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  • 1990-1994
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1970-1974  (4.751)
  • 1935-1939  (1.242)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1830-1839
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 486-495 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pomatoceros triqueter ; Cytokinesis ; Surface folding ; New surface membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The first cleavage division of Pomatoceros triqueter eggs is described. Time-lapse microcinematographic and electron microscopic studies revealed that, prior to division, the plasma membrane was folded into pleats. These were not present after division. This fact pointed to an unfolding of the plasma membrane which enabled it to cover the increased surface area resulting from cleavage. It is suggested that the pre-cleavage folds are derived from the membranes of the cortical granules, which continue releasing their contents into the perivitelline region following fertilization and first division. Filamentous material in the form of a band was present subjacent to the plasma membrane in the region of the furrow. The individual filaments of this band measure 5 to 7 nm in cross section, the dimensions being similar to those described for other kinds of dividing cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ruminal epithelium ; Zonulae occludentes ; Goat ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Pansenepithel besitzt in den tiefen Hornzellen, die an das Stratum granulosum grenzen, eine Barriere. Diese Barriere, die das Labyrinth der Interzellularräume gegen das Pansenlumen verschließt, ist mit Zonulae occludentes ausgestattet.
    Notizen: Summary The deep horn cells of the goat ruminal epithelium, which border the stratum granulosum, form an important component of the epithelial barrier. This barrier of the intercellular labyrinth presents zonulae occludentes (tight junctions).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Rat ; Neurovascular contacts ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the median eminence of the rat axons of the supraoptic-paraventricular-hypophyseal tract with elementary neurosecretory granules (150–200 mμ) traverse the internal zone. Terminals containing dense core vesicles 60–120 mμ in diameter end on the portal capillaries of the median eminence. A unique organisation of the primary portal capillaries is shown. Endothelial cells have many fenestrae. The pericapillary space has numerous extensions all of which represent a special zone around the endothelial tube. The fine structural organisation and function of the neurovascular contacts in the median eminence are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 520-531 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Mitochondria ; Cytomembranes ; Oocyte ; Pig ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of the mature follicular oocytes in domestic pig demonstrate a morphological relationship between the mitochondria and the cytoplasmic membranes immediately surrounding the yolk globules of the cells. Frequently, the cytoplasmic membranes are observed to be in close proximity of the mitochondria or are found to be continuous with the outer mitochondrial membrane. Sometimes the cytoplasmic membranes are found to display the formation of one or more oval loops of different diameter located at their presumed ends or free in the nearby cytoplasm. The significance of these observations is discussed in the light of the available informations, which suggest that the cytomembrane system in certain phases of development may take part in the formation of mitochondria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pituitary ; Rat ; Oestradiol influence ; STH-cells ; Leucine incorporation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Pituitaries of male and female rats neonatally treated with oestradiol dipropionate were examined with light and electron microscopy, disc electrophoresis and in vitro C14-leucine incorporation. Single dose of oestradiol administered shortly after birth to male rats has an prolonged stimulative effect on LTH synthesis and release. This is expressed in the cell hypertrophy, proliferation of ER, increase of corresponding band density and higher rate of 14C-leucine incorporation. In females this effect was less pronounced. STH cell in the treated male pituitaries were degranulated, corresponding hormone band density significantly lowered and incorporation of 14C-leucine was reduced. This could be considered as an inhibitory effect of oestradiol on STH synthesis and release. Such effect was more expressed two than four months after treatment and is more pronounced in male than in female rats.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oocyte ; Rana pipiens ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In early diplotene frog oocytes incubated to illustrate thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) activity, reaction product is uniformly distributed within the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope as well as within the saccules and small vesicles comprising the dictyosomes. With continued oocyte development the reaction product becomes concentrated in localized regions of the dictyosome saccules. Eventually, the enzyme is no longer apparent within the endoplasmic reticulum, but is concentrated in the cisternae of the inner dictyosome saccules. The variations noted suggest that the enzyme is synthesized early in diplotene by the endoplasmic reticulum and is subsequently transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is consistently observed at later developmental stages. TPPase activity is also present in the Golgi apparatus of follicle and theca cells as well as in ovarian epithelial cells. The enzyme is also detected in micropinocytotic vesicles contained within the cells comprising the follicle envelope and in intercellular spaces of the follicle. Horseradish peroxidase injected into the coelomic cavity is transported via micropinocytotic vesicles into and through the cells comprising the follicle envelope and in intercellular spaces. The exogenous protein is not found even after a prolonged time period in early diplotene oocytes. The protein is, however, present in large spherical and “tubular” vesicles in the cortex of vitellogenic oocytes approximately 500 microns in diameter. The possible functional role of the enzyme TPPase during oogenesis is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Epithelial cells ; Echinoderm ; Asterina gibbosa ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'évolution ultrastructurale de la cellule neuroépithéliale a été faite, chez Asterina gibbosa, au cours de la régénération du bras. La dédifférenciation de la cellule, provoquée par l'amputation, se manifeste par la perte de sa partie apicale et la régression des structures cytoplasmiques: vésiculisation du Golgi et de l'ergastoplasme, fragmentation des microtubules. L'activation qui accompagne la dédifférenciation, se manifeste par la formation d'un nucléole au centre du noyau. Elle correspond à la reprise des synthèses d'ARN. La cellule dédifférenciée est caractérisée par un nucléole excentré et l'abondance des ribosomes libres. La différenciation débute par le regroupement en rosettes des ribosomes et le développement des canalicules ergastoplasmiques. Le Golgi réapparaît au voisinage du noyau. Les mitochondries se disposent aux pôles basal et apical de la cellule, où les microtubules se reconstitutent. En fin de différenciation, les cellules se réorganisent pour édifier un épithélium cicatriciel limité par une basale. Le tissu épidermique se différencie à partir des éléments de même origine sans l'intervention de cellules souches.
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural differentiation of the neuroepithelial cell in the course of regeneration in Asterina gibbosa has been investigated up. Cell differentiation, induced by cutting the arm off, is characterized by loss of the apical cell pole and alteration of cytoplasmic structures: vesiculation of the Golgi apparatus and the ergastoplasm, fragmentation of microtubules. Activation, which parallels dedifferentiation, induces the appearance of a nucleolus in the center of the nucleus. This means that RNA synthesis is starting again. A dedifferentiated cell shows an eccentric nucleolus and many free ribosomes. Differentiation beginning, clusters of ribosomes and the development of tubular ergastoplasmic formations can be observed. The Golgi apparatus is located near the nucleus. Mitochondria gather at basal and apical part of the cell, where also microtubules are forming again. In the last stage of differentiation, cells are joining up and build a scar epithelium resting on a basement membrane. Epidermic tissue differentiates only from epidermic cells. Blast cells have no part in this process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Growth ; Sex-dimorphism ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Anhand des Verlaufs des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate in Anhängigkeit vom Lebensalter wurde die Proliferationsaktivität in den Zonen der Nebennierenrinde untersucht. 84 SPF-Ratten erhielten 2 μCi/g 3H-Thymidin i.p.; der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 18. Trächtigkeitstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche. Alle Zonen zeigten in der Rangfolge Glomerulosa — Fasciculata — Reticularis eine Abnahme DNS-synthetisierender Zellkerne. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede im Ausmaß der Proliferationsaktivität konnten zu keiner Zeit nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Dissoziation der Kurven des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate bei vergleichbaren DNS-Syntheseraten wird auf eine Änderung der G2-Phase des Generationszyklus der NNR-Zellen in der teilexponentiellen Wachstumsphase geschlossen.
    Notizen: Summary In 84 SPF-rats the poliferative activity of the adrenal cortical cells was studied from the 18th day of pregnancy up to 12 weeks post partum. Rats were given 2 μC/g tritiated thymidine and killed 1 hour thereafter. It was shown that there was no sex-related difference in the degree of proliferation that could explain the sexual dimorphism in adrenal weights. In all cortical zones a decrease in the number of labeled cells was seen during the obvservation period. The highest percentage of labeled cells was found in the glomerulosa. There exists no parallelism of the mitotic and labeling index, which gives evidence for a change in length of the G2-phase of the cell generation cycle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 446-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Eye ; Manduca sexta ; Ommatidia ; Retinula ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The superposition eye of the sphingid moth, Manduca sexta was explored by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically examined were the corneal nipple array, corneal lens, crystalline cones and tracts, photoreceptor cells and their axons. Descriptions of the external ultrastructure of the components were correlated, where possible with previously published accounts of internal ultrastructure as obtained from TEM studies. A key finding was the demonstration of the axial rotation of the eccentrically situated retinular cell, its externally noted prominence and the arrangement of the other photoreceptor cells composing the retinula. Because of the interest in superposition eye theory, the functional significance of various preretinular optic components was reviewed where it specifically related to Manduca.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 323-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thymus ; Frog ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A study of the ultrastructure of the developing thymus of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) revealed that the thymus had undergone all of the major changes which would persist through larval life and metamorphosis by the time that the animals had reached larval stage IV of Taylor and Kollros (1946). These changes included development of an outer, lymphoid cortical region and an inner, essentially nonlymphoid medulla; mitotic activity among lymphoid cell precursors and the formation of the first small lymphocytes; development of complex cysts containing PAS-positive material and the appearance of other signs of secretory activity among epithelial cells of the medulla; and differentiation of large myoid cells containing bundles of striated muscle fibrils. The changes are particularly noteworthy because they first appear during a period in which the animals are known to be developing the capacity to respond immunologically to allografts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 483-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and the lateral preoptic area from the brains of aldehyde-perfused male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. In the lateral preoptic area, three neuronal types are described: a small light neuron, a larger light one, and a dark neuron resembling the larger light one in size and nuclear shape. Many myelinated axons are interposed among single neurons or neuronal pairs. The relationship of structures to each other is discussed. Several observations not previously reported are illustrated from tissue of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ruminal epithelium ; Zonulae occludentes ; Goat ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Pansenepithel besitzt in den tiefen Hornzellen, die an das Stratum granulosum grenzen, eine Barriere. Diese Barriere, die das Labyrinth der Interzellularräume gegen das Pansenlumen verschließt, ist mit Zonulae occludentes ausgestattet.
    Notizen: Summary The deep horn cells of the goat ruminal epithelium, which border the stratum granulosum, form an important component of the epithelial barrier. This barrier of the intercellular labyrinth presents zonulae occludentes (tight junctions).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 354-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hippocampal region ; Rat ; Monoamine oxidase ; Chemoarchitectonics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the hippocampal region of the rat has been studied in cryostat sections with the tryptamine-tetrazolium method of Glenner et al. 2. The staining pattern was rather diffuse as compared with the distribution of MAO in the guinea pig and of other enzymes in the rat hippocampal region. 3. However, there were differences in enzyme activity between different areas and layers which could be correlated to some degree with results obtained with other methods, e.g., silver impregnation, catecholamines, and acetylcholinesterase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Spermatozoon ; Nemertine ; Ultrastructure ; Phylogeny
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Mature spermatozoa of the hoplonemertine, Emplectonema neesii were studied by light and electron microscopy. The spermatozoa are flagellate and motile, each gamete consisting of an elongate anterior head and a posterior flagellar tail. Three regions are identifiable in the head, the acrosome, a nuclear zone and a connecting piece containing two centrioles. The nuclear zone contains glycogen granules as well as an elongate, grooved nucleus and a large mitochondrion whose lobes interdigitate with the nuclear grooves. The flagellum has a typical 9 + 2 flagellar tubule organisation. Nemertine spermatozoan ultrastructure, as exemplified by that of E. neesii, is compared with that of platyhelminth male gametes and the supposed phylogenetic affinity of the two taxeis reexamined in the light of the results of this comparison.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 406-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Parafollicular Cells ; Rat ; Normalcalcemia ; Vitamin D2 ; Electronmicroscopy ; Histochemical fluorescence method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Thyroid parafollicular cells of normocalcemic and vitamin D2-treated rats were investigated by electron microscopy and with the histochemical fluorescence technique of Hillarp and Falck. Administration of high doses of vitamin D2 caused hypercalcemia and an extensive degranulation of the parafollicular cells. The formation and storage of monoamines in granulated and degranulated parafollicular cells was investigated by fluorescence microscopy after injection of monoamine precursors (DOPA, 5-HTP), alone or in combination with Ro 4-4602, nialamide or reserpine. No fluorescence was observed in parafollicular cells of untreated rats. l-DOPA and l-5-HTP (but not the corresponding D-amino acids) were taken up by a process closely linked to the decarboxylation of the amino acids to the corresponding amines (dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine). Treatment with vitamin D2 did not seem to affect the formation of amines in the parafollicular cells or the formation and storage of amines in other cell systems investigated. The amine itself (dopamine) was not taken up by the parafollicular cells. In normocalcemic rats, the amine formed was retained in the cytoplasm of the parafollicular cells by a partially reserpine-resistant mechanism. The storage of amines is concluded to occur in association with the calcitonin-containing granules. In parafollicular cells of vitamin D2-treated rats, a certain amount of amine was bound in the cytoplasm in the absence of typical granules. As a considerable amount of calcitonin is known to remain in the thyroid of vitamin D2-treated rats, the present observations may indicate an association between the amine and the polypeptide hormone calcitonin, whether the latter is confined to typical granules or not.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 40-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ultimobranchial glands ; Anurans ; Second cell type ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The comparative fine structure of ultimobranchial (UB) glands of adult Israeli anurans (Bufo viridis, Rana ridibunda, Hyla arborea) taken in the wild during the breeding season is presented. Common aspects of the UB secretory cells are considered with especial reference to secretory granules, lipid droplets and tonofilaments. In B. viridis a second cell type with large electron-dense cytoplasmic granules is found in UB follicles. R. ridibunda and H. arborea UB follicles have a second cell type similar to goblet cells in appearance and these appear to be discharging their mucoid contents into the lumina of the follicles. The possible significance of these various cell types is considered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 65-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Fetal metanephros ; Renal nerves ; Renal tubules ; Macula densa ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen an den Nachnieren 13–16 Wochen alter menschlicher Feten wird gezeigt, daß die Macula densa und andere Abschnitte des Mittelstücks der Niere von marklosen Nervenfasern innerviert werden. Nervenfasern gelangen mit den Gefäßen an die Tubuli. Synapsen finden sich innerhalb der Tubulusmembran an der Basis der Tubulusepithelien. Eine Synapse wurde an der parietalen Bowmanschen Kapsel nahe dem Gefäßpol des Glomerulus beobachtet. Die Mehrzahl der bisher am Tubulus beobachteten Axonendigungen scheint cholinergen Neuronen zuzugehören, jedoch ist eine weitere Abklärung in Verbindung mit histochemischen Methoden erforderlich. Die Bedeutung der Innervation für die Funktion des Nephron ist schwer einzuschätzen, zumal experimentelle Untersuchungen hierzu fehlen. Auch Befunde nach Nierentransplantation lassen wegen der möglichen postoperativen Persistenz und Regenerationsfähigkeit intrarenaler Nervenfasern keine eindeutigen Rückschlüsse zu. Möglicherweise ist mit dem Nachweis der Innervation auch das regulierende Agens für den „kontraktilen Apparat“ der Niere bzw. des Nephron gefunden. Interessanter weiterer Befund ist die Beobachtung synaptischer Nerv-Endothel-Kontakte in kleinsten Nierengefäßen (Endarteriolen).
