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  • 1965-1969  (1,747)
  • 1968  (1,747)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,720)
  • Cat  (15)
  • Kidney  (12)
  • Engineering General
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Years
  • 1965-1969  (1,747)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Marginal glia ; Superficial nerve cells ; Brain stem ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch perfusionsfixierte Gehirne von erwachsenen Katzen werden in der Glia marginalis des Hirnstamms unterschiedlich gebaute Bezirke beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß über dem Nucleus paragigantocellularis und über dem Ncl. “z” swischen den Fasern der Glia marginalis Nervenzellen liegen. Über dem erstgenannten Kern stellen diese Zellen möglicherweise das morphologische Substrat der chemosensiblen Felder dar, die durch die physiologischen Untersuchungen von Loeschcke, Mitchell u.a. bekannt geworden sind.
    Notes: Summary In the marginal glia covering the brain stem of the cat, regional differences are described in paraffin sections of brains which had been fixed by perfusion of Bouin's fluid. It is shown that between the glia fibres covering the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the nucleus “z” there are nerve cells. It is suggested that in the region of the nucleus paragiganto-cellularis these cells are the morphological substrate of a chemosensible zone described in physiological experiments by Loeschcke, Mitchell and others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillary density ; Postnatal development ; Corpus callosum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch das Corpus callosum perfusionsfixierter Gehirne von 19 Katzen im Alter von einem Tag bis zu 2 1/2 Jahren wurde das Capillarvolumen bestimmt. Es beträgt bei der neugeborenen Katze 0,81 Vol.-%. In der 2. Lebenswoche beginnt eine Zunahme, die in der 5. Woche ein Maximum von 2,92 Vol.-% erreicht. Im Verlauf der 6. Woche setzt eine zunächst rasche, von der 7. Woche an aber nur noch langsam verlaufende Abnahme ein, bis bei einem Lebensalter von etwa 1 Jahr ein für das erwachsene Tier charakteristischer Wert um 1,5 Vol.-% erreicht wird. Die Abnahme des Capillarvolumens hängt mit der Markscheidenbildung und der dadurch bedingten Zunahme des Fasermaterials zusammen.
    Notes: Summary Postnatal changes of capillary density have been determined in paraffin sections through the corpus callosum of 19 cats. At birth the capillary density amounts to 0.81 vol.-%. In the 2nd week of postnatal life it begins to increase and reaches a maximum of 2.92 vol.-% in the 5th week. From the 6th week onwards there is an initially steep and later on less pronounced decrease until at an age of about 1 year a value of about 1.5 vol.-% is reached, which is maintained in adult life. — The decrease in the percentage of capillary volume seen after the 5th week is caused by the rapid increase in fibrous material due to myelination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bone ; Strontium poisoning ; Parathormone ; Kidney ; Knochen ; Strontiumvergiftung ; Parathormon ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Restitution des strontiumgeschädigten Skelets wachsender Sprague Dawley Ratten ist von einem Anstieg der dialysablen Strontium- und Calciumfraktion des Serums begleitet. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Beeinflussung der renalen Manipulation von Kationen bei Knochenschädigungen durch Fremdmetalle nahe.
    Notes: Summary Restitution of skeletal damage caused by strontium in growing Sprague Dawley rats is accompanied by an increase in the dialysable serum fractions of strontium and calcium. The results suggest that the renal manipulation of cations is influenced in bone lesions caused by foreign metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 210-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensorimotor cortex ; Pontine nuclei ; Somatotopical localization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions (in some cases bilateral) were made in the cerebral primary sensorimotor region in altogether 21 adult cats and the ensuing degeneration in the pontine nuclei was studied with the silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Glees. Using thermocoagulation it was possible to obtain lesions restricted entirely to particular cortical regions (for example the “hindlimb region” in the posterior sigmoid gyrus). The main results are as follows: 1. All parts of the primary sensorimotor region send fibres to the pontine nuclei. The projections from the posterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus are relatively scanty. 2. The cortical “motor” area (the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the coronal gyrus) and the “sensory” area (the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus) do not project to identical pontine regions, although both projections are organized in principally the same way. 3. The “motor” and “sensory” areas both project in a somatotopical manner onto two longitudinally oriented sharply delimited columns. In both projections one column is located medial and one lateral to the longitudinal fibre bundles of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Within the medial columns the “hindlimb” is represented ventrally with “face” most dorsally, within the lateral columns the “hindlimb” is located most caudally, with “forelimb” and “face” successively more rostrally. 4. The present results are in agreement with physiological observations on the cerebrocerebellar relations, but show that the pontine projection from the primary sensorimotor cortex is organized in a more complex manner than hitherto assumed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The EEG frequency content in cats, anaesthetized by Nembutal and artificially ventilated, was altered by means of injections of either additional Nembutal or of Metrazol. The EEG in cerveau isolé preparations was also changed in the same way. The regional cortical blood flow was determined by means of the 85Krypton technique. A high correlation was found between the frequency content of the EEG, measured by means of manual frequency analysis, and the regional cortical blood flow. The cortical blood flow increased when the mean frequency increased, and vice versa. A similar correlation was found when the EEG mean frequency was changed by means of sensory stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Effects of hypoxia ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The relationship between cortical blood flow and the frequency content of the EEG was studied in a circumscribed area of the exposed cerebral cortex in cats under nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. Autoregulation of the cortical blood flow was also tested during step-changes of the arterial blood pressure. Observations were made before and after an episode of severe hypoxia. 2. An episode of systemic hypoxia disrupted the normal high correlation between cortical blood flow and EEG frequency content. In the post-hypoxic period cortical flows of up to about three times normal values were recorded together with brain swelling and a slow wave EEG. The hyperemia and swelling subsided during 1–2 h after the hypoxic episode, and were accompanied by partial or complete recovery of the EEG. In the post-hypoxic period a defective autoregulation of the cortical blood flow to changes in the systemic blood pressure was demonstrated. 3. The cerebral post-hypoxic state with hyperaemia, brain swelling, EEG depression, and loss of autoregulation of blood flow, is probably caused by an accumulation of anaerobic metabolites which lead to cerebral tissue acidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 326-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcellular fractionation ; Parallel fiber axons ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fractionation of the cat cerebellum has revealed that the parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex break into two types of fragments which can be recognized in thin sections and in suspensions of negatively stained material. Fragmented material correlates well with electron micrographs of parallel fibers in situ. Parallel fiber axons and their bulbous presynaptic expansions sediment mainly into two subfractions. One unique layer consists of the intersynaptic tubular pieces of parallel fiber axons. Another layer is enriched in the synaptic portions which make contact with Purkinje spines. The possible contaminants of these fractions are discussed. These fractions may permit analysis of the chemical organization of conducting vis à vis synaptic membranes from a known anatomical source. This material was presented as a preliminary report at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, November 1966, and is contained in J. Cell. Biol. 31, 52A, 1966.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Nauta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projections from the gyrus proreus and the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere have been studied in the cat with the silver method of Nauta. The gyrus proreus projects upon the following nuclei (for abbreviations, see list on page 133), ipsilateral R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc. VPI and to the contralateral principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The medial wall of the rostral hemisphere projects bilaterally upon R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc, VPI, VPL, the dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The ipsilateral thalamic projection is more abundant than the contralateral. The latter appears to increase in amount as the lesion is placed successively more ventrally on the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere. Some degenerating fibers cross in the corpus callosum and descend in the contralateral internal capsule but the majority cross in the dorsal part of the anterior commissure and reach the medial aspect of the anterior limb of the contralateral internal capsule. A somatotopical organization of the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere has been demonstrated. The rostrocaudal part projects upon the ipsilateral VPL lateralis (VPLl) and nucleus cuneatus and the contralateral nucleus gracilis and VPL medialis (VPLm). The caudal part of this cortical area sends fibers bilaterally to VPM, VPMpc, and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The intermediate part, which also includes agranular cortex on the medial wall, projects upon ispsilateral VPLm and nucleus gracilis and upon contralateral VPLl and nucleus cuneatus. — The fibers to the ventro-basal complex, dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are rather thick. The corticofugal fibers to the other thalamic nuclei are quite thin. — The findings are discussed in light of relevant anatomical and physiological observations in the literature and special emphasis has been laid on reported observations on the “supplementary motor” area.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 153-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: SII ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Somatotopical localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projection from the anterior ectosylvian gyrus in the cat has been studied with the silver impregnation method of Nauta. The second somatosensory cortical area (SII) projects upon the ipsilateral nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the posterior thalamic region (PO) and to a slight extent upon the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (R), the centrum medianum (CM), the parvocellular part of VPM (VPMpc) and the nucleus ventralis posterior inferior (VPI). A somatotopical arrangement in the projection upon the ventro-basal (VB) complex has been demonstrated and a topical arrangement in the corticothalamic fibers from SII to PO is also evident. The transitional area between SII and the second auditory cortex sends fibers mainly to the entire magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (MGmc) and to a lesser degree to the principal division of this nucleus (MGp). The corticofugal fibers from SII follow various and rather complicated circuitous routes before they end in the different thalamic nuclei. The experimental findings are discussed in the light of recent anatomical and physiological observations. It is shown that zones B and C of SII which have been shown by Carreras and Andersson (1963) to possess a large number of place and modality specific neurons project upon the VB-complex. On the other hand, zone A which contains a majority of place and modality unspecific neurons sends its fibers exclusively to PO. Finally the problem of thalamocortical projections to SII is briefly discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 234-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tactile discrimination ; Dorsal column-medial lemniscus ; Spino-cervico-thalamic tract ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of two spinal sensory pathways, the dorsal column (DC) pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract (SCTT), involved in tactile discrimination was studied. Pour lesion groups of cats (DC lesion, SCTT lesion, combined DC and SCTT lesion, and sham-operated) were tested to discriminate various degrees of roughness. Animals with either the SCTT or the combined lesions performed at around 50–60% level under all the conditions tested. On the other hand, those with the DC lesion and sham-operations generally attained 80–100% level of performance. A difference between the DC group and sham-operated group was found in their rate of learning and ability for finer discrimination. These results are interpreted as an indication that a duplicity in transmission of tactile sensation exists, the DC pathway being more specific than the SCTT.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alumina Cream ; Intracerebral Injection ; Pathology of Growing Brain ; Myelination ; Demyelination ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum Studium der Reaktion des jugendlichen und erwachsenen Gehirnes auf einen chronischen Reiz wurden bei Katzen verschiedenen Lebensalters intracerebrale Injektionen von Aluminiumhydroxyd vorgenommen. Die Tiere wurden nach Überlebenszeiten von 7 Tagen, 40 Tagen und 3 Monaten durch Perfusion mit Bouinscher Lösung getötet. Die histologische Untersuchung der Gehirne ergab eine Reihe von Unterschieden, je nachdem ob die Injektion vor oder nach der Markscheidenbildung erfolgt war. Besonders auffällig war der Befund, daß in der noch unmyelinisierten weißen Substanz jugendlicher Tiere kein Hirnödem und keine Gliose auftritt. Obgleich durch fluorescenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen gezeigt werden konnte, daß das Aluminium von der Injektionsstelle aus weit in das umgebende Hirngewebe eindringt und dort über lange Zeit festgehalten wird, werden bei den jungen Tieren die Markscheiden später bis in die unmittelbare Umgebung des Herdes normal angelegt. Bei erwachsenen Tieren kam es dagegen in der Nachbarschaft des Herdes stets zu einem starkem Ödem der weißen Substanz, zum Zerfall der Markscheiden und zu einer ausgebreiteten Gliose. Weitere Unterschiede in der Reaktionsweise des Gehirnes jugendlicher und erwachsener Tiere, die den Cortex und insbesondere die marginale Gliafaserschicht betreffen, werden im einzelnen beschrieben und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In order to compare the reaction to chronic irritation of young and adult brain intracerebral injections of alumina cream were made in cats of various ages. The animals were killed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid after a survival time of 7 days, 40 days, and 3 months. Histological investigation revealed gross differences in the reaction according to whether the intracerebral injections had been made before or after myelination. Particularly striking was the finding that in the non-myelinated white matter of young animals there was no edema and no subsequent gliosis. Although alumina, as evidenced by fluorescence microscopy after staining with Morin, spreads into the tissue surrounding the focus, subsequent myelination appeared to be normal even in regions close to the site of injection. In contrast, injection into the brains of adult animals was followed by edema, widespread demyelination and gliosis of the white matter near the site of injection. Further differences between young and adult animals were found in the reaction of the grey matter and particularly of the marginal glia.