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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: A family of secant methods based on general rank-1 updates has been revisited in view of the construction of iterative solvers for large non- Hermitian linear systems. As it turns out, both Broydens "good" and "bad" update techniques play a special role - but should be associated with two different line search principles. For Broydens "bad" update technique, a minimum residual principle is natural - thus making it theorectically comparable with a series of well-known algorithms like GMRES. Broydens "good" update technique, however, is shown to be naturally linked with a minimum "next correction" principle - which asymptotically mimics a minimum error principle. The two minimization principles differ significantly for sufficiently large system dimension. Numerical experiments on discretized PDE's of convection diffusion type in 2-D with internal layers give a first impression of the possible power of the derived "good" Broyden variant. {\bf Key Words:} nonsymmetric linear system, secant method, rank-1 update, Broydens method, line search, GMRES. AMS(MOS) {\bf Subject Classifications:} 65F10, 65N20.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: A new adaptive multilevel approach for parabolic PDE's is presented. Full adaptivity of the algorithm is realized by combining multilevel time discretization, better known as extrapolation methods, and multilevel finite element space discretization. In the theoretical part of the paper the existence of asymptotic expansions in terms of time-steps for single-step methods in Hilbert space is established. Finite element approximation then leads to perturbed expansions, whose perturbations, however, can be pushed below a necessary level by means of an adaptive grid control. The theoretical presentation is independent of space dimension. In this part I of the paper details of the algorithm and numerical examples are given for the 1D case only. The numerical results clearly show the significant perspectives opened by the new algorithmic approach.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In this paper we consider symplectic difference schemes for perturbed Hamiltonian systems of integrable ones, which can cover many important problems. Symplectic difference schemes for general Hamiltonian systems can also be used to these problems. But the perturbation property has not been paid proper attention to, which is important in the method proposed here. Numerical simulation shows that, for this method the time step size can be taken quite large and the qualitative property , such as preserving invariant tori, is also better than usual symplectic difference schemes.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: $G$-invariant cubature formulas for numerical integration over n-dimensional, $G$- invariant integration regions are computed symbolically. The nodes are the common zeros of some $d$-orthogonal polynomials which build an $H$-basis of an ideal. Approaches for these polynomials depending on parameters are made with the help of the theory of linear representations of a group $G$. This theory is also used for the effective computation of necessary conditions which determines the parameters. Another approach uses invariant theory and gröbner bases.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-09
    Beschreibung: The FORTRAN preprocessor fpp in the newly introduced Autotasking System of CRAY Research allows automatic vectorization and parallelization on basis of a data dependence analysis. An introduction into data dependence analysis is given, showing how data dependence graphs unveil opportunities for program transformations like vectorization and concurrentization. The report contains a complete description of the preprocessors functionality, its options and directives for increasing the effectiveness of the dependence analyzer and steering the code transformations. Finally, some advice is given for the practical use of fpp on CRAY computers.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Countable systems of ordinary differential equations appear frequently in chemistry, physics, biology and medicine. They can be considered as ordinary differential equations in sequence spaces. In this work, a full adaptive algorithm for the computational treatment of such systems is developed. The method combines time discretization with extrapolation in Hilbert spaces with a discrete Galerkin approach as discretization of the stationary subproblems. The Galerkin method is based on orthogonal functions of a discrete variable , which are generated by certain weight functions. A theory of countable systems in the associated weighted sequence spaces is developed as well as a theory of the Galerkin method. The Galerkin equations can be assembled either by use of analytical properties of the orthogonal functions or numerically by a multilevel summation algorithm. The resulting algorithm CODEX is applied to many examples of technological interest, in particular from polymer chemistry.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Parameter-dependent systems of nonlinear equations with symmetry are treated by a combination of symbolic and numerical computations. In the symbolic part of the algorithm the complete analysis of the symmetry occurs, and it is here where symmetrical normal forms, symmetry reduced systems, and block diagonal Jacobians are computed. Given a particular problem, the symbolic algorithm can create and compute through the list of possible bifurcations thereby forming a so-called tree of decisions correlated to the different types of symmetry breaking bifurcation points. The remaining part of the algorithm deals with the numerical pathfollowing based on the implicit reparametrisation as suggested and worked out by Deuflhard/Fiedler/Kunkel. The symmetry preserving bifurcation points are computed using recently developed augmented systems incorporating the use of symmetry. {\bf Keywords:} pathfollowing, mixed symbolic-numeric algorithm, parameter-dependent, nonlinear systems, linear representations.