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopic study of the metanephros of 13–16-week-old human fetuses shows that the region of the macula densa as well as other segments of the distal convoluted tubule are innervated by unmyelinated nerve fibers. Nerve fibers reach the tubules alongside blood vessels. Synapses are found within the basal lamina of the tubular epithelia. One synapse was seen in the parietal part of the Bowman's capsule near the vascular pole of the glomerulus. Present evidence suggests mainly cholinergic innervation of the distal tubule, but verification using other histochemical methods is necessary. In the absence of experimental studies, it is difficult to determine the functional role of the innervation of the nephron. Observations after renal transplantation are not conclusive in view of possible postoperative persistence and regeneration of intrarenal nerve fibres. It may well be that innervation controls the “contractile apparatus” of the kidney. Synaptic contacts between axons and endothelial cells of the smallest renal arterioles may also have functional significance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 471-499 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cardiac muscle cells ; Rat ; Mitotic division ; Myofibril changes ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the myocyte at all phases of mitosis as well as of early postmitotic cells has been studied in the myocardia of 14- and 18-day rat embryos and 5- and 7-day old rats. The myofibrils remain unchanged up to the late prophase. In prometaphase the majority of Z-disks in embryo myocyte myofibrils and considerable part of these disks in myofibrils of suckling rats are drastically disintegrated. This is followed by a progressive isolation and scattering of the myofilament bundles and of the whole sarcomeres during the subsequent phases of mitosis. Thick myofilaments seem to be unchanged but thin ones become frequently poorly outlined (mainly in embryos). The sarcoplasmic reticulum, including its typically differentiated subsarcolemmal cisternae, exhibits relatively few changes during mitosis. In the early postmitotic period there is a gradual restoration of contrast-rich Z-bands, interconnecting the previously isolated sarcomeres. Patterns of this process have much in common with early stages of myofibrillogenesis (appearance of subsarcolemmal “Z-bodies”, formation of skeins of thin filaments etc.). The cleavage furrow formation is either absent or considerably retarded up to the postmitotic period. Behaviour of some other organelles during myocyte mitosis has been described. Possible mechanisms and significance of the observed phenomena are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 548-560 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sensory receptors ; Acarina ; Amblyomma americanum ; Palpal organ ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Palps of the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae; nymphal stage) were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The terminal palp segment (IV) bears the so-called “palpal organ”, a cluster of 10 short, blunt-tipped sensilla. All sensilla (except for the center sensillum) receive a dual innervation: 2 mechanoreceptive dendrites which terminate in the socket membrane plus several chemoreceptive dendrites (4–12) which enter the lumen. The thick-walled cuticular shaft possesses 2–3 small pore openings (100 Å) below the tip, thus establishing communication between dendrites and environment. Two structurally different types of palpal sensilla exist: The A-type has a characteristic doublelumen and always contains 4 dendrites, the B-type features a single lumen and a specially layered cuticular shaft with 6–12 dendrites. The fine structure of the tick palpal receptors corresponds closely to that of known contact chemoreceptors in insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 18-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oocytes ; Chilopoda ; Vitellogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans l'ovocyte de Lithobius forficatus L., les trois types classiques de réserves vitellines apparaissent successivement: glycogène, globules lipidiques et vitellus protéique. La synthèse du glycogène semble effectuée au contact des membranes ergastoplasmiques. Les globules lipidiques paraissent élaborés à partir d'un matériel qui transite par le reticulum puis l'appareil de Golgi. Le vitellus protéique est d'origine exogène et pénètre dans l'ovocyte par pinocytose. L'ovocyte mûr est très riche en réserves vitellines et ne renferme qu'une mince couche cytoplasmique périphérique, pauvre en organites.
    Notizen: Summary In the oocyte of Lithobius forficatus L., the three classical types of vitelline reserves appear successively: glycogen, lipid droplets, and protein yolk. Glycogen synthesis seems to occur in contact with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid droplets appear to be elaborated from a material which passes through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Protein yolk originates elsewhere and enters the oocyte by pinocytosis. The mature oocyte is almost completely filled with yolk. There remains only a thin outer coat of cytoplasm with very few organelles.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Epidermis ; Snails (Lymnaea stagnalis, Biomphalaria pfeifferi) ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The epidermis and the associated subepidermal gland cells of the freshwater snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi were studied by means of histochemical and electron microscope techniques. The single cell layered epidermis is composed of general epidermal cells, cilia cells and a few scattered goblet cells. The foot sole and the epidermal regions of the pneumostome and the ventral surface of the lips near the mouth consist nearly entirely of cilia cells; elsewhere the cilia cells are found scattered among the general epidermal cells. The apical layer of the general epidermal cells bear microvilli. Numerous mitochondria, vesicles and lysosomes are located in the apical region of the cells. Several Golgi bodies and a poorly developed granular endoplasmic reticulum occur in the supranuclear region; the nucleus lies in the basal part of the cell. The general epidermal cells in the mouth region contain numerous microfilaments compared to the general epidermal cells in the rest of the epidermis. The cilia of the cilia cells in the densely ciliated regions possess well developed roots and basal bodies interconnected by means of the basal feet. With regard to the other cell organelles, cilia cells are quite similar to the general epidermal cells. For comparison a brief study of the ultrastructure of the epidermis of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa was carried out. The skin of the snail is covered by a mucous layer produced by various gland cells. In L. stagnalis, in addition to the epidermal goblet cells, thirteen subepidermal gland cell types could be distinguished. The histochemistry of the gland cell types is reflected in the ultrastructure. Three of the gland cell types have an ubiquitous distribution, four types are peculiar to the foot, two types to the lips and five types to the mantle. In B. pfeifferi one epidermal gland cell type and only seven subepidermal gland cell types could be distinguished. Most of these gland cells are limited in their distribution to the foot, lips and mantle edge. The observations may provide a basis for further study in the functions of the snail epidermis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 58-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Infundibulum ; Rat ; Ependymal and glial cells ; Inclusions ; Neuroglial synapses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche Ependymzellen des Recessus infundibularis und Gliazellen der Zona externa besitzen Fortsätze, die bis an den perivaskulären Raum der Kapillarschlingen des Portalplexus heranreichen. Die Ultrastruktur dieser Gefäßfortsätze wird beschrieben. Sie können verschiedenartige Einschlüsse enthalten: 1. große, runde osmiophile Einschlüsse (0,5–2 μ im Durchmesser), die als „lipid inclusions“ bezeichnet werden; 2. unregelmäßig geformte, granuläre Einschlüsse mit gleichmäßiger Elektronendichte (500 bis 2000 Å im Durchmesser); 3. rundliche Granula mit einem hellen Zentrum und ringartig um dieses Zentrum gelagerten elektronendichten Körnchen (1200–1600 Å im Durchmesser). Der letztgenannte Granulatyp scheint ein charakteristisches Merkmal der Gefäßfortsätze in der Zona externa der Wistar-Ratte zu sein. Meist häufen sich die Körnchen gemeinsam mit den anderen beschriebenen Einschlüssen in den kolbenförmigen Endigungen der Gefäßfortsätze. Exocytosevorgänge an der dem perivaskulären Raum zugewandten Oberflächenmembran der Fortsätze weisen auf eine Abgabe von Substanzen an die Blutbahn hin. Neurogliöse Synapsen finden sich im Infundibulum vorwiegend zwischen Nervenfasern des Tractus tuberohypophyseus und Gefäßfortsätzen der Ependym- und Gliazellen. Der synaptische Spalt enthält häufig fädige oder körnige Strukturen. Solche Partikel finden sich zusammen mit tubulären oder vesikulären Membranprofilen auch im synapsennahen Bereich des Glia- oder Ependymfortsatzes. Die funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Synapsen insbesondere für die Abgabe neuronaler Substanzen wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary Many ependymal cells of the infundibular recess and many glial cells of the external layer send their processes to the perivascular space of capillary loops of the portal plexus. The ultrastructure of these vascular processes is described. They may contain various inclusions: (1) large, osmiophilic globules (0,5–2 μ in diameter), mostly termed “lipid inclusions”; (2) irregularly formed, granular inclusions with an evenly distributed content (500–2000 Å in diameter); (3) circular granules comprising an electron-lucent centre surrounded by an annular wall of electron-dense particles (1200–1600 Å in diameter). This type of granule seems to be characteristic for the vascular processes in the external layer of the Wistar rat. Frequently accumulations of these granules are found together with other inclusions in the widened end-feet of the vascular processes. The occurrence of exocytosis at the perivascular surface membrane of the vascular processes indicates a release of substances into the blood. Neuro-glial synapses in the infundibulum are mainly found between nerve fibres of the tuberohypophyseal tract and the vascular end-feet of ependymal and glial cells. The synaptic cleft often contains filamentous or granular material. Together with tubular and vesicular membrane profiles such particles are also found in the postsynaptic area of the ependymal and glial processes. The functional significance of these contacts is discussed particularly with respect to the release of neuronal substances.
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 205-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sternal gland ; Trinervitermes geminatus ; Cell types ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La glande sternale de Trinervitermes geminatus correspond à un épaississement médian de la partie antérieure du cinquième sternite abdominal. Elle est bordée intérieurement par une fine basale conjonctive et extérieurement par la cuticule, quelques sensilles campaniformes sont également visibles dans la masse glandulaire. On peut y reconnaître deux types de cellules: d'abord des cellules ovalaires situées dans la partie moyenne de la glande. Elles contiennent de grosses mitochondries et des globules denses, et sont en relation avec la basale par quelques fins prolongements cellulaires. Ensuite des cellules cylindriques, bien développées, constituant toute l'épaisseur de la glande. Elles possèdent de nombreuses vésicules de reticulum lisse et une bordure en brosse formée de microvillosités et de digitations cytoplasmiques qui pénètrent dans la cuticule. Cette cuticule comprend une mésocuticule lacunaire et une fine épicuticule percée par des «canalicules épicuticulaires». Une comparaison est établie avec la glande sternale d'autres termites, en particulier celle de Kalotermes.
    Notizen: Summary The sternal gland of Trinervitermes geminatus appears as a median thickening of the epidermis at the anterior part of the fifth abdominal sternite. It is lined internally with a thin basal lamina and externally with the cuticle. A few campaniform sensilla are also visible in the glandular mass. Two types of cells may be recognized. First, oval-shaped cells, containing numerous large mitochondria and dense globules; these cells having no contact with the cuticle are connected with the basal lamina by a few narrow cytoplasmic stems. Second, tall columnar cells, with vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and an apical brush border built up by microvilli and finger—like processes which reach into the cuticle. This cuticle is made of alveolous mesocuticle and a thin epicuticle perforated by “epicuticular canals”. The organ is compared with the sternal gland of other termites, particularly with the one of Kalotermes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sensilla ; Insecta ; Diptera ; Musca domestica L. ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ventral organs of the cephalic lobes of the house fly larvae, Musca domestica L., were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Four sensilla were found. Three of them are each innervated by a single dendrite whose ending possesses a tubular body and communicates to the exterior through an opening. These sensilla are assumed to be mechanoreceptors. The 4th sensillum is supplied by 2 bipolar neurons with the unbranched dendritic tips (without tubular bodies) exposed to the exterior through a single opening and is probably a contact chemoreceptor.
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 527-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ciliated cell rosettes ; Gastrovascular system ; Ctenophores ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'excrétion et la régulation hydrostatique des Cténaires reposent sur un ensemble qui implique un dispositif unique en son genre: les rosettes ciliées du système gastrovasculaire endodermique. L'originalité de ces rosettes réside dans l'existence d'un puits central mettant en communication directe la mésoglée avec le contenu intravasculaire. Entre ces deux compartiments s'établissement des courants liquides rapides sans sélectivité ionique dont le sens est déterminé par le battement de la seule touffe de flagelles issus de la couronne cellulaire supérieure de la rosette. Lorsqu'une Beroe est placée en milieu marin dilué, on observe au niveau des rosettes un passage de liquide en direction de la mésoglée, alors qu'en eau de mer concentrée, un courant liquide s'établit de la mésoglée vers la lumière des canaux. L'existence d'un diaphragme contractile susceptible d'obturer complètement le puits central de chaque rosette doit permettre éventuellement d'arrêter complètement ces échanges. Cette activité des rosettes conduit à un ajustement de la densité globale du corps de l'animal par rapport à la densité du milieu dans lequel il se trouve.
    Notizen: Summary Excretion and hydrostatic regulation of the Ctenophores depend on a particular set of special structures: the ciliated cell rosettes of the endodermal gastrovascular system. The peculiarity of these cell rosettes lies in a free communication between the mesoglea and the lumen of gastrovascular canals. Rapid liquid currents, without ionic discernment, are carried through this hole. The direction of these currents is determined by the beating of the only flagellar tuft borne by the upper cellular crown of rosettes: an aqueous flow may be seen streaming across rosettes towards mesoglea when a Beroe is put in diluted sea water, whereas in concentrated sea water, the flow is streaming from mesoglea to gastrovascular cavity. A contractile diaphragm allows complete closing of the central communication of each rosette and can stop any mesogleal-gastrovascular exchange. This activity of cell rosettes leads to an adjustment of the whole density of animal to that of external sea water.
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 426-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Spermathecal gland ; Silphidae ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez les Silphes et en particulier chez Phosphuga atrata, la glande de la spermathèque présente une structure particulière liée à la présence d'une intima cuticulaire tapissant la lumière de la glande. Elle comporte trois types cellulaires: les cellules sécrétrices, les cellules de l'épithélium sous-cuticulaire et les cellules-manchons. Les cellules sécrétrices de grande taille contiennent une invagination de la membrane cytoplasmique formant une «vacuole» extracellulaire bordée de microvillosités. Dans cette vacuole plonge l'extrémité, différenciée en ampoule poreuse, d'un canalicule de nature cuticulaire, qui véhicule la sécrétion jusqu'à la lumière de la glande. Le canalicule est élaboré par une cellule-manchon qui l'accompagne sur toute sa longueur sauf à son extrémité intravacuolaire. Ce type de glande, qui se retrouve chez de nombreux Insectes, y assurant des fonctions diverses (sécrétion odorifique, sécrétion de défense, sécrétion spermale, etc.), est susceptible de nombreuses variations.
    Notizen: Summary The spermathecal accessory gland in the female of Phosphuga atrata (Silphidae), exhibits a special structure which is due to the presence of a cuticular intima lining the lumen. The wall of the gland shows three cellular types: the secretory cells, the epithelial cells and the ductule carrying cells. Each large secretory cell contains a cavity formed by an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and lined by many microvilli. The secretory cell is connected with a cuticular ductule ending in the cavity of the glandular cell, in a porous organelle. This ductule, which carries the secretory material to the lumen, is surrounded by the ductule carrying cell. This type of integumentary gland is very common in insects, where it assumes various functions (attraction, defense, conservation of sperm, etc.) and its morphology varies considerably.
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 538-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Arteries ; DOCA hypertension ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the unconstricted superficial epigastric and femoral arteries is described in normal rats and in animals with hypertension induced by unilateral nephrectomy, by subcutaneous injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate and drinking of 1% NaCl. The femoral artery showed by far the greater response to the DOCA-saline treatment. In both vessels, the smooth-muscle cells changed from the normal spindle shape to a blunt ended outline with numerous pinocytotic vesicles and prolific collagen production. With long term hypertension, particularly in the femoral artery, the smooth-muscle cell profiles became very irregular. Hypertrophy of the organelles of the smooth-muscle cells was associated with an increase in the intercellular material which gradually changed from a mainly collagenous character to mainly vesicular. Lysosomal activity indicated cell disintegration. White blood cells adhere to the endothelium in hypertensive rats and there was an increase in subendothelial material. The number of intimal smooth-muscle cells increased noticeably in the femoral artery. In both arteries, the adventitial fibroblasts hypertrophied in hypertensive rats. In animals with an elevated blood pressure the morphological response was observed as early as 4 to 7 days after initiation of treatment.
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 35-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Salivary glands ; Octopus ; Nerves ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le canal salivaire contient dans sa paroi deux types de nerfs, moteurs et sécréteurs. Le diamètre des fibres nerveuses est en moyenne plus faible dans les nerfs moteurs, où il diminue encore en direction des glandes, tandis qu'au contraire celui des fibres sécrétrices augmente, accentuant ainsi les différences morphologiques entre les deux ners. Ces différences de calibre entre les fibres sont en rapport avec le nombre plus ou moins élevé des neurites qu'elles comportent, et dont les mésaxones ont des formes variées. Les caractères cytologiques des cellules satellites et des axones des deux types de nerfs sont comparables. Les axones contiennent des vésicules de types morphologiques très divers dont la signification est discutée.
