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  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969  (926)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1850-1859
  • 1968  (926)
  • Organic Chemistry  (547)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (379)
  • Engineering General
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  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969  (926)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1850-1859
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The four geometric isomers of the 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexanes, ctt, ctc, cct and ccc have been synthesized, characterized and their physical constants determined.In the course of the work the stereospecifity of a catalytic reduction method of some olefins and the WOLFF-KISHNER reduction of some ketones were demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 234-242 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Für die Bestimmung von Zink in Pflanzensubstanzen eignen sich absorptionsflammen-photometrische und polarographische Methoden.Mit den zur Verfügung stehenden Gerätekombinationen konnten Messungen im Bereich von 1-5 μg Zn/ml bzw. 1-25 μg Zn/ml Meßlösung vorgenommen werden. Die Streubereiche betragen ±3,17 ppm bzw. ±3,25 ppm. Für die polarographische Bestimmung müssen störendes Phosphat und Sulfat durch Passage einer Kationenaustauschersäule abgetrennt werden. Die absorptionsflammenphotometrische Bestimmung wird durch die in Pflanzenproben vorliegenden Anionen und Kationen nicht gestört, sofern die Messung in 0,1 n HCl erfolgt. Für serienmäßige Arbeiten eignet sich das letztgenannte Verfahren besser, da mit dem polarographischen Verfahren bei gleicher Aufschlußprozedur nur die Hälfte an Bestimmungen geschafft wird. Dagegen ergibt sich bei diesem die Möglichkeit, in geringen Meßlösungsmengen von 0,5 ml zu messen. Die atomabsorptionsphotometrische Methode benötigt mindestens 3 ml Meßlösung.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monoalkylhydrazine werden erhalten, indem man in wäßriger Lösung Cyclohexanon nd ein Alkylamin mit Hydroxylamin-O-sulfonsäure zu einem 1-alkyl-3,3-pentamethylendiaziridin umsetzt und dieses nach Extraktion mit Toluol ohne Isolierung zu Monoalkylhydrazin und Cyclohexanon hydrolysiert. Durch Umsetzung von Monoalkylhydrazinen mit Kaliumcyanat zu 2-Alkyl-semicarbaziden und deren Fällung mit p-Nitrobenzaldehyd lassen sich gut kristallisierende Derivate herstellen. Durch Aminierung mit Hydroxylamin O—N-disulfonsäure werden Monoalkylhydrazine zu Stickstoff und zum entsprechenden Alkan abgebaut; letzteres wird gaschromatographisch identifiziert.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 104
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Aldonsäurehydraziden mit Bromcyan entstehen 2-Amino-5-polyhydroxyalkyl-1,3,4-oxidiazole, die sich mit Wasser in die entsprechenden Semicarbazide, mit Laugen in die entsprechenden 1,2,4-Triazolone-(5) umwandeln lassen. Die Polyhydroxy-1,3,4-oxidiazole lassen sich total acetylieren.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 105
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 301-301 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 311-318 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden Versuche zur Darstellung 5′-substituierter Thymidine aus 5′-O-Arylsulfonylthymidinen beschrieben. Während die Knüpfung neuer C—O- oder von C—S-Bindungen nach Austritt der Arylsulfonyloxy-Gruppe am C-5′ prinzipiell möglich ist, wird bei Versuchen zur Knüpfung einer C—C-Bindung am C-5′ mit Kaliumcyanid O2,5′-Cyclo-thymidin erhalten. Mit Ammoniak reagieren die 5′-O-Arylsulfonyl-thymidine über O2,5′-Cyclothymidin zu 1-(2′-Desoxyribofuranosyl)-5-methyl-isocytosin und 5-Methylisocytosin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der Hexamycinbildner 4/122 gehört zur Gattung Streptomyces. Für die Fermentation erwies sich ein Nährmedium mit Sojabohnenmehl am geeignetsten. Das Hexaenantibiotikum wurde aus dem Myzel mit Methanol und aus dem Kulturfiltrat mit n-Butanol extrahiert. Nach Abtrennen eines „ätherlöslichen Antibiotikums“ wurde das Rohprodukt mit Wasser extrahiert und durch Craig-Verteilung im System n-Propanol-Äther-Wasser (1:3:3) gereinigt. Lyophilisation aus tert.-Amylalkohol führte zu einer gelben, amorphen. Substanz.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 108
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 50-56 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese des vollständig geschützten Pentapeptids BOC-Orn(Z)-D-Leu-Ile-Orn(Z)-Orn(Z)-OMe beschrieben. Der Aufbau gelingt vorteilhaft durch stufenweise Synthese vom Carboxylende her unter Benutzung der Carbodiimid-, gemischten Anhydrid und Nitrophenylester-Methode.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 109
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 88-100 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die WOLFF-Umlagerung der 1-Phthaloylamino-3-diazo-alkanone-(2) I a-d in Gegenwart von Anilin, DL-α-Phenyläthylamin, DL-β-Amino-β-phenyl-propionsäureäthylester and DL-Phenylalaninestern unter katalytischer Wirkung von Silberoxid oder durch Photolyse führt zu Derivaten des β-Alanins, der β-Amino-α-methyl-propionsäure, der β-Amino-α-äthyl-propionsäure und der β-Amino-β-phenyl-propionsäure. Die Verseifung der Estergruppierung der auf diesem Wege zugänglichen β-Phthaloylamino-propionyl-aminosäureester und anschließende Hydrazinolyse gibt die entweder aus zwei β-Aminosäuren oder einer β- und einer α-Aminosäure aufgebauten Dipeptide.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 110
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of (i) NaHg(CN)2(Cl)(H2O), (ii) NaHg(CN)2(Br)(H2O), (iii) NaHg(CN)2(CNS)(H2O), (iv) KHg(CN)2(Br) and (v) KHg(CN)2(CNS) has been studied by infrared spectroscopy. The structure of the anions of I, III and V complexes have been derived on the basis of characteristic absorption frequencies and other known properties and of II and IV on the basis of analogy as the CN groups in these complexes are infrared inactive. CN in these anions are linked as cyanide groups and SCN as isothiocyanate group in V. In III SCN is present both as thiocyanate and isothiocyanate group. III is monomeric with water as a coordinating group. In I and II water is not expected to be a ligand to Hg. Anions of I, II, IV and V are predominantly dimeric with CN as bridging group in the first three and SCN in V.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 111
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 142-146 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über eine einfache und verallgemeinerungsfähige Synthese von Derivaten des Thiapyrons-(2) berichtet. Die Darstellung gelingt durch Umsetzung der β-Mercaptoverbindungen α, β-ungesättigter Carbonsäureester mit monosubstituierten Malonylchloriden.