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Infusion ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Infusion ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Harnstoff und NaCl bei der Bildung eines konzentrierten Harns zu untersuchen, werden Ratten 2 Tage lang NaCl-Lösungen mit wechselndem Harnstoffgehalt infundiert. Sodann werden der Harn sowie das Gewebe der Nierenrinde, des äußeren Marks und des inneren Marks auf ihren Gehalt an Kalium, Natrium und Harnstoff analysiert. Es wird gefunden, daß die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Rattenniere unter diesen Versuchsbedingungen für NaCl bei gleichzeitiger Zufuhr von Harnstoff geringer wird. In der Niere steigen NaCl und Harnstoffkonzentrationen unter allen Infusionsbedingungen von der Nierenrinde zur Nierenpapille hin an. Bei Infusion reiner NaCl-Lösungen entsprechen die NaCl- und Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn denen in der Papille. Bei Infusion von harnstoffhaltigen NaCl-Lösungen sind im Harn die NaCl-Konzentrationen höher und die Harnstoffkonzentrationen niedriger als im Papillengewebe. Diese Ergebnisse schließen aus, daß die hohen Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Nierenmarkgewebe durch einfache Diffusion des Harnstoffes aus den Sammelrohren in das Nierenmarkgewebe zustande kommen. Es wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrierung unter den hier wiedergegebenen Versuchsbedingungen durch Gegenstromdiffusion in dem Vasa recta-System verursacht wird. Der Konzentriereffekt hierfür könnte durch einen Wasserfluß aufgrund osmotischer Kräfte von dem Blutgefäßsystem in die Henleschen Schleifen zustande kommen, wenn der Harn in den Henleschen Schleifen durch Aufnahme von NaCl, das aus den Sammelrohren stammt, hyperton wird.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mutual interdependence of urea and sodium in producing concentrated urine, solutions of different concentrations of sodium and urea were infused into the stomach of rats. After two days' infusion, the urine and tissues from the different zones of the kidneys were analysed for sodium, potassium and urea content. It was found that the efficiency of the rat kidney in producing urine with high sodium content was diminished if urea was infused together with the sodium chloride. Under all conditions sodium and urea concentrations increased from the cortex to the papilla of the kidneys. When pure sodium chloride solutions were infused, sodium and urea concentrations in the urine were nearly equal to the corresponding concentrations in the papilla. Infusion of solutions containing NaCl and urea caused production of urine with a higher sodium concentration and lower urea concentration than in the papilla. These results show that the high concentration of urea in the medulla of the kidney does not arise by passives diffusion of urea from the collecting ducts into the medullary tissue. The possibility that the concentration of urea in the inner medulla is produced by counter current diffusion of urea in the vasa recta is discussed. The concentration effect necessary for this counter current multiplication could be created by an osmotic flow of water from the vasa recta into loops of Henle, if the urine in the loops becomes hypertonic by taking up sodium chloride from the collecting ducts.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cat ; Electrophysiology ; Single Units ; Bulbar Trigeminal Nuclei ; Katze ; Elektrophysiologie ; Einzelneurone ; Bulbäre Trigeminuskerne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Funktionelle Eigenschaften der excitatorischen Verbindungen von Cortex, Thalamus und Peripherie zu 438 Neuronen der bulbären Trigeminuskerne wurden untersucht. Es konnten Beziehungen zwischen den Latenzzeiten der Antworten auf ipsilaterale, periphere Einzelreize, contralaterale thalamische Einzel- und Serienreize (N. ventralis posteromedialis) und contralaterale corticale Einzel- und Serienreize (somatosensorisches Projektionsgebiet S I, S II) nachgewiesen werden. 2. Für die Gesamtheit der Neurone wurde mit zunehmender Latenzzeit der Entladung auf periphere Reize eine Zunahme der prozentualen Ansprechbarkeit und der Latenzzeit der Antwort auf zentrale Reize beobachtet. 3. Die Neurone, deren periphere, thalamische und corticale Antworten Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz und mehr folgten, hatten im Mittel kürzere periphere Latenzzeiten als Neurone, die Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz nicht folgten. 4. Bulbäre Neurone, die mit thalamischen Reizen antidrom erregt wurden (lemniscale Neurone), unterschieden sich im Mittel von den übrigen Neuronen durch kürzere Latenzzeiten für periphere und zentrale Reize. 5. Es wurden lemniscale Neurone beobachtet, die mit corticalen Reizen monosynaptisch erregt werden konnten. 6. Neurone mit kleinen peripheren rezeptiven Feldern hatten im Mittel kürzere Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize als Neurone mit großen rezeptiven Feldern. 7. Die periphere Reizantwort von Neuronen konnte durch vorausgehende thalamische und corticale Reize gehemmt werden. Im Mittel wurde die Hemmung bei Neuronen mit Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize häufiger beobachtet. 8. Mögliche Bahnen, die an der Übertragung thalamo-bulbärer Effekte beteiligt sind, wurden diskutiert und schematisch dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit statistischen Methoden geprüft.
    Notes: Summary 1. Functional properties of excitatory connections from cortex, thalamus and periphery to a total of 438 trigeminal bulbar neurons of the cat have been investigated extracellularly. For the sample considered, correlations between latency of response to ipsilateral electrical single stimuli, contralateral electrical thalamic single and serial stimuli (N. ventralis posteromedialis) and also contralateral electrical cortical single and serial stimuli (somatosensory areas S I, S II) were established. 2. With increasing peripheral latency of response, the percentage of neurons responding to central stimulation increased as well. 3. Neurons following thalamic, cortical or peripheral stimulation frequencies of 50 cps or more showed in the average shorter latencies of response compared with neurons that could not be driven with 50 cps stimulation. 4. Bulbar neurons antidromically invaded by stimulation of the thalamus showed shorter latencies to peripheral, thalamic and cortical stimuli compared with other neurons. 5. Lemniscal neurons that could be activated monosynaptically by cortical stimulation have been observed. 6. Neurons with a small peripheral receptive field had in the average a shorter latency to peripheral stimuli than neurons with a large receptive field. 7. Responses to peripheral stimuli could be inhibited by preceding thalamic and cortical stimuli. 8. Possible pathways that are involved in transmission of thalamo-bulbar effects have been discussed and schematically represented. 9. All results have been examined by means of statistical methods.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Aldosterone ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Proximal Tubule ; Sodium Chloride Loading ; Niere ; Aldosteron ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; proximaler Tubulus ; Natriumchloridbelastung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten 4 Wochen lang isotone Kochsalzlösung als Trinkflüssigkeit. Glomerulumfiltrat und Passagezeit von Lissamin-Grün im proximalen Tubulus blieben unverändert. Die spezifische Resorptionskapazität des Tubulusepithels — gemessen mit der „gespaltenen-Tropfen-Methode“ — nahm signifikant ab. Daraus ergab sich eine Verminderung der fraktionellen Natrium-und Wasserresorption im proximalen Tubulus von 51 auf 38% der gefilterten Menge. Die Na+-Ausscheidung stieg von 0,06 (Kontrollen) auf 1,25% der gefilterten Menge. Diese Veränderungen waren rückgängig zu machen durch Injektion von d-Aldosteron. Durch Bestimmung des TF/P-Inulin-Quotienten am Ende des proximalen Konvolutes wurden die Ergebnisse bestätigt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Resorptionshemmung im proximalen Tubulus bei chronischer Kochsalzbelastung durch verminderte Sekretion von Mineralocorticoiden bedingt und letzten Endes Ursache der vermehrten Na+-Ausscheidung ist. Ein Teil der proximalen Resorptionshemmung wird anscheinend in weiter distal gelegenen Nephron-Abschnitten kompensiert.
    Notes: Summary Rats were kept on isotonic saline as drinking fluid for a period of 4 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate and proximal transit time of Lissamine green remained unchanged. The intrinsic reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubular epithelium—measured by the “shrinking-droplet-method”—decreased significantly. As a result, fractional proximal reabsorption of sodium and water decreased from 51 to 38 per cent of the filtered load. Sodium excretion rose from 0.06 (controls) to 1,25 per cent of the filtered load. These changes were reversible by injection of d-aldosterone. The results were confirmed by measuring the TF/P ratio of inulin at the end of the proximal convolution. The results indicate that in rats chronically loaded with salt, the inhibition of fractional proximal reabsorption is due to a decreased secretion of mineralocorticoids, and is the cause of the higher sodium excretion. Apparently, the decreased proximal reabsorption is partly compensated in more distal parts of the nephron.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Dialysis ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Dialyse ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß des Plasmaharnstoffspiegels auf die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Niere zu untersuchen, wird der Blutkreislauf von Ratten an eine Dialysiervorrichtung angeschlossen und der Harnstoffspiegel des Blutes für 3 Std durch Dialyse gegen eine harnstoffreie Spüllösung gesenkt. Gleichzeitig wird der Harnfluß der Tiere durch eine Regelanordnung konstant gehalten. Die Regelung wird dadurch erreicht, daß dem Blutkreislauf bei zu hohem Harnfluß automatisch Flüssigkeit entzogen und bei zu niedrigem Harnfluß Flüssigkeit zugeführt wird. Es wird gefunden, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn linear mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel abfallen bzw. ansteigen. Die Summe der Elektrolytkonzentrationen fällt dagegen mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel nur wenig ab. Falls ein völliger Harnstoffentzug möglich wäre, würde auch dann noch eine Konzentrierung der Elektrolyte auf mehr als doppelt isoton möglich sein. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung lassen sich am einfachsten mit der Annahme interpretieren, daß in der Niere der Ratte zwei unterschiedlich arbeitende Konzentrierungsmechanismen wirksam sind, von denen der eine im wesentlichen Elektrolyte, der andere im wesentlichen Harnstoff konzentriert. Der Konzentrierungsmechanismus für Elektrolyte könnte im äußeren Mark, der für Harnstoff im inneren Mark lokalisiert sein.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the influence of plasma urea levels on the concentrating power of the kidney, the blood circulation of rats was connected to a dialyser; with dialysis against a urea-free cleaning solution, the urea level of the blood was lowered for three hours. During this, the urine flow of the animals was kept constant by a regulating arrangement. This control was achieved by removing fluid from the blood circulation in the case of too high urine flow and by putting in fluid in the case of too low urine flow. It was found that the concentration of urea in the urine had a direct linear relationship with the plasma urea level. The total electrolyte concentration fell only slightly compared to the plasma urea level falls. If the urea could have been completely removed, high concentrating of the electrolyte, to more than double isotonic, would still have been possible. The simplest way to interpret the results of this research is by the hypothesis that two different concentrating mechanisms are at work in the rat kidney, the one essentially concentrating electrolytes, and the other principally urea. The concentrating mechanism for electrolytes could be localised in the outer medulla, and for urea in the inner medulla.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Corpus geniculatum laterale ; Katze ; Mikroelektrophorese ; Acetylcholin ; Hippocampus ; Lateral Geniculate Body ; Cat ; Microelectrophoresis ; Acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones in anaesthetized cats (Chloralose-Urethane) were examined with multibarrelled microelectrodes, testing their responsiveness to microelectrophoretic application of acetylcholine and photic stimulation. 2. In the ventral hippocampus and in the lateral geniculate body 60% of all neurones responded to acetylcholine. 3. Hippocampal neurones were activated with relatively short delay, often less than 1 sec. By contrast, lateral geniculate neurones responded with a latency period of 2–12 sec. The recovery time after acetylcholine-microelectrophoresis was found to be 10–20 sec in both regions. 4. The response of hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones to photic stimulation was enhanced by local application of acetylcholine; even during phenobarbital depression the photic responses were restored by acetylcholinemicroelectrophoresis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Neurone im Gebiet des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale der mit Chloralose-Urethan narkotisierten Katze wurden mit mehrkanüligen Mikroelektroden auf ihre Ansprechbarkeit auf mikroelektrophoretisch appliziertes Acetylcholin und auf optische Reizung untersucht. 2. Im ventralen Hippocampus und im Corpus geniculatum laterale wurden 60% aller untersuchten Neurone durch Acetylcholin aktiviert. 3. Die Neurone des Hippocampus wurden nach relative kurzer Latenz, oft weniger als 1 sec, aktiviert. Neurone des Corpus geniculatum laterale dagegen zeigten eine Latenz von 2–12 sec. Die Zeit nach der Mikroelektrophorese bis zur Wiedererreichung der normalen Aktivität betrug 10–20 sec für beide Gebiete. 4. Die Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese verstärkte die Reizantwort der Neurone des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale auf visuelle Reizung. Die nach Phenobarbital abgeschwächte Antwort auf visuelle Reizung wurde durch Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese wieder verstärkt.