    Notizen: Summary Two types of nerves, motor and secretory, are found in the wall of the salivary duct. The average diameter of the motor fibers is smaller and decreases still more towards the glands, while on the contrary it increases for the secretory fibers. The disparity of diameter between the two types of fibers is due to the different number of neurites they contain, embedded in satellite cells with mesaxons of various forms. Axons and satellite cells have similar cytological features in the two types of nerves. Vesicles of several morphological types occur in the axons; their significance is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 92-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretory granule ; Rat ; Membranes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Neurosecretory granules (NSG) of rat posterior pituitary glands were prepared by differential centrifugation techniques mainly according to the procedure as described by Barer, Heller and Lederis (1963). As revealed by electron microscopy, the recovery of neurophysin and the contents of enzymes, purified NSG were obtained in a pellet at 30 000 g/60 min (0.44 M sucrose). Eighteen h after injection of (35S) cysteine into the supraoptic nucleus 60% of the recovered radioactivity in the neural lobe was found in the NSG, whereas 20% was found in the final supernatant (100 000 g/120 min). Sixteen days after injection the NSG and the final supernatant fraction contained fairly equal amount of (35S) cysteine (approximately 40%). It is suggested that after a period of intragranular maturation neurophysin is extruded into an extragranular pool of neurosecretory material. With the use of conventional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it was shown that the predominating proportion of radioactivity in the NSG after a hypothalamic injection of (35S) cysteine was located within the neurophysin fraction A and in fraction B. Fraction B is suggested to be partly bound to the NSG membranes. When the NSG soluble and NSG insoluble proteins, obtained after lysis of NSG, were separated on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, the highly radioactive soluble protein was shown to consist of two components with average molecular weights of 12 300 and 14 600. Most of the proteins in the lysate were found in the NSG membranes, though less radioactive. A component with a mol.wt. of 37 000 was enriched in the membrane fraction. At longer times after isotope injection the high mol.wt. proteins, particularly those of the NSG membranes, contained increased amounts of radioactivity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Spermatozoa ; Glycogen ; Rana ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cytochemical and morphological evidence indicates the presence of glycogen packets in the condensed nuclei of Rana pipiens and Rana clamitans testicular spermatozoa. A possible reason for its existence is discussed. Glycogen is also demonstrated in the acrosomes of R. pipiens spermatozoa and in the middle pieces and tails of R. clamitans spermatozoa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Insect hemocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Cytophysiology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The wide range of functional activities of circulating and sessile insect hemocytes expresses itself in highly specialized cytological terms. Electron microscopic studies carried out in five species of normal and experimentally manipulated cockroaches, in conjunction with light microscopic information, reveal a broad spectrum of structural organization and an apparent capacity for cellular modulation. In addition to conventional organelles, these hemocytes contain a class of unusual cytoplasmic inclusion bodies which seem to undergo striking transformations in response to specific functional demands. A variety of transitional forms attests to the existence of close links between tubule containing (type 1), electron dense (type 2), and large globular (type 3) inclusion bodies, and reveals the derivation of yet another special (lamellated, fusiform) inclusion from type 2 bodies. Confluence of the type 3 configurations into still larger lacunae may precede the release of their contents into the hemolymph, a process whose major effect seems to be the initiation of the clotting process. Another important activity of hemocytes concerns the programmed reorganization of the stromal framework of the various organs. The dominant feature of blood cells engaged in the deposition of connective tissue are greatly distended cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and accumulations of banded fibrils at the interface of cytoplasm and extracellular space. The engulfment of discarded stromal material can be visualized in fortuitous sections representing steps in its incorporation by hemocytes. Ultrastructural correlates of the breakdown of these and other disintegrating or noxious elements by certain hemocytes are prominent digestive vacuoles with heterogeneous contents and reaction products of hydrolytic enzymes. The capacity for the uptake of small particles by micropinocytosis is demonstrated by the localization of horseradish peroxidase activity at the cellular surface and within cytoplasmic vesicles. The diversity of structural appearances reflects a division of labor, while the many transitional features of hemocyte morphology favor the concept of functional flexibility of one basic cell type rather than a strict classification into distinctly separate cellular types.
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 370-385 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Androgenic gland ; Crab ; Ocypode quadrata ; Cellular degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale des glandes androgènes du Crabe Ocypode quadrata (Fabr.) révèle l'existence de processus involutifs entraînant une autodestruction cellulaire totale. Cette lyse se produit en des zones non localisées des glandes et n'affecte pas l'activité spermatogénétique du Crabe considéré de plus, la coexistence de cellules en dégénérescence avec des cellules normales traduit un asynchronisme cellulaire. Les différentes modifications conduisant à la dégénérescence ont été décrites: dégranulation de l'ergastoplasme, développement important du réticulum endoplasmique, vacuolisation des mitochondries, différenciation de jonctions cellulaires d'un type particulier, formations de «corps vacuolaires» et de vacuoles autolytiques puis de corps résiduels précédant les processus de fragmentation cellulaire et de pycnose nucléaire. Bien qu'il n'y ait jamais une régression totale des glandes androgènes, ces modifications rappellent celles qui surviennent après la métamorphose dans les glandes de mue des Insectes. La signification physiologique de la dégénérescence cellulaire est discutée.
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopic examination of the androgenic glands of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata (Fabr.) reveals the existence of involutive processes leading to complete cellular breakdown. This autolysis occurs in non-localized areas of the glands and does not affect the spermatogenetic activity of the crab studied; further, the coexistence of degenerative cells with normal cells shows a cellular asynchronism. The different modifications leading to degeneration have been described: substitution of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum by an important development of smooth reticulum, vaculolization of mitochondria, differentiation of a particular type of cellular junctions, elaboration of “vacuolar bodies” and autolytic vacuoles and then of residual bodies preceding processes of cellular fragmentation and nuclear pyknosis. Although there is never a complete regression of the androgenic glands, these modifications resemble those which take place in the prothoracic glands of insects after metamorphosis. The physiological significance of the cellular degeneration is discussed.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Saccus vasculosus ; Cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons ; AChE-positive fibre connections ; Synapses on coronet cells ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Saccus vasculosus von Anguilla anguilla, Cyprinus carpio und Amiurus nebulosus wurde lichtmikroskopisch mit der AChE-Reaktion und dem fluoreszenzhistochemischen Monoaminnachweis, sowie elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Lichtmikroskopisch weisen die Liquorkontaktneurone und ihre Fortsätze eine starke AChE-Aktivität auf, während die Krönchenzellen inaktiv sind. Die AChE-positiven Fortsätze der Nervenzellen bilden Bündel, die in den Nervus sacci vasculosi eintreten und im Tractus sacci vasculosi weiterziehen. Diese AChE-positive Bahn kann nach Kreuzung zur Gegenseite bis in das Neuropil des Thalamus ventralis verfolgt werden. Die Liquorkontaktneurone des Saccus vasculosus, der Nervus und Tractus sacci vasculosi, sowie der Nucleus sacci vasculosi weisen keine Monoaminfluoreszenz auf. Auf den Perikaryen der Krönchenzellen kommen Synapsen vor, deren praesynaptisches Cytoplasma außer synaptischen Bläschen und Mitochondrien 800–1000 Å große granulierte Vesikel aufweist. Die Perikaryen der Liquorkontaktneurone enthalten neben den üblichen Cytoplasmabestandteilen dense core Vesikel, deren Durchmesser 700–900 Å beträgt. Axone, in denen granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 800 oder 1300 Å) vorkommen, bilden mit diesen Perikaryen Synapsen. Im basalen Teil des Saccusepithels findet man granulierte Bläschen (Durchmesser 800 oder 1400 Å) enthaltende Nervenfasern unterschiedlichen Durchmessers, ferner Synapsen. Der Nervus sacci vasculosi enthält klein- und großkalibrige, marklose Nervenfasern und vereinzelte Synapsen, während der Tractus sacci vasculosi aus vorwiegend kleinkalibrigen, marklosen Fasern besteht.
    Notizen: Summary The vascular sac of Anguilla anguilla, Cyprinus carpio and Amiurus nebulosus has been studied by light microscopy using AChE reaction and the fluorescence histochemical method for the demonstration of monoamines, and by electron microscopy. As demonstrated light microscopically, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contacting neurons and their processes exert a strong AChE activity, while the coronet cells are inactive. The AChE-positive processes of the neurons form bundles that enter the nervus sacci vasculosi and pass on in the tractus sacci vasculosi. After crossing to the opposite side, this AChE-positive bundle can be traced into the neuropil of the ventral thalamus. Neither the CSF contacting neurons of the vascular sac, nor the nervus, tractus and nucleus sacci vasculosi show any monoamine fluorescence. As demonstrated electron microscopically, there are synapses on the perikarya of the coronet cells, their presynaptic cytoplasm being characterized by mitochondria, synaptic and granulated vesicles (diameter about 800 to 1000 Å). The perikarya of the CSF contacting neurons contain dense-core vesicles (diameter about 700 to 900 Å) besides of the usual cytoplasmic components. Axons displaying granulated vesicles with a diameter of 800 Å or 1300 Å, form synapses on these perikarya. In the basal part of the saccus epithelium, there are nerve fibres of different calibres containing dense-core vesicles (diameter about 800 Å or 1400 Å) and forming synapses. The nervus sacci vasculosi is characterized by thin and thick, unmyelinated nerve fibres, and rare synapses, while the tractus sacci vasculosi is composed of mainly small, unmyelinated fibres.
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  • 135
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 463-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Teleost ; Ultrastructure ; Red muscle ; White muscle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Feinstruktur roter und weißer Muskelfasern des Seewasserteleostiers Seelachs (Gadus virens) untersucht und ultrastrukturelle Messungen und Analysen durchgeführt. Die Sarcomerlängen der roten Fasern liegen zwischen 1,60 und 1,82 μ, die der weißen zwischen 1,70 und 1,85 μ. Hinsichtlich des prozentualen Vorkommens von sarcoplasmatischem Reticulum und T-System bestehen zwischen roten und weißen Fasern keine wesentlichen Unterschiede. Beide Fasertypen zeichnen sich durch regelmäßiges Vorkommen von Triaden am Z-Streifen, deutliche M-Streifen und multiple Innervation aus. Ultrastrukturell unterscheiden sich die beiden Fasertypen dadurch, daß die roten Fasern dickere Z-Streifen und mehr Mitochondrien, die weißen peripher bandförmige Myofibrillen besitzen. Die Struktur der Fasern dieser beiden Muskeltypen wird im Hinblick auf deren mögliche Rolle beim Schwimmen diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the red and white myotomal muscles of a marine teleost, the coalfish Gadus virens, has been examined and ultrastructural measurements and analyses carried out. The sarcomere lengths of the red and white fibres were found to be 1.60 μ minimum, 1.82 μ maximum and 1.70 μ minimum, 1.85 μ maximum, respectively. No significant difference was found between the red and white fibres in their percentage of sarcoplasmic reticulum and T system. Both were found to have regularly occurring triads at the Z disk level, to have distinctive M lines and to be multiply innervated. Ultrastructurally the two fibres can be distinguished by the thicker Z line and more abundant mitochondria of the red fibre, and by the ribbon-shaped peripheral myofibrils of the white fibres. The structure of the fibres in these two types of muscle is discussed in relation to their possible role in swimming.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 529-537 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Statocyst ; Pomacea paludosa ; Ultrastructure ; Cell types ; Ciliary orientation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ultrastructural observations on the statocysts of the prosobranch gastropod Pomacea paludosa are reported in this paper. 1. The static nerve consists of a great number of naked axons with a diameter of 0.2–0.5 μm. Several axons are joined together to bundles by glia cells (Fig. 1). 2. The epithelium of the statocyst contains 2500–3000 hair (= sense) cells, each with an area of at most 75 μm2 (Fig. 2). This great number of hair cells is compared with the number of receptor cells in other gastropod statocysts. 3. The hair cells are surrounded by smaller supporting cells. The significance of the interlacing of hair and supporting cells and of the possible contact between hair cells is discussed. 4. Supporting cells possess microvilli and sometimes one modified cilium (Fig. 5). The hair cells bear microvilli and 30–40 cilia. These cilia have the typical 9+2 arrangement of the filaments, striated roots to one side of the basal body and a basal foot to the other (Fig. 3). 5. For each sense cell and even for larger areas of the statocyst wall the basal feet point nearly in the same direction (Fig. 4). Hence it is suggested (a) a directional sensitivity for each hair cell and (b) a correlation between the areas of same polarisation and the “groups” of nerve fibers. 6. Different types of vesicles in the nerve layer of the cyst wall (Fig. 6) and stimulation experiments give some evidence for an efferent innervation of the statocysts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 327-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurons ; Subsurface cisterns ; Lamellar bodies ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) and lamellar bodies (LB's) have been observed in the neurons, but not in the glial cells, of the rat and cat substantia nigra. The SSC's are most often opposite what appears to be glial cells, but they are also subsynaptic in position. A single, large (0.4–1.5 μ), unfenestrated, usually flattened cistern closely underlies the inner aspect of the plasma membrane of the perikaryon and proximal parts of the neuronal processes at a regular interval ranging about 100–130 Å. They are sheet-like or discoid in configuration and consists of a pentalaminar structure which usually widens at its lateral edges where its membranes are continuous with each other or with rough ER profiles. Filaments, about 70 Å thick, bridge the cleft between the SSC and the overlying plasmalemma. One or more ER cisterns devoid of ribosomes except on their outermost membrane may be stacked up parallel to an SSC and immediately subjecent to it. A dense filamentous network intervenes between the SSC and its closely applied ER cisterns. At higher magnification, it is seen to consist of a finely textured material which is apparently composed of loosely packed tiny particles. These constituent subunits in turn may represent transverse sections of very fine filaments rather than granules. A mitochondrion frequently occurs in the immediate vicinity of an SSC and may be closely applied to its deep surface. Stacks of unfenestrated, parallel, regularly spaced (about 300–400 Å) cisterns, designated lamellar bodies, appear deeper in the karyoplasm. They are most often flattened and appear as pentalaminar structures. These cisterns, as well as the dense filamentous network intervening between them, are structurally similar to those closely applied to SSC's. They are also devoid of ribosomes except on their outermost surfaces. Whorls of similar cisterns are also occasionally observed. Another particular feature of the rough ER consists of the close apposition of two cisterns without any ribosome attached to the inner membranes of the latter structure. It evokes a simplified type of LB's. It is of particular interest to point out that all these cisterns, i.e. the SSC's, their closely applied cistern(s) and those forming the LB's, are connected to the RER membranes, so that a continuous channel occurs between the nuclear membrane and the SSC which closely underlies the plasma membrane. Our observations show that the SSC's and the LB's are structurally related forms of the ER. A parallel may be drawn between the SSC and the lateral element(s) of a dyad (triad). The structural complex consisting of an SSC, the overlying plasmalemma and the cross-bridges linking them, indeed, bears some resemblance to a dyad. It is suggested that membranes which are closely applied may interact, resulting in alterations in their respective properties. These patches of the neuronal plasma membrane associated with SSC's may, therefore, have special properties because of this relationship, resulting in a non-uniform spread of an action potential on the neuronal surface. The possible significance of SSC's in relation to neuronal electrophysiology, as well as of the latter structures and LB's in relation to cell metabolism, is to be discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 559-569 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cervicovaginal anlage ; Estradiol sensitive antigen ; Mouse ; Cell differentiation ; Immunocytology ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cells of the cervicovaginal epithelium of neonatal mice underwent morphological changes in response to estradiol injection. On the luminal border, estradiol treatment caused development of distinct microvilli and a prominent surface coat of delicate filamentous material. Very deep nuclear folds appeared, and the border between adjacent cells became strongly interdigitated. The cells developed a pronounced smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and dark-stained membrane-bounded granules accumulated in the apical part of the cells. Estradiol promoted increased production of an antigenic material specific for the cervicovaginal epithelium (CVA). Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated CVA in the most apical part of the cells, in the extracellular material on the epithelial surface, and in the intercellular spaces between adjacent epithelial cells. This was confirmed by immunoferritin methods, which revealed that the antigen was localized to the surface coat and to material adhering closely to the exterior of the cell membrane, the part facing the lumen and also the part facing intercellular spaces. Within the cells, ferritin tagging was recognized around the membranes enclosing the dark-stained granules in the apical part of the cells and also on the inside of the luminal cell membrane. This is so interpreted that CVA acquires its antigenic properties when passing out from the dark-stained granules through the surrounding envelope. CVA apparently forms part of the glycocalyx of the cervicovaginal cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Diplopoda ; Collar gland ; Ultrastructure ; Molting
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Die unpaare Glandula perioesophagealis von Polyxenus lagurus ist eine endokrine Drüse. Sie liegt zwischen Pharynxdach und Gehirn. Im Bereich des Hinterkopfs umgibt sie den Vorderdarm manschettenförmig. 2. Die Drüse ist am Nervus glandulae perioesophagealis, der sich in ihr aufzweigt, befestigt. Viele Axone dieses Nervs führen Neurosekret. 3. Die Drüsenzellen sind typische Podocyten. Zwischen ihren Pedicellen erstrecken sich viele weitlumige Interzellularräume. In den Pedicellen findet man zahlreiche Vesikulationen. Benachbarte Pedicellen sind durch Diaphragmata verbunden. DarÜber hinaus sind die Drüsenzellen durch viele „Lysosomen“ und unregelmäßig gewundene, elektronendichte tubuläre Strukturen gekennzeichnet. Das endoplasmatische Retikulum ist spärlich entwickelt. 4. Tiere, bei denen experimentell die Häutung ausgelöst wurde, zeichnen sich durch aktivierte Drüsenzellen aus. Die Anzahl der Mitochondrien, Golgi-Komplexe, „Lysosomen“ und freien Ribosomen steigt jetzt an. Das endoplasmatische Retikulum tritt stark in Erscheinung. Es ist tubulär, häufig angeschwollen und mit flockigem Material gefüllt. Seine Membranen sind überwiegend mit Ribosomen besetzt, stellenweise aber auch agranulär. Jetzt treten auch zusammengesetzte Körper auf.