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  • 112
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß für N-Acyl-oxazolidine, -1,3-tetrahydrooxazine, -1,3-hexahydrooxazepine, 2-Alkyl-Δ2-thiazoline und 2-Alkyl-Δ2-thiazine Absorptionen im Bereich zwischen 900 und 1000 cm-1 charakteristisch sind. Diese Verbindungen wurden außerdem gaschromatographisch untersucht.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 113
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über Untersuchungen des Verlaufs der Oxydation bei geradkettigen Monoolefinen am Modell Dodecen-1 berichtet, insbesondere über den stimulierenden Einfluß eines Zusatzes von Ozon zum Oxydationsgas auf den Reaktionsablauf.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 114
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 246-252 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interaction of the 1:1 Th-EDTA diaquo chelate with lactic, mandelic, o-hydroxy naphthoic acids has been investigated by the potentiometric technique. Formation of the mixed ligand chelate derivatives was indicated above pH 5.5. Equilibrium constants of the reactions have been determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 262-265 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for the analysis of microgram quantities of chloride and sulfate in nickel and nickel nitrate is given. The reliability of the method has been shown by a quantitative recovery of added chloride and sulfate from a solution of nickel nitrate. The method is being applied for the determination of these impurities in electrodeposited nickel. Methods are also given for the determination of boron and sulfide, found as impurities, in the electrodeposited nickel.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 116
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Visible absorption spectra of Nickel (II) sulphate and various aliphatic amines were analysed, in order to extract information regarding each of amine Nickel (II) complex. The presence of six different complexes i.e., mono, di, tri, tetra, penta and hexamines have been indicated by the shift of absorption maxima for these. The energy changes of complexes due to exchange of water ligands with amines have been calculated and an interpretation is offered for this shift in the observed position of absorption maxima.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 117
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the physicochemical properties like refractive index, spectrophotometry, conductivity and pH measurements of a series of mixed solutions of uranyl nitrate and mercurous nitrate have shown the existence of two complexes in solution in the (1:1) and (1:2) molecular ratios respectively viz. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm UO}_2 \left({{\rm NO}_3 } \right)_2 \cdot {\rm Hg}_2 \left({{\rm NO}_3 } \right)_2,} \hfill & {\left({\rm i} \right)} \hfill \\ {{\rm UO}_2 \left({{\rm NO}_3 } \right)_2 \cdot 2{\rm Hg}_2 \left({{\rm NO}_3 } \right)_2,} \hfill & {\left({{\rm ii}} \right)} \hfill \end{array} $$\end{document}Both the above mentioned compounds have been detected only in the solution by the breaks in the usual curves when various properties like conductivity, refractive index, spectrophotometry and pH were plotted against the m.l. of mercuric nitrate (M/10) added to a fixed volume of uranyl nitrate (M/10).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 118
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 358-361 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A rapid amperometric method for the determination of vanadium (V) has been described which involves titration of vanadium (V) as sodium orthovanadate against copper sulphate solution at Ede = - 0.20 V (vs S.C.E.). The accuracy and reproducability of the method is excellent particularly at higher temperature i.e. at 60°C. The method permits the determination of vanadium (V) down to 0.2 mM with an accuracy 1.0%).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 119
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 366-368 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three hexaco-ordinated complexes of nickel (II) acetate with ammonia, ethylenediamine and propylenediamine have been prepared. Conductivity measurements indicate the complexes to be non-electrolytes. Molecular weight measurements confirm this. The visible absorption spectrophotometric measurements show a number of bands corresponding to the various permitted transitions of the metal and a discussion of the structure in the light of these transitions is presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 120
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 375-377 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some complexes of cerium (IV) sulphate with ammonia and primary aliphatic amines have been prepared. The molecular formulae on the basis of analysis turn out to be Ce(SO4)2 · 4 amine. The complexes behave as electrolytes. The absorption spectra have been recorded and an interpretation is offered for possible transitions.Lanthanides, and cerium in particular are receiving special attention these days. A number of complexes of latter with various ligands and anions have been reported1-5). In the present paper some complexes of cerium (IV) sulphate with ammonia, methyl, ethyl, propyl and butylamine are being presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 121
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some substituted sulphonamides have been cyanoethylated and they were subjected to reduction. On hydrolysis with aqueous and alcoholic sodium hydroxide the cyanoethylated sulphonamides gave decyanoethylated products identical to the original sulphonamides.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 122
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 378-381 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some molecular addition compounds of cobalt (II) oxalate with primary aliphatic amines have been prepared. The general molecular formula on the basis of analysis of constituent elements turn out to be CoC2O4 · RNH2. The formation of compounds is independent of the excess amine concentration. The compounds behave as electrolytes. The molecular weight measurements and VAN'T HOFF factor “i” also confirm this fact.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 123
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 386-390 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of 3-methyl-6,7-benzo-5′(4′)-methyl furano-(2′,3′,1,2) xanthones has been recorded.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 382-385 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The co-ordination compounds of tripositive iron with nitrogen containing ligands have been found to be of high spin type on the basis of magnetism. The ultraviolet and visible absorption measurements show three bands in the vicinity of 21 400 cm-1, 17 480 cm-1 and 10 650 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 125
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 391-396 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5- und 6-gliedrige 2-Alkyl-cycloalkandione-(1, 3) erhält man durch Umsetzung von Dicarbonsäurehalogeniden mit Carbonsäuren oder von Carbonsäurehalogeniden mit Dicarbonsäuren unter FRIEDEL-CRAFTS-Bedingungen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 126
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 34-39 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über Darstellung, Analyse und einige Eigenschaften der 2-Methylmercapto-4-methylphenylarsonsäure berichtet. Folgende Reaktionswege führten zum Ziel: (a) 4-Methylanilin → 2-Nitro-4-methylanilin → 2-Nitro-4-methylphenylarsonsäure → 2-Amino-4-methylphenylarsonsäure → 2-Methylmercapto-4-methylphenylarsonsäure; (b) 4-Methylanilin → 2-Amino-6-methylbenzthiazol → 2-Mercapto-4-methylanilin (alkalische Lösung) → 2-Methylmercapto-4-methylanilin → 2-Methylmercapto-4-methylphenylarsonsäure.
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  • 127
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 162-167 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Umsetzung der Acetonketale des Glycerins und des Trimethylolpropans mit Adipinsäureanhydrid liefert Adipinmono- und -diester. Durch nachfolgende Abspaltung der Acetonschutzgruppierungen gelangt man zu Mono-[2, 3-dihydroxypropyl]-adipat, Bis-[2, 3-dihydroxypropyl]-adipat, Mono-[2, 2-dihydroxymethyl-butyl]-adipat, Bis-[2, 2-dihydroxymethyl-butyl]-adipat.
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  • 128
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 20-33 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das UV-Spektrum des Hexamycins besitzt Maxima bei 336, 356 und 376 nm. Im IR-Spektrum ist die typische Bande der Makrolid-Polyenantibiotika bei 1712 cm-1 enthalten. Der Schmelzpunkt beträgt 120-125°C, das Äquivalentgewicht 824, die Molmasse liegt zwischen 700 und 800. Hexamycin ist in polaren organischen Lösungsmitteln löslich und unlöslich in Wasser und nicht polaren Lösungsmitteln. Lösungen der Substanz verlieren ihre antibiotische Aktivität sowohl durch Erhitzen als auch bei längerem Stehen. Von 21 geprüften Mikroorganismen, vorwiegend Pilze, werden weit über die Hälfte durch 2-32 μg/ml gehemmt. Der Einfluß des Hexamycins auf die Polyphenoloxydase- und Peroxydaseaktivität ist gering. Die Atmung von Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen wird durch Hexamycin beträchtlich gemindert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 129
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 57-68 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse von Gleichgewichts- und kinetischen Messungen der syn-parallelen Cyclisierung diastereomerer 1,2-Aminoalkohole mit Ketonen werden diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß in der Mehrzahl der untersuchten Fälle sterische Faktoren die Gleichgewichtslage und die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit entscheidend beeinflussen.
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  • 130
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monothio-dibenzoylmethan ist wesentlich reaktionsfähiger als Dibenzoylmethan. Die üblichen Carbonylreagenzien greifen stets zuerst die Thiocarbonylgruppe an. Die Monokondensationsprodukte sind daher schwefelfrei. Wenn sich Bis-kondensationsprodukte bilden, wird zuerst H2S und dann H2O abgespalten. Die Umlagerung der Enol-Form des Monothio-dibenzoylmethans in die Enthiol-Form erfolgt wahrscheinlich direkt und nicht über die Oxo-thioxo-Form.
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  • 131
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 130-136 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High frequency ultrasonic waves of frequency 1 Mc/s. have been employed to study the decolourization of dilute aqueous solution of crystal violet. The process is irreversible and the kinetic study shows it to be unimolecular one. The deaeration of the solution by nitrogen does not affect the rate of the decolourization. The addition of certain substances such as alcohol, acetone, ether, glycerine, dioxan and allylthiourea inhibits the decolourization to a considerable extent. Oxidation and subsequent destruction of the dye molecule has been found to be the cause of the fading of the dye solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 147-149 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ätherische Titantetramethyllösungen lassen sich einfach durch Einwirkung von Titan(IV)-chlorid auf Methylmagnesiumhalogenidlösungen darstellen. Geeignete Apparaturen werden im folgenden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 168-176 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2α, 3α- und 2β, 3β- Benzoylimino-cholestan werden durch Natriumjodid in siedendem Aceton zu 2′-Phenyl-(2α, 3α)-oxazolino-[5′, 4′:2, 3]-cholestan bzw. 2′-Phenyl-(2β, 3β)-oxazolino-[5′, 4′:3, 2]-cholestan umgelagert. Mit Bortrifluoridätherat in absolutem Äther bildet 2α, 3α-Benzoylimino-cholestan ebenfalls 2′-Phenyl-(2α, 3α)-oxazolino-[5′, 4′:2, 3]-cholestan. Dagegen erfolgt durch verdünnte Schwefelsäure oder Pikrinsäure in Aceton sowie durch Benzoesäureanhydrid oder Pikrinsäure in Alkohol Ringöffnung zu 2-Hydroxybzw. Alkoxybenzamiden. Die Ringschlußreaktion des diaxialen 2β-Chlor-3α-benzaminocholestan führt mit Natriumhydrogenkarbonat zum Oxazolin, während mit Kaliumhydroxid 2α, 3α-Imino-cholestan entsteht.
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  • 134
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 207-221 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über Untersuchungen zur Epoxidbildung bei der Oxydation geradkettiger Olefine berichtet. Diese kann durch Zusatz von Ozonid oder Carbonyl auf über 50% des umgesetzten Olefins erhöht werden.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 135
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 192-199 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carboxyl- bzw. Aldehyd-geschützte Glyoxylsäurederivate wurden für Isonitril-Reaktionen nach UGI eingestzt: Glyoxylsäureamide gaben je nach Reaktionskomponenten Diamide der Aminomalonsäure oder Derivate des Tetrazolyglycins. - Acetale von Glyoxyloylaminosäureamiden (9a, b) wurden aus Dialkoxyessigsäure gewonnen. Das analog aus Dichloressigsäure zugängliche Dichloracetylderivat 9c gab mit Amin ein Aminal, das sich ebenso wie 9a sauer zum entsprechenden 2-Hydroxypiperazin-dion-(3,6) 11a hydrolysieren ließ. - Lävulinsäure konnte mit Amin/Isonitril zu Pyrrolidon-5-carbonsäureamiden cyclisiert Werden.