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Systems of polynomial equations often have symmetry. The Buchberger algorithm which may be used for the solution ignores this symmetry. It is restricted to moderate problems unless factorizing polynomials are found leading to several smaller systems. Therefore two methods are presented which use the symmetry to find factorizing polynomials, decompose the ideal and thus decrease the complexitiy of the system a lot. In a first approach projections determine factorizing polynomials as input for the solution process, if the group contains reflections with respect to a hyperplane. Two different ways are described for the symmetric group Sm and the dihedral group Dm. While for Sm subsystems are ignored if they have the same zeros modulo G as another subsystem, for the dihedral group Dm polynomials with more than two factors are generated with the help of the theory of linear representations and restrictions are used as well. These decomposition algorithms are independent of the finally used solution technique. We used the REDUCE package Groebner to solve examples from CAPRASSE, DEMARET and NOONBURG which illustrate the efficiency of our REDUCE program. A short introduction to the theory of linear representations is given. In a second approach problems of another class are transformed such that more factors are found during the computation; these transformations are based on the theory of linear representations. Examples illustrate these approaches. The range of solvable problems is enlarged significantly.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Symplectic difference schemes have been shown to be a right formalism for numerical computation of Hamiltonian systems. They are suitable to long time computation and of good qualitative properties. These properties are ensured by the fact that a symplectic difference scheme approximating to a time-independent Hamiltonian system can be regarded as a perturbed time-dependent Hamiltonian system of the original one. That is, a solution of a symplectic difference scheme is a solution of a certain perturbed time dependent Hamiltonian system evaluated at discrete (time) points. This is the main result of the paper. Moreover, linear symplectic difference schemes approximating to a linear time-independent Hamiltonian system can be regarded as a perturbed time-independent Hamiltonian system. So it has all properties that a linear Hamiltonian system has. Based on these results, stochastic webs and chaos in symplectic difference schemes are also discussed. They will appear in numerical simulation for Hamiltonian systems, even with one degree of freedom.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The potential distribution of reverse biased pn-junctions can be described by a double obstacle problem for the Laplacian. This problem is solved by a self adaptive Finite Element Method involving automatic termination criteria for the iterative solver, local error estimation and local mesh refinement. Special attention is paid to the efficient resolution of the geometries typically arising in semiconductor device simulation. The algorithm is applied to a reverse biased pn- junction with multi-step field plate and stop- electrode to illustrate its efficiency and reliability.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-12-15
    Beschreibung: The paper presents a theoretical characterization of the often observed asymptotic mesh independence of Newton's method, which means that Newton's method applied to discretized operator equations behaves essentially the same for all sufficiently fine discretizations. The theory does not need any uniform Lipschitz assumptions that were necessary in comparable earlier treatments. The refined Newton-Mysovskii theorem, which will be of interest in a wider context, gives both existence and uniqueness of the solution and quadratic convergence for sufficiently good starting points. Attention is restricted to Galerkin approximations even though similar results should hold for finite difference methods - but corresponding proofs would certainly be more technical. As an illustrative example, adaptive 1-D collocation methods are discussed.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Oxidation mechanisms even for rather simple hydrocarbons like heptane consist due to the occurrence of many isomeric structures of thousands of reactions of hundreds of species. The automatic generation of these reaction mechanisms using artificial intelligence means is described. Results are presented for n-heptane-air mixtures, where a hand-written reaction mechanism tested against experimental data is available.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The paper surveys three aspects of chemical computing, which seem to play a role in recent developments. First, extrapolation methods for the numerical treatment of differential- algebraic equations are introduced. The associated extrapolation code LIMEX has reached a certain level of sophistication, which makes it a real competitor to the elsewhere widely used multi-step code DASSL of Petzold. Second, adaptive methods of lines for partial differential equations such as those arising in combustion problems are treated. Both static and dynamic regridding techniques are discussed in some detail. Finally, some new ideas about the treatment of the kinetic equations arising from polymer reactions are presented. The new feature of the suggested approach is the application of a Galerkin procedure using sets of orthogonal polynomials over a discrete variable (which, of course, in the case of polymer reactions is the polymer degree). The new approach may open the door to a new reliable low dimensional treatment of complex polymer reactions.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The discrete Galerkin method developed by the authors has turned out to be an efficient tool for the computational treatment of very large scale ODE systems arising in polyreaction kinetics. Up to now, this approach has been worked out in detail for homogeneous polymer reactions. The present paper deals with one line of possible extensions of the method to the case of so-called heterogeneous processes, which may appear e. g. in smog reactions. The associated mathematical models involve reaction coefficients depending on the chain length of the reacting polymer. The herein suggested extension is worked out in some detail on the basis of the earlier paper. In addition, a numerical example describing polymer degradation is included.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Newton methods for nonlinear problems are known to require the solution of a sequence of linear problems of the same type. For very large scale problems, as understood herein, the arising linear systems can only be solved by iterative methods. Then Newtons iteration appears as outer iteration. The question of interest will be to control the accuracy of the inner iteration such that the convergence speed of Newtons method is preserved. The purpose of the paper is to combine the concept of inexact Newton methods with the concept of the affine invariant exact Newton methods - which is important for problems with ill- conditioned Jacobian matrices (such as typical 2-D or 3-D discretized partial differential equations).
