-Konzentration durch Noradrenalininfusionen stiegen die Anteile der öl- und der Palmitinsäure an, und die Anteile der Stearin- und der Linolsäure sanken ab. Bei einer Senkung der FFS-Konzentration durch Glucoseinfusionen nahmen die Anteile der öl- und der Palmitoleinsäure ab, und die Anteile der Palmitin- und der Stearinsäure nahmen zu. Unter Kontrollbedingungen entfielen am Herzen 44% der gesamten FFS-Extraktion auf die öl- und 24% auf die Palmitinsäure, am Skeletmuskel entfielen 43% auf die öl- und 29% auf die Palmitinsäure. Bei einer Steigerung der arteriellen FFS-Konzentration durch Noradrenalin extrahierten Herz- und Skeletmuskel nur noch öl-, Palmitin- und Palmitoleinsäure. Gleichzeitig wurde im Herz Stearin- und Linolsäure und im Skeletmuskel Stearinsäure produziert. In der Niere entfielen unter Kontrollbedingungen je 40% der Gesamt-FFS-Extraktion auf die Palmitin- und die ölsäure. Es wird gefolgert, daß die öl-, die Palmitin- und die Palmitoleinsäure gegenüber den anderen FFS bevorzugt als Energiequellen benutzt werden, weil bei gleicher arterieller Konzentration höhere Extraktionen für diese drei FFS gemessen wurden. Noradrenalin bewirkt, wahrscheinlich durch Aktivierung von Lipase, im Herzen und im arbeitenden Skeletmuskel einen Abbau von gespeicherten oder im Plasma transportierten Triglyceriden.
    Notizen: Summary The arteriovenous differences of total and individual free fatty acids (FFA) have been determined in the myocardium, in the electrically stimulated skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) and in the kidney of closed chest anesthetized dogs. The concentration of total FFA was determined by titration, their composition was determined by gaschromatography. When the arterial concentration of total FFA was increased by norepinephrine infusions the percentage of olic and of palmitic acid increased and the percentage of stearic and linolic acid decreased. When the concentration of total FFA was decreased by glucose infusions the percentage of olic and palmitolic acid decreased and the percentage of palmitic and stearic acid increased. Under control conditions in the myocardium 44% of the total FFA extraction were related to olic and 24% to palmitic acid and in the skeletal muscle 43% were related to olic and 29% to palmitic acid. During norepinephrine induced increases of arterial FFA concentration myocardium and skeletal muscle extracted only olic, palmitic and palmitolic acid. At the same time in the myocardium stearic and linolic acid and in the skeletal muscle stearic acid was produced. In the kidney under control conditions 40% of the total FFA extraction were related to palmitic and 40% to olic acid. Since the extraction of olic, palmitic and palmitolic acid was higher than the extraction of other FFA at comparable arterial concentrations, it is concluded, that these three FFA are used in preference to other FFA as energy sources. Norepinephrine causes, probably via activation of lipase, in the myocardium and in the working skeletal muscle a breakdown of stored or in plasma transported triglycerides.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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