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  • 136
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 37 (1968), S. 302-310 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Aminomethylierun von aliphatischen α-Keto-dicarbonsäurediäthylestern und Dicarbonsäurediäthylestern mit mittelständiger Ketofunktion ergab Dimethylaminomethyl-keto-dicarbonsäurediäthylester, deren Hydrochloride thermolytisch in die entsprechenden Methylen-keto-dicarbonsäurediäthylester übergeführt wurden.
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  • 137
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detailed analytical scheme for the determination of different sulphur compound types in Bakr crude oil distillate fractions up to 350°C was carried out. The quantitative distribution of elemental sulphur, hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans, aliphatic sulphides, aromatic sulphides, reducible and thiophenic sulphur compound types was studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 138
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 40-49 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Synthese von Sultamen des p-Xylidins, des 2-Amino-1,3-dimethylbenzols, des 2-Aminoanthrachinons, der p-Aminosalicylsäure und der m-Aminosalicylsäure und einiger ihrer Derivate wird beschrieben. Aus den Butadien-(1,3)-sultamen von zwei Xylidinen konnten die entsprechenden N-Dimethylphenyl-pyrrole hergestellt werden.
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  • 139
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 77-87 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Reaktion von primären langkettigen Alkylhalogeniden mit Alkalicyanat in Dimethylformamid verläuft in Gegenwart stöchiometrischer Wassermengen schnell und vollständig zu den entsprechenden N,N′-Dialkylharnstoffen. Langkettige α,ω-Dihalogenalkane setzen sich analog zu den entsprechenden Polyharnstoffen um. Sekundäre Alkylhalogenide lassen sich mit schlechteren Ausbeuten in verzweigte N,N′-Dialkylharnstoffe überführen. Die als Zwischenprodukte zu erwartenden Alkylisocyanate konnten isoliert werden.
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  • 140
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird eine neue Gruppe thiophosphororganischer Verbindungen O,O-Dialkyl-S-(aryldisulfido)-dithiophosphate und deren IR-Spektren berichtet.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The testes, seminal vesicles and coagulating glands of hamsters subjected to bilateral optic enucleation (blinding) involuted within 6-8 weeks. During the first several weeks after blinding there was relatively little change in the weights of the reproductive organs, however, between 4-6 weeks the weights of these organs declined precipitously. Finally, the testes and accessory sex organs of 8-week blinded hamsters were about one-tenth and one-third their normal size, respectively. The atrophic testes exhibited a complete loss of spermatogensis and an apparent diminished secretion of androgens since the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands also regressed significantly. Despite the involution, the testes showed a high degree of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis as evidenced by the large number of spermatogenic cells which took up tritiated thymidine. These findings indicate that the testes retained a certain level of regenerative capacity even in the presence of advanced tubular damage.If hamsters blinded for 9 weeks, had either their pineal gland or superior cervical ganglia removed, the involuted testes and accessory organs regenerated and returned to the normal size, and presumed function, within approximately 8 weeks. Regenerated testes were histologically indistinguishable from those of normal animals. Eyeless hamsters killed after 17 weeks still possessed involuted reproductive organs.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Organ and tissue phagocytosis of intravenously injected cobaltic oxide was studied quantitatively over a wide range of dose levels by means of radioassay of Co260O3 in rats.There is a single linear relationship between the amount of particulate administered and the amount recovered from liver, spleen, and lung combined. The same is true for the uptake by the liver alone. However, the spleen and lung each has two linear relationships. For the spleen the two different linear trends are related to the dose administered, while for the lung the determining parameter is the weight and (or) age of the animal. Notwithstanding these different linear trends, the uptake by spleen and lung is interdependent.Although the liver is the main phagocytic organ, per unit weight the phagocytic uptake of the spleen exceeds that of the liver at amounts of cobaltic oxide larger than 40 mg. The reverse is true for amounts less than or equal to 40 mg. The phagocytic uptake by other components of the RES was not sufficient for reliable quantitative estimation.
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  • 143
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 253-256 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The possibility that the incidence of polyovular follicles and multinucleate ova may depend upon hormonal balance, in the hamster, has been investigated with respect to circulating estrogens. Samples were drawn at weekly intervals from the third through the seventh week of age. An inverse correlation was found to exist. Total blood estrogen decreased from day 21 to day 35, then increased through day 49. Polyovular follicles are most numerous at day 35 while multinucleate ova are most numerous on day 42. Non-polar estrogen decreased from day 21, achieving a low 28 day level which was maintained throughout the study period. More polar estrogens dropped to the thirty-fifth day and rose by the forty-ninth day. The limiting factor in the decrease of more active polar estrogens may be lack of conversion of non-polar to polar estrogens or a tendency toward rapid degradation and loss of polar estrogens. The role of the fluctuating estrogen titres in the development of ovarian abnormalities is discussed.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron micrographs of vagus and sciatic nerve fibers of different size from adult male mice were examined by planimetry to determine the distribution of axoplasm, Schwann cell cytoplasm and mitochondrial density. The findings revealed that the ratio of axoplasm to Schwann cell cytoplasm in normal mature fibers increased with fiber size. The increase appeared curvilinear from 61% axoplasm in nonmyelinated fibers to 90% in the thickest myelinated fibers. Schwann cell cytoplasm extended along the sheaths in longitudinal and interconnected strands. The number of strands varied between 2 and 5, depending on fiber size. An analysis of mitochondrial density in axoplasm and Schwann cell cytoplasm of nonmyelinated and myelinated fibers revealed a greater concentration of mitochondria in the Schwann cells with increasing fiber size. The mean ratio of mitochondrial density between axoplasm and Schwann cell cytoplasm was 1:0.24 for nonmyelinated fibers, 1:2.54 for fibers with less than 30 lamellae and 1:5.21 for fibers with 30 or more lamellae. The distribution of mitochondria observed in electron micrographs was confirmed histochemically by localization of NAD-diaphorase activity.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fetal membranes grafted to the omentum in mice do not degenerate at a time corresponding to the normal termination of the donor pregnancy, as would be expected if a “biological clock” were matching their lifespan with that of the embryo and placenta. Neither, in our experience, did such grafted membranes form a variety of highly differentiated secondary tissues, as some authors have suggested. Rather, the fate of the various components of the membrane seemed different for each cell type. In allogeneic hosts a brisk cellular reaction occurred and the membranes were destroyed. In isogeneic hosts, the grafts was vascularized and healthy membrane-derived structures were still present after 33 days of grafting (48 days conceptual age). Mesothelial cells remained applied to well-preserved basement membrane, whereas visceral endoderm cells appeared to degenerate or else detach themselves and become free rounded cells with foamy cytoplasm, sometimes multinucleated. Mesodermal cells accompanying the blood vessels of the membrane probably accounted for the connective tissue stroma seen in these grafts. The normal failure of the fetal membranes to persist in situ after the termination of pregnancy may result from the resistance of the uterine lumen to grafts not having highly invasive properties, together with the general sloughing of the uterine lining which takes place after delivery.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of splenectomy at birth and two and four weeks of age on the development of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues has been compared in C3H/Bi mice. During the neonatal period normal mice showed changes in total leukocyte count, and in absolute members of the specific cell types. The predominant changes included an initial fall of numbers of granulocytes and steady increase in numbers of lymphocytes during the first six weeks of life. Neonatal splenectomy interfered with the normal developmental pattern by interfering with normal growth of numbers of circulating lymphocytes while splenectomy at two and four weeks of age produced increases in numbers of both circulating lymphocytes and granulocytes. Neonatal splenectomy produced effects on development of bone marrow, peripheral lymph nodes and thymus. The major influence seemed to involve decrease in percentages of small, densely stained lymphocytes in thymus and peripheral lymph nodes.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Male and female rats were adjusted to six pups per litter and weaned at 20 days of age. Groups of ten males were killed at five- to ten-day intervals between one and 100 days of age and groups of 12 to 45 females were killed between ten and 100 days. Accumulation with age of gonadal, seminal vesicular, and uterine weight, DNA, and RNA, were compared with body growth in relative growth analyses to delimit puberty and quantify reproductive growth.Males and females possessed similar body growth to 40 days, after which age females grew more slowly while males continued rapid growth to 60 days. Relative to body growth, testes grew more rapidly from ten days whereas ovarian growth generally paralleled body growth until 50 days of age. A shift in gonadal RNA/DNA ratio from less than to greater than unity occurred early in puberty in both sexes. Nucleic acid contents of accessory reproductive organs indicated that effective levels of gonadal steroids promote pubertal growth beginning at about 40 days in males and about 33 days of age in females. These marked pubertal growths ended at 70 days in males and 60 days of age in females.