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  • 17
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    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 336-350 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Distal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Distal Osmolality ; Tubular Potassium Secretion ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; distale Natrium resorption ; distale Osmolalität ; tubuläre Kaliumsekretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie wurde die Funktion des distalen Tubulus untersucht. In der ungeklammerten, unter dem hohen Blutdruck stehenden Niere blieb die Tubulusflüssigkeit bis 90% distaler Tubuluslänge hypoton. Dies wird auf eine erhöhten Flüssigkeitseinstrom aus der Henleschen Schleife zurückgeführt; eine verminderte Wasserpermeabilität des distalen Tubulus konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. In der geklammerten Niere war mit Ausnahme des frühdistalen Abschnittes die Natriumkonzentration on jeder Stelle des distalen Konvolutes signifikant höher als in der ungeklammerten Niere und in Kontrollnieren. Auch fehlte im distalen Tubulus der geklammerten Niere eine Nettokaliumsekretion. die distale Gleichgewichtskonzentration für Natrium war auf der geklammerten Seite erhöht, auf der ungeklammerten Seite normal. Der isotone Natriumausstrom (Methode des gespaltenen Tropfens) war in der geklammerten Niere vermindert, in der ungeklammerten Niere erhöht. Die frühdistale Harnstoffkonzentration war in der ungeklammerten Niere gegenüber der geklammerten Niere und Nieren von Kontrollratten erniedrigt. Spätdistal war TF/P-Harnstoff in beiden Nieren gleich. Beide Nieren hatten ein normales Glomerulumfiltrat und normale tubuläre Passagezeiten mit Ausnahme einer verkürzten Schleifenzeit in der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Befunde werden dahingehend interpretiert, daß der aktive Natriumtransport im distalen Tubulus der beiden Nieren voneinander verschieden ist, möglicherweise infolge des unterschiedlichen Reningehaltes der beiden Nieren.
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after constricting one renal artery distal tubular function was studied using the micropuncture technique. In the untouched kidney tubular fluid remained hypotonic up to 90% distal tubular length. We believe this to be the result of the high inflow of tubular fluid from Henle's loop. A reduced permeability for water could not be demonstrated. Except for the early part of the distal tubule there was a marked increase in sodium concentration in the clamped kidney as compared to values obtained in the untouched one and in kindneys of control animals. In addition no potassium secretion could be observed in the clamped kidney. The distal steadystate concentration for sodium was increased in the clamped kidney and normal in the untouched one. Reabsorptive half-time, measured by the split droplet technique, was prolonged in the clamped kidney and shortened in the untouched one. Early distal urea concentration was lower in the untouched kidney than in the clamped one and in control kidneys, while at the end of the distal tubule urea concentrations did not differ significantly. Both kidneys had normal glomerular filtration rates and proximal tubular transit times, whereas a shortened transit time through Henle's loop of the untouched kidney was found. The results indicate that active sodium transport in the distal tubule of the clamped kidney differs from that of the untouched one, possibly due to the different renin concentration in both kidneys.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Tubules ; Kidney ; Intraluminal Oil Injection ; Ultrastructure of Kidney ; Proximales Tubuluskonvolut ; Rattenniere ; intraluminale Ölinjektion ; Ultrastruktur der Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electronmicroscopic evaluation of proximal convolutions of the rat kidney were made following injection with either mineral oil or castor oil. The following observations were made: 1. Injection of mineral oil does not result in a complete blockade of the tubular lumen and leads to morphological lesions of epithelial cells. 2. Injection of the more viscous castor oil, in contrast, leads to a dilatation of the tubular lumen and a compression of the brush border of proximal tubular cells. Thus a better blockade of longitudinal flow is achieved. A toxic effect of castor oil on the tubular epithelium could not be detected. Mechanical lesions, similar to those observed after mineral oil injection, were less frequent. They consisted in a penetration of oil into the cells, perhaps as consequence of the tubular dilatation. 3. In oil-injected proximal tubular segments the following cytologic phenomena were observed: a) a cessation of the normal pinocytosis, which is induced in the presence of tubular fluid, b) simultaneously the “large resorption vacuoles” disappear, indicating that they originate from confluence of pinocytotic vesicles, c) in dilated tubules protein resorption vacuoles are found to have ruptured towards the tubular lumen suggesting a high hydrostatic pressure within the vacuoles.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Fluxes ; Osmotic Gradients ; Niere ; Flüssigkeits-Substanzbewegungen ; osmotische Gradienten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch artifizielle osmotische Druckdifferenzen von 150 mOsmol/l zwischen Lumen- und Blutseite der Tubulusepithelien von Rana ridibunda wird Flüssigkeit im Richtungssinne der Reabsorption oder — in geringerem Maße — der Sekretion längs des osmotischen Gradienten bewegt. Na+ wird in jedem Fall „trocken” reabsorbiert. Bei mit Furosemid blockiertem aktiven Na+-Transport läuft isoton Flüssigkeit längs des osmotischen Gradienten aus dem Tubuluslumen in das blutseitige Medium. Bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Gradienten wird das Filtrat so verändert, als ob es durch Einstrom reinen Wassers verdünnt würde. Die Tubulusepithelien verhalten sich so, als besäßen sie — im Zustand des blockierten aktiven Na+-Transportes — ein „Rückschlagventil” für Na+. Wenn der osmotische Gradient so gerichtet ist, daß Wasser oder Flüssigkeit aus dem Lumen in das blutseitige Medium läuft, dann kommt es bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Na+-Konzentrationsgradienten nicht zum Einstrom von Na+ in das Tubuluslumen. Die Na+-Harnkonzentration sinkt beträchtlich unter die des Perfusates, was als Ausdruck einer Na+-Reabsorption gegen den Konzentrationsgradienten gedeutet wird. Bei Blockierung des Na+-Transportes durch Furosemid kommt es wiederum zum Einstrom reinen Wassers in die Tubuluslumina. Die Versuche mit durch Furosemid blockiertem Na+-Transportmechanismus sind beweisend, daß die Tubuli für Na+ im Richtungssinne der Sekretion impermeabel sind. Die „Verdünnung” des Tubulusinhaltes durch einen osmotischen Gradienten, der Wasser in die Tubuli hineinlaufen läßt, kommt also nicht durch ein Überwiegen der Reabsorption über die „Sekretion” zustande. Wird statt des leicht penetrierenden Na-Chlorids das schwer penetrierende Natriumcyclohexansulfamat angeboten, dann wird absolut gegenüber den Versuchen mit Na-Chlorid weniger Na+ transportiert. Im übrigen zeigen die Nieren jedoch das gleiche Verhalten wie bei Angebot von Na-Chlorid.
    Notes: Summary Osmotic gradients of 150 mosmol/l between intratubular fluid and blood in the kidney of Rana ridibunda induce a fluid movement down the osmotic gradient which is stronger into the tubule than out of it. In either case Na+ is reabsorbed “dry”. If the active Na+-transport is blocked by Furosemid an osmotically downhill movement of isotonic fluid out of the tubule obtains. Reversal of the osmotic gradient induces a reversal of flow but the inward moving fluid is diluted. The tubular cells seem to inhibit the backwash of Na+. If the osmotic gradient induces an outflow of fluid out of the tubule no influx of Na+ occurs even in the presence of a concentration gradient for Na+ in the opposite direction. The Na+-concentration in the urine falls considerably below that of the perfusion fluid. This finding indicates Na+-reabsorption against a concentration gradient. Upon blocking of the Na+-transport by Furosemid water enters the tubules. The results of the experiments in which the Na+-transport was blocked by Furosemid prove that the tubules are impermeable for Na+ in the direction of secretion. The “dilution” of the tubular fluid as a result of an osmotic gradient which induces an influx of water isnot due to a reabsorption outbalancing “secretion”. If instead of the easily penetrating NaCl the slowly penetrating Na+-cyclohexanesulphamate is used, less Na+ is transported. However, in every other respect the results obtained are similar to those described above.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Tubular Water Reabsorption ; Henle's Loop ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; tubuläre Wasserresorption ; Henlesche Schleife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 4 Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie war der Perfusionsdruck der geklammerten Niere normal, während der arterielle Mitteldruck auf 188 mm Hg angestiegen war. Die Ausscheidung von Natrium und Wasser im Harn der geklammerten Niere war normal, im Harn der ungeklammerten Niere erheblich höher als normal. Glomerulumfiltrat (pro g Niere), intratubulärer Druck, Tubulusweite, Passagezeit von Lissamingrün und die fraktionelle Resorption von Natrium und Wasser waren im proximalen Tubulus sowohl in der geklammerten wie in der ungeklammerten Niere normal. In der ungeklammerten Niere war die Passagezeit durch die Henlesche Schleife stark verkürzt und die Resorption von Natrium und Wasser in der Schleife erheblich vermindert. Diese Veränderungen — obwohl zum Teil kompensiert durch vermehrte Resorption im distalen Tubulus und im Sammelrohr — sind verantwortlich für die höhere Wasser- und Natriumausscheidung der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Ursache ist wahrscheinlich eine stärkere Durchblutung des Nierenmarkes. Im Nephron der geklammerten Niere war die fraktionelle Natrium- und Wasserresorption nicht signifikant von normalen Werten verschieden mit der Ausnahme einer niedrigeren Natriumresorption im distalen Tubulus und einer höheren Natriumresorption im Sammelrohr. Der Natrium-Transport im distalen Tubulus ist anscheinend gestört; TF/P−Na+ betrug im Mittel 0,6 bis zum Ende des distalen Tubulus. Die Ergebnisse können die unterschiedliche Harnausscheidung erklären, die beim Hypertoniker mit einseitiger Nierenarterienstenose beobachtet wird (Howard-Test).