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: A variety of secant methods has been revisited in view of the construction of iterative solvers for large nonsymmetric linear systems $ Ax = b $ stemming from the discretization of convection diffusion equations. In the first section, we tried to approximate $ A ^{-1} $ directly. Since the sparsity structure of A- is not known, additional storage vectors are needed during the iteration. In the next section, an incomplete factorization $ LU $ of $ A $ is the starting point and we tried to improve this easy invertible approximation of $ A $. The update is constructed in such a way that the sparsity structure of $ L $ and $ U $ is maintained. Two different sparsity preserving updates are investigated from theoretical and practical point of view. Numerical experiments on discretized PDEs of convection diffusion type in 2- D with internal layers and on "arbitrary" matrices with symmetric sparsity structure are given. {\bf Key words:} nonsymmetric linear system, sparse secant method, Broyden's method, incomplete factorization.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The mathematical modeling of macromolecular reactions leads to countable (possibly infinite) systems of ordinary differential equations (CODE's). This paper reviews two recent developments of the so-called discrete Galerkin method, which has been developed for the numerical treatment of countable systems, which arise e.g. in polymer chemistry. The first approach can be considered as a method of lines with moving basis functions and has been implemented recently in the program package MACRON. The second type of the Galerkin method is characterized by a so-called outer time discretization of the complete problem and an appropriate and efficient solution of the arising subproblems. This method is realized in the research code CODEX.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In continuation of part I this paper develops a variable-order time discretization in Hilbert space based on a multiplicative error correction. Matching of time and space errors as explained in part I allows to construct an adaptive multilevel discretization of the parabolic problem. In contrast to the extrapolation method in time, which has been used in part I, the new time discretization allows to separate space and time errors and further to solve fewer elliptic subproblems with less effort, which is essential in view of the application to space dimension greater than one. Numerical examples for space dimension one are included which clearly indicate the improvement.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In the present paper, the improvement of an incomplete factorization of a non-symmetric matrix A is discussed. Starting from the ideas of sparsity preserving quasi-Newton methods, an algorithm is developed which improves the approximation of A by the incomplete factorization maintaining the sparsity structure of the matrices. No renumbering of the unknowns or the admittance of additional fill-in is necessary. The linear convergence of the algorithm is proved under the assumption, that $ L $ and $ U $* have the same sparsity structure and an incomplete factorization with some reasonable approximation property exits. In combination with this algorithm, the method of incomplete factorization and its several modifications are applicable to a wider class of problems with improved convergence qualities. This is shown by a numerical example. {\bf Key Words:} non-symmetric linear system, sparse secant method, incomplete factorization. AMS(MOS) {\bf Subject Classifications:} 65F10, 65N20, 65N30.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Das CRAY-Handbuch des ZIB beschreibt nach einer grundlegenden bersicht detailliert die Handhabung von UNICOS-Dateien, die Verwendung von UNICOS-Kommandos und schließlich die (für Benutzer allein zugelassene) Ausführung von Batchjobs auf der CRAY. Neben der Erreichbarkeit der CRAY über das TCP/IP-Netz werden die Compiler FORTRAN, PASCAL und C beschrieben und schließlich auf die Optimierung der Rechenzeit ebenso wie auf die Fehlersuche eingegangen. Ein umfangreicher Anhang führt bereitgestellte Programmpakete, weiterführende Literatur, Zahlenbereiche und Zeichendarstellung an der CRAY auf.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Diese Vorlesung ist eine Einführung in die Numerische Mathematik als einem der drei Bereiche (neben den Naturwissenschaften und der Informatik) des am besten mit dem Begriff Scientific Computing charakterisierten Forschungsgebietes. Aufgabe dieser relativ jungen Wissenschaft ist die Entwicklung von Rechenverfahren für Probleme aus den Naturwissenschaften mit Hilfe mathematischer Methoden.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: This paper presents the new program package MACRON for the simulation of macromolecular kinetics including standard chemical reactions. Such problems lead to countable (possibly) infinite systems of ordinary differential equations (CODE's), which are numerically treated by the so-called discrete Galerkin method here. By a chemical compiler the required analytical preprocessing is performed, such that the complete reaction system, standard kinetics as well as macromolecular reactions, can be entered in the chemical formalism. Typical macromolecular reaction steps are chain addition, termination, chain transfer and degradation (cracking). In order to ensure efficiency and reliability, high sophisticated numerical routines are built within the package. MACRON can be used without a detailed knowledge of the used numerical methods. As an illustration the application of MACRON to some realistic problems is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We study the power-law type solutions of the fourth order field equations derived from a generic quadratic Lagrangian density in the case of multidimensional Bianchi I cosmological models. All the solutions of the system of algebraic equations have been found, using computer algebra, from a search of the Groebner bases associated to it. While, in space dimension $ d = 3 $ , the Einsteinian Kasner metric is still the most general power-law type solution, for $ d 〉 3 $ , no solution, other than the Minkowski space-time, is common to the three systems of equations associated with the three contributions to the Lagrangian density. In the case of a pure Riemann-squared contribution (suggested by a recent calculation of the effective action for the heterotic string), the possibility exists to realize a splitting of the $ d $-dimensional space into a ( $ d - 3 $)-dimensional internal space and a physical 3- dimensional space, the latter expanding in time as a power bigger than 2 (about 4.5 when $ d = 9 $).