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rats were given single doses of an orally-active estrogen by mouth on days 1-5 of pregnancy. Examination of uteri on day 8 for implantations revealed that the median effective doses for preventing 50% of the eggs shed from implanting were 0.047, 0.050, 0.035, 0.145 and 0.380 mg/kg for days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. It was found that failure of pregnancy after treatment with the minimal 100% effective dose (ED100) on days 1, 2 or 3 was due to expulsion of eggs from the reproductive tract by day 5. Treatment of rats with the ED100 on day 4 caused expulsion of some eggs from the tract by day 5, but also had effects on the uterus: the position of the blastocysts within the lumen was abnormal and their orientation relative to the mesometrial-anti-mesometrial axis disturbed. No decidual reaction was observed on day 6 in such rats or on day 9 in pseudopregnant rats treated similarly and subjected to uterine traumatization on day 5. Treatment with ED100 on day 5 had no effect on egg transport or on the positioning of blastocysts within the lumen on day 6. A decidual reaction was seen around the blastocyst on day 6, but in pseudopregnant rats treated similarly and subjected to uterine traumatization on day 5 no decidual reaction was found on day 9. The pontamine blue reaction was negative in nearly all rats dosed on day 4 and examined on days 6-8. In rats dosed on day 5, however, the blue reaction was negative on day 6, but positive on day 7, i.e., delayed by 24 hours compared to controls and appearing later than the decidual reaction. The blastocysts were unattached in these rats on day 6, but may have attached briefly on day 7 (suggested by the positive blue reaction) and subsequently failed to develop further owing to disappearance of the decidual tissue.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The possibility of sympathetic innervation to melanophores in fish was investigated using a catecholamine histochemical fluorescence method. Catecholamine-containing fibers were observed to be in close anatomic proximity to the conjunctival and dermal melanophores of the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). It is suggested that the catecholamines released from these adrenergic fibers are capable of causing aggregation of pigment with blanching of skin color.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy of hypertrophic left deltoid muscle of a nineyear-old female diagnosed with neuro-ectodermal dysplasia and concomitant muscle hypertrophy was made. Satellite cells, similar in morphology to myoblasts, are found situated apposed to and beneath the basement lamina of muscle fibers. Satellite cells contain mitochondria, granular ER free ribosomes, polysomes and 50-100 Å thick, randomly oriented filaments. Plasmalemmae of apposed satellite and muscle cells show varying numbers of caveolae and degrees of interdigitation similar to plasmalemmae between fusing myoblasts of embryonic muscle. Discontinuities in the muscle fiber plasmalemma and confluence, or overlie, of satellite cell and muscle fiber plasmalemmae are sometimes seen.One possible interpretation of the above evidence suggests that, in this example of muscle hypertrophy, satellite cells may assume myoblast-like properties and serve as focal points for muscle fiber enlargement during muscle hypertrophy.
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  • 151
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 505-509 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Many solitary neurons, each encapsuled by a number of satellite cells and surrounded by collagenic fibers and unaccompanied by other nerve cells, are observed in specimens of the posterior third of the human tongue. They are ganglion cells of the parasympathetic nervous system supplying postganglionic fibers that are adenomotor to von Ebner's gland and myomotor to the smooth muscle of blood vessels. The occurence of solitary neurons suggests that a “ganglion” may consist of a single nerve cell. It is emphasized that the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supplying the posterior third of the human tongue is not a sensory but a mixed nerve.
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  • 152
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 517-522 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hypoglossal nerve with its communicating branches between the hypoglossal canal and its terminal rami was removed in toto from 11 human fetuses varying from 63 to 342 mm C.R. length. Serial sections were stained with luxol fast blue or impregnated with silver nitrate or protargol according to Bodian's method. The total number of nerve cells varied from 10 to 82 on the right side and from 6 to 60 on the left. Morphologically these cells resembled the cells in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve and they were always observed within the communicating rami between this ganglion and the hypoglossal nerve. The possibility of migration of these cells from the inferior ganglion of the vagus to the hypoglossal nerve and their relationship to the proprioceptive innervation of the tongue are discussed.
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  • 153
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the boar was divided into eight stages which are described. The relative frequencies of the stages were determined for ten Yorkshire and ten Lacombe boars approximately 11 months of age. The mean relative frequencies for stages 1 through 8 were 10.8, 14.4, 3.5, 11.6, 8.9, 20.3, 18.5 and 12.0%, respectively. Generally, there was a constancy of the relative frequencies of the stages between breeds, among boars within breeds and between testes within boars.The absolute duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the duration of spermatozoan transit through the epididymis were determined by injecting a single dose of 19 mCi of thymidine-methyl-H3 into the marginal ear vein of each of four Yorkshire (15.2 months old) and four Lacombe boars (14.9 months old). Unilateral castrations were performed at 0.2, 11.5, 20.0, 24.0 and 25.0 days after the isotope injection. Two intact and two unilaterally castrated animals were ejaculated for eight and seven weeks, respectively, to determine the interval between the thymidine-H3 injection and the appearance of the isotope in the ejaculated semen. Autoradiographs were prepared from the testis tissues and the semen smears. The most mature germ cells that incorporated the thymidine-H3 were the late preleptotene primary spermatocytes. Twenty-five days after injection the label had progressed from late preleptotene primary spermatocytes to spermatozoa leaving the testes. Epididymal transit times for four boars (ejaculated daily) were 9, 10, 10 and 12 days. The duration of one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium based on 12 estimates was 8.6 ± 0.1 days. The durations of stages 1 through 8 were 0.9, 1.2, 0.3, 1.0, 0.8, 1.7, 1.6 and 1.0 days, respectively. The life span of primary spermatocytes was 12.3 days, of secondary spermatocytes 0.4 days, of spermatids with round nuclei 6.3 days, of spermatids with elongated nuclei 1.5 days, and of spermatozoa 6.2 days.
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  • 154
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 231-245 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The telencephalic vesicles of the human brain appear during the fifth week of embryonic life. These vesicles are closed containers filled with ventricular fluid until the fifteenth week when it escapes through the newly-formed foramen of Magendie.The light and electron microscopic studies reported here support the notion that the germinal layer of the telencephalon has an absorptive role between the eighth and fifteenth weeks of fetal life. This assumption is based on the structure and the arrangement of the cells of the germinal layer, which resemble and are arranged in a manner similar to that of other absorptive units such as the renal proximal tubules, the gallbladder and the intestine. The absorbed material is presumably contained in the ventricular fluid.
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  • 155
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 156
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 675-689 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cells with elongated nuclei resembling those of fibroblasts and/or Schwann cells had been noted previously in x-irradiated portions of rat spinal cords. The present experiment was undertaken to determine the identity and fates of these cells. For this experiment, a 5 mm length of lumbosacral spinal cord was irradiated (4000 R) in three-day-old Holtzman rats. Groups of these rats and their litter mate controls were killed at intervals from 11 through 60 days following irradiation. Most of the spinal cords were prepared for light microscopic examination; a few were prepared for ultrastructural studies. Light microscopic examination revealed that the cells in question became observable near the dorsal roots within and immediately caudal to the irradiated area in a few rats as early as 15 days post-irradiation and in all rats by 19 days following irradiation. The number of cells increased rapidly and in some cases filled the dorsal funiculi. Axons that were intermingled with these cells usually became myelinated approximately 25 days post-irradiation. The myelin that formed on these axons resembled peripheral rather than central myelin. Reticular fibers were also abundant in the cell aggregations. The ultrastructural studies confirmed these observations. The data indicate that these cells were involved in formation of peripheral-like nervous tissue within the spinal cord of all irradiated rats.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A considerable area of the floor of the fourth ventricle, extending from the facial colliculus down to the vagal triangle, is underlaid by the nerve cells of the nucleus intercalatus. Only a minor portion of this nuclear complex is actually “intercalated” this portion comprising about 2,500 cells or 6% of the total. The great majority of cells making up this nucleus, 80% or 32,000 are found in front of the oral pole of the hypoglossal nucleus. The remaining 14% of cells or about 6,000 form a third distinct group located opposite the medial vestibular nucleus. The mean cell sizes in the three parts of the nucleus are also different, they are 90 μ2, 135 μ2 and 190 μ2 respectively. These differences of cell sizes and of location were the basis for the division of this nucleus into three parts by some authors. In the three cases studied, this division was, however, not so complete as to permit a separate cell count for each part to be kept. The mean of the cell frequencies in the three cases is 36349 ± 4114 cells.