    Notizen: Summary 1. The unpaired glandula perioesophagealis of Polyxenus lagurus is an endocrine gland. It is located in the head between the roof of the pharynx and the brain. In the region of the back of the head it surrounds the foregut like a cuff. 2. The gland is attached to an unpaired “nervus glandulae perioesophagealis” which branches in it. Many axons of this nerve contain neurosecretory granules. 3. The gland cells are typical podocytes. Between their pedicles there are many wide intercellular spaces. A large number of cytoplasmic vesicles are found in the pedicles. Neighbouring pedicles are connected by diaphragmata. Moreover, the cells are characterized by many lysosome-like structures and tubular irregularly-bent electron-dense structures. The endoplasmic reticulum is sparsely developed. 4. In animals in experimentally-induced molting, the gland cells are activated: the numbers of mitochondria, Golgi complexes, lysosome-like structures and free ribosomes are increased. The endoplasmic reticulum is conspicuous; it is tubular, often swollen, and filled with floccular material. It is predominantly granular but smooth in places. Complex cytoplasmic bodies are detectable.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sympathetic Ganglia ; Tissue culture ; Catecholamines ; SIF cells ; Granular vesicles ; Hydrocortisone ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sympathetic chain ganglia of newborn rats were cultured in Rose chambers with or without hydrocortisone. After one week, the cultures were examined by light microscopy for formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence and by electron microscopy after fixation in 5% glutaraldehyde solution and thereafter in 1% osmium tetroxide. Hydrocortisone (10 mg/l) caused a great increase in the number of the small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the ganglion explants, and the fluorescence intensity of these cells was also increased. The SIF cells corresponded to small, granule-containing (SGC) cells in the electronmicros copic preparations, and in addition to an increase in their number there was also an increase in the size and number of granular vesicles in the presence of hydrocortisone. In control cultures the granular vesicles were round (about 100 nm in diameter) or elongated (40–150 nm in cross section and 150–250 nm in length); both types of vesicles contained electron dense cores. In hydrocortisone-containing cultures round granular vesicles up to 200 nm in diameter were also observed; the cores of these vesicles were of variable electron density. It is concluded that in tissue culture, hydrocortisone causes an increased formation of catecholamine-containing granular vesicles in SIF-SGC cells and their precursors and an increase in the number of these cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Rat ; Actin- and myosin-like filaments ; Tubule and interstitial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary By electron microscopy, the prominent bundles of filaments occurring in the basal part of proximal and distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells of rat kidney cortex were studied in cells fixed by vascular perfusion, in glycerol-extracted cells and in glycerol-extracted cells treated with heavy meromyosin (HMM). The studies of perfusion-fixed tissue showed that the proximal tubule cells contained in their most basal part filamentous bundles oriented transversely around the tubule. The bundles consisted of trightly packed thin filaments (50–80 Å in diameter). Similar but less prominent bundles were found in distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells. The dimension of these filaments was similar to that of actin filaments and their insertion in the basal cell membrane of the tubule epithelial cells resembled the insertion of actin filaments in the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells. The studies on glycerol-extracted cells revealed that some tubule cells contained two types of filaments (60–80 Å and 130–170 Å in diameter) located side by side in the basal filamentous bundles. The dimension of the thick filaments corresponds well to the values for myosin filaments in glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscle. The studies on HMM-reacted renal tissue revealed that the thin filaments (60–80 Å) described in tubule and interstitial cells are probably actin filaments, as they formed characteristic arrowhead complexes morphologically indistinguishable from the complexes of HMM with actin filaments in smooth and striated muscle cells. Our results provide strong evidence that a two-filament contractile system, based on interaction of actin and myosin filaments, exists in renal tubule and interstitial cells. As a hypothesis it is proposed that it is changes in tonus of the basal filamentous system in the proximal tubule cells which stabilize the intratubular pressure, possibly via angiotensin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 539-550 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lymphocytes ; Plasma cells ; Ductus thoracicus (Rat) ; Osmium-Zinc-Jodide impregnation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Lymphozyten des Ductus thoracicus von unbehandelten weißen Ratten und von Ratten nach Sensibilisierung mit Meerrettichperoxydase wurden nach einer zweistündigen Vorfixierung in 2,5% Glutaraldehyd in dem Osmium-Zink-Jodid-Gemisch nach Maillet (1959) inkubiert und elektronemikroskopisch untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß bei den unbehandelten Tieren nur wenige Lymphozyten keine Reaktion im Kernspalt aufwiesen — ER und Golgi waren nicht ausgebildet —, während die Mehrzahl der Zellen eine starke OZI-Imprägnation des Kernspalts, des ER, des Golgifeldes und der Mitochondrienmatrix zeigte. Die Membransysteme und Mitochondrien der Plasmazellen, die in der Ductuslymphe nach Sensibilisierung auftraten, waren ebenfalls stark OZI-positiv. Auf Grund dieser Befunde halten wires für sehr wahrscheinlich, daß das OZI-Gemisch mit bestimmten Proteinen reagiert, auch mit Antikörpern. Bei einer Erhöhung des pH-Werte auf 6,5 findet in den genannten Systemen keine Reaktion mehr statt.
    Notizen: Summary Ductus thoracicus lymphocytes from untreated white rats and from rats after sensibilisation with horseradish peroxydase were incubated in Maillet's (1959) osmiumzinc-jodide mixture after prefixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyd, and examined electron microscopically. It is demonstrated that among the untreated lymphocytes only few cells show no reaction product in the perinuclear space—ER and Golgi A. are not to be observed—while the majority exhibits strong reaction in the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi field and the matrix of the mitochondria. All plasma cells, present in the thoracic duct lymph after sensibilisation with horseradish peroxidase show also a strong OZI-reaction in their cisternal elements and in the mitochondria. According to these findings there is strong evidence that the OZI-solution reacts with certain proteins also with antibodies. Setting the pH of the OZI-solution to 6.5 no more reaction is found in the formentioned systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sensory axons ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Rat ; Ribosomes ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the dorsal root ganglia of the rat, ribosomes were found not only in the initial segment, but they were also observed in the axoplasm of intraganglionar myelinated fibres and in the sensory portion of spinal nerves. Axons of seven-days-old rats contained more ribosomes than those of adult animals. The amount of particles decreased gradually from the initial segment trough intraganglionar internodes to the axons of spinal nerves. No ribosomes were found in axons of dorsal roots. In intraganglionar fibres, ribosomal particles were usually observed near the nodes of Ranvier, in the vicinity of Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and in axons near the Schwann cell nuclei. They were arranged in tetrads, pentads or in larger polysomes, and they were often observed adjacent to a group of mitochondria. The particles had invariably a stable size, their average diameters measuring 234 ± 2 × 197 ± 3 Å, which is practically equal to the diameters of 232 ± 2 × 203 ± 3 Å of ribosomes in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. These values fall within the range of diameters of ribosomes isolated from various cells of eukaryotic organisms as given in the literature. Since no other granular component of the cytoplasm has similarly stable dimensions, the measurements are considered to prove that the axonal particles described here are ribosomes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 275-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sensory receptors ; Acarina ; Amblyomma americanum ; Haller's organ ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Hallersche Organ auf dem Tarsus der Zecke Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae; Nymphenstadium) wurde mit dem Durchstrahlungs- und Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es besteht aus einer distalen Sensillengruppe, die in einer flachen „Wanne“ gelegen ist, und einer proximalen „Kapsel“, welche mehrere Sensillen einschließt. Alle sieben Sensillen der „Wanne“ (A1–A7) sind dickwandig und mehrfach innerviert (2–9 Neurone), jedoch können mindestens 3 verschiedene Typen unterschieden werden: A1 und A2 besitzen große Poren (〉1000 Å), die mit Pfropfen versehen sind, und sie sind zudem die einzigen Sensillen mit sich verzweigenden Dendriten; A3 und A5 sind durch eine radspeichenartige Anordnung der Cuticulawandung charakterisiert, ferner durch feine Poren (100–200 Å), welche die Speichen zentral durchziehen; A4, A6, und A7 zeigen kein Porensystem, doch wird eine einzelne Öffnung an der Spitze vermutet. Die „Kapsel“ enthält 7 dünnwandige, stumpf endigende Sensillen und mehrere nichtsensorische Cuticulavorsprünge. Alle Sensillen besitzen große „Pfropfporen“ in der Cuticulawandung und zahlreiche dendritische Verzweigungen mehrerer Neuronen (3–5) im Lumen. Drüsenmündungen wurden in der „Kapsel“ festgestellt, ihre Bedeutung wird diskutiert. Die Feinstruktur des Hallerschen Organs entspricht dem Postulat von Lees (1948), wonach die „Kapsel“ der Geruchsrezeption, die „Wanne“ der Feuchtigkeitsrezeption dienen soll.
    Notizen: Summary Haller's organ on the tarsus of the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae; nymphal stage) was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It consists of a distal bristle group, (the “anterior pit”), and a proximal “capsule” which encloses several sensilla. The seven sensilla of the anterior pit (A1–A7) are all thick-walled and multi-innervated (2–9 neurons), but at least three different types can be differentiated. Sensilla A1 and A2 possess large, plugged pores (〉1000 Å) and are the only sensilla with branching dendrites. A3 and A5 are characterized by a spoke-wheel arrangement of the cuticle wall and very fine pores (100–200 Å) penetrating the “spokes” centrally; A4, A6, and A7 do not exhibit any pore system but a single opening at the bristle tip is assumed. The capsule contains seven thin-walled, blunt-tipped sensilla, and several non-sensory cuticular projections (pleomorphs). All of these sensilla possess large “plugged” pores in the cuticle wall and numerous dendritic branches of several neurons (3–5) in the lumen. Glandular openings were found inside the capsule; their significance is discussed. The fine structure of Haller's organ supports the functions postulated by Lees (1948), namely olfaction for the capsule and humidity reception (among others) for the anterior pit.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 320-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Glandulae submaxillares ; Mammals ; Acinar cell granules ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Granules in acinar cells show considerable variations in size, shape, electron-density and molecular organisation of secretory material. Discrete organelles with an electron-dense homogenous matrix are seen in the guinea-pig and to some extent in the male hamster. Similar organelles with moderate electron-density are seen in the cat and dog. Acinar cells of the cat, hamster, guinea-pig and to a lesser extent the rat, contain discrete, pale granules and also confluent organelles arising from two to three of the pale particles. Composite, electron-pale secretory units are observed in the dog and rabbit. No correlation could be elicited between the histochemical reactivity of the acinar cells and the content of the secretory enzymes. The relationship between the histochemical reactivity and ultrastructural appearance of acinar cell granules and the organelles containing kallikrein, trypsin-like proteases and amylase seems much more important and functionally relevant. Morphological aspects of the intracellular transport and secretion of granules are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 356-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ependyma ; Brain ; Rat ; Glycogen-rich cells ; Electronmicroscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of the rat brain was investigated at different ages from 20 days to adulthood. A particular cell type occurs in the external wall of the ventricle, where the proliferative subependymal layer is present. These cells found at all ages studied, are characterized by a high content of glycogen, and a structure different of typical ependymal cells. A large number of nerve endings is situated in close vicinity of these cells, either free in the ventricle lumen, or sometimes ensheathed in the cells. No synapse was found between these endings an the glycogen-rich cells. These glycogen-rich cells undergo several modifications with age: their glycogen content is reduced in the adult, and they acquire a few cilia and gliofilaments. It is suggested that they represent a transitory differentiation of the ependyma, functionally linked with the proliferative subependymal layer.
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 458-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Photoreceptor ; Bryozoa ; Larva ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pigmented spots of bryozoan larvae have often been implicated in photoreception due to their preferential occurrence in larvae with positive phototactic behavior. Results of light and electron microscopic studies of Bugula neritina show that the larvae possess two spots, each with a basal sensory cell situated at the base of a pit-like depression. The embedment of the pit and its basal cell in a pad of subepidermal pigment cells allows for directional illumination. The basal sensory cell produces a ball-like mass of non-motile cilia. The configuration of the axoneme is typical of kinocilia and unlike the arrangement previously described for ciliary photoreceptors. Elaboration of receptor organelle membrane surface area is accomplished uniquely by multiple cilia oriented so that large portions of each cilium lie perpendicular to the direction of incident light. The pigmented spot directly contacts the underlying equatorial nerve ring which also connects with the major larval locomotor organ. The pigmented spots of B. neritina are the only potential photoreceptor structures which have been studied by electron microscopy in the three lophophorate phyla. The use of ciliary membranes as the potential photoreceptor organelle allies the bryozoan pigmented spot with the ciliary type photoreceptor which occurs most prevalently in deuterostome animals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 570-579 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Rat ; 5-HT-cells ; Habenular region (Lamina intercalaris ; Medial habenular nucleus)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pineal gland of the rat is located near the brain surface and is via a slender stalk connected to lamina intercalaris which constitutes a cell formation between the habenular and posterior commissures, continuing to the subcommissural organ. The stalk and lamina intercalaris, like the pineal proper, exhibited a yellow, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence which showed the histochemical and pharmacological properties of 5-HT. All these structures were richly supplied with catecholamine-fluorescent nerves which could be further followed rostrally from lamina intercalaris, mixing with the non-fluorescent commissural fibres and stria terminalis, into the medial habenular nucleus in which they extensively supplied both blood vessels and non-fluorescent nerve cells. Cytospectrofluorometric and chemical analysis suggested that the fluorescent nerves stored noradrenaline. This was supported by the finding that they disappeared after bilateral cervical sympathectomy (as did the fluorescent nerves in the pineal complex). In the medial habenular nucleus also catecholamine-containing and 5-HT-containing nerves of central origin were present. The occurrence of a rich, peripheral sympathetic innervation in the medial habenular nucleus of the brain offers possibilities for a previously not observed sympathetic influence on this nucleus. Also the arrangement, and the apparent continuity of the sympathetic innervation in the pineal gland, the lamina intercalaris, and the medial habenular nucleus, suggests some functional interconnection or coordination between these structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Rat pituitary gland ; Ultrastructure ; Granule extrusion ; LH-releasing hormone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In order to observe the ultrastructural aspects of granule extrusion from gonadotrophs, the authors injected pure, natural porcine LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) into persistent-estrous (PE) rats. Clear-cut extrusions of secretory granules appeared from LH-gonadotrophs 2.5, 5 and 15 minutes after the injection. Massive extrusion was observed at 15 minutes. Serum LH and FSH were also estimated by radioimmunoassay on blood samples taken at the same times after the injections. LH was increased in the blood sera after the injection of LH-RH, but serum FSH was not significantly different among the various treated rats. The rise in serum LH after LH-RH injection was well correlated with the ultrastructural phenomenon of granule extrusion from LH-gonadotrophs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 283-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Human placenta ; Langhans cells ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Langhanszellen in menschlichen Placentazotten werden nach ultrastrukturellen Kriterien in undifferenzierte, wenig differenzierte, mäßig differenzierte, syncytiumähnliche und degenerierende Formen unterteilt. Im Laufe der Schwangerschaft vermehren sich die undifferenzierten und die syncytiumähnlichen Zellen zu Ungunsten der mäßig differenzierten. Die in der 9. Woche fast vollständige Cytotrophoblastlage wird in der reifen Placenta auf etwa 20% der Oberfläche reduziert; die verbliebenen Zellen liegen überwiegend in Kapillarnähe. In chronisch mangelernährten Placenten ist die Zahl der Langhanszellen größer, ihr Cytoplasma ist dichter und organellenreicher. In den schwersten Fällen geht das Syncytium zugrunde, und Langhanszellen grenzen an den intervillösen Raum. Vergleiche histochemischer, experimenteller und klinischer Befunde ergeben, daß die Teilungstendenz der Langhanszellen bei guter Versorgungslage gering ist. Da die syncytiale Verschmelzung unter diesen Bedingungen leicht ist, nimmt die Zellzahl ab. Bei chronischer Ischaemie der Zotten dagegen nimmt die Proliferations- und Differenzierungstendenz des Cytotrophoblasten zu. Bei erschwerter syncytialer Verschmelzung steigt die absolute Umwandlungsrate an. Es gelangen damit vermehrt neugebildete hochaktive Enzymsysteme in den Syncytiotrophoblasten. Dieses Verhalten bedingt die Bedeutung der Langhanszellen als Teil eines Regelkreises zur Regeneration des Syncytiums unter normalen und unter pathologischen Bedingungen.