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after clamping one renal artery, the perfusion pressure of the clamped kidney was normal whereas the mean arterial pressure had increased to 188 mm Hg. Urinary excretion of sodium and water of the clamped kidney had not changed while that of the untouched kidney increased considerably. Glomerular filtration rate (per g kidney), intratubular pressure, tubular diameter, transit time of Lissamine green and fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the proximal tubule were normal in both the clamped and the untouched kidney. In the untouched kidney, the transit time through Henle's loop was shortened and the sodium and water reabsorption in it was significantly reduced. These changes, although partly compensated by higher reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct, are responsible for the increased sodium and water excretion of the untouched kidney. They are probably due to an increased medullary blood flow. In the clamped kidney, fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the whole nephron did not differ significantly from normal values. However, sodium reabsorption was lower in the distal tubule and higher in the collecting duct. Sodium transport in the distal tubule seemed to be impaired; throughout its length sodium TF/P ratio averaged 0.6. These results may explain the different urinary excretion found in human hypertension following unilateral renal artery stenosis (Howard-Test).
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  • 21
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    Pflügers Archiv 305 (1968), S. 96-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Blood Circulation Time ; Kidney ; Plasma ; Radioautography ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Regional Blood Flow ; Mittlere Kreislaufzeit ; Niere ; Plasma ; Autoradiographie ; Isotopenverdünnungstechnik ; Regionale Nierendurchblutung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At different times after injection into the renal artery of131I-albumin, the distribution of the tracer in kidneys of the rabbit and the dog was illustrated by a series of autoradiograms. In order to determine the mean circulation time for albumin in the kidney, the radioactivity over the kidney was simultaneously registered by external monitoring. A short mean circulation time was measured for albumin (plasma) passing cortex, and a longer one for that fraction of the albumin that passed through medulla, papillae, and capsule. The investigation rendered probable that the mean circulation time for blood through the kidney determined by the external technique applies to blood passing cortex. The circulation times for blood through medulla, papillae, and capsule are not included in the calculation of the mean circulation time.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Temperature ; Interval histograms ; Optic nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 13 Katzen wurde die Aktivität von 128 Einzelfasern des N. opticus bei Temperaturen zwischen 27 und 39° C abgeleitet und direkt einer Intervallanalyse zugeführt. Die Durchschnittsfrequenz sank mit abnehmender Temperatur von 56/sec bei 39–37° C auf 21/sec unter 29° C. Bei Temperaturen über 35° C wurden nur unimodale oder zweigipfelige Verteilungen mit gehäuften Mehrfachentladungen gefunden. Unter 35° C traten multimodale Intervallhistogramme und Übergangstypen auf, bei denen einer Verteilung mehrere Gipfel aufgesetzt erschienen. Unter 29° C wurden nur mehrgipfelige Verteilungen beobachtet. In der phasischen Reaktion der Neurone wurden mit der Temperaturabnahme Latenzen länger und Hemmungen stärker. Unter 30° C konnte der Reaktionstyp des Neurons oft nicht mehr erkannt werden. Das vermehrte Auftreten multimodaler Verteilungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen ließe sich durch Verminderung von Interaktionen in der Retina erklären. Die Anregung zu dieser Untersuchung wurde von Herrn Professor Dr. Hans Bornschein gegeben.
    Notes: Summary The activity of 128 single fibers of the optic nerve was recorded in 13 cats at temperatures between 27 and 39° C. Nonsequential interval histograms were computed on line. Decreasing temperature diminished the mean frequency of the fiber activity from 56/sec at 37–39° C to 21/sec below 29° C. Above 35° C the histograms were unimodal or bimodal, the first peak caused by repetitive discharges. Below 35° C multimodal histograms appeared; in some distributions several peaks were superimposed. At temperatures below 29° C only multimodal distributions were obtained. The phasic response of the neurons to light showed an increase of latency and of inhibition according to the decrease of temperature. Often the type of the response of the neuron could not be recognized below 30° C. During hypothermia interactions in the retina may be reduced and this may explain why multimodal distributions occur more frequently.
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  • 23
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 43-62 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Neuronal activity ; EEG-cortex ; Hypoglycemia ; Cat ; Neuronale Aktivität ; EEG-Cortex ; Hypoglykämie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An Katzen wurden EEG-Veränderungen durch Hypoglykämie hervorgerufen und mit den Aktivitätsveränderungen corticaler Neurone verglichen, wie sie sich bei intracellulären und „quasi-intracellulären“ Ableitungen darstellen. Es zeigte sich, daß pathologische EEG-Veränderungen erst bei niedrigen Blutzuckerwerten (zwischen 30 und 25 mg-%) auftreten und daß es erst bei Werten unter 10–15 mg-% zur elektrischen Stille kommt. 2. Während des flachen, desynchronisierten EEG des wachen Hirns vor Hypoglykämie lassen sich keine Beziehungen zwischen den kleinen EEG- und statistisch verteilten Zellpotentialen nachweisen. — Während der regelmäßigen 8–10/sec- Spindelgruppen, die bei tiefer Hypoglykämie häufig zu beobachten sind, findet sich eine enge Korrelation zwischen den einzelnen Oberflächen-negativen Spindelwellen und Zelldepolarisationen, die meist unterschwellig sind. 3. Bei den langsamen Wellen der δ-Frequenz finden sich ähnliche, aber weniger enge Korrelationen für die flachen, „monomorphen“ δ-Wellen. Andere Formen von langsamen Potentialkomplexen des Cortiocogramms, die im Tintenschreiber als „polymorphe“ δ-Wellen imponieren können, zeigen etwas andere, aber für den einzelnen Wellenkomplex jeweils konstante Beziehungen zur Zellaktivität. 4. Die steilen Wellen wurden unterteilt in primär positive und in primär negative bi- (oder auch tri-)phasische Potentiale. Die primäre Phase der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale ist im Durchschnitt kürzer (unter 20–40 msec) als die negative Phase der primär-negativen Phase (über 100 msec). Die meist überschwellige Zelldepolarisation, die in der Regel zu einer kurzen Gruppenentladung führt, fällt mit der primären Phase, also entweder der positiven oder der negativen zusammen. Die Phasenkoppelung, d. h. die „Synchronisation“ mit dem EEG-Potential, ist jedoch im Fall der primär-positiven Phase enger und die Dauer der Depolarisation kürzer als im Fall der primär-negativen steilen Potentiale. Diese Befunde werden als Hinweis auf eine stärkere Synchronisation der Aktivität der corticalen Nervenzellpopulation im Fall der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale gewertet. 5. Die verschieden engen Phasenkoppelungen und die je nach Steilheit der Wellen wechselnden Phasenbeziehungen zwischen Zellaktivierung und oberflächennegativen resp. -positiven Potentialen werden an Hand eines einfachen Modells der Elektrogenese von EEG-Potentialen erklärt, das den Synchronisationsgrad cortico-petaler und cortico-fugaler Faseraktivität sowie die Summation postsynaptischer Potentiale corticaler Neurone berücksichtigt.
    Notes: Summary 1. The EEG, recorded monopolarly from the pial surface, was investigated during insuline induced hypoglycemia in acute cats and compared with the activity of cortical cells recorded with intra or “quasi-intracellular” electrodes. 2. Pathological changes of the EEG were observed only when the blood glucose fell below 25–30 mg-%. Electrical silence was observed at blood glucose levels below 15–10 mg-%. 3. The essentially flat, “desynchronized” EEG of the awake animal before hypoglycemia did not show any relation between the small, irregular fast EEG- potentials and the statistically distributed cellular potentials. —During the regular 8–10/sec spindles (Fig. 3) a close correlation was found between the single surface- negative spindle waves and the mostly subthreshold compound cellular EPSP's. 4. Slow waves of δ-frequency showed similar but less close correlations, if the waves were of regular appearance comparable to “monomorphic” δ-waves (Fig.4A). Other forms of slow complex potentials (Fig.4B and C), which correspond to “polymorphic” δ-waves in an EEG-record (e.g. Fig.4C and Fig.2d) may show different relations between cellular and EEG-activity which were, however, consistent for each type of complex wave. 5. Sharp waves were divided into primary positive and primary negative bi- (or tri-)phasic potentials. The primary positive phase was always shorter (below 20–40 msec) than the primary negative phase (above 100 msec). The mostly suprathreshold cellular depolarization, which may lead to a short burst of discharge, coincided with the primary, i.e. either the primary positive or the primary negative phase (Fig. 7 shows records from the same cell and different EEG-phenomena). The phase coupling, i.e. the “synchronization” with the EEG-potential, is closer in the primary positive than the primary negative waves, and the duration of the cellular depolarization is also shorter in the former case (compare Fig.7B I–III with 7B IV). This can be interpreted as stronger synchronization of cellular activity during the short primary positive waves. 6. A causal relation between cortical neuronal activity and EEG-potentials is assumed. Differences in the closeness of phase coupling and the changing phase relation between cellular and EEG-activity according to the form and steepness of cortical EEG-potentials are explained by a simple model of electrogenesis of EEG-potentials, which takes in account the degree of synchronization of corticopetal and cortico-fugal fibre activity as well as the summation of postsynaptic potentials of cortical neurones.
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  • 24
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Sleep EEG ; Experimental Epilepsy ; Cat ; Schlaf-EEG ; Experimentelle Epilepsie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Wacho- der Schlaf-Aktivierung der fokalen Epilepsien wird bei 20 epileptischen Katzen im chronischen Experiment untersucht (Kopeloff-Methode). Die Narben wurden im Nucleus amygdaloideus (Pars basolateralis), Hippocampus dorsalis, Formatio reticularis mesencephali, Isocortex gesetzt. Bei einer Untersuchungsdauer der einzelnen Tiere zwischen 3 und 60 Tagen, wurden insgesamt 442 Std in Polygraphie (EEG, EMG, Augenbewegungen) abgeleitet. Die Tiere zeigten innerhalb der ersten 7 Tage Krampfpotentiale im EEG und die meisten ab der 2. Woche Krampfanfälle. Bei Katzen mit subcorticalen Narben war keine Veränderung der Dauer, der Verteilung und der Organisation der einzelnen Schlafstadien nachweisbar. Die im Ruhe-EEG vorhandenen Paroxysmen wurden während des langsamen Schlafes nicht aktiviert und fokalisiert. Im paradoxen Schlaf waren die Krampfpotentiale völlig desaktiviert, es traten einzelne Spindeln auf. Die Tiere mit Narben im Isocortex zeigten im langsamen Schlaf seltene Paroxysmen. Während der häufigeren kurzen Phasen des paradoxen Schlafes war eine Fokalisierung der Spitzen im Bereich der Läsion nachweisbar, jedoch, keine Aktivierung. Bei allen Tieren war die ausgeprägteste Aktivierung der Krampfbereitschft stets in dem von uns als „Wach mit motorischer Inaktivität“ bezeichnete Phase zu bemerken. Daher wird angenommen, daß dieser Zustand bei der Katze mit dem Einschlafstadium des Menschen vergleichbar ist.
    Notes: Summary The activation of focal epileptic activities during wakefulness, slow and REM sleep was studied in chronic experiments in 20 epileptic cats (Kopeloff's method). The lesions were produced in the nucleus amygdaloideus (pars basolateralis), hippocampus dorsalis, formatio reticularis mesencephali and in the isocortex. Each animal was observed from between 3 to 60 days and a total of 442 hours of polygraphy (E.E.G., E.M.G, Eye movements) were recorded. Within the first 7 days all animals showed E.E.G paroxysms and most of them showed seizures from the beginning of the second week. In those cats with subcortical lesions there was no change detected in the duration, distribution and organisation of the different sleep phases. The paroxysmal E.E.G activity seen in the wakeful animal were not activated or focalised during slow-wave sleep; in REM sleep the paroxysms disappeared completely, only a few spindles were seen. Animals with lesions in the isocortex rarely showed paroxysms during the slow wave sleep. However, during REM sleep a clear focalisation was seen, although there was no additional activation in the area of the lesion. In all animals the most significant of the paroxysms was seen during a state which we should like to describe as; “Awake without any motor activity”. It is assumed that this state corresponds to the state of falling asleep in man.