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  • 158
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 773-780 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cerebral cortices of young adult and immature Sprague-Dawley rats, 10, 14, and 21 days of age, were rapidly frozen in situ and substituted at -78.5°C with a 1% solution of osmium tetroxide in acetone. In random electron micrographs of each animal, each representing 42 μ2 of cerebral cortical molecular layer, the extracellular space was evaluated stereologically.In all cases the extracellular space was found to be distributed as large extracellular lakes of variable dimension. Where no extracellular space was apparent adjacent cell processes were joined by 5-membered complexes, which appeared to represent fusion of immediately adjacent plasma membranes.In 10-day old animals an extracellular space of 40.5% was found. This diminished progressively to 31.8% at 14 days and 26.3% at 21 days, which approached the adult value of 21.7%. These data were consonant with measurements of the maturing extracellular space based on uptake studies of tracers, water and electrolyte determinations and impedance measurements. They appear to represent accurately the changing distribution of extracellular water in rapidly maturing cerebral cortex.
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  • 159
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ovarian histology of 140 sea otters (4 juvenile and 136 sexually mature) is described. Multilayered germinal epithelium occurs in thickened areas on the ovarian surface and in fissures which are simple or complexly branched. Occasionally an epithelial tube extends from the fissure into the cortex. Typically a single Graafian follicle reaches the prevulatory stage while others become atretic. Interstitial gland cells of theca interna origin are abundant and apparently secretory during estrus. The corpus luteum of preimplantation pregnancy has a medium to large antrum which is obliterated by the time the blastocyst implants. During delayed implantation, the luteal cells progressively hypertrophy and by the time of implantation they are polygonal with a uniformly granular, nonvacuolated cytoplasm. Following implantation, many small secondary cavities or spaces are observed in the corpus. Subsequently, they coalesce to form larger ones. These cavities are strikingly well developed during mid gestation. After parturition, the corpus luteum degenerates rapidly. A corpus albicans persists for at least two years before blending with the stroma.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Blood vessels were first observed in the hindbrain of chick embryos at stage 20 (three to three and one half days incubation). At this time the central nervous system had a complete PAS-positive basement membrane. The surrounding blood vessels did not have a similar investment. An attenuated basement membrane, continuous with the one on the nervous tissue, enveloped each invading vessel. Invading vascular sprouts entered as solid cords which soon developed lumens and became functional capillaries.
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  • 161
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two surgical techniques were used to increase the work load per fiber in mouse skeletal muscles. These were, part removal of the muscle and incapacitation of a synergetic muscle. Both techniques were used for the soleus muscle. They resulted in the fiber size distribution of this muscle, which was normally unimodal, becoming distinctly bimodal. The same effect was obtained for the part removal of the anterior tibialis muscle. For the above mentioned muscles the extent of hypertrophy was very considerable. The recorded increase in the mean fiber cross-sectional area was in the region of 56% to 92%. Part removal of the biceps brachii however produced only a comparatively slight increase in fiber size (9%). In this case the normal muscle was bimodal and the effect of part removal was to slightly increase the size of the second peak. The reason for the two peaks occurring in the distributions of fiber size in some muscles was due to the presence of fibers at a basic level of development and also the presence of hypertrophied fibers. The increase in mean fiber size resulting from an increased work load was in all cases, due to a proportion of the basic fibers undergoing hypertrophy and not due to a gradual increase in the size of all the fibers.
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  • 162
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The sources of blood supply to the ulnar nerves of 15 cats were determined by latex and Pelikan India Ink injections and a quantitative account was given of the numbers and internal diameters of blood vessels in the nerves. The following conclusions were drawn: 1The proximal portion of the ulnar nerve usually receives its blood supply from the brachial artery. Proximal to the olecranon, the nerve is supplied by the ulnar collateral artery whereas immediately distal to the olecranon the nerve is always supplied by the recurrent ulnar artery. The palmar and dorsal cutaneous branches of the ulnar nerve receive their arterial supply from the ulnar artery.2The geatest number of blood vessels is located in the middle portion of the nerve with a mean of 313 blood vessels one centimeter proximal to the olecranon and a mean of 322 vessels one centimeter distal to the olecranon. The smallest number of blood vessels is in the dorsal cutaneous nerve with a mean of 140 vessels.3The internal diameter of the intrinsic vasa nervosa ranged between 2.7 and 51.8 μ. Approximately 92% of the blood vessels have an internal diameter of less than 10 μ.4The ratio of blood vessels to myelinated nerve fibers is fairly constant at about 1:25 for all levels of the ulnar nerve.
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  • 163
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The reciprocal relation between the pituitary and the gonads in perinatal rats was studied by gravimetric or volumetric measurements of gonads and by estimations of the collective volume of Leydig cells by the method of Chalkley ('43).Hypophysectomy of a 20-day-old male fetus by decapitation caused two days later a retardation of the testicular growth and a fall of the collective volume of Leydig cells, these effects being prevented by injected GTH. Testosterone prevented somewhat the retardation but did not prevent the change in Leydig cells. The collective volume of Leydig cells fell sharply just after birth and this fall was overcome with injected GTH. In fetuses unilateral castration caused some enlargement of the remaining testis, but in newborn rats such change did not occur. These observations suggest that the pituitary governs largely the Leydig cells before birth and reduces its LH activity after birth.The fetal ovaries were not affected by decapitation or decapitation and GTH injection and the newborn ovaries were not modified by injected GTH. In an extra uterine parabiosis of a decapitated male and an intact female fetus, the testes failed to gain weight, although the adrenals grew normally. These observations suggest that the female pituitary during late fetal and early postnatal days has no gonad-stimulating activity.
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  • 164
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 441-445 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The winter Necturus hypophysis both whole and selectively divided was extracted in N/10 HCl (0.25 ml per gland or gland portion). Extracts were diluted with normal saline (1:100 and 1:400) and injected 2 ml/100 gm body weight) into groups of 10 or 12 male, hydrocortisone-blocked assay rats (method of Hodges and Vernikos ('60). Groups of control hydrocortisone-blocked male rats received corresponding volumes of a standard ACTH solution. ACTH content of extracts was appraised by measuring the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion induced as compared with control depletions. A 2 + 2 assay design was employed; results and their fiducial limits (P = 0.95) calculated.The ACTH content of the anterior zone of pars buccalis is that of the entire hypophysis. No ACTH was detected in gland portions consisting of the basophilic bed and transitional zone of pars buccalis plus the neural lobe of pars neuralis. ACTH occurs throughout the anterior zone but is more abundant in its caudal two-thirds both in milliunits (mU) per milliliter of extract and mU/mg of pituitary tissue. This distribution of corticotrophic activity is coincident with the distribution of anterior zone acidophile cells.Regional and cellular sources of ACTH in mammals and amphibia are discussed.
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  • 165
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 529-600 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 166
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Estrogen secretion by the ovary, as estimated by changes in genital tract tissues, can be directly correlated with the appearance of eosinophilic granulated cells within the ovarian tissues. Ovarian eosinophilia and development of the genital tract of the gilt are prominent from the eleventh to fifteenth days of the estrous cycle, between the twenty-fourth and forty-fourth, and after the eighty-sixth days of pregnancy. It is suggested that the appearance of eosinophilic granulated cells in ovarian tissues is a direct effect of ovarian estrogens, as is the appearance of genital tract eosinophilic granulated cells subsequent to estrogen release from the ovaries. The appearance of eosinophilic granulated cells in ovarian tissues provides a means whereby the portion of the ovary involved in estrogen secretion can be identified. Eosinophilic granulated cells were observed in thecal layers of secondary, tertiary and atretic follicles and in the connective tissues surrounding and penetrating recently formed corpora lutea. Ovarian eosinophilic granulated cells are not of immediate blood origin, but arise from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. In the process of accumulation of eosinophilic granules and modification of nuclear chromatin to bi- or multinucleated forms, cellular death occurs and the granules and chromatin particles are released in the tissues.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Of 22 species of subhuman primates examined, 21 have a well developed nictitating membrane; it is vestigial only in Pan satyrus/troglodytes. The sizes of membranes range from those that cover only one-tenth of the eye (Gorilla gorilla) to those that extend over the entire eye (Perodicticus potto and Arctocebus calabarensis). Nictitans, best developed in the lower primates, have a free border that is generally heavily pigmented. With the exception of Galago crassicaudatus, all prosimians studied have a membrane that contains a cartilaginous band; cartilage is also present in Cacajao rubicundus, Cebus albifrons, and Saimiri sciureus. The outer surface of the nictitans of all species of anthropoids has mucous glands; that of the prosimians has few of them. Serous glands are present only in the Lorisoidea; in anthropoids serous glands are confined to the adjacent conjunctiva. Mast cells occur with great frequency in prosimians. Elastic fibers are better developed in anthropoids. Muscle fibers are present only in the nictitating membranes of Lemur monoz and Callithrix aurita. Vellus hairs grow on the outer surface of the nictitans in many of the species studied.