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Im vorliegenden Bericht wird die Parallelisierung zweier numerischer Algorithmen zur Lösung gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungssysteme 1.Ordnung (explizite und semi-implizite Euler- Diskretisierung und $h$-Extrapolation) beschrieben. Implementiert wurden die Algorithmen mit OCCAM2 unter TDS (Transputer Development System) mit bis zu 4 Transputern T800. Meßwerte für die erreichten Beschleunigungen werden anhand mehrer Beispiele von Differentialgleichungs-systemen angegeben. {\bf Schlüsselwörter:} Adaptive, parallele Systeme; OCCAM2; Transputer; numerische Gleichungslöser; Euler-Diskretisierung; $h$-Extrapolation.
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    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 26
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    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: BOXES computes a triangulation from a 2D domain description which consists of an arbitrary set of rectangles. Each rectangle may have attributes to control the triangulating process, define subdomain classes, or specify boundary conditions. The output of the program can be used as a coarse grid for KASKADE or one of its variants. Additional features are extensive checking of the user input, graphical display, and simple editing.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: This report presents the final realization and implementation of a global inexact Newton method proposed by Deuflhard. In order to create a complete piece of software, a recently developed iterative solver (program GBIT) due to Deuflhard, Freund, Walter is adapted and serves as the standard iterative linear solver. Alternative linear iterative solvers may be adapted as well, e.g. the widely distributed code GMRES. The new software package GIANT (Global Inexact Affine Invariant Newton Techniques) allows an efficient and robust numerical solution of very large scale highly nonlinear systems. Due to the user friendly interface and its modular design, the software package is open for an easy adaptation to specific problems. Numerical experiments for some selected problems illustrate performance and usage of the package.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 29
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-24
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: annualzib , doc-type:report
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-19
    Beschreibung: Efficient implementations of irregular problems on vector and parallel architectures are generally hard to realize. An important class of problems are Gauß-Seidel iteration schemes applied to irregular data sets. The unstructured data dependences arising there prevent restructuring compilers from generating efficient code for vector or parallel machines. It is shown, how to structure the data dependences by decomposing the underlying data set using graph coloring techniques and by specifying a particular execution order already on the algorithm level. Methods to master the irregularities originating from different types of tasks are proposed. An application is given and some open issues and future developments are discussed.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 517-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Gap junction ; Structure ; Function ; Molecular biology ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Gap junctions are aggregates of transmembranous channels which bypass the extracellular space by transporting messenger molecules and ions from one cytoplasmic source to an adjacent cytoplasmic interior. The channels join the plasma membranes of adjacent cells by bridging the extracellular space between them. Thereby, cellular “compartments” which were once considered to be individual units are, in actuality, interconnected by a system of pathways which form a functional cellular syncytium. The evolutionary importance of a generalized intercellular communication system can be appreciated when one considers the widespread prevalence of gap junctions within animals of all multicellular phyla, and within almost all tissues of vertebrates. Only a few population of cells such as skeletal muscle cells (which are fused to form functional syncytia) and circulating blood cells are not equipped with gap junctions. This paper provides a brief review of the diverse structural, molecular and functional aspects of gap junctions as revealed by current research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Chemistry ; systematics ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The broad knowledge of the chemistry of theCompositae allows the discussion of its relevance for the systematics and evolution within the family. Furthermore a separation into subfamilies can be supported by the observed differences in the distribution of the main constituents in the tribes.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zur Beschreibung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit der radikalischen Fallungspolymerisation von Acrylsäure in Toluol wurde ein Modell entewickelt. Die experimentelle Überprüfung des Modells erfolgte durch Messungen in einem isotherm betriebenen Reaktionskalorimeter. Das Modell beschreibt die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bis zum vollständigen Umsatz in einem Temperaturbereich von 40 bis 60°C.