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  • 25
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 146 (1968), S. 336-345 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Man ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund eines Vergleiches der Verhältnisse von 1,2-3HTetrahydroaldosteronglucuronid zu 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Plasma von drei Normalpersonen und zwei nephrektomierten Patienten nach einer Injektion von 1,2-3H-Aldosteron haben wir folgende Schlüsse in Betracht gezogen: 1. Das im Blutplasma vorhandene 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid wird nur glomerular filtriert. 2. Die renale Clearance von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid, die etwa das Fünffache der Inulinclearance beträgt [13, 15], mu\ zu vier Fünfteln auf Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid durch die proximalen [15] Tubuluszellen zurückgeführt werden. 3. Das Ausma\ der renalen Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid liegt in einer Grö\enordnung von 80% der Gesamtmenge 18-Aldosteronglucuronid im 24 StdUrin.
    Notes: Summary After an intravenous injection of 1,2-3H-aldosterone the ratios of 1,23H-tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide to 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide in the blood plasma of three normal and two nephrectomized persons were compared. In the three normal persons the ratios were of the same magnitude as in the two nephrectomized persons. On the basis of glomerular filtration of tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide, as previously demonstrated by renal clearance studies in man [13, 15] and stop flow experiments in dogs [6], we made the following deductions: 1. 18aldosterone glucuronide in blood plasma is only filtered in the glomerulum. 2. The renal clearance of 18-aldosterone glucuronide, as investigated during aldosterone infusion in man [13, 15], therefore must be explained by glomerular filtration of only one fifth and by formation of four fifth of 18-aldosterone glucuronide by proximal [15] tubular cells. 3. This means that about 80% of 18-aldosterone glucuronide excreted in urine is formed by the kidneys.
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  • 26
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    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 145 (1968), S. 270-277 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Stop flow dog ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Stop flow-Hund
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Stop flow-Versuchen an Hunden konnten wir nach Infusion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Gegensatz zur Infusion von freiem 1,2-3H-Aldosteron keine proximale Sekretion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid nachweisen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß in Hundenieren die proximalen Tubuluszellen wohl 18-Aldosteronglucuronid aus Aldosteron bilden und an das Tubuluslumen abgeben, während im Nierenarterienblut vorhandenes 18-Aldosteronglucuronid nur glomerulär filtriert und ausgeschieden wird.
    Notes: Summary In stop flow experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide there was no proximal tubular secretion of this metabolite in contrary to experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-aldosterone. The discrepancy must be explained by formation of 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide out of3H-aldosterone in proximal tubular cells, while the 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide in the plasma of the renal artery blood is only filtered in the glomerulum.
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  • 27
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 789-803 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions are frequently described in terms of the Flory-Huggins equation. This equation includes a parameter χ, which depends upon the intermolecular forces acting between the molecules in a solution. The experimental determination of χ was performed by an improved microtechnique and extended to a wide range of polar and nonpolar diluents of polyethylene. Careful correlations are prescribed for calculating χ from pure-component properties; they are based on an extension of the Hildebrand-Scatchard theory of solutions and on the theory of intermolecular forces. Polar (τ) and nonpolar (δ) solubility parameters are presented for a variety of solvents. For polyethylene - nonpolar solvent systems we have emphasized the factor deciding the sign of heat of mixing, while for polyethylene-polar solvent systems we have determined the contribution of dipole-induced dipole interactions ψ (δτ) in interchange-energy density B and, hence, χ.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 903-914 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of refractive index data for studying changes in oriented polyolefin films has been demonstrated. Application of this technique to oriented polypropylene and polyethylene films showed that the birefringence is a linear function of the refractive index in the direction of maximum orientation. By utilizing refractive index, density, and crystallinity data the crystalline refractive indices nc and (na + nb)/2 and polarizabilities α∥ and α⊥ could be estimated for polypropylene and polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 973-974 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 30
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1119-1136 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several fractions obtained from a large-scale fractionation and several unfractionated PVC polymers and blends have been processed both as rigid and plasticized compounds. The latter have been studied by stress-strain, creep, and recovery tests. The recoverable character of the creep results show that a relatively stable network must be present in the samples. The crosslink density is little influenced by molecular weight, as shown by the modulus and compliance results. On the contrary, the ultimate tensile properties depend strongly on molecular weight, which is interpreted as evidence that the stability of the crosslinks increases with increasing chain length of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1151-1165 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technique of in situ crystallization of low molecular weight organic compounds from amorphous polymers was evaluated as a method of fabricating composite materials. Two workable systems, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN)-acetanilide and SAN-anthracene, were found and their phase diagrams determined. In both systems kinetic studies revealed that the maximum crystallization rate takes place at large degrees of supercooling and that below these temperatures the mechanism is diffusion-controlled. The temperature-dependent crystal morphologies were characterized with electron microscopy, which showed three distinctly different morphologies for both systems. From dynamic mechanical measurements, it appears that the elastic moduli of organic crystals are about the same as those of organic polymers in the glassy state, and that relatively little reinforcement took place under the particular crystallization conditions employed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ceric ion-cellulose redox system has been studied for grafting acrylonitrile on cotton fibers. Grafting yields are very high as compared to the persulfate-thiosulfate redox system reported earlier. Traces of copper sulfate in the reaction mixture do not increase grafting yields, unlike the persulfate-thiosulfate system. The high polymerization rate on cotton fibers is shown to be due to the reducing action of cellulose and not to the large surface area of cotton fibers. The Ce+4 consumption during grafting is higher than during oxidation of cellulose, indicating formation of homopolymer during the grafting reaction. Studies on the consumption of Ce+4 by model compounds such as D-glucose and α-methyl-D-glucoside show that the hemiacetal group in D-glucose is responsible for a faster rate of Ce+4 consumption. Formation of a Ce+4-alcohol complex also contributes to the initial fast rate of Ce+4 consumption. Studies on the oxidation of cellulose by Ce+4 indicate that the initial oxidative attack occurs on carbon atom 2, with the formation of a 〉C=O group. On further oxidation, cleavage of the C2-C3 bond occurs as shown by the presence of glycol aldehyde determined chromatographically. Cellulose-polyacrylonitrile grafts have been isolated by an acetolysis treatment followed by extraction with dimethylformamide. Number-average molecular weights of the isolated fractions are approximately 50,000-55,000. A theoretical method to calculate the number-average molecular weights, based on the PAN and the COOH contents of the grafted cellulose, is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1343-1353 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The discrete relaxation spectrum of an ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) polymer at 190°C. was calculated by using results from tensile relaxation moduli and the principle of reduced variables. The shift factor was found to conform well to the WLF equation, and the free volume fraction at Tg was calculated to be 0.026 in good agreement with the universal value. The values of the thermal expansion coefficient of free volume were calculated to be 9.8 X 10-4 deg.-1 and 7.0 × 10-4 deg.-1, respectively, from the WLF coefficients and from dilatometric results. The width of the entanglement plateau of the relaxation spectrum was observed to be a factor of approximately 2 larger than that calculated from molecular weights between entanglement couplings determined either from rubber elasticity theory or from an assumed molecular model which discounts the presence of the butadiene in the ABS system. By using Pao's theory, flow curves at 190°C. were calculated both from the discrete relaxation spectrum and from the dynamic modulus. These curves were essentially identical. However, the stress values of these curves were found to be about a decade higher than those experimentally determined from capillary flow measurements. Nevertheless, the shapes of the curves are in good agreement, and an explanation is suggested for existing discrepancies. Flow instability, processing variables, and residual strains are discussed in light of the flow curves and the calculated recoverable shear strains.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1397-1409 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between cohesive energy (c.e.) or cohesive energy density (c.e.d.) and the glass transition tenperature (Tg) of polymers has been re-examined on the basis of literature data. For polymers with Tg above 25°C., there is no correlation between published or calculated values of c.e. or c.e.d. and Tg. However, for the rest of the polymers there is a linear relationship between c.e.d. and Tg, and a broad relationship between c.e. and Tg. These results imply that c.e.d. is the regulating, though not the only, factor in determining Tg's up to values of approximately 25°C.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1411-1421 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was demonstrated by ESR spectroscopy that the Fe+2/H2O2 system gave a reactive species which generated an ESR triplet spectrum or sorbitol similar to that generated by hydroxyl radicals from the Ti+3/H3O2 system. An ESR spectrum was obtained for the hydroxyl radicals generated by the latter system. However, the lifetime of hydroxyl radicals, generated by the Fe+2/H2O2 system, was apparently very short, and an ESR spectrum for the hydroxyl radicals, generated by this system, was not observed. The Fe+2/H2O2 system also generated triplet spectra with cotton cellulose I, cotton cellulose II, and microcrystalline cellulose, suggesting that a hydrogen atom had been abstracted from the hydroxyl group on carbon C6, or possibly the hydrogen atom on carbon C5. The ESR spectrum generated on microcrystalline cellulose was less intense than those generated on cellulose I and II. On initiation of graft polymerization of the activated cellulose with acrylonitrile, the triplet spectrum disappeared and was replaced by two strong singlet spectra. One of the singlet spectra was likely generated on carbon C1 or C4 on depolymerization of the cellulose molecule, and the other was probably generated on the end of the growing polyacrylonitrile molecular chain. The absence of a triplet spectrum gave direct evidence for the order in which the acrylonitrile monomer was being grafted onto the cellulose molecule. The mechanisms proposed by Haber and Weiss for the reactions generated in the Fe+2/H2O2 system were generally supported.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1477-1479 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1459-1469 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mill-mastication study of an EPDM polymer (DuPont, Nordel 1070) was conducted in the mill-roll temperature range of 68-480°F. The extent of degradation was determined by dilute-solution viscosity measurements. The role of oxygen in the polymer mastication was followed by infrared spectroscopy. The breakdown of the EPDM polymer on the mill is minimum in the temperature range of 185-315°F. Up to 315°F. the increase in temperature leads to a decreased amount of degradation. During cold mastication mechanical breakdown occurs. The use of a free-radical acceptor shows that this type of breakdown is caused by the mechanical rupture of C—C bonds in the polymer chain. At and above 350°F. thermooxidative degradation becomes dominant, the polymer degrading drastically, and the higher the temperature, the greater the extent of degradation for the same period of mastication. Infrared spectroscopy shows that hot mastication results in decreased double-bond concentration and increased amounts of carbonyl and, possibly, anhydride and lactone groups. Of the carbonyl groups formed 30% are due to the oxidation of double bonds in terpolymer and 70% to the oxidation of the main chain. A mechanism is proposed to account for these observations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1484-1485 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1649-1652 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of exact numerical methods for calculating spectra from dynamic moduli is shown to lead to acceptable results when a modified numerical method is employed. The modification avoids the wild oscillations encountered with existing methods when difficult experimental data containing sudden spectral cutoffs must be analyzed.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1653-1659 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were compressed at nominally constant strain rates ranging from 10-5 to 103 in./in./sec. at 0, 22, 50, and 115°C. A plot of stress at a small fixed strain (2%) and constant temperature versus logarithm of strain rate is sigmoidal in shape and, furthermore, time-temperature superposition could be used to construct a master curve of stress versus temperature-compensated strain rate. It is suggested that the sigmoidal curve is a manifestation of the β transition in PMMA, and this is supported by the measured value of activation energy and the strain rate value at the point of inflection on the curve. By contrast, yield stress varies linearly with log \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm \varepsilon }\limits^{\rm.} $\end{document}. Time-temperature superposition could not be applied. Rationalizing on the basis of the high stress form of the Eyring equation, yielding is by a yet unspecified molecular mechanism in which activation volume has the order of magnitude of a monomer unit but increases with increasing temperature.