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  • 168
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 169
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The appearance of albumin-like antigen and of radioisotope in mouse ovarian follicles following the systemic injection of 10 mg human serum albumin I131 (HSAI131) was studied by immunohistological and autoradiographic methods.Both isotope and antigen appeared in granulosa cell cytoplasm, ooplasm and oocyte nuclei in similar (or identical) positions. Qualitative impressions from fluorescent antibody preparations were that follicle stages (I, smallest; IX, largest) differed in relative amounts of detectable albumin-like antigen. In addition, autoradiographic grain counts over 1421 follicles, compared by Sign Test, demonstrated statistically significant stage differences in amount of isotope detected. Radiolabel (and HSA-like antigen) in ooplasm was highest at Stages I and VII-IX and lowest at Stage III. Granulosa cell amounts were highest at Stage III and higher than or equal to ooplasm amounts at every other stage (except, perhaps IX). The relative amount of “label,” antigenic or isotopic, in oocyte nuclei was always less than in ooplasm and increase or decrease occurred one stage later than in ooplasm. The relative amount of radiolabel in ovarian blood vessels always exceeded that in granulosa cells and oocytes.The data are consistent with the interpretation that: (a) systemically injected foreign protein was transferred without major degradation from the blood to constituent cells of the mouse ovarian follicle; (b) transfer was stage dependent; (c) transfer occurred both before granulosa cells completely surrounded the oocyte and after oocyte microvilli and granulosa cell processes interdigitated; and, (d) transfer followed a concentration gradient.
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  • 170
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 211-229 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the ameloblasts which secrete the inner enamel matrix in rat incisors was described using light and electron microscopy. The tissue was fixed by perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and gently decalcified in isotonic EDTA.The ameloblasts are tall cells forming a simple columnar epithelium. The base is adjacent to the stratum intermedium and the apex (Tomes' process) extends into newly-formed enamel. The infranuclear zone is divided by the basal cell web into a small basal bulge adjacent to the stratum intermedium, and a larger compartment containing most of the cell's mitochondria. The supranuclear zone contains the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The rough endoplasmic reticulum predominates in the proximal and distal regions of this zone where it occupies most of the cell width. In the intermediate region, the rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounds a central tubule-shaped Golgi apparatus, the tubule wall being made up of flattened saccules. The Golgi region of ameloblasts is associated with coated vesicles, two types of granules (light and dark) which may be lysosomes, and a characteristic dense content granule shown to be the enamel precursor (0.16 μ diameter).The supranuclear zone is separated from Tomes' process by the apical cell web. Tomes' process is devoid of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi material, but contains numerous dense content granules as well as microtubules and coated vesicles. The amorphous dense content granules are the precursors of the highly orientated fibrous enamel matrix. The proximity of the process to the fibrous enamel suggests that it is involved in orientation of these fibrils. Since bundles of fibrils constitute rods, the process would seem also to be involved in enamel rod orientation.
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  • 171
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Five fetal and ten adult fur seal tongue were investigated. The number and shape of the vallate papillae vary from one to five on the different tongues. They are intermediate between the fungiform and circumvallate papillae in their neurohistological features. There are a few taste buds on the upper surface without a trench. They are supplied by large basal nerve plexuses with many argyrophilic and argyrophobic multipolar nerve cells and by abundant mixed glands with widely dilated ducts opening directly on the dorsal surface. The tongues lack foliate papillae. Fungiform papillae are scanty on the dorsum, and they have a nerve supply but no taste buds in the upper surface. Between the musculature three types of sensory nerve terminations are found: One, a nerve bundle consisting of inner longitudinal and outer circular fibers, two, a ramified complex termination and three a knob ending. The latter two are probably receptors of the internal depth-sense in the tongue. Apical mixed glands are present.
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  • 172
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With the exception of a brief allusion to an unidentified species of Mustela with regard to cerebral vascular studies by de Vriese ('05), major information concerning the circle of Willis in mink was nonexistent until the present investigation. Brains of mink in which the cerebral arterial circles were injected with latex and subsequently hardened in formalin, revealed the primary cerebral arterial anastomosis to be ring-like in form; all of the component vessels were patent and well formed, none was attenuated or string-like.Some of the more prominent findings included: (1) a predominance of asymmetric divergence of the posterior communicating arteries separating from the bifurcating basilar artery; (2) the presence of a posterior intercommunicating artery in all of the specimens; (3) the occasional doubling of the superior cerebellar and the posterior cerebral arteries; (4) deeply placed internal cerebral loops forming secondary arterial anastomoses between some penetrating vessels in the caudal region of the circle; other loops interconnected other penetrating vessels in the rostral region of the circle; (5) blood channels forming an intercarotid anastomosis traversed the pia mater; (6) the presence of a penetrating artery adjunctive to the recurrent artery of Heubner; (7) anastomoses between the internal and the external ophthalmic arteries, and between the internal and the external olfactory arteries forming collateral channels of communication between the intracranial and the extracranial circulations; (8) the occasional presence of an anterior communicating artery supplementing the commonly occurring azygos anterior cerebral artery which continued as a single vessel throughout its extent; (9) unjoined anterior cerebral arteries in one animal which was exceptional.
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  • 173
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although the majority of adult lizards are able to regenerate lost portions of tails, only rarely have instances of limb or digit regeneration been observed. The present work describes the histological features of the stumps of limbs and digits of Lacerta vivipara and Lacerta dugesii at various times after amputation, and compares these features with those which are seen after amputation or autotomy of the tail. The results show that the early stages of healing of the limbs and digits are similar to the early stages of tail regeneration. The epidermis which migrates over the wound becomes thickened, and cells released from dedifferentiating stump tissues accumulate beneath it. In one case, that of a digit, a papilla was seen extending from the wound epidermis into the blastema. During the later stages of healing differences between the events taking place in the limbs and digits, and the tail, become marked. The blastema fails to increase in size, and it appears that most of its cells are converted into a cartilage cap and sleeve investing the cut end of the bone. An investigation has also been made of the regenerative ability of the limbs of embryonic Lacerta vivipara. Limbs were amputated in ovo at various stages of embryonic life, but no cases of regeneration were observed.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rabbit spermatozoa were removed from various levels of the male reproductive tract. They were examined in Hanks' solution at room temperature with a phase contrast microscope and their motility characteristics were recorded cinematographically.Spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules and ductuli efferentes show weak, vibratory movements with no forward progress. Little change in motility occurs until the sperm reach the flexure of the caput epididymidis where some are capable of moving more vigorously in a circular fashion. Samples from the distal caput epididymidis show a sudden increase in sperm activity and a consistent pattern of tight, circular movement. As the sperm traverse the corpus epididymidis, increasing numbers show progressive, forward movement with longitudinal rotation. The proportion of such sperm becomes significant only in samples from the upper cauda epididymidis and more distal regions. Sperm from the ductus deferens rarely retain the circular movement.It is concluded that rabbit spermatozoa undergo a distinct sequence of changes in their swimming movements as they mature in the epididymis. A similar change was noted in epididymal spermatozoa from the rat and guinea pig suggesting that this process is fundamental to sperm maturation in several species.
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  • 175
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neuromuscular spindles were searched for in the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the rhesus monkey's tongue. Transverse, horizontal and parasagittal sections were obtained from the tongues of three animals and stained with the Weigert-van Gieson technique. The results showed that spindles were distributed in all of the intrinsic muscles as well as in certain of the extrinsic muscles. The potential significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the feedback pattern derived from the lingual spindles in response to tongue activity.
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  • 176
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 523-528 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 177
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: When examined in the fluorescence microscope, cells of the central nervous system exhibit intense, yellow, naturally fluorescent granules throughout their cytoplasm. In the mouse, cat and man, the granules are absent at birth and present in adults. A study of the development of these granules in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum was made in the mouse and cat. There is a rapid increase in the number of fluorescent granules in postnatal life. The granules probably represent lysosomes.
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  • 178
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The specific stainability of 1-3 μ thick sections of tissue prepared for electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation and araldite embedding is greatly enhanced after oxidation with Oxone. This monopersulfate has been found to leave tissue section in a suitable condition for applying a trichrome stain as well as a specific silver impregnation. These methods are described in detail. The mode of action of Oxone is poorly understood.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: One ovary was removed from 28 gilts and the uterus was transected, closed and anastomosed in one of four patterns. In three of the patterns the uterine horns were jointed near the uterotubal junction and in the fourth pattern the uterus formed one continuous tube from one oviduct to the cervix. Gilts were mated, then killed at 15 to 60 days of gestation when fetuses were located. The proportion of gilts pregnant was lower (P 〈 0.05) in the two groups requiring passage of sperm through an anastomosis than in the two groups where fertilization did not require that sperm traverse an anastomosis. Ten gilts were pregnant when killed and embryos were distributed in both horns in each gilt. Embryos can pass through an anastomosis and migrate and are spaced quite evenly even after disturbance of the normal anatomical relationships between uterine horns.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Somatotropic (STH) and lactotropic (LTH) cell types of the Syrian hamster's adenohypophysis are readily identified by electron microscopy. Pituitaries of growing and lactating animals were studied to establish the identity of these cell types. The pituitaries of normal, gonadectomized and thyroidectomized adult male and female hamsters were also examined. Distribution of these cell types was determined by examining all blocks of half the gland in adults and of the whole gland in immature animals. Electron microscopic fields were systematically photographed and cell types counted.The STH and LTH cells are distinguished by the size of the secretory granules which measure maximally 300 and 700 mμ, respectively. A marked predominance of STH and LTH cells is present in the intact adult female gland. Approximately equal numbers of STH and LTH cells are seen in the female gland, whereas, there are significantly fewer LTH cells in the male adenohypophysis. The proportion of the gland comprising STH cells, however, appears to be constant in both male and female.Both cell types are distributed throughout the gland with no regional localization.