    Notizen: A kinetic model for the free-radical precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in toluene was developed and verified experimentally by using an isothermal reaction calorimeter. The model predicts the rate of polymerization accurately up to complete conversion in the temperature range of 40 to 60°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wird über Untersuchungen an Legierungen aus isotaktischem Polypropylen und EPDM-Elastomer berichtet, die mit hochenergetischen Elektronen bestrahlt worden waren. Die Mischungsverhältnisse in den Proben überstrichen sowohl den für elastomermodifizierte Thermoplaste typischen Bereich als auch den der thermoplasticschen Elastomeren. Eine Vernetzung der Komponenten über die Grenzfläche hinweg wurde nachgewiesen. Diese grenzflächenübergreifende Vernetzung bewirkte eine merkliche Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften insbesondere des thermoplastischen Elastomeren.
    Notizen: Blends of isotactic polypropylene and EPDM rubber have been treated by electron irradiation in the composition range of rubber modification and in the thermoplastic rubber composition range as well. Mutual crosslinking of the components through the interface could be detected. This intercrosslinking caused a remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties particularly of the thermoplastic rubber.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanisms of photooxidation usually envisaged, are perfected by taking into account photoreactions of peroxy radicals. They involve interaction of a peroxy radical with the polymer to yield a hydroperoxy radical and a pair of macroradicals. After peroxidation, this pair will usually undergo bimolecular termination. The influence of such a reaction on photooxidation kinetics is particularly important for polyethylene. Then, chain termination occurs mainly by interaction of two hydroperoxy radicals or of a hydroperoxy radical with a macroperoxy radical. The reaction does not only affect kinetics of photooxidation but also the nature of the photooxidation products. The latter is more important for polypropylene than for polyethylene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Isothermal Differential Thermal Analysis was used to test the thermooxidative stability of pipes of polybutene during internal pressure tests at 110°C. At low hoop stresses and long testing times pipe failure was exclusively caused by thermooxidative degradation of the polymer.The stabilizer distribution in the initial state and its alteration during the pressure tests could easily be measured by isothermal DTA. Leaching of antioxidants from pipe walls could be detected. The decrease of residual thermooxidative stability was degressive.Degradation of pipe material started from the exterior pipe wall. Molecular weight of polybutene decreased rapidly after stabilizer exhaustion which could be observed by isothermal DTA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A base of experimental data on the ageing of commerial grade plastics is created. In includes assorted physical and chemical properties of plastics and their changes at natural ageing. An automated system for storing and processing of the experimental data is designed. Processing involves mathematical modeling of the changes in properties that aids in empirical prediction. The possibilities of the system are verified with experimental results from a 5-year ageing period of PE-LD and PE-HD. The results show a good agreement between the predicted and real data for selected models.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 35-56 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Morphologie von Polypropylen-Spritzgußteilen mit Bindenaht wurde mit Röntgenweit-und Kleinwinkelstreuung, Lichtstreuung und Polarisationsmikroskopie untersucht. Die erhaltenen morphologischen Daten wurden mit mechanischen Werten aus Zugversuchen korreliert. Es wird gefunden, daß die mechanischen Eigenschaften der untersuchten Proben im wesentlichen von der sphärolithstruktur beeinflußt werden. Anhäufungen von Sphärolithen mit Kristallen der hexagonalen β-Modifikation und eine starke Inhomogenität der Sphärolithstruktur senkrecht zur Bindenaht sind der wesentliche Grund für die verschlechterten mechanischen Eigenschaften. Diese Sphärolithstruktur wird durch die Temperatur des Spritzgußwerkzeugs stark beeinflußt. Die Lamellen-Überstruktur hat dagegen einen vernachlässigbar kleinen Einfluß auf das mechanische Verhalten.