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1835-1842 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam organic and aqueous solutions were studied. Toluene solutions present an increasing [η] from 10 to 40°C. Aqueous solutions present a very accentuated diminishing of [η] from 10 to 30°C. Above 30°C. The polymer precipitates from its aqueous solutions. The precipitation temperature does not depend on the concentration but on the molecular weight of the polymer. Some acid and basic agents have a marked influence on [η] and the precipitation temperature of the aqueous solutions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1843-1851 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bulk radical polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam was studied at temperatures between 60 and 120°C. with different initiators. Satisfactory results were obtained with azobisisobutyronitrile, tert-butyl perbenzoate, and tert-butyl peroxide as initiators. The polymerization reaction of N-vinylcaprolactam with these initiators is first order with respect to the monomer and 0.5 order with respect to the initiator. A linearity of the kinetic curves up to high conversions was observed. The cause of this behavior is a feeble gel effect, which also induces an increase of the molecular weight during polymerization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1865-1871 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nitrocellulose (NC) films, when dried on a rigid substrate, tend to be biaxial and thus exhibit two refractive indices. The absolute difference between these indices has been found to provide an accurate measure of the degree of nitration of NC. A film of NC is cast from a 1% solution in butyl acetate to provide a film about 0.5 mil thick. The dry film, when placed in an Abbé-3L refractometer, gives two white lines which go to extinction alternately upon rotation of a cap analyzer through the east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions. Refractive index measurements are made using the line visible in each direction of the analyzer. The absolute difference between the two indices is related to the degree of nitration through standard curves for various grades of NC. The standard deviation for the proposed method was found to be ±0.01% N.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1889-1899 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proposition, that low molecular weight polymer fractions in good solvents behave as if they were under ⊖ conditions, has been examined experimentally. Series of monodisperse hydroxy-terminated polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF), 82% 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD), and 30% 1,4-PBD were prepared, and values of M̄n obtained by vapor-pressure osmometry and endgroup analysis. The Mark-Houwink viscosity parameters K and ν were determined in a number of solvents. The general conclusion is that the proposition is invalid for these systems notwithstanding the fact that ν = 0.50 for one of them [82% 1,4-PBD in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 25°C]. For this particular case, the following evidence suggests that these are actually ⊖ conditions so that the apparent fulfilment of the proposition is fortuitous. (1) Cloud-point precipitation yields ⊖ = 26 ± 3°C in MEK. (2) The value of K is close to that of K⊖ found elsewhere for PBD in a different solvent at a similar temperature. (3) Application of the Kurata-Stockmayer iterative procedure for estimating K⊖ from data in good and bad solvents yields a reasonably small discrepancy (10%) between the K⊖ values from data in toluene and MEK at 25°C for this polymer and only a 3% difference in the unperturbed dimensions (〈r02〉/M)1/2 derived from them. Measured melting points Tm of PTHF (M̄n = 1000-13000), plotted as a function of chain length Z, viz., 1/Tm = 1/Tm0 + 2R/ZΔHf, yield 43 ± 3°C and 1.6 kcal/submole, respectively, for the limiting melting point Tm0 and the heat of fusion ΔHf. The former is in good agreement with the value obtained dilatometrically for high molecular weight polymer, while the latter indicates a degree of crystallinity of ca. 54%.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1921-1938 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal history on the melting behavior of several polypropylene fractions have been studied. The specific fractions investigated include one that has crystallized in the triclinic modification, one that has crystallized in the monoclinic modification, and a third that contained a combination of the two types of crystals. Thermal histories given to these specimens included a series of stepwise annealings at steadily decreasing temperatures, a series of annealings for various times at a given elevated temperature, and a series of stepwise annealings at a set of steadily increasing temperatures. The melting behavior was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter and various DSC peaks are presented. The nature of multiple peaks produced by the different treatments is discussed, and the results are compared with similar data obtained on whole polymer.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2039-2045 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of analysis for a polycondensation polymer containing the carboxylate and sulfonate functional groups has been devised. A combination of infrared spectroscopy and combustion analysis provides a simple and accurate determination of the monomeric units and their molar distribution in the polymer.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2059-2066 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chlorination of a low molecular weight polystyrene in the α position was studied by following changes in the infrared spectrum, glass transition temperature, and molecular weights of the polymer. The logarithm of the absorbance ratio at 2920 and 1500 cm-1 as a function of mole per cent chlorination was linear. The glass transition temperatures, determined by use of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), were found to obey an equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The molecular weight of the chlorinated polystyrene decreased as a function of chlorination.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2117-2128 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Infrared bands in the 900-1100 cm-1 region are sensitive to thermal energy. These bands can result from intermolecular coupling, producing the crystal lattice, or from intramolecular coupling of the various atomic groups in a regular helix or coiled chain. In either case an increase in temperature will disrupt the coupling mode, resulting in a form of structural relaxation and a reduction in the integrated absorbance. It is proposed that the temperature at which the peak areas begin to decrease be assigned as the Tg. This is measured by continuously scanning a selected peak in the infrared spectrum of a polymer film while it is heated at a rate of about 1°C/min. Using this technique polyamides (nos. 6,66, and 610) exhibited transitions in the 30-50°C range, and by studying the increase in the free NH region (3440 cm-1) of nylon 66 two other transitions were detected at 80 and 137°C; the latter represents a change in the nylon 66 crystal state. An amorphous film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) displayed a transition at 58-68°C (Tg) and at 85°C, which is the crystallization temperature. Films of poly(vinyl acetate) and polystyrene exhibited transitions at 25-37°C and at 70°C, respectively.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 50
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 51
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 113-254 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 49 Ill.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 255-316 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 49-112 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 34 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 317-401 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1-30 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The low-angle light scattering by films of stretched natural and synthetic rubbers was investigated. Intense Vv scattering is found under conditions when crystallization occurs which is characteristic of the scattering from aggregates of dimensions comparable with the wavelength of visible light. These were identified with the γ fibrils described by Andrews. The dependence of scattering was studied as a function of light polarization direction, orientation direction, elongation, temperature, degree of swelling, type of swelling liquid, and degree of crosslinking. It was concluded that the scattering unit consists of an assembly of crystals with their chain axes parallel to the stretching direction, but (in the case of natural rubber at high elongations) with the fibril axis at a slight angle to the stretching direction. The scattering is not affected much by swelling but is decreased upon increasing the temperature. Upon recooling the scattering returns, but does so over several hours, indicating that much of the scattering arises from secondary crystallization.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method has been developed for determining the molecular weight distribution of a polymer sample from the sedimentation-diffusion equilibrium data for a solution under pseudo-ideal conditions. From some theoretical examples it appears that the method works well and that the molecular weight distribution can be determined with a reasonable degree of resolution. From three polymer samples (polyethylene, polystyrene, and polycaprolactam) the molecular weight distribution was determined in this way. The average molecular weights, M̄n, M̄w, M̄z, and Mz+1, calculated from these distribution functions agree well with those calculated directly from the equilibrium data.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 141-154 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Flow birefringence data for dilute solutions of various linear and branched polymers of different degrees of polydispersity are discussed. The polymers considered are polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene. By making use of a well-known stress-optical relation, reduced elastic normal stresses, which can also be interpreted as coil expansions, are plotted against reduced shear stresses. As elastic normal stresses are rather sensitive to the shape of the molecular weight distribution at high molecular weight, a characteristic, p, related to the skewness of the distribution, is obtained. Experimental values of p are compared with theoretical ones based on special types of distribution functions. Attention is paid to the method of extrapolating experimental results to zero shear stress and concentration.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 281-288 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For polyethylene fibers, orientation parameters of the form 〈cos2 φ〉 were calculated from traces obtained with an x-ray diffractometer equipped with an orientation integrator. The angle φ is that which a crystal or molecular axis makes with the fiber axis. Traces over a continuous range of diffraction angle were obtained for (2/π)Iav, and also the weighted averages (2/π)Iav 〈cos2φ〉 and (2/π)Iav 〈sin2φ〉, where Iav is the intensity averaged over all orientations. The orientation for the crystal a, b, and c axes were determined from area measurements of the {110} and {200} lines, and the orientation parameter for the molecular axis in the amorphous phase was determined from area measurements of the amorphous halos. An undrawn fiber showed a slight a and c axis orientation along the fiber axis, and a slight transverse orientation of the b axis and the molecular axis. For a highly drawn fiber the orientation parameter for the c axis was 0.98 and for the molecular axis 0.65. The degree of crystallinity, measured from the (2/π)Iav versus 2θ traces, were 66.1% and 73.3% for the undrawn and drawn fiber, respectively.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 301-301 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 60
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 383-406 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Complete fractionations into 5, 10, and 20 fractions were calculated by a numerical method based on the Flory-Huggins theory in order to evaluate various procedures for determining the molecular weight distribution from fractionation data. If the initial distributions are wide, the differential distribution cannot be accurately reconstructed, not even if each fraction is characterized by two average molecular weights (instead of one, as is customary). In addition to this inadequacy in the evaluation procedure there are the experimental errors which further detract from the accuracy of the result. The integral distribution can, in some cases, be approximated fairly well by means of the Schulz method, provided that the polymer is separated into many fractions with narrow distributions. However, the integral distribution thus obtained does not reflect details in the differential distribution. Polymer fractionation does not appear to be a suitable procedure for accurate determination of the differential distribution. From the assembled material, a thermodynamic method has been derived which seems to hold out better prospects. It should enable the differential distribution to be directly determined from a detailed analysis of the liquid-liquid phase relationships, provided the free energy of mixing function of the system is known.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 451-456 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple statistical thermodynamic argument is presented in which the probability of intramolecular chain folding of normal paraffins and polyethylene in solution is examined. This possibility is based on the existence of low-energy intramolecular conformations which are stable enough to overcome the tendency of a chain molecule to assume a random arrangement in solution. Some rough estimates of the magnitudes of energetic interaction in straight-chain hydrocarbons are made to demonstrate the plausibility of this hypothesis. The experimental support for this model arises from NMR spectra of normal paraffins in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 463-477 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conductivity of dry poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (nylon 66) was measured as a function of time and temperature. Three temperature ranges were observed in which the time dependence of conductivity differed: (a) below 80°C. the conductivity decreased continuously with time; (b) between 80°C. and 110°C. the conductivity remained constant over long periods; (c) above 120°C. a continuous decrease in conductivity was again observed. In other experiments the volume of gas evolved from the nylon film was measured under continuous potential and compared with the total current passed through the sample. It was observed that above 120°C. the gas evolved corresponded to about one-half the volume calculated if the conduction process involved only protons. Below 120°C. the gas evolved corresponded to an increasingly small fraction of the total current until below 90°C. no evolution of gas was observed. This suggests that at temperatures above 120°C. conduction involves the transport of both protons and electrons, whereas at lower temperatures it is electronic. Mechanisms of conduction are discussed.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 509-516 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acid hydrolysis of a stereoblock poly(methyl methacrylate) sample leads to a mixture of isotactic and syndiotactic poly(methacrylic acid) which can be separated by electrophoresis. The experiment confirms the stereochemical identity between the so-called “stereoblock” poly(methyl methacrylate) and the stereocomplex which syndiotactic and isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) form in the ratio 2:1. A possible mechanism of replica polymerization is suggested to account for this effect.