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  • 181
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The silver-substitution procedure originally recommended by von Kossa was modified to localize soluble phosphate in bone cells. Calvaria from newborn to five-day-old Wistar rats were stained fresh in 0.03% Ag acetate prepared in 5% mannitol solution. The substituted silver was reduced to its metallic state with 1% pyrogallol. The tissues were then dehydrated, cleared, and mounted whole. The cytoplasm of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts contained black granules which were thought to be sites of phosphates or carbonates. The intracellular black granules were shown not to be due to either chloride precipitation or to silver reduction by ascorbic acid. Both of these compounds were localized outside the cells. Tests to determine the state of the localized phosphate or carbonate in the cells showed that the anions were not in the ionic or diffusible state nor organically bound, but complexed to calcium. This was shown by elution of phosphates from the cells when calcium was chelated by Na2 EDTA in 5% mannitol solution at pH 7. The intracellular black granules were thought not to be sites of insoluble calcium phosphate or carbonate but sites of readily stainable, calcium phosphate which is rendered nondiffusible by being bound to protein or mucoprotein.
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  • 182
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nine edible oils or fats (hydrogenated coconut, cod liver, Wesson, linseed, olive, butter, lard, corn and cocoa-butter) were fed to Swiss albino mice for 90 days to study the effects of saturation, chain length, and essential fatty acid content on the liver. The specific oil or fat (selected for ranges in above variables) was used as the diet fat in a high-fat (28%), low-protein (8%), hypolipotropic diet. Half the animals received choline chloride (2 gm/100 gm) as a lipotropic supplement.Within the supplemented groups, ceroid pigment was limited to livers of mice fed cod liver oil. Among the unsupplemented groups, production of ceroid varied with the iodine value (IV) of the diet fat. Fats with low IV produced no pigment; intermediate IV showed ceroid distended Kupffer cells distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while large, acellular, vacuolated masses of ceroid resulted from fats with highest IV.Hepatic liposis was minimal in supplemented groups; maximal in unsupplemented groups. Hepatic stroma was within normal limits in all groups. Production of ceroid pigment appeared to be unrelated to degree of liposis or fibrosis.
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  • 183
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 275-287 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several cytological features of the adrenal gland of the wild whitefooted mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, are described. Nuclei of cortical cells vary widely in size. Medullary cells may be divided into two populations: one with cytoplasm staining intensely with basic dyes and the other with faintly-staining cytoplasm. Photometric measurements of the DNA content of Feulgen-stained cortical nuclei show many nuclei containing 4C and 8C amounts of DNA. The distribution of the polyploid nuclei varies in different adrenal zones. Nuclei in the zona glomerulosa are almost all 2C. A majority of those in the zona fasciculata are 4C and 8C. Those in the zona reticularis fall predominantly into a 2C class, with some 4C and 8C nuclei. Groups of formalin-fixed medullary cells staining intensely with hematoxylin, toluidine blue O, and azure B correspond in location, arrangement, and morphology to those indicating the presence of epinephrine by several histochemical techniques. The substances responsible for the basophilia may be acidic proteins rich in carboxyl groups, since (1) RNase treatment does not appreciably diminish the basophilia; (2) all medullary cells are only faintly PAS-positive; and (3) the staining behavior of the more basophilic cells, when exposed to azure B solutions buffered to acid pH's, follows that to be expected when this dye is bound by tissue carboxyl groups.
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  • 184
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the parathyroid glands of normal rapidly growing cats (9-22 weeks of age) was described and compared with the findings reported in other species. The predominating active chief cells were relatively electron-dense and contained well developed organelles and frequent secretory granules. Inactive chief cells were slightly larger and had a more electron-transparent cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic organelles were less well developed and secretory granules were less frequent than in the active chief cells. Oxyphil cells or transitional forms were not identified in the parathyroid glands of kittens. Occasional cilia were observed in chief cells. They arose near centrioles and protruded from the plasma membrane into the intercellular space.
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  • 185
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 363-371 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fate of the radial nerve in the human brachialis muscle, a subject of dispute regarding its frequency of occurrence and nature of innervation, was studied in eight pairs of this muscle. A constant occurrence of radial supply to the brachialis muscle was found. With the exception of two cases which were discarded on account of defects, all brachialis of the sample definitely showed motor as well as sensory innervations by the radial nerve in addition to the major supply by the musculocutaneous nerve. The number and regional distribution of spindle capsules were also determined in all cases. A complete analysis in one of them showed that 7% of the spindle population in the entire muscle were supplied by the radial nerve and that their distribution was confined to the deep lateral quadrant for an extent about half of the muscle length. The probable dorsal origin of this muscle was discussed.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three three-year-old Rocky Mountain mule deer were studied for a year to determine the role of skeletal mineral in antler growth. Costal biopsy material, which was obtained at four-week intervals, was analyzed histologically and histometrically. There was a cyclic mobilization of costal cortical bone during antler growth despite the dietary access to high quantities of elements essential for bone development. Following antler growth the ribs returned to a stable configuration with few resorption spaces. Corresponding to the period of possible weakening from the internal remodeling, there also appeared to be a thickening of the cortical bone by circumferential lamellar addition. A cyclic physiological osteoporosis was produced.
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  • 187
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 425-432 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In cats, rats and mice the diaphragm possesses an intrinsic plexus of nerve fibres which are concentrated in a narrow band situated approximately halfway between the edge of the central tendon and the peripheral attachment of the musculature. Contributions to the plexus originate in both phrenic and lower six intercostal nerves and both possess three categories of fibres. The first is composed of unmyelinated fibres which ramify on the walls of companion vessels. The second comprises myelinated fibres ranging from 6-10 μ in diameter and these have been classified as afferent components. The third category, forming the major part of the phrenic outflow but only a minor part of intercostal contributions, comprises inyelinated fibres which range from 10-16 μ in diameter and possess preterminal expansions. Phrenic fibres of the third category have been identified as efferent components because they terminate in motor end plates but the function of corresponding intercostal components cannot be defined conclusively.Quantitative studies at three distinct levels within each of ten phrenic nerves in cats, show an increase in the number of myelinated fibres of diameter 12-20 μ in the peripheral third of the nerve. This suggests that the phrenic nerve receives an accession of fibres in its peripheral third.
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  • 188
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 467-477 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cerebral and cerebellar cortices of mice were subjected to a histochemical method for the demonstration of chloride after perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde. Unfixed, nonasphyxiated cortices subjected to the same chloride method were used as controls. Sections of control material showed a rather uniform chloride distribution in which only the pia and the blood vessels stood out as dark structures containing an appreciable amount of chloride. Sections of glutaraldehyde fixed cerebral cortex showed an accumulation of chloride in apical dendrites. In glutaraldehyde fixed cerebellar cortex the chloride accumulated in the fibers of Bergmann and sometimes in the large dendrites of Purkinje cells. The chloride movement during glutaraldehyde perfusion is in all respects comparable with the movement of chloride caused by asphyxiation of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex.
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  • 189
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 511-515 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to clarify the origin and the course of the communicating branch, 25 human nerve complexes (entire intra-osseous part of the facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, lesser petrosal nerve, communicating branch, auricular branch of the vagus) and stapedius muscles were dissected out and removed as a whole. Each of the 25 complexes was dehydrated, sectioned serially at 10-20 μ, and either stained with Luxol Fast Blue or treated with a silver technique. The communicating branch was observed to originate from the auricular branch of the vagus. It ascended first along the anterior side of the third intra-osseous part of the facial nerve and then penetrated the stapedius. From within the stapedius some of its fibers continued anteriorly as a nerve bundle through the facial sheath of the second intra-osseous part of the nerve. This nerve bundle separated from the seventh nerve upon approaching the geniculate ganglion, and joined the lesser petrosal nerve. The communicating branch consisted mainly of small myelinated fibers in the course of which either isolated ganglion cells or small ganglia were sometimes present.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rats were ovariectomized on the eighth day of pregnancy and either 10 or 20 mg of progesterone, 10 mg of progesterone with 1 μg estradiol benzoate or 1 μg estradiol benzoate alone were administered between the eighth and twelfth day. On the twelfth day tritiated thymidine was injected to study mitoses in the junctional zone cells of the placenta by autoradiography, and tracings of spontaneous uterine contractions were made. Twenty milligrams of progesterone daily sustained pregnancy to the twelfth day in spayed rats as effectively as it was sustained in the untreated normal rats; 10 mg progesterone daily was less effective and 10 mg progesterone with 1 μg estradiol benzoate did not maintain normal pregnancy. Progesterone produced normal rates of mitosis in the placental trophoblast cells of spayed rats. No correlation was found between the maintenance of pregnancy and decreased contractions of the myometrium in this study. The injection of 20 mg progesterone produced patterns of contraction similar to the normal contraction patterns and differing from those found in spayed rats and in rats injected with 10 mg progesterone, progesterone and estradiol benzoate or estradiol benzoate alone. It is concluded that a sufficient supply of progesterone maintains both normal mitotic activity in the trophoblastic cells and normal patterns of contraction by the muscle of the uterus.