    Notizen: Summary The Langhans cells in human placental villi are subdivided according to ultrastructural criteria into undifferentiated, poorly differentiated, moderately differentiated, syncytium-resembling and degenerated forms. In the course of pregnancy the undifferentiated and the syncytium-resembling cells increase to the debit of the poorly differentiated. The cytotrophoblastic layer which is almost complete at the 9th week of gestation is reduced in the mature placenta to about 20% of the total surface area; the remaining cells are situated mainly near the capillaries. In chronically undernourished placentae the number of Langhans cells is increased; their cytoplasm is denser and contains more organelles. In the most severe cases the syncytium becomes necrotic and Langhans cells lie at the intervillous space. Comparisons of histochemical, experimental and clinical findings show that the tendency of the Langhans cells to proliferate is small if the placenta is well supplied. Since the syncytial fusion is easy under these conditions the cell number declines. In chronic ischemia of the villi, however, the tendency of the cytotrophoblast to proliferate and differentiate increases. Though the syncytial fusion is moderately aggravated the absolute rate of transformation increases. Therefore more newly formed, highly active enzymatic systems reach the syncytiotrophoblast. This mode of action shows the importance of the Langhans cells as a part of a feed back system for the regeneration of the syncytium under normal and pathological conditions.
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 366-384 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Rectal caeca ; Starfishes ; Epithelium ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans les caecums rectaux des deux espèces étudiées, stratification tissulaire et composition cellulaire sont semblables. L'épithélium interne se compose de mucocytes et de cellules banales. Outre du glycogène, ces dernières renferment chez M. glacialis des grains de mucopolysaccharides neutres associés à des protéines tandis que chez C. tenuispina, les granules contiennent des mucopolysaccharides acides carboxylés et sulfatés également associés à des protéines. L'épithélium externe de C. tenuispina présente, outre des cellules banales, des cellules glandulaires à contenu protéique. Une attention particulière a été apportée à l'ultrastructure du pôle apical des cellules banales internes. On y remarque de nombreuses microvillosités et un flagelle central caractéristique. De plus, on observe très fréquemment des formations pinocytaires ainsi que plus rarement de la phagocytose. Les diverticules seraient donc, chez les Asteriidae, des organes digestifs à part entière se caractérisant par un grand pouvoir d'absorption et une digestion intracellulaire. Enfin, le pôle basal des cellules banales internes, très contourné, contient, par endroit, des β-cytomembranes typiques. Il est possible qu'à ce niveau aient lieu des transferts de substances vers le coelome.
    Notizen: Summary Histological and cytological composition are similar in the rectal caeca of both studied species. Internal epithelium is composed of mucocytes and of banal cells. Besides glycogen, these cells contain in M. glacialis neutral mucopolysaccharides associated with proteins, while in C. tenuispina, the granules contain acidic carboxyled and sulfated mucopolysaccharides also associated with proteins. The external epithelium of C. tenuispina presents, besides banal cells, granular secretory cells with proteic content. Special attention has been payed to the ultrastructure of the apical pole of the internal banal cells. One notices numerous microvilli and a characteristic central flagellum. Moreover, one frequently observes pinocytic formations as well as—more rarely—phagocytosis. The rectal diverticula would thus be, in the Asteriidae, real digestive organs provided with a great capacity of absorption and intracellular digestion. The basal pole of the internal banal cells contains from place to place typical β-cytomembranes. Transfers of substances to the coelom can occur at that level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 157-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nerve degeneration ; Nerve regeneration ; Crayfish ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cut and crushed crayfish claw nerves were examined with the electron microscope at intervals up to 6 months after lesion. In sections 1 centimeter distal to the lesion there were no signs of degeneration among the giant motor axons even after many months. Swelling of glial wrappings was observed within 48 hours of nerve severance and was particularly notable in the innermost glial layer, the adaxonal layer. Golgi elements, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria accumulated in the glia. These changes were perhaps indicative of a greater supportive role required by the severed axons. Regeneration from the proximal stumps of the giant axons began within one week and had proceeded across the lesion gap by 4 weeks. Axon sprouts appeared to travel toward the terminals within the glial sheaths of the distal giant axon segments. Before regeneration was complete, as determined by a simple behaviour test, the regenerating axons occupied increasing proportions of the sheath space. After regeneration was complete occasional degenerations were seen among the sprouts. These degenerations may have occurred in regenerating axons which had grown to the incorrect muscles. The original distal giant axons probably degenerated, as well, after regeneration was complete. There was no evidence of rehealing of proximal and distal segments of the axons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 114-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretion ; Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Neurophysin ; Vasopressin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The release of neurophysin from neural lobe tissue slices and isolated neurosecretory granules of the rat was studied at various time intervals after injection of (35S) cysteine into the supraoptic nucleus. For hours after isotope injection the release of radioactive neurophysin from neural lobe tissue was increased by depolarizing concentration of potassium in the presence of calcium ions. Fourteen and 30 days after isotope injection the release of radioactive neurophysin was relatively decreased in a medium of high potassium concentration which might be explained by the heterogeneity of the pool of neurophysin within the neural lobe. Four h after isotope injection the “spontaneous” release of neurophysin from neural lobe tissue was higher in dehydrated rats than in controls, and the neural lobes of these animals did not respond with an increased release of radioactive neurophysin when exposed to high potassium concentration. Eighteen h after isotope injection the predominating proportion of neurophysin-bound radioactivity was found in the neurosecretory granule fraction, whereas 14 days after injection a fairly equal amount of radioactivity was found in this fraction and in the “soluble” protein fraction. This indicates that with time an increasing amount of radioactive neurophysin passes from an intragranular to an extragranular pool. The spontaneous release of radioactive neurophysin from isolated neurosecretory granules was higher, and the increase of release upon exposure to an ATP-regenerating system was higher 14 days after isotope injection than 18 h after injection. This may imply that the neurosecretory material undergoes an intragranular “maturation” process to become more easily releasable. The release of radioactive neurophysin was inhibited in the presence of AMP and EDTA, which demonstrates the dependence of the release process of an ATPase and, probably, of calcium ions. Neurosecretory granules from dehydrated rats possessed a higher spontaneous release than those of control rats 18 h after injection, which may indicate an enhanced intragranular “maturation” process of the neurosecretory material due to osmotic stimulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 386-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Acrorrhagi ; Actinia equina ; separation of the ectoderm ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'analyse ultra-structurale de l'acrorrhage d'Actinia equina L. a permis de montrer une adaptation histologique au décollement de l'ectoderme lors de la réponse de l'actinie à une agression. La zone basale et digitée des cellules ectodermiques est très vacuolisée. La turgescence de l'acrorrhage provoque une extension de la mésoglée; on observe un écartement des bases cellulaires et la rupture des vésicules facilite la séparation de l'ectoderme et de la mésoglée. Celle-ci a lieu après ancrage des nématocystes atriches dans les tissus de l'agresseur, et retrait de l'Actinie.
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural analysis of the acrorhagi of Actinia equina reveals histological adaptations to the specific detachment of this brightly colored strip of ectoderm in case of being attached. The basal zone of the ectoderm cells is highly vacuolated. The turgidity of the acrorhagous provokes an extension of the mesoglea. The separation of the ectoderm is facilitated by rupture of the vacuoles and the specific arrangement of the filament containing branched bases of the cells. When the ectoderm, which contains numerous nematocysts, is fixed in the tissue of a agressor, this one detaches.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 287-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sensilla ; Insecta ; Diptera ; Musca domestica ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The terminal organs of the cephalic lobes of the house fly larva, Musca domestica L., were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Six different types of sensilla were found: (1) papilla sensillum, (2) pit sensillum, (3) spot sensillum, (4) modified papilla sensillum, (5) knob sensillum, and (6) scolopidium. The papilla, pit, spot, and modified papilla sensilla have the essential structure of contact chemoreceptors, i.e., the unbranched dendritic tips are exposed externally through a single opening. However, a tubular body, which is a characteristic structure of tactile setae, is also present in some of the dendritic tips. We assume these sensilla serve a dual function—contact chemo- and mechanoreception. The role of the knob sensilla is obscure. The scolopidia present in the dorsal and the terminal organ are probably stress detectors. Two basal bodies occur in the dendritic ciliary region of all sensilla. Both of the basal bodies (except in the scolopidia) give rise to the distal ciliary microtubules as well as the proximal rootlets.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 374-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Skeletal muscle ; Rat ; Fat droplets ; Fat resorption ; Quantitative electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopisch nachweisbare Neutralfettpartikel kommen im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte vorwiegend in den mitochondrienreichen Fasern vom Typ C in der Nachbarschaft von Mitochondrien vor. Nach Glutaraldehyd-Osmium-Fixierung und Epon-Einbettung sind diese Partikel meist dielektronisch, seltener teilweise oder ganz adielektronisch. Auf 100 μm2 Schnittfläche durch C-Fasern findet man 3–4 Anschnitte von Fettpartikeln. Der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte (d) ist 0,69 μm, der mit der graphischen Methode von Hennig bestimmte mittlere Durchmesser der Fettpartikel (d′) 0,80 μm. 2 h Narkose mit Pentobarbital beeinflussen weder Anzahl noch Durchmesser der Anschnitte. Nach 2 h Resorption von Maiskeimöl ist die Zahl der Anschnitte unverändert, der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte bzw. der Partikel hat um etwa 20 % zugenommen (d=0,83 μm; d′=0,95 μm). Das entspricht einer Zunahme des morphologisch nachweisbaren Neutralfettes um 70 %. Da keine Pinocytose von Chylomikronen zu beobachten ist, wird angenommen, daß freie Fettsäuren durch das Plasmalemm in die Muskelfaser eindiffundieren und im Bereich vorhandener Fettpartikel als Triglyceride gespeichert werden.
    Notizen: Summary In the anterior tibial muscle of rats triglyceride droplets predominantly appear within fibres rich in mitochondria (type C). In electron micrographs 3–4 of such droplets are present per 100 μm2 sectional area of C-fibres. The mean diameter of sections through fat droplets (d) is 0.69 μm, the mean diameter of the droplets (d′) as determined by Hennig's graphical method is 0.80 μm. Anaesthesia with pentobarbital (2 h) does affect neither number nor size of the particles. 2 h after application of corn oil into the stomach the number of fat droplets is unaltered, but the mean diameter has increased by 20 % (d=0.83 μm; d′=0.95 μm), corresponding to an increase of the volume of about 70 %. Pinocytosis of chylomicrones by muscle fibres has never been observed. Therefore it is supposed, that free fatty acids have passed the plasmalemma by diffusion and are incorporated into triglycerides and stored within pre-existing fat droplets.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 439-461 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Prechiasmatic gland (Organon vasculosum laminae terminalis) ; Rat ; Nerve endings ; Dense-cored vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary On the basis of the present electron microscopic study of the rat median vascular prechiasmatic gland, the unmyelinated nerve fibers containing dense-cored vesicles may be classified in three categories. (1) Nerve endings containing isomorphic rounded dense-cored vesicles, 800–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 1100 and 1300 Å. These vesicles are synthesized in the nerve cell perikarya which are localized principally in the lamina profunda of the outer subpial layer and also in the neuropil of the inner glial covering layer. One or more “cholinergic” axon terminals are in contact with the surface of these nerve cell perikarya. The dense-cored vesicles travel in the axonal process which branches into an extensive terminal network characterized by the presence of small varicosities. They abut on the pericapillary spaces but never against another neuron or effector cell. A few nerve processes course between the ependymal cells and terminate in the preoptic recess of the third ventricle. The dense-cored vesicles may contain one of the primary monoamines. (2) Nerve endings containing pleomorphic dense-cored vesicles, 500–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 800 and 1100 Å. The latter granular vesicles are associated with small, clear-centered vesicles, 260–550 Å in diameter, which are often aggregated in the vicinity of thickenings of the plasma membrane and of cytoplasmic dense projections. The intercellular space and the cell plasma membrane, however, do not display any modification facing these structures. Synapse-like contacts are observed between these nerve endings and cells containing a great amount of microfilaments and glycogen particles in their cytoplasm. The latter cells possibly represent processes of ependymal cells. (3) Nerve endings containing a few large dense-cored vesicles in addition to a majority of synaptic vesicles.
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle ; Slow ; Denervation ; Structure ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD) of the pigeon was denervated surgically and examined after varying post-operative intervals. Muscles were studied with respect to changes in weight, histological and ultrastructural alterations, and changes in size and number of fibers. The weights of the denervated muscles increased over the contralateral control, reaching a maximum hypertrophy in the first 18 days, but the hypertrophy persisted for several months. The fibers of the denervated muscle did not hypertrophy. They showed a gradation in size from the posterior to the anterior border, with the fibers in the anterior third of the muscle being the smallest. After measuring cross-sectional sizes from the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the muscle, the overall fiber change was one of atrophy. Morphologically, the fibers showed various signs of pathological changes, including nuclear proliferation, swelling and migration away from the sarcolemmal position, vacuolation, myofibril degeneration, connective-tissue infiltration and replacement of the fibers, and regenerative activities in the form of budding and myoblast formation. A condition termed a peripheral rim of degeneration is described. Although many abnormal conditions were found in these denervated muscles, much of the muscle appeared normal; the neurotrophic relationship of slow muscle is discussed.