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 529-558 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is argued on the basis of a simple model for a polymer chain that characteristics of conformation can be determined from the analysis of the frequency distribution of backbone vibrations. In a chain with one degree of freedom per repeat unit, a fold tends to uncouple the motions on each side of the fold. This transfers highest and lowest modes towards the mean value. Conversely, a local unfolding of a random chain enhances the coupling and produces out-of-band modes. From the ordering of these modes, statistical aftereffects can be detected. The Green's function method allows a calculation of the single localized mode as a function of angular parameters. The dynamical matrix elements of the Kirkwood-Pitzer model are calculated for a folded polyethylene backbone chain. The eigenvalue distribution is determined with the Givens-Sturm procedure. It indicates a one-to-one correspondence between modes in the vicinity of 670 cm.-1 in the stretch-bend gap and chain folds, for low concentration of folds. We conclude that conformations should have two characteristic parameters distinctively reflected in the frequency distribution, namely the range of allowed dihedral angles and the ordering of configurations along the chain. The frequency distribution for a given conformation depends however on the force constant ratios when the degree of freedom is greater than one. Interpretation of the frequency spectrum is then made by adjustment of dynamical and geometrical parameters. These are seen to be dependent variables with respect to the spectrum.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 607-620 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The stress-system curves have been measured for isotropic and oriented specimens of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in extension, shear, and compression. It was found that for all these types of deformations there was an intrinsic yield drop, i.e., a fall in true stress. It is concluded therefore that the stress for initiation is greater than the stress for propagation of yielding.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 639-651 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When the first asymptotic probability function of smallest values was applied to analyze the distribution of tensile strength data for rubbers, good agreement between observed values and theory did not always result. In order to improve the agreement, use of another distribution function, the third asymptotic probability function, was proposed. Experiments verified that this function yielded good agreement with theory for the distribution of tensile strengths of rubbers, especially for SBR vulcanizates loaded with light calcium carbonate. The third asymptotic probability function contains three parameters: the characteristic value V, the lower limit ε, and the shape parameter k which is dimensionless. Analysis is made by use of a logarithmic extremal probability paper on which the probability function plots as a straight line if ε = 0. There appears to be a lower limit for the distribution of tensile strengths but not for the distribution of elongations. This suggests that the tensile properties follow the third asymptotic distribution function, with the breaking elongations following the simplified form of the Weibull distribution.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 675-685 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diffusivities and solubilities in the system n-pentane-polystyrene were measured for low penetrant concentrations at several temperatures above the glass transition temperature. The relatively sharp changes in the activation energy of diffusion and the heat of solution near 150°C. are interpreted tentatively as indicating that a second-order transition exists in atactic polystyrene above the glass transition temperature. Evidence indicating the existence of this transition has been obtained by other techniques and the effects observed in this study should also be present in the diffusion of other penetrants in polystyrene. Correlation of these and other available data for diffusion in polystyrene as a function of the molecular size of the penetrant indicates that specific thermodynamic interactions between polymer and penetrant have little influence on the diffusion process.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 695-706 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data already existing in the literature for the overall crystallization kinetics of a variety of polymers have been analyzed according to different possible nucleation mechanisms. The conclusions reached are similar to those previously deduced from an examination of ata for spherulite growth rates. It is demonstrated that, if allowed a reasonable choice for the equilibrium melting temperature, no unbiased selection of a unique nucleation process can be made. Moreover, a set of universal parameters exists for each of the nucleation and growth processes considered which allows the data for all polymers to be represented by a single straight line. The only quantities that are unique to a given polymer are the equilibriun melting temperature and the activation energy for transport.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 713-721 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and 1:1 poly(styrene-co-methyl acrylate) (PSMA) were prepared by solution and bulk polymerization, respectively. The copolymer was analyzed with NMR to ascertain its composition and microstructure. The solution properties of unfractionated PMA and fractionated PSMA in ethyl acetate were investigated by light-scattering and viscosity techniques at 35°C. Narrow composition heterogeneity as revealed from the light-scattering measurements in different solvents justified the use of a single solvent for the copolymer characterization. The equations relating the limiting viscosity number to molecular weight, the molecular dimension to molecular weight, etc., were found for homopolymer and copolymers in ethyl acetate at 35°C. In the evaluation of the Flory constant K for the unperturbed state by methods based on Flory-Fox-Schaefgen, Kurata-Stockmayer, and Stockmayer-Fixman expressions, only the first method gave a value for PMA in ethyl acetate, consistent with that obtained in other solvents, whereas similar values of K were obtained by the three methods for PSMA in ethyl acetate. The studies indicate reduced thermodynamic interaction for PSMA-ethyl acetate compared to PMA-ethyl acetate, but increased steric effect in the copolymer compared with the homopolymer.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 783-786 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Light scattering from polymer films containing ringed spherulites may show multiple-order intensity maxima directly related to the period of the banded structure. Calculations based on spherulite models where the angle of twist of lamellae ω varies linearly with radial distance predict only first-order peaks. If the variation of ω is nonlinear, even though the ring spacing remains constant, higher-order intensity maxima will result. Other sources of multiple-order scattering are considered. It is concluded that for polyethylene the presence of multiple-order scattering is due to non-uniform twisting of the lamellae.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 795-800 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 801-811 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Six oligoethylene glycols were crosslinked with triphenylmethane triisocyanate, and polymers with systematically changing network chain lengths were obtained and investigated. The 10-sec. torsion moduli versus temperature, glass transition temperatures, and cohesive energy densities of the polymers were determined and studied. The 10-sec. torsion modulus versus temperature plots show that all six polymers have a glassy transition and rubbery region of rheological behavior. The front factor calculated from the equation for the torsion modulus in the rubbery region when measured values of the modulus were used was compared with the front factor computed from equations that take into consideration molecular structures of the rubbery networks. With the exception of the case of crosslinked diethylene glycol the agreement in all the other cases between the values obtained for the front factor in both ways was good. In the investigated range of temperatures the polymers have below the glass transition temperature another transition point. The solubility parameters of the polymers, calculated from swelling experiments, were with the exception of the first member in the series almost identical.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 861-869 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two crystalline forms (α and β) of poly(vinylidene fluoride) were studied by infrared spectroscopy. The spectral differences permitted the study of the transformation and the ratio of the two forms. The ordinary \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \vec G,\vec F $\end{document} matrix method was used to calculate the fundamental mode with a Urey-Bradley type potential field, and a preferred set of the force constants was obtained.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 653-656 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 687-694 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of an investigation of the viscoelastic and thermal properties of the gelatin-glycerol system are presented in the form of a complete temperature-composition diagram. This diagram shows the isochronal (10-sec.) mechanical behavior of the system along lines of constant modulus and thereby affords a convenient assessment of variation in viscoelastic behavior along any isotherm or isopleth of interest. Comparison of the results with previously obtained limited sets of data on a number of other polymer-dilent systems indicates the applicability and utility of such a presentation.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 707-712 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is reported that mats formed by the sedimentation of single crystals of methyl- and ethyl-branched polyethylene exhibit strength and ductility comparable with that of melt-crystallized films. In fact, in the case of methyl-branched polymers, extensions of up to 50× were obtained on cold drawing. Observations on separate crystals suggest that this extension is due to the pulling out of individual lamellae. In view of the magnitude of the extension, this implies unfolding of the molecules. That considerable coherence can be obtained without original molecular ties between crystals is of significance as regards the molecular interpretation of the strength and ductility of crystalline polymers.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 735-744 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The unperturbed mean-square end-to-end distance 〈R02〉 and its temperature variation d In 〈R02〉/dT for isotactic polypropylene have been estimated from intrinsic viscosity data in three theta solvents, i.e., diphenyl, diphenyl ether, and dibenzyl ether, measured at their θ temperatures as determined by precipitation temperature measurements. The characteristic ratios, 〈R02〉/nl2, where n is the number of bonds of length l in the main chain, evaluated by assuming Φ = 2.87 × 1021, are 5.80 in diphenyl (at θ = 125.1°C.), 5.41 in diphenyl ether (at θ = 142.8°C.), and 4.56 in dibenzyl ether (at θ = 183.2°C.). These values lead to the temperature coefficient d In 〈R02〉/dT = -4.09 × 10-3 deg.-1 Results are compared with the data previously reported on polyethylene.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 499-508 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theta temperature of poly-α-methylstyrene in cyclohexane has been found to vary with the stereostructure of the polymer. The observed values range from 305.5°K. for highly syndiotactic material (0.95 syndiotactic diads) to 310.0°K. for anio ically polymerized samples (0.67 syndiotactic diads). Results indicate that the unperturbed dimensions of the polymer increase with increasing isotacticity of the chain, whereas the entropy parameter ψ1, measured in cyclohexane, decreased as the structure became more isotactic. Measurements of the second virial coefficient in toluene showed an increasing interaction with the solvent as the polymer became more syndiotactic.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1011-1020 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: With an increasing gradient, the intrinsic viscosity of a high molecular weight polyisobutylene (M̄n = 7 × 106) in polybutene oil L.100 (ηs = 5 poise) first drops to a minimum and then rises again. The minimum occurs at β = M[η]0ηsG/NkT = 240, which is about ten times the value predicted by the dumbbell model. Such a shift to larger gradient is in good agreement with the more realistic necklace model of macromolecules in a good solvent. The increase of intrinsic viscosity after the minimum is nearly linear with the gradient and continues beyond the value at zero gradient. Experiments with capillaries of different length-to-diameter ratios yield identical flow curves so that one may exclude the possibility that the observed upturn is an artifact caused by end effects or time dependence of viscosity.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1021-1033 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Depolymerization of amorphous polyacetaldehyde has been studied by measurements of weight loss versus time for thin films of the polymer in vacuum. Temperatures ranged from 40 to 80°C. The samples were prepared by freezing or melting the monomer in contact with treated glass surfaces. Light scattering, osmometry, and intrinsic viscosity measurements were used to characterize the polymers. Depolymerization rates were between second and third order with respect to the unvolatilized fraction, and the activation energy was 26.3 kcal. Much of the evidence points toward a slow unzipping reaction at the chain ends, but the analysis seems to be complicated by structural variations among the samples.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1083-1091 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the anisotropy of viscoelastic behavior in cold-drawn low-density and high-density polyethylene sheets. In the low-density polymer the β transition was shown to be highly anisotropic, maximum losses corresponding to shear on planes containing the axis of drawing and on planes perpendicular to this axis. In high-density polyethylene the α transition shows anisotropy.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1141-1148 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of crystalline and amorphous poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPORegistered trademark of General Electric Company. polymer, General Electric Co.) have been studied calorimetrically between 80 and 570°K. The calculated configurational entropy of this polymer, of similar magnitude to other glass-forming liquids, is consistent with the combination of an unusually high ratio of Tg/Tm, and a low melting entropy.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1149-1160 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method for the theoretical analysis of branching in radical polymerization is presented which includes the dynamics of the process. In particular, the method is applied to a polymerization that occurs by decomposition of initiator, propagation, termination by radical combination, and chain transfer with polymer. By a numerical solution of the kinetic equations (suitably transformed), the time dependence of the number-average degree of polymerization (DP), the weight-average DP, the mean number of branches, and the monomer conversion are obtained. The parameters of the process, that is the rate coefficients and initial concentrations, have the following effects: (1) An increase in the chain transfer coefficient increases the ratio of weight-average to number-average Xw/Xn and the mean number of branches Xb, but does not change the number-average Xn. (2) For a given value of the chain transfer coefficient, a change in the parameters of the process such that Xn increases, causes Xw/Xn and Xb to increase also. (3) Chain transfer with polymer seems to produce relatively few polymer molecules having many branches and a large number of smaller polymer molecules having no branches; consequently, the polymer size (or molecular weight) distribution broadens.