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  • 191
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Microtubules, 210-230 Å in diameter and many microns in length, with an associated “clear zone” around them, 450-550 Å in diameter, are demonstrated in large numbers in cells of the Stratum Granulosum of newborn rat epidermis. Few microtubules are found in the uppermost portion of the Stratum Granulosum nor are they found above this layer in the Stratum Corneum. Few microtubules are found in the germinal cells of the epidermis. Upon entering the Stratum Granulosum, cells undergo shape changes involving elongation and flattening. Microtubules have elsewhere been implicated in whole cell movement and in the movement of portions of cytoplasm, including specifically cell elongation and the related functions of maintenance of asymmetric cell shapes and projections. Evidence is presented here in support of the hypothesis that microtubules are the basic cytoplasmic structure responsible for this motility. Two cortical arrays of microtubules, parallel and orthogonal in orientation, are demonstrated at different stages of cell flattening in epidermis. If the mode of action of microtubules is undulation and resulting “intracytoplasmic peristalis,” these orthogonal arrays represent a mechanism for the formation of the shape of squamous cells. The similar orientations of microtubule populations in many cells would seem to indicate that microtubule undulation and the resulting interaction between neighboring cells accounts for the transmission of axes of orientation between cells.
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  • 192
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tylotrich follicles are present in the skin of the marsupial, the American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Their morphology, ancillary structures, time of development, size and distribution of epidermal pads, are similar to tylotrich follicles found in eutherian mammals. The presence of tylotrich follicles in the marsupial suggests that they arose early in the evolution of mammalian skin.
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  • 193
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Developing pancreases from rat embryos of the sixteenth day of pregnancy and adrenals from embryos of the nineteenth day were grown in organ culture for six days. The cultures were transferred to fresh media twice, after 48 hours and after 96 hours of incubation. Control cultures consisted of pancreas alone and of adrenal alone.The pancreatic islets which were too young to have granulated beta cells on the sixteenth day of pregnancy differentiated into islets with many granulated beta cells during the culture period of six days. The pattern of granulated beta cells and the estimated number of these cells in cultures with adrenals were variable (not consistently different from those in the control cultures without adrenals).The adrenals from embryos of the nineteenth day had two zones of the fetal cortex outer and inner. Cultures of adrenals survived. The adrenals, whether minced or unminced at the time of the explantation and whether cultured alone or with pancreases, underwent little if any additional differentiation during the culture period.
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  • 194
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The total central distribution of single brachial or lumbar dorsal roots has been assessed in toad (Bufo marinus) and in frog (Rana catesbeiana). Two methods were employed to examine the afferent fibers. The uranyl nitrate modification of the Nauta method (Nauta, '66) was used to study degenerating elements resulting from single root transection. A radioautographic tracing technique was also employed to examine the distribution of essentially normal afferent fibers. This latter method involved local injection of small amounts of L-leucine-H3 into a single ganglion of otherwise intact nerves and subsequent determination of location of the incorporated label in the CNS. The distribution was ascertained by counting silver grains microscopically in radioautographs of the CNS for standard sized areas. The results obtained by either method essentially were identical. All dorsal root projections are distributed unilaterally within the CNS. Fibers passed into a dorsolateral bundle and into the dorsal column. Collaterals from the dorsal column passed into the dorsal and intermediate gray matter, but no primary afferent fibers distributed within the ventral horn. Both brachial and lumbar roots distributed segmentally over approximately five spinal segments. Root fibers coursed rostrally in a somatotopically organized dorsal column. This pathway ultimately passed into the cerebellum. Some evidence was obtained in support of a dorsal column-medial lemniscal relay in anuran amphibians.
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  • 195
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 196
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 555-573 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This morphologic investigation was undertaken with an inbred strain of C57BL/10 male mice to examine the accumulation of lipofuscin in nerve cells of dorsal ganglia and the cerebellum at 4, 8, 20, and 30 months of age. Histological examinations revealed that at four months of age, cells contained only a few small sudanophilic bodies distributed fairly uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. By 30 months, pigment aggregations became very prominent cytoplasmic features of many nerve cells in the dorsal ganglia and cerebellum. A more detailed examination of neurons from the dorsal ganglia with the electron microscope revealed particles of variable size with a high electron density at four and 8 months. By 20 and 30 months, the pigment bodies appeared to be larger and were more concentrated near the nucleus. In Purkinje cells of the cerebellum the pigment granules were observed only rarely at four and eight months. By 20 and 30 months, the granules in the Purkinje cells appeared to be larger, considerably more numerous, and concentrated between the nucleus and the apical dendrite. The intracellular pigment concentration was also estimated by calculations of the per cent of area occupied by pigment granules as well as by the per cent of the cells that contained pigment bodies at 4, 8, 20 and 30 months. A progressive increase in the intracellular pigment concentration was readily noted.
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  • 197
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The influence on pituitary cytology of propylthiouracil (PTU) and estradiol benzoate (EB) administered singly and in combination was studied by electron microscopy in adult female rats. PTU alone induced striking changes in the morphology of thyrotroph cells, which were all transformed into typical thyroidectomy cells, characterized by enormously dilated ergastoplasmic sacs; the acidophils were degranulated and some of them took the appearance of relatively quiescent prolactin cells rather than degranulated somatotrophs. EB alone caused no definite changes in the morphology of thyrotroph cells; its essential effect was the development of a large number of prolactin cells. When both treatments were combined, thyroidectomy cells were found, existing side by side with untransformed thyrotrophs and exhibiting less dilated ergastoplasmic sacs than after PTU alone; prolactin cells were present in great number and showed a more developed ergastoplasm than after EB alone. Thyroid weight and height of the follicular cells were not changed by EB given singly; they were both increased under the influence of PTU; thyroid weight but not mean height of the follicular cells was slightly less increased when EB was added to PTU. It is tentatively concluded that estrogen may have a dual action on the thyro-pituitary axis: on one hand, a depressing influence on thyrotroph cells and on the other hand a direct stimulatory effect on the thyroid gland.
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  • 198
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 635-641 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the tentorium cerebelli was investigated in representatives of the chordata. A tentorium cerebelli characterized birds and mammals but was regularly absent in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. The data suggest that the tentorium cerebelli emerged relatively late in phylogeny as bilateral folds of dura mater on either side of the brainstem in the cerebro-cerebellar fissure. Subsequent evolution was characterized by the union of these septa behind the brainstem and by a progressive lengthening of the straight sinus. Tentorial ossification distinguished a further evolutionary step in some mammalian lines. The inferred evolutionary pattern of the tentorium cerebelli resembles the successive stages which the human tentorium undergoes during ontogeny.
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  • 199
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice were given a single injection of cortisone acetate and killed from one to seven days later. Arterial lesions occurred first and were predominantly located in the right ventricle. Hyalin was present in media of these coronary arteries within 24 hours following administration of cortisone. Exudative and proliferative changes in the arterial walls and perivascular spaces followed medial hyalinization. The highest incidence of arterial lesions (90%) was attained on the third day following cortisone injection and then decreased slightly (57%) by the seventh day. Myocardial necrosis was observed first in mice killed 48 hours after receiving cortisone and the incidence did not change significantly thereafter.
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  • 200
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: When lymphoid cells from the thoracic duct lymph, blood, lymph node, spleen and thymus of the rat were exposed to pokeweed mitogen (PWM), large primitive cells appeared after 24-30 hours of culture. This response was not limited to tissues of adult animals but was also demonstrated in cultures of cells from the thymus glands, lymph nodes and spleens of newborn, 48 hour and three-day-old rats, respectively. The transformed rat cells, in contrast to the cells observed in human PWM cultures (Chessin, Bőrjeson, Welch, Douglas and Cooper, '67), could not be divided into two populations on the basis of cytoplasmic basophilia, PAS positive granules or alcian blue staining. In addition, the thoracic duct lymphocytes from rats thymectomized within 24 hours of birth showed a marked deficiency in transformation, characterized by decreased numbers of enlarged cells and minimal cytoplasmic basophilia, when compared to similar cells from non-operated or sham-thymectomized controls.In the thymus cultures, some of the small lymphocytes served as precursors of the transformed cells without undergoing division. Subsequently, these enlarged cells proliferated giving rise to small lymphocytes and additional transformed elements. Exposing lymphoid cells to PWM for up to 14 days did not result in the development of plasma cells.
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