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 241-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ovary ; Bruchidius obtectus ; Oocytes ; Previtellogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die Ovariolen adulter Imagines von Bruchidius obtectus licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Durch den Nachweis von Nährsträngen, die die Oocyten mit den Nährzellen der Endkammer verbinden, konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, daß Bruchidius telotroph-meroistische Ovariolen besitzt. Die Nährzellen, deren Kerne kettenförmige Nukleolen aufweisen, bilden bei den Imagines ein Syncytium, das von einem räumlichen Maschennetz aus interstitiellen Zellen stabilisiert wird. In den Oocytenkernen entsteht während der Prävitellogenese eine Karyosphäre, von der aus „Nukleolarkörper“, Binnenkörper und „segmentierte Längsstrukturen“ gebildet werden. Die „Nukleolarkörper“ und die kettenförmigen Nährzellnukleolen werden als multiple Nukleolen diskutiert. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit stellt eine ontogenetische Untersuchung des Ovariolengewebes dar. Danach entsteht das Nährzellsyncytium in der Phase der Imaginalhäutung aus einem zellulär-fusomalen Verband. Die morphologische Abgrenzung der Ei- und Nährzellen voneinander sowie die Ausbildung von Nährsträngen finden ebenfalls in dieser Entwicklungsphase statt. Die präsumptiven Ei- und Nährzellen durchlaufen auf dem Puppenstadium das Pachytän der Prophase der Meiose. Damit weisen sich die Nährzellen als Keimbahnabkömmlinge aus. Im dritten Teil der Untersuchungen erfolgt eine Analyse der DNA- und RNA-Synthese sowie des RNA-Transports in dem Ovariolengewebe adulter Imagines. DNA Markierungen mit 3H-Thymidin lassen auf einen, wenn auch geringen, Polyploidiegrad der Nährzellkerne schließen. Markierungen mit 3H-Uridin belegen eine hohe RNA-Syntheserate der Nährzellkerne. Mit nahezu gleicher Intensität wie die Nährzellkerne synthetisieren auch die Oocytenkerne RNA, obwohl sie eine Karyosphäre bilden. Mit Hilfe von Markierungsgradienten im Ooplasma sowie von Nährstrangmarkierungen gelang der Nachweis eines RNA-Transportes von Nährzellsyncytium über die Nährstränge in die Oocyten. Abschließend wird das telotrophe Ovar von Bruchidius (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) dem telotrophen Ovar der Heteropteren gegenübergestellt. Der Vergleich legt eine konvergente Entwicklung dieses Ovartyps bei Insekten nahe.
    Notizen: Summary In the first part of the investigation the ovarioles of adult imagines are analyzed by light and electron microscopy. It is shown that nutritive cords connect the oocytes with the apical trophic tissue, demonstrating that Bruchidius has telotroph-meroistic ovarioles. The trophic tissue, in which the nurse cell nuclei contain chain-like nucleoli, is a syncytium stabilized by a three-dimensional network of interstitial cells. During previtellogenesis, a karyosphere is formed in oocyte nuclei in which “nucleolar bodies”, endobodies, and “filament bodies” originate. The “nucleolar bodies” and the chain-like nucleoli of nurse cells are considered to be multiple nucleoli. In the second part, the development of the ovariole tissue during ontogenesis is studied. The syncytial trophic tissue derives from a cellular-fusomal organization during the phase of molting. During the same period, the morphological distinction between nurse cells and oocytes as well as the development of nutritive cords take place. Nurse cells are derived from the germ-line, since, during pupal stages, both the prospective oocytes and the prospective nurse cells undergo the prophase of meiosis up to pachytene. The third part is an investigation of DNA- and RNA-synthesis and RNA-transport in the ovariole tissue of adult imagines. DNA labelling with tritiated thymidine shows a small degree of polyploidisation in nurse cell nuclei. By labelling with tritiated uridine, a high rate of RNA-synthesis could be demonstrated in nurse cell nuclei. A similar amount of RNA-synthesis exists in oocyte nuclei, even if they form a karyosphere. The transport of RNA from the apical trophic tissue via the nutritive cords into the oocytes is demonstrated by silver grain gradients over the ooplasm and by the labelling of nutritive cords. Finally, the telotrophic ovary of Bruchidius (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) is compared with the telotrophic ovary of Heteroptera, suggesting a convergent development of telotroph-meroistic ovaries in insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pituitary ; Rat ; Pars intermedia ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was localized in the intermediate lobes of normal rat pituitaries with unlabeled antibody and the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex at the electron microscopic level. All of the intermediate lobe cells (light and dark cells) stained positively for ACTH. Stain of varying intensity was found on secretory granules and vesicles. Structures which resembled rough endoplasmic reticulum stained where the secretory granules and vesicles were most numerous. No stain was on mitochondria, in nuclei, in cisternae and granules of Golgi complexes, or in rough endoplasmic reticulum where there were few secretory granules. There were distinct immunohistochemical differences between the pars intermedia and anterior lobe ACTH cells. In the ACTH cells of the anterior lobe, the Golgi complex and its granules stained strongly, but not at all in the pars intermedia cells. This suggests that ACTH may not be packaged or condensed in the Golgi region of the latter.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 147-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Spermatozoa ; Eudendrium ; Hydroidea ; Coelenterata ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Spermatozoa of the colonial marine hydroid, Eudendrium were examined with the electron microscope. The spermatozoa of this species were found to differ greatly in structure from previously described spermatozoa in the phylum. The mature sperm are acrosomeless and retain a considerable amount of perinuclear cytoplasm following their maturation. The perinuclear cytoplasm contains numerous organelles: Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies, ribosomes and membranous vesicles. The nucleus is elongate and cylindrical, rather than conical, in shape. The four wedge-shaped mitochondria which lie posterior to the nucleus form a fossa which contains proximal and distal centrioles. Centriolar satellites are associated with the distal centriole. The relatively short (15 μ) flagellum consists of two distinct segments: a proximal thick portion and a distal thin portion. The thick segment contains the typical 9+2 arrangement of tubules plus a variable number of peripheral, supernumerary tubules. The thin segment contains from one to eleven tubules. The morphological differences between the spermatozoa of Eudendrium and those of closely related species are discussed with particular reference to sexual life history.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 431-450 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Organ of bellonci (Anaspides tasmaniae) ; Crustacea ; SPX organ ; Receptor ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The organ of Bellonci of Anaspides tasmaniae (Thomson) (Crustacea, Syncarida) is described light and electron microscopically, and a few histochemical tests are reported. Located ventrally in the eyestalk below the medulla interna, the organ is composed of a number of cavities. These are similar in structure in their contents and associated cellular components, which include two types of glia cells delimiting each cavity and the terminal parts of a few dendrites. Each dendrite usually bears two cilia, which project into the cavity where they split up into numerous branches. The organ is supplied by three nerve tracts: two from the medulla terminalis and one from the medulla interna. The sensory pore, which is innervated from the medulla interna, is not closely associated with the organ of Bellonci in Anaspides. No marked secretory activity is detectable by histochemical or ultrastructural observations. It is thought that the organ has a sensory function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 59-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Compound eyes ; Coleoptera ; Ultrastructure ; Dark-light-adaptation ; Irregularities
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The structures of the eyes of two Staphylinid beetles, one large (Creophilus erythrocephalus—18 mm in length) and one small (Sartallus signatus—3 mm in length), were compared. 1. The gross structure of the two eyes is the same: a) biconvex corneal lens, b) crystalline cone of “acone type”, c) narrow crystalline thread and thickening of cone cell extensions just above the rhabdom, d) seven retinula cells plus one basal cell, and e) almost the same corneal refractive index and optical properties of the corneal cuticle. Considerable differences exist in size, shape and arrangement of rhabdom, retinula cells and their axons. The smaller size of the eye of Sartallus is caused by reduction of number of facets rather than cell size, and, in fact, retinula cells and rhabdom have been found to be larger in the smaller beetle. 2. Structural changes during dark-light-adaptation affect crystalline cone, position of screening pigment and size of intercellular spaces between the retinula cells. In the dark-adapted state the cone retracts a little and the crystalline tract becomes wider. A thickening of cone cell extensions occurs just above the rhabdom. Screening pigment migrates to a more distal position and intercellular spaces between the retinula cells considerably increase in size as compared with the light-adapted eye. 3. Both eyes are rich in irregularities. An attempt to classify anomalies of compound eyes has been made. The number of cone cells and principal pigment cells varied, in some cases, from 1–5 and 0–3 respectively. Basal retinula cells did not always contribute to the rhabdom. 4. Interferometrical observations reveal the extreme optical homogeneity of the entire corneal cuticle of the eyes of both species. No layers of different refractive index or optical separation of adjacent ommatidia can be found. The refractive index of the cornea of Creophilus is 1.469; that of Sartallus is 1.488. 5. Functional consequences of the changes which occur during dark-light-adaptation are discussed. Exposure to intense light appears to cause a rapid aging of retinula cells, which is indicated by an increase of onion- and multivesicular bodies.
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Basement membrane labyrinths ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Rat ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Wand des Zentralkanals im Rückenmark der weißen Ratte enthält zahlreiche Basalmembranlabyrinthe; ihre Zahl nimmt in caudaler Richtung deutlich zu. Die Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Färbung (Specht) gestattet ihren lichtmikroskopischen Nachweis. Die Labyrinthe stehen in Verbindung mit den Basalmembranen der kanalnahen Kapillaren. Sie können auch elektronenmikroskopisch identifiziert werden; ihre Struktur gleicht der der Basalmembranen der Gefäße. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Basalmembranlabyrinthe wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The wall of the central canal of the spinal cord of the white rat contains numerous basement membrane labyrinths, their number increasing towards the end of the canal. The period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydethionine-method (Specht) permits their light microscopic finding. They are in connection with the basement membranes of the capillaries situated near the canal. The basement membrane labyrinths can be identified by electron microscopy; their structure is similar to that of basement membranes of the capillaries. The functional significance of these structures is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 273-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Diplopoda ; Organ of Gabe ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Gabesche Organ von Schizophyllum sabulosum ist paarig und liegt im seitlichen Clypeolabrum. Es wird von Axonen des Nervus labri medialis erreicht, der vorher Seitenzweige abgegeben hat. 2. Die Axone gehören neurosekretorischen Zellen des Protocerebrum an und enthalten Neurosekret. Die Elementargranula sind recht gleichmäßig ellipsoid, der große Durchmesser beträgt ca. 1200 Å. Die Axone enden im Organ und stellen dessen extrinsische Komponente dar. 3. Außerdem gibt es zwei intrinsische Zelltypen: 1) Drüsenparenchymzellen mit axonartigen Fortsätzen und 2) gliaartige Zellen. Die Parenchymzellen bilden Sekret in Form opaker Vakuolen, die deutlich größer als die Neurosekretgranula sind. Auffällig ist das überwiegend vesikuläre endoplasmatische Reticulum. Die Mitochondrien liegen in der Nähe von myelinähnlichen Körpern; ihre Außenmembran ist stellenweise vakuolig vorgewölbt. Die axonartigen Fortsätze enthalten viele längsorientierte Mikrotubuli. 4. Die langen Fortsätze der gliaartigen Zellen umhüllen die Parenchymzellen und die extrinsischen Axone meist in mehreren Schichten. Es gibt aber auch Bereiche, in denen vor allem die Fortsätze der Parenchymzellen und die extrinsischen Axone nackt sind. 5. Das Organ ist gegen das umgebende Hämocoel von einer dicken, lamellierten Stromahülle abgegrenzt. Auch Interzellularräume sind mit Stroma gefüllt. 6. Das Organ wird mit der Cerebraldrüse einiger Chilopoden und gewissen endokrinen Organen anderer Diplopoden und Insekten verglichen.
    Notizen: Summary 1. The paired organ of Gabe of Schizophyllum sabulosum is situated in the lateral clypeolabrum. It is innervated by axons of the medial labral nerve, which divides in several branches before reaching the organ. 2. Axons extend from neurosecretory cells of the protocerebrum and contain neurosecretory droplets, which are almost ellipsoid and about 1,200 Å in diameter. The axons terminate in the organ and constitute its extrinsic elements. 3. In addition, there are two types of intrinsic cells: (1) parenchyma cells with axon-like processes and (2) glia-like cells. The parenchyma cells produce secretory material in the form of opaque vacuoles, which are clearly larger than the neurosecretory granules. The preponderantly vesicular endoplasmic reticulum is conspicuous. Also characteristic are the mitochondria, whose superficial membranes are expanded locally, and which lie in the near vicinity of myeline-like bodies. The axon-like processes contain many microtubuli oriented in longitudinal direction. 4. The slender processes of the glia-like cells envelop both parenchyma cells and extrinsic axons usually in several layers; but there are also regions in which the processes of the parenchyma cells and, above all, the extrinsic axons are naked. 5. The organ is delimited from the surrounding hemocoele by a thick laminated stroma. Intercellular spaces are also filled with stroma. 6. The organ is compared with the cerebral gland of some chilopods and with certain endocrine organs of other diplopods and insects.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle tissue ; Pentastomid ; Body wall ; Parasite ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the body wall muscle of the pentastomid Reighardia sternae is described. The muscle fibres are separated from one another and form two layers, circular and longitudinal. They are cross-striated with approximately 11 actin filaments surrounding each myosin filament. The T-system consists of simple in-pushings of the sarcolemma. The SR is also simple and forms both dyadic and triadic contacts with the T-system tubules and dyadic contacts with the sarcolemma. Electron-dense inclusions occur, usually in the vicinity of the Z-lines, and it is suggested that these may be composed of unsaturated lipids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endometrium ; Human ; Granular stroma cells ; Relaxin ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'ultrastructure générale des cellules K endométriales est semblable chez l'Homme, le Rat et le Singe. Mais les granulations des cellules K humaines sont plus variées que dans ces deux dernières espèces et ont certains aspects suggérant une fonction catabolique. Etant donné cet aspect catabolique et l'existence connue d'une activité phosphatasique acide de ces cellules contenant de la relaxine, les auteurs suggèrent que les cellules K pourraient être des cellules sécrétantes en involution et ques les cellules sécrétant activement la relaxine pourraient avoir un aspect morphologique quelque peu différent de celui des cellules K.
    Notizen: Summary The general ultrastructure of endometrial granular stroma cells is similar in man, rat, and monkey. But the granulations of human granular stroma cells are more various than in these two last species and have some aspects suggesting a catabolic function. With respect to this catabolic aspect and the previously shown acid-phosphatase activity of these relaxin-containing cells the authors suggest that the granular stroma cells could be involutive secretory cells and that the active relaxin-secretory cells may have some different morphological aspect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 103-118 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ovary ; Gastropoda ; Follicle cells ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Ovar von Viviparus contectus besteht, wie licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ergeben, aus einem langen, terminal verzweigten dünnen Schlauch, dessen Wand von einem Epithel aus Oocyten in allen Entwicklungsstadien und Follikelzellen gebildet wird. Das Vorkommen von Oogonien in den Ovarien adulter Weibchen ist zweifelhaft. Die Follikelzellen sind als Begleitzellen der Oocyten im allgemeinen extrem langgestreckt. Mit ihrer Basis sitzen sie einer dünnen Basalmembran fibrillärer Struktur auf, wie sie bisher nur für Mollusken beschrieben wurde. Die Follikelzellen enthalten große Mengen von Vesikeln, einen bemerkenswert gut ausgebildeten Golgi-Apparat, spärliches rauhes endoplasmatisches Retikulum und zahlreiche heterogene cytosomale Einschlüsse. Charakteristisch für die Zellen sind außerdem in der Längsrichtung liegende cytoplasmatische Mikrotubuli und vereinzelte Kinetosomen. Obwohl keine direkten morphologischen Beziehungen zwischen Follikelzellen und Oocyten festgestellt werden konnten, wird vermutet, daß die Follikelzellen Material degenerierender Oocyten aus dem Lumen des Ovars resorbieren und speichern. Dieses kann den heranwachsenden Oocyten zugute kommen.