    Notizen: The morphology of polypropylene plaques containing a weld line, has been investigated by x-ray wide and small angle scattering, light scattering and polarization microscopy. The results are correlated to mechanical values obtained from tensile tests. While the lamellar morphology is of neglectable influence, it is found, that the mechanical properties of the samples are strongly influenced by the spherulitic structure. Clustering of β-type spherulites and strong morphological inhomogeneities in the vicinity of the weld line are the primary reason for the mechanical weakening of the plaques. The temperature of the mould has a strong effect on the spherulitic structure and thus on the tensile properties of the samples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Füllstoffe für PVC- und PP-Formmassen wurden mit Mikrowellenplasma behandelt. Photoakustische FT-IR-Spektren zeigen, daß die Plasma-Polymerhülle auf der Füllstoffoberfläche —C=C—, —CH2—, CH3— und andere Gruppen enthält. Aus Röntgenelektronenspektren geht hervor, daß zwischen Siliciumdioxid und der organischen Beschichtung chemische Bindungen existieren. Durch Compoundieren von plasmabehandelten Füllstoffen mit PVC und PP werden Materialien mit guten mechanischen Eigenschaften bei niedrigen Kosten erhalten.
    Notizen: Fillers for PVC and PP compounds have been treated by microwave plasma. FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy studies show that the plasma polymer sheath on filler's surface contains —C=C—, —CH2—, —CH3 groups, etc. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that interfacial chemical bondings exist between silica and the organic coating. Application of plasma-treated fillers in PVC and PP compounds gives rise to materials of good mechanical properties and low cost.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Poly-(alkylenadipat)-diole mit Molmassen von 1500, 2000 und 3000 wurden bei Temperaturen von 25 und 60°C in Gegenwart verschiedener Alkohole und unterschiedlicher PUR-Katalysatoren (1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (DABCO), Dibutylzinndilaurat (DBTL),Dibutylzinndiethoxid (DBTEO) und Dibutylzinnoxid (DBTO)) in Ethylacetat bzw. Toluol gelagert und die Alkoholyse verfolgt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mit dem Alkoholyseverhalten verschiedener Dialkyladipate sowie des Lösungsmittels Ethylacetat unter den selben Bedingungen verglichen. Die Alkoholyse verlauft in Gegenwart der zinnorganischen Verbindungen etwa mit gleicher Geschwindigkeit, ohne daß diese selbst signifikant zersetzt werden, wahrend DABCO praktisch inaktiv ist. Die Aktivitat der Alkohole ist starker von ihrer sterischen Struktur als von ihrer Basizitat abhangig. Die Stabilität der Polyalkylenadipate gegenüber einer Umesterung nimmt mit der Lange der Diolalkyleneinheiten des Polyols zu. Die Umesterung von Adipinsäuredialkylestern findet auch partiell in Anwesenheit eines großen Uberschusses an Ethylacetat statt.
    Notizen: Poly(alkylene adipate)diols having molar masses of 1500, 2000 and 3000 were stored at temperatures of 25 and 60°C in the presence of low amounts of different alcohols and some polyurethane (PUR) catalysts, such as dibutyltindilaurate (DBTL), dibutyltindiethoxide (DBTEO), dibutyltinoxide (DBTO), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Alcoholysis was studied using either ethyl acetate (EA) or toluene as solvent. The results were compared with those obtained by examining the behaviour of several dialkyl adipates and ethyl acetate under identical conditions. The alcoholysis in the presence of the tin catalysts proceeds at the same reaction rate without significant decomposition of the catalyst, whereas DABCO is practically inactive. The nucleophilic activity of the alcohols depends on their bulk size rather than their basicity. The resistance of polyalkylene adipates to transesterification increases with the increasing alkyl chain length of diol units in polyester. A partial transesterification of dialkyl adipates takes place too, in spite of ethyl acetate being present in excess.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 157-171 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurde das Permeations- und Trennverhalten von Alkohol/Wasser-Systemen durch poröse PVA-Membranen untersucht. PVA-Membranen mit unterschiedlicher Anzahl und Große von Poren wurden über Mischungen in Lösung mit verschiedenen