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1419-1434 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Infrared spectra of methylbutenes and methylpentenes in the skeletal deformation region have been measured. The force constants for the skeletal deformation vibrations are determined from the frequencies of isobutylene, isobutylene-d6, and methylbutenes. The frequencies of methylpentenes are calculated for the various conformations, and the stable rotational isomers determined. The energy differences between the isomers are determined from the temperature dependence of the spectra. These results are correlated with the conformations of cis-and trans-1,4-polyisoprene chains, and possible conformations are suggested.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1381-1399 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyacrylonitrile crystals were grown from dilute solutions of propylene carbonate by a technique similar to that described by Holland et al. Crystals were also grown on various substrates and sampled at various stages of growth after washing away the uncrystallized solution. The initial single lamellae rapidly develop into complex twinned structures with many overgrowths. The morphology of the full-grown crystal varied considerably with crystallization temperature. Small-angle x-ray and electron microscopy results indicate only a small change in lamellar thickness with crystallization temperature for our polymer. Electron and x-ray diffraction results indicate lateral order can be quite good in these crystals. Our x-ray results indicate that the previously reported a and b parameters should be doubled to give a = 21.18 Å and b = 11.60 Å. However, there was no evidence for chain-axis order. The crystals were stretched at various stages of growth on Mylar film. Multilamellar crystals having their long axis parallel to the draw direction formed large cracks perpendicular to the long axis. Fibers of large diameter (100-250 Å) were observed across these cracks. When the long axis of these crystals was at an angle to the draw direction no large cracks or fibers were observed. Single lamellae generally cracked perpendicular to the draw direction, irrespective of their orientation to the draw direction. Definite fibers were not observable across cracks in single lamellae.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The shape of the first derivative of the dispersion mode of an inhomogeneously broadened electron spin resonance spectrum changes markedly on saturation. This behavior provides a convenient and rapid technique for estimating the spin latice relaxation time of the paramagnetic species involved. The technique is described together with the relevant theory. Values for the relaxation times of free radicals derived from poly(methyl methacrylate) and from poly(sodium methacrylate) have been obtained by this method and are found to be in good agreement with those obtained by the progressive saturation technique. A series of salts of polymethacrylic acid have been γ-irradiated, and the spin lattice relaxation times of the resulting trapped radicals were determined at 77 and 299°K. For a given polymer the relaxation times show little variation with temperature. This is attributed to a broad distribution of correlation times.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1561-1566 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A current theory of the tensile strength of rubbers invokes large-scale crosslink interchange at room temperature to explain the high tensile strengths of networks crosslinked with weak linkages. This mechanical lability of certain crosslinks has been assumed from their known thermal lability at higher temperatures. Relaxation of stress experiments at various elongations have been performed at room temperature on networks crosslinked with both weak and strong linkages. Our purpose was to detect mechanically induced crosslink slippage. We have found no evidence of any mechanical lability of weak crosslinks at room temperature. A hypothesis is presented which explains the high tensile strengths of rubbers crosslinked with weak linkages as resulting from an internally relaxed network formed by the thermal lability of the crosslinks at the vulcanization temperature. This theory is shown to be consistent with some previously unexplained experimental results.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1317-1329 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of temperature and water on the crystal transition of nylon 6 from the γ phase to the α phase, which is caused by stretching along the chain direction, were investigated. The γ-phase fibers with high crystallite orientation were stretched at constant load under various conditions. An inversion of the effect of water on the transition occurs at about -60°C. Stretching in the wet state is more effective for the transition at higher temperature. In contrast, at low temperatures water in the crystalline regions actsasa cohesive agent for the chains and increases the activation energy for the transition. Thus, dry stretching is more effective than wet stretching at very low temperature. The fraction of transformed α-phase crystallites increases abruptly over a narrow range of stress. Thus the critical stress can be determined for the transition. The critical stress changes appreciably with temperature; the higher the temperature, the lower the critical stress. The relation between stretching temperature and critical stress was analyzed by Flory's equation for the shift of transition temperature by stress. About 220°C. was estimated as the zero-stress transition temperature. The heat content of the γ-phase crystal was estimated to be smaller by 500 cal./mole than that of the α-phase crystal. This result suggests that the free energy of the γ-phase crystal is lower than that of the α-phase crystal at temperatures lower than the transition point. The irreversible strain of a sample in which the crystal transition has taken place is very small at low temperature. This small extension of the sample is evidence that the γ → α transition produced by stretching along the chain axis is a crystal-crystal transition.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1371-1379 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the complex shear compliance have been made from 0.1 to 7 cycles/sec. and from -5° to 45°C. on several samples of natural rubber cross-linked by dicumyl peroxide in the presence of a diluent oil (volume fraction of rubber, v2, = 0.63 and 0.76) which was subsequently extracted. The properties of the extracted vulcanizates were compared with those having the oil still present and with those of conventional undiluted vulcanizates. Measurements of the diffusion coefficient of radioactively tagged n-hexadecane in trace amounts through the polymer structure were also made both before and after extraction of the oil. The diffusion coefficient was higher in the presence of the oil by an amount consistent with the Fujita theory for concentration dependence of diffusion rate based on free volume considerations. The low-frequency mechanical losses (reduced to 25°C. by the method of reduced variables), as measured by the loss tangent, were shifted to higher frequencies by the presence of oil to a much larger degree than would be expected from the difference in local mobility gauged by the diffusion coefficient. The equilibrium modulus, derived by extrapolation to zero frequency, was diminished by the presence of oil to a greater extent than the factor of v2⅓ expected from the simple theory of rubberlike elasticity. The low-frequency losses in the extracted vulcanizates were smaller than those in conventional vulcanizates with comparable degrees of cross-linking; the differences are attributed to differences in network topology.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1435-1449 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Decay reactions of the free radicals produced in irradiated polyethylene (high-density and low-density materials) were examined in connection with the molecular motion of the matrix polymer. Three temperature regions, in which the free radicals decay very rapidly, at around 120, 200, and 250°K, were designated TA, TL, and TB, respectively. The decay of the free radicals at these temperatures had activation energies in high-density polyethylene of 0.4 kcal/mole for TA, 9.4 kcal/mole for TL, and 18.4 kcal/mole for TB. In low-density polyethylene these quantities were 0.7 kcal/mole for TA, 23.1 kcal/mole for TL, and 24.8 kcal/mole for TB. Comparison of time constants for the decay reactions and for molecular motion of the matrix polymer indicate that the decay in TA and TB is closely related to molecular motion in the amorphous regions of the polymer. The decay of the free radicals at TL in high-density polyethylene is due to molecular motion associated with local mode relaxation at lamellar surfaces, while that of low-density polyethylene is due to local mode relaxation in the completely amorphous region. Steric configurations of the free radicals which decay in the respective temperature regions were also investigated.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1903-1917 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Peak spreading in gel permeation chromatography has been studied with a range of gels including those whose permeation limit corresponded to about 103, 106, 108, and 109 molecular weight polystyrene. Peak spreading conformed to the equation YV2 = YM2 + YA2 + YI2 + YD2 + YS2, where YV is the peak width of a normal chromatogram, YM is the contribution due to the true molecular weight of the sample, YA is due to peak spreading in the apparatus, YI is spreading in the interstitial volume, YD is diffusional spreading due to time spent in the gel, and YS is due to sorption. Evaluating the appropriate parts of the equation leads to measures of the true molecular weight distribution and the contribution due to diffusion into and out of the gel. The data also allowed estimates as to the diffusional spreading with small molecules. With polystyrene having 100 000 molecular weight, diffusional spreading accounts for 80% of YV,2 but with small molecules the contribution due to diffusion was not detected.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1943-1944 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 93
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1987-1997 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal treatment in the 70-90°C. region on polybutene-1 crystals, prepared by precipitation from dilute pentyl acetate solutions and with lath, hexagonal, and square morphologies, have been studied by using electron microscopy. The stability of polybutene-1 crystals to thermal treatment increases in the order: lath 〈 hexagonal 〈 square. Elucidation of the crystallographic directions in unheated lath crystals with respect to the overall morphology was carried out; evidence for restricted folding in these crystals is discussed.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of flow birefringence of cellulose tricarbanilates were carried out on nine fractions (0.27 × 105 〈 M ≤ 12 × 105) in a temperature range of 55-110°C, with benzophenone as a matching solvent (dn/dc = 0). The ratio of Maxwell constant to intrinsic viscosity, which has been found to be independent of molecular weight for the limiting case of Gaussian molecules, is successfully interpreted as a function of molecular weight in terms of the recent theory of Gotlib and Svetlov (based on the wormlike chain model of Kratky and Porod). From the measurements at 55°C a number of 36.6 monomer units per random link is deduced. This is in accord with results of small-angle x-ray scattering. For the extinction angle curves a clear transition is observed from rodlike to statistical molecules when the molecular weight is increased. At high molecular weights the master curves obtained for anionic polystyrenes and cellulose tricarbanilates coincide. Implications of this observation on the kinetic stiffness of the cellulose tricarbanilate chain are discussed. The intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship is considered. From a comparison with the results of the theory of Eizner and Ptitsyn it is concluded that the cellulose tricarbanilate chain must be highly solvated in benzophenone.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 2043-2049 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymer melt viscosity was determined as a function of hydrostatic pressure in an extrusion rheometer. An extrusion rheometer consisting of a barrel and a capillary can be looked upon as two capillaries in series. The barrel itself was used as the main viscometer and several different capillaries having length/diameter ratios of 3.5-100 were used as pressure boosters. For a Phillips type polyethylene of 0.95 g/cc density and 0.4 melt index, the apparent viscosity at 190°C and 7.12 sec-1 was increased nearly fourfold as the average pressure in the barrel was raised from atmospheric to 24000 psi. With colored layers of polyethylene as tracers the flow pattern in the barrel was examined. The velocity profiles in the barrel were well developed and parabolic, and thus indicated regular laminar flow under these conditions.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1686-1688 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1733-1745 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation of the crystallographic c axis (chain axis) was followed by x-ray diffraction during the crystallization of four samples of isotactic polystyrene differing in elongation ratio. The crystallite orientation can be expressed by 〈cos2 χc〉, where χc is the angle between the c axis and the stretching direction. The degrees of crystallinity w were estimated from the diffraction data by using density for calibration. It was found that 〈cos2 χc〉 decreases in a linear manner with crystallinity, the rate of decrease being very small when the elongation ratio α is 5, but becoming progressively larger as α is decreased toward unity. A qualitative measure suggests that amorphous orientation decreases during crystallization at a rate which is nearly independent of α. The variation of 〈cos2 χc〉 with w is therefore governed by the orientation of the statistical chain segments prior to crystallization. If the elongation ratio is small, the supply of well oriented statistical segments is limited, and 〈cos2 χc〉 will decrease at a rapid rate during crystallization. A treatment due to Krigbaum and Roe permits evaluation of the ratio, ν/N, where ν and N are the average numbers of statistical segments in the crystallization nucleus of critical size, and in a network chain, respectively. Our polystyrene samples were not crosslinked, so chain entanglements must serve as junction points. Values of ν could not be obtained, since N was unknown. However, the (ν/N) ratio for isotactic polystyrene decreases slowly with α, and the values agree reasonably well with those obtained in a previous study of oriented polychloroprene networks. After nearly complete crystallization (ω ca. 0.30), the long period spacing measured by low angle diffraction was approximately 135 Å, and varied only slightly with elongation ratio in the range α = 1 to 5. It therefore appears that chain folded lamellae are present in both drawn and undrawn samples of isotactic polystyrene.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1791-1801 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The spherulitic growth rate of isotactic polystyrene has been measured in a wide range of temperature by means of a polarizing microscope provided with a hot stage. It was possible to fit the experimental data to theory by choosing a value of 75 for the constant C2 of the WLF equation. The growth rate parameters were compared with those of polyethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The slowness of crystallization of isotactic polystyrene is mainly a consequence of the lower mobility of the molecules caused by the bulky phenyl groups.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1813-1816 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 1-48 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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