    Notizen: Summary The ovary of Viviparus contectus was studied light and electron microscopically. It consists of an extended and terminally branched duct, its wall being formed by oocytes of all stages and by follicle cells. The existence of oogonia in the adult females cannot be established with certainty. According to their relationship to the growing oocytes the follicle cells are in general extremely elongated. At the basis they are attached to a thin basement lamina having a fibrillar structure hitherto only known in molluscs. The follicle cells contain many vesicles, a remarkably well-developed golgi apparatus, some rough endoplasmic reticulum, and many heterogeneous cytosomes. Characteristic for these cells are also cytoplasmic microtubules oriented longitudinally along the cell axis. Kinetosomes can rarely be seen. Although there are no apparent direct interrelationships between follicle cells and oocytes, it is suggested that they are engaged in resorbing material of degenerating oocytes from the lumen of the ovary and in storing materials which may be used by the growing oocytes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Surface multivesicular structures ; Erythrocyte maturation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Surface multivesicular structures associated with the plasmalemma of erythrocytes were observed in the peripheral blood of rats which have a significant number of circulating reticulocytes. These surface structures appear as ovoid evaginations (0.2 to 0.7 μ in diameter) of the plasma membrane and contain numerous small vesicles ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μ in diameter. The structures were present during the final stages of maturation of erythrocytes, after nuclei and mitochondria had been extruded and only a few polysomes and small vesicles remained. They appear quite distinct from the autophagic vacuoles which have been described in association with degeneration and extrusion of mitochondria from erythrocytes. The exact origin of the small internal vesicles of these surface multivesicular structures is unknown; however, similar vesicles have been observed in the cytoplasm of the maturing erythrocyte especially in the vicinity of the Golgi body. These structures suggest a process by which Golgi elements and other small cytoplasmic vesicles are extruded during the late stages of maturation of rat erythrocytes.
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Flatworm ; Muscle ; Neuromuscular junction ; Sarcoplasm ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Neuromuscular junctions in the marine polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola were studied with the electron microscope. Synapses were found between nerve endings and specialized extensions of the muscle cells. Characteristically these processes contained clear cytoplasm with a basal mitochondrion and numerous microtubules aligned parallel to the long axis of the extension. Sarcoplasmic diverticuli which contained the nucleus had granular cytoplasm with an assortment of membranes and organelles. We have proposed the term sarconeural junction to describe synapses between long sarcoplasmic extensions and nerve cells in flatworms as well as other animals. Tight junctions between adjacent contractile portions of muscle cells were common. As groups of cells appeared to be connected by tight junctions or shared common nerve terminals we conjectured that these formed discrete functional motor-units.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 553-574 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thyroid gland ; Xenopus laevis ; Iodine uptake ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchung war eine physiologische Deutung der Ultrastruktur von Schilddrüsenepithelzellen bei Larven von Xenopus laevis. Dazu wurden elektronenmikroskopische Bilder mit morphometrischen Methoden quantitativ ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse mit Jodaufnahmedaten verglichen. So konnte die Aktivierung der Schilddrüse durch TSH bei kälteblockierten bzw. hypophysektomierten Tieren mit Veränderungen während der spontanen Metamorphose verglichen werden. Ihrer Ultrastruktur nach sind die Schilddrüsen blockierter Prometamorphoselarven in der Entwicklung auf ein früheres Stadium zurückversetzt. Auch zeigen hypophysektomierte Larven keine spontane Jodaufnahme. Eine einmalige TSH-Injektion läßt dann die Größe und Form der verschiedenen Organellen vorübergehend den Zustand der Kontrollen erreichen. Besonders rasch und stark sprechen einerseits die Kernstruktur, andererseits Mikrovilli und Kolloidtropfenvolumen, welche die Resorption von Thyreoglobulin charakterisieren, auf den TSH-Reiz an. Die Jodaufnahme verläuft langsamer. Auch reagieren die an der Synthese beteiligten Organellen später und schwächer. In der spontanen Metamorphose wachsen die Schilddrüsen, nach Totalvolumen, Cytoplasmavolumen einzelner Zellen und Epithelhöhe beurteilt, bis zum Ende der Metamorphose weiter und nehmen entsprechend mehr Jod auf. Ebenso wird während der ganzen Klimax die Kolloidresorption der einzelnen Zellen stärker. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die TSH-Sekretion schon in der Prometamorphose einsetzt und bis gegen Ende der Metamorphose zunimmt.
    Notizen: Summary The epithelial cells of the thyroid gland in larvae of Xenopus laevis were investigated with the electron microscope. Morphometrical methods yielded quantitative data on the morphology. The uptake of radioactive iodine was studied in order to obtain information on the physiological activity. Thus changes in the thyroid gland following the injection of TSH in tadpoles which had been hypophysectomized or blocked at low temperature were compared with the development of glands during spontaneous metamorphosis. The thyroid glands of blocked prometamorphic larvae resemble those of younger developmental stages as judged by their ultrastructure. In addition no spontaneous accumulation of iodine is observed. Following an injection of TSH the morphology of the various organelles becomes temporarily identical to that of the controls. These changes are most prominent in the nucleus as well as in the microvilli and the colloid droplets, which characterize the resorption of thyroglobulin. Only a minor effect of the TSH stimulus is found on iodine uptake and on organelles concerned with protein synthesis. During normal metamorphosis an increase is observed in the following parameters: (1) volume of the thyroid gland, (2) volume of the cytoplasm and height of single epithelial cells, (3) resorption of colloid, (4) iodine uptake. This increase persists until the end of the climax. Based on the present results TSH secretion is assumed to start in early prometamorphosis and to rise up to the end of metamorphosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Thyroid C-cells ; Ultrastructure ; Tocopherol and Ubiquinone deficiency ; Substitution (d,1-α-Tocopherol, α-Tocopherolquinone)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung An der Schilddrüse von Wistar-Ratten wurde der Einfluß der Kost (Laborstandardkost, halbsynthetische-tocopherolhaltige und halbsynthetische-tocopherol-freie Kost) und der subkutanen Injektion von Tocopherol und Tocopherolchinon auf die Ultrastruktur der C-Zellen untersucht. Während nach Standardfütterung die Aktivität der C-Zellen der Norm entspricht, werden Syntheseleistung und Sekretabgabe dieser Zellelemente durch die halbsynthetische-tocopherolhaltige Kost gesteigert und im alimentären Tocopherol-Ubichinonmangel wieder gedämpft. Der elektronenmikroskopisch erkennbare Gehalt der C-Zellen an Sekretgranula entspricht der in vitro ermittelten Calcitoninaktivität. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Funktionskreisen von Thyreozyten und Calcitoninzellen werden diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The influence of different diets (standard laboratory diet, semisynthetic tocopherol-containing and semisynthetic tocopherol-free diet) and the influence of subcutaneous injections of tocopherol and tocopherolquinone upon the ultrastructure of the C-cells in the thyroid gland of Wistar rats were investigated. While the activity of the C-cells is quite normal after feeding a standard diet, the synthetic and secretory activities of these cells show an increase with a semisynthetic diet containing tocopherol, but a decrease during alimentary lack of tocopherol and tocopherolquinone. The amount of secretory granules in the C-cells as seen with the electron microscope corresponds with the in vitro-activity of extracted calcitonin. The relations between the functional system of the thyrocytes and that of the C-cells are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 539-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Chemoreceptors ; Locusta ; Clypeo-labrum ; Light and electron microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The A1 sensilla are asymmetric in distribution. Each sensillum contains five bipolar neurons, the distal regions of which extend to the tip of a cuticular cone which has a terminal pore. This was shown with the scanning electron microscope, but was not seen in section. The receptor-lymph cavity of the tormogen cell and the basal cavity of the neurilemma cell contain an electron-dense material unlike other contact chemoreceptors of Locusta prepared for electron microscopy in the same manner. Isolated axons of unknown function occur below the basement membrane and also between epidermal cells surrounding the sensillum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 545-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pars intermedia ; Hypothalamus ; Anurans ; Hormone release ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the pars intermedia of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles was studied following isolation from the hypothalamus, in vivo after sectioning of the pituitary stalk, and in vitro after implantation of the pituitary into a piece of tail fin. Both experimental procedures were followed by rapid and sustained skin darkening. Pituitaries from normal light and dark adapted tadpoles served as controls. In 4-hour disinhibited glands, melanotrophs revealed hyperactive Golgi bodies, colloid vesicles (1–2 microns) in close proximity to axon terminals, and no apparent loss of secretory granules. At 24 hours extracellular colloid adjacent to axon terminals was found, and extensive arrays of RER appeared in the melanotrophs. Obvious granule loss from secretory cells occurred within a week, by which time the cytoplasm was occupied by large cisterns of SER and RER and abundant free ribosomes. Dense core vesicles (600–900 Å) in aminergic nerve terminals disappeared shortly after isolation of the pituitary from the hypothalamus, and only decreasing numbers of translucent vesicles (200–300 Å) were found. The functional significance of these changes is discussed, with particular emphasis on the mode of acute hormone release.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 115-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oligodendroglia ; Monkey ; De-afferentation ; Ultrastructure ; Densebodies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopical examination of the norma and de-afferented ‘laterall geniculate body’ of the monkey following paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde vascular perfusion revealed distinctive morphological features of different types of oligodendrocyte. These cells were normally situated as perineuronal satellites or in relation to axons and capillaries. A wide range of nuclear and cytoplasmic densities were displayed by both satellite and interfascicular oligodendrocytes. The following distinctive features for the identification of ligodendrocytes were utilised: the presence of large quantities of free ribosomes and ribosomal rosettes, microtubular profiles, dense marginal aggregation of nuclear chromatin together with light patches and numerous nuclear pores; but the absence of broad cytoplasmic processes, glycogen and gliofibrils. Circumferential perinuclear organization of the cytoplasmic organelles was typical of oligodendrocytes. Particular attention was paid to perineuronal satellite cells in view of the known transneuronal atrophy in the de-afferented geniculate body. Some cells having a nuclear pattern of oligodendrocytes but showing hyalinisation of perikaryon were seen in de-afferented laminae. A notable feature was the presence of variegated “osmiophilic bodies” in the perikaryon of oligodendrocytes also situated in the de-afferented laminae. A cell type combining the features of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes was classified as ‘intermediate neuroglia’.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 333-364 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pituitary gland ; Amphibians ; Corticotrophs ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'identification des cellules responsables de l'élaboration de la corticotropine (ACTH) a été envisagée chezRana esculenta. Les effects causés par l'interrénalectomie au niveau de l'hypophyse ont été étudiés parallèlement par immunofluorescence et au microscope électronique. Au microscope à fluorescence, les cellules détectées chez les animaux témoins avec un antisérum anti-synachten1 bordent en grand nombre les capillaires des zones médiorostrale et ventrale du lobe antérieur. Deux jours après interrénalectomie, le nombre de cellules fluorescentes décroît, douze jours après l'intervention, il ne subsiste pas d'éléments fluorescents dans cette zone. Au microscope électronique, les cellules corticotropes présentent de fines granulations d'environ 200 mμ de diamètre. Après interrénalectomie bilatérale, ces cellules sont fortement stimulées, elles sont sujettes à d'importantes modifications morphologiques; l'aspect morphologique des autres catégories de cellules antéhypophysaires, par contre, n'est pratiquement pas modifié. Douze jours après l'opération, la plupart de ces cellules sont dégranulées, l'ergastoplasme et l'appareil de Golgi sont bien développés. Ces observations suggèrent que les cellules péricapillaires de la moitié rostrale de lapars distalis sécrètent l'hormone corticotrope.
    Notizen: Summary Identification of the cell types responsible for the production of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was performed inRana esculenta. The effects of interrenalectomy on the pituitary cells were studied as well by immunofluorescence, as by electron microscopy. In control animals, the ACTH cells studied by immunofluorescence are numerous around the blood vessels of the medio-rostral and medio-ventral part of the anterior lobe. Two days after interrenalectomy the number of fluorescent cells decreases. Twelve days after, the operation all the fluorescent cells disappeared. The fine structure of the corticotrophs is characterized by the presence of small secretory granules (200 mμ). After bilateral interrenalectomy this cell type is markedly stimulated; it displays striking morphological changes, while the morphology of the other pituitary cell types is not considerably modified. Twelve days after operation most of these cells are degranulated, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus are well developed. These findings suggest that the pericapillary cells of the rostral half of thepars distalis produce the adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Musculus levator ani ; Rat ; Androgen sensitivity ; Foreign innervation ; Histochemical Muscle fibre pattern
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cross-union of the tibial with the pudendal nerve innervating the androgen-sensitive levator ani (LA) muscle of male rats, results in reversal of the histochemical muscle fibre pattern concerning myofibrillar ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase and phosphorylase enzyme activities. The homogeneous muscle fibre pattern of the LA muscle is changed to a mosaic pattern of muscles normally innervated by the tibial nerve. The success of the hetero-reinnervation is shown by practically full recovery of muscle weight and of isometric twitch-contraction properties of the LA muscle. Castration of 2-months duration, i. e. lack of the male sex hormone, leads to marked atrophy but no change in histochemical muscle fibre pattern. Hetero-reinnervation of the LA muscle results in change of histochemical enzyme pattern even if the cross-union of nerves is performed after long periods of castration leading to very marked decrease of muscle fibre size. However, testosterone application alone after castration increases markedly muscle fibre size but does not lead to reversal of muscle fibre pattern. The myotropic hormonal influence on the target (LA) muscle is therefore primarily of myogenic origin and specificity of hormonal action is maintained even with a foreign nerve innervating the muscle. The experiments, thus, provide evidence for the differentiation of specific neural influences affecting muscle fibre pattern and hormonal influences in respect to the myotropic action of the sex hormone on the androgen-sensitive LA muscle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 539-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pseudoculus ; Eosentomon (Protura, Insecta) ; Sense organ ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In der Feinstruktur unterscheidet sich der Pseudoculus vonEosentomon nicht wesentlich von dem der Acerentomiden. Durch einen Endokutikulaporus treten die dendritischen Fortsätze zweier Sinneszellen, jeweils umgeben von einer Hüllzelle, in den Außenraum des Pseudoculus ein. Der Außenraum wird nach distal von einer äußeren Kutikulaschicht — vermutlich Epikutikula — abgeschlossen. Sie vermittelt durch regelmäßig angeordnete lange Spalten die Verbindung zur Außenwelt. Am Grunde der Spalten finden sich Porentubuli, die mit den Hüllzellen oder den distalen Fortsätzen der Dendriten Kontakt haben können. Aus der Feinstruktur kann geschlossen werden, daß der Pseudoculus als Chemo-, Hygro- und/oder Thermorezeptor fungiert.
    Notizen: Summary Concerning its fine structure the pseudoculus of Eosentomon is quite similar to that of Acerentomide Protura. There are two sensory cells innervating the organ. From each of them one dendritic process derives, surrounded by one enveloping cell. The processes of these four cells enter the distal cavity of the pseudoculus through a pore in the endocuticular layer. The cuticular layer of the cap seems to consist of epicuticle only. It is furrowed by long clefts connecting the distal cavity of the organ with the outside. Poretubules insert at the base of the clefts and may have contact with the cell membranes of both enveloping cells and dendritic processes. According to its structure the pseudoculus may function as chemo-, hygro- and/or thermoreceptor.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 473-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretory nerves ; Glial and pigment cells ; Neural sheath ; Gastropods ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of neurosecretory nerves and endings associated with the sheath of the infraesophageal ganglion ofHelix aspersa is described. The sheath is a neurohemal organ whose vascularized stroma receives both monoaminergic and peptidergic endings. The latter occur along the surface of the nerves or scattered within the stroma. They include a complex population of vesicular profiles. The granular vesicles (1300–3000 Å in diameter) exhibit structural modifications that may be related to the intra-axonal release of their neurohormones. The agranular vesicles (500–2000 Å in diameter) occur in large numbers and lie mostly adjacent to the axon surface. Synaptoid specializations seem to represent active sites for the extracellular discharge of neurosecretory material. The monoaminergic endings so far studied lack synaptoid specializations and contain small granular (800–1300 Å in diameter) and agranular (700 Å in diameter) vesicles. Two kinds of non-neural cells are associated with the nerves: glial cells and melanocytes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 181
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Gonocytes ; Rat ; Mitotic activity ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Gonocyten der Ratte können in 2 hintereinander geschaltete Keimzellarten gegliedert werden, die I-Gonocyten und II-Gonocyten. Die I-Gonocyten proliferieren bei der Wistarratte zwischen 15. und 18. Fetaltag, die Tochterzellen der I-Gonocyten, die II-Gonocyten treten nach einer Zeitdauer von 7–8 Tagen zwischen 4. und 6. Lebenstag in die Mitose. Auf Grund der gewonnenen Daten erschien es sinnvoll, die mitotische Aktivität der II-Gonocyten und die Bestimmung der Dauer ihrer S-Phase an 5 Tage alten Ratten durchzuführen. Untersuchungen von 50 Zentren mitotischer Aktivität in einem in Serie geschnittenen Hoden einer 5 Tage alten Ratte ergaben, daß 148 von 190 Mitosen, d.s. 78%, in Gruppen und 122, d.s. 64% der Mitosen in „Paaren“ vorkommen. Mit der Methode der markierten Mitosen (Quastler u. Sherman, 1959) und der Methode der Doppelmarkierung (Hilscher u. Maurer, 1962) wurde die Dauer der S-Phase der II-Gonocyten bei 5 Tage alten Ratten bestimmt. Es ergab sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der nach beiden Methoden bestimmten Werte. Die S-Phasen-Dauer der II-Gonocyten dürfte danach am 5. Lebenstag bei 11,0–11,5 Std liegen.
    Notizen: Summary The gonocytes of the rat are of two types: I-gonocytes and II-gonocytes. In Wistar rat I-gonocytes proliferate at the beginning of prespermatogenesis between the 15th and 18th day of gestation. Their multiplication stops between the 18th and 19th day. Starting on the 4th postnatal day, II-gonocytes, the daughter cells of I-gonocytes, begin to proliferate. The 5th postnatal day proved to be favourable for studying the mitotic activity and for determing the S-phase of II-gonocytes. In one serially sectioned testis of a 5 days old rat 25 sex cords were reconstructed. Till now 50 centres of mitotic activity of II-gonocytes with 190 mitoses were localized. Only 42 out of the 190 mitoses were isolated, 148 occur in groups. 122 out of the grouped mitoses are in “pairs”. That means that 78% of the grouped and 64% of all mitoses were to be found in pairs. By the method of labeled mitoses (Quastler and Sherman, 1959) and by the method of double labeling with C-14- and H-3-thymidine (Hilscher and Maurer, 1962) the duration of the S-phase of II-gonocytes were determined in 5 days old rats. The results of both methods show that the S-phase is 11.0 to 11.5 hours.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 182
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A simplified scheme for treating the spatial configurations of polynucleotide chains is developed using the rotational isomeric state approximation and statistical methods applicable to linear systems of interacting subunits. As a consequence of geometric constraints imposed by the skeletal structure and of the severity of certain steric interactions, it is possible to represent the repeat unit comprising six skeletal bonds by two virtual bonds of fixed length. The configuration of the polynucleotide chain as a whole may be conveniently described by an alternating succession of these two virtual bonds. Moreover, analysis of steric interactions suggests that bond rotations governing the mutual orientation of a given pair of successive virtual bonds should be sensibly independent of the rotations affecting the mutual orientation of other pairs. The statistical mechanical treatment of configuration-dependent properties is much simplified in consequence of this mutual independence. Mean-square dimensions calculated by giving equal weights to all sterically allowed conformations are much smaller than values determined by Felsenfeld and co-workers. The calculated dimensions are markedly increased, however, by placing certain arbitrary restrictions on the rotations about selected pairs of skeletal bonds. It is thus demonstrated that steric interactions alone are insufficient to account for the spatial characteristics of polynucleotide chains. The dimensions are also found to be sensitive to the conformation of the ribose ring of each nucleotide unit, but, insofar as the influences of steric interactions are concerned, the dimensions do not depend on the heterocyclic base attached to the ribose ring.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A theory is presented concerning the possible arrangements of protomers in tetrameric molecules. Isoenzymes may exist even in the case of homotetramers if the asymmetry of the identical protomers is detectable. The number of tetrahedral isoenzymes that can be isolated depends on the nature of the intersubunit bonds and on the level of the asymmetry of the protomers. Five isoenzymes can be distinguished only if two different types of protomers form tetrahedral tetramers and the asymmetry of protomers is not detectable with the method used. If the two types of protomers can bind each other by any pairs of binding sets and the asymmetry of both protomer types reaches the level of detection with the method used, we obtain 117 isoenzymes: 15 individual ones, and 51 stereoisomeric pairs.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 184
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 197-214 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Our previous paper described graphical procedures for evaluating the mode of association in ideal discrete and indefinite cases. This paper concerns the application of such procedures in cases where the non-ideality term BM1 must be considered. Bovine liver L-glutamate dehydrogenase and lysozyme are used as model systems. Several graphical procedures for dealing with cases of 1 - m, 1 - m - n, or indefinite association are developed. The procedure is based on the evaluation of the weight-fraction monomer with-out prior calculation of BM1, using graphical analysis to evaluate the non-ideality term.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 271-278 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 186
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The preparation of L-lysine peptides (Lysn, n = 2-14) from polyL-lysine is described. Fractionation by ion-exchange column chromatography of poly-L-lysine hydrolysates on a preparative scale resulted in 0.2-1.0 g quantities of individual members of the poly-L-lysine series. The peptides isolated proved to be analytically pure and the optical configuration was fully retained, as demonstrated by complete enzymic digestion. Peptides higher than n = 14 were also prepared. They consisted of oligolysine groups of narrow and accurately determined size distribution. Potentiometric titrations were used both to characterize the products and to demonstrate the characteristic dependence of the dissociation constants on size of the peptide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 549-561 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The rate of double helix formation by single stranded Poly A plus Poly U, Poly I plus Poly C, Poly G plus Poly C, and T2 DNA has been investigated as a function of both the length of the reacting strands and temperature. The length dependence of the rate is found to be independent of temperature. All of the reactions studied show a rate approximately proportional to the square root of the length of the shorter of the complementary strands. At or about 30°C below the melting temperature the ribopolymers react with about the same rate. This rate is four to five times slower than DNA renaturation rates. The effect of temperature on ribopolymer reaction rates is interpreted in terms of a steady-state model for helix propagation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 653-659 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: NMR spectra of cyclo(tri-L-prolyl), c-(P)3, show large shifts of the Hα resonance on adding C6D6 to a solution of c-(P)3 in CD2Cl2. CPK models and observed coupling constants indicate a rigid c-(P)3 conformation, independent of solvent composition, suggesting that these shifts result from formation of stereospecific C6D6-c-(P)3 collision complexes in which the c-(P)3 Hα lie near the face of the aromatic ring. The temperature dependence of the Hα shifts and the solvent dependent shifts observed on adding toluene-d8 or nitrobenzene-d5 to the c-(P)3 solution suggest that preferred C6D6-c-(P)3 orientations result from attractive interactions between the electron-rich aromatic ring and the electropositive Hα's and/or δ+ nitrogen atoms in the peptide backbone. Reports of such interactions in increasingly diverse peptide model systems suggest that they may play a role in stabilizing protein structures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 835-847 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Thermal denaturation of native or partially dehistonized nucleohistones shows two melting bands at 66 and 81° in 2.5 × 10-4 M EDTA, pH 8.0. These correspond to the melting of DNA segments bound by the less basic and the more basic half-molecules of histones, respectively. These two melting bands combine into a broad melting band from around 70 to 85° when these nucleohistones are pre-treated with formaldehyde. A formaldehyde reaction which fixes histones on DNA by covalent bonds account for the effect. Formaldehyde fixation also increases the melting temperature of some free DNA segments from around 42 to around 55°. This is interpreted as a result of closed or rigid boundaries between free DNA and formaldehyde-reacted histone-bound DNA segments. MgCl2 dissociates histones from DNA more effectively and leaves longer free DNA segments than does NaCl. Thermal denaturation of a formaldehyde-reacted nucleoprotein thus provides an effective tool for comparing the relative size of free DNA regions on nucleoproteins. The effect of reversible binding of ligands on helix-coil transition of DNA is descussed and found not adequate for thermal denaturation of nucleohistones.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 899-912 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The isometric tensile stress generation observed when collagen fibers are immersed in aqueous solutions of lithium bromide ranging in molar concentration up to 7 was studied at 23°C. The reverse process, namely, isometric stress relaxation of the fiber occurring by subsequent immersion in distilled water, was also studied. We find that the data in the region of LiBr concentration up to about 2.5 moles/liter are adequately represented by a superposition integral \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sigma (t) = \int_{ - \infty }^\infty {K(t - \tau )} \frac{{dc(\tau )}}{{d\tau }}\,d\tau $$\end{document} where σ(t) is the time-dependent stress generated by the collagen fiber held at fixed length, c(t) is the history of LiBr molar concentration, and K(t) is the isometric contractility function, expressed as stress per unit salt concentration. We conclude that, within a limited range of salt concentration, a collagen fiber in a LiBr bath behaves as if it were a linear, time-invariant system defined mechanochemically by a single function K(t) which depends on the structural characteristics of the fiber while being independent of salt concentration. An analysis is presented of isometric mechanochemical data obtained under conditions of equilibrium by other workers who studied the behavior of collagen fibers in aqueous solutions either of urea, LiBr, or KCNS. The analysis shows that these independent (equilibrium) data confirm the linarity of the relation between isometric contractile stress and salt concentration on which our superposition integral representation is based. We also find that the asymptotic (infinite-time) value of the isometric stress is linearly related to the chemical potential of the salt as well, in agreement with the equilibrium thermodynamic treatment of mechanochemical processes by Katchalsky and Oplatka.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 191
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 937-949 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A general theory of polyelectrolyte solutions is here used to calculate the differences in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy between the coil and helix forms of DNA at any temperature and salt concentration. The salt has univalent cations and is assumed present in excess over the base concentration. The results are restricted to sufficiently dilute solutions. It is shown that the salt concentrations effect is entirely entropic in origin. When applied to the melting temperature, the calculations yield a relation between the enthalpy difference at the melting temperature and the slope of the plot of melting temperature vs. the logarithm of the salt concentration. In accord with observation, both the Gibbs free energy difference at any fixed temperature and the melting temperature are predicted to be linear functions of the log of the salt concentration.However, the theory is not in quantitative agreement with enthalpy data. Data on various colligative and transport properties of both helix and coil forms are reviewed in the text and in Appendix B, and good agreement is found with theory for both forms. No attempt is made to explain why the theory is quantitative for these properties but not for heat measurements.Finally, in Appendix A, an approximate calculation is made of the free energy contributions due to ionic effects not associated with the salt concentration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1001-1020 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: High-molecular-weight poly-L-alanine dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol exhibits infrared, ultraviolet, circular dichroism, and optical rotatory dispersion spectra which are unique and unlike any other previously reported polypeptide spectra. Strong evidence that a helical conformation is present is shown by the high degree of hypochromism in the 187mμ absorption peak and by the positions of the amide infrared bands. The CD and ORD spectra are also similar to those of α-helical polypeptides, though important qualitative and qualitative differences are observed. To explain the novel spectra, which are not mixtures of the spectra of previously reported polypeptide conformations, a new α-helix-like conformation is proposed. The postulated conformation (a doubly hydrogen-bonded helix) is a distorted α-helix in which the peptide carbonyl groups point slightly out from the helix axis and are hydrogen bonded simul taneously both to the NH of the fourth peptide residue to the carboxyl terminal side (as in the classical α-helix), as well as to a solvent molecule's hydroxyl hydrogen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1091-1102 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Circular dichriosm (CD) spectra have been calculated for serveral dinucleoside phosphates using a variant of the Pariser-Parr-Pople π-electron molecular orbital method. This method does not require the prior knowledge of the experimental absorption spectra of transition moments of the bases forming the dinucleoside phosphates. Calculated spectra were obtained in good agreement with experimental spectra for four dinucleoside phosphates, ApA, UpU, GpA, and UpA, and reasonable agreement was obtained for ApG and ApU. The effect of changing conformation on the CD spectrum was studied for ApA, UpU, UpA, and ApU; the spectra of UpU, UpA, and ApU were sensitive to small change in conformation, whereas ApA was insensitive over the range of conformation studied. Further studies await detailed knowledge of the structure of dinucleoside phosphates in solution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1259-1268 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The solvent-and pH-induced conformational changes are examined in order to investigate the influence of benzyl group. Polymer was prepared via N∊-benzyloxycarbonyl, N∊-benzyl-Nα-carboxy-L-lysine anhydride. The resulting poly (N∊-benzyloxycarbonyl, N∊-benzyl-L-lysine) was obtained in high yield and had a high molecular weight. The protected polymer was removed into poly (N∊-benzyl-L-lysine) by treating it with hydrogen bromide. From the results of the ORD and CD, the protected polymer has a righthanded α-helix, showing [m′]233 = -10,300, [θ]220 = -27,600 and [θ]207 = -25,100 in dioxane. The breakdown of the helical conformation is found to occur at 8% dichloroacetic acid in chloroform-dichloroacetic acid mixture. In the pH range 3.35-6.90, poly (N∊-benzyl-L-lysine) is in a random coil structure. In the pH range 7.50-13.0, the polypeptide has a right-handed α-helix structure; [m′]233 = -12,000, [0]220 = -27,200, and [0]207 = -27,000. In comparison with poly-L-lysine, the coil-to-helix transition is observed at lower pH range in 50% n-propanol. Above pH 8 by heating, the α ⇀ β transition of poly (N∊-benzyl-L-lysine) is not observed in an aqueous media.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1305-1310 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1499-1520 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A simple sequential model is developed which is applicable to the kinetics of melting of some types of oligomeric helices and as an idealization to the kinetics of unfolding of some protein molecules. A procedure is presented for calculating the concentrations of all conformational species as functions of time. The time course of experimentally observable quantities which depend on these concentrations may then be computed.One of the most characteristic features of the model is the distinction between a transient and a steady-state phase. During the latter all molecular parameters change at the same rate, which depends strongly on the difficulty of nucleation and the length of the sequence. Simple approximations to the steady-state rate are discussed in terms of the exact solution. Rates of transient processes dependless strongly on the rate of nucleation and the number of steps and are a more direct reflection of the rates of the rates of the elementary process of propagation. The value of experimental observation of transient process is emphasized.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1593-1605 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Far-infrared spectra were measured for the sequential copolymers of amino acids with alkyl group side chains. The analysis of the spectra showed that (L-Ala-L-Ala-Gly)n, (L-Ala-Gly)n, (L-Ala-Gly-Gly)n, (L-Val-L-Ala-L-Ala)n, and (L-Val-L-Ala)n, have the antiparallel pleated sheet structures and that the backbone conformations of (L-Val-L-Val-L-Ala)n and (L-Val-L-Val-Gly)n are the same as that of poly-L-valine. The far-infrared bands characteristic of the antiparallel pleated sheet structure were assigned on the basis of the result of the normal coordinate analysis of poly-L-alanine with this structure. The intersheet and interchain spacings of the sequential copolymers with the antiparallel pleated sheet structure were determined from the x-ray powder-diffraction patterns of these samples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1583-1592 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Circular dichroism spectra of acridine orange bound to E. coli tRNA were studied at varying tRNA phosphate-to-dye (P/D) ratios for both unfractionated and purified materials in the absence of Mg++. From the rather discrete features exhibited in the circular dichroism spectra three types of interactions were observed: (1) A high P/D ratio such as 75.2 or 49.8 indicates the interaction between the nucleotide base and dye molecule. The spectra with a large positive peak at 515 mμ are, however, quite different from that of DNA-AO complex under similar conditions. (2) With an intermediate P/D ratio (26.5 to 9.6) dye molecules bound strongly to the polynucleotide chain. (3) With low P/D ratios (≤7.5) the interaction appears to be due to the stacked dye molecules in the single-stranded part of tRNA. The spectra of the third group have an isobestic point at 477 mμ. Below a P/D ratio of 4 the spectrum shows one positive and two negative bands which may be the characteristics of circular dichroism of stacked dyes in polynucleotide chain.Although no drastic change in the conformation of tRNA itself was detectable in the presence of Mg++ in the ultraviolet region, a dramatic change was observed in the circular dichroism of tRNA-acridine orange complex when Mg++ concentration was increased to 10-3M. It was inferred that certain conformational changes other than simple hydrogen bond formation occured in tRNA molecules at this high Mg++ concentration, so that the amount of bound dye in the stacking condition was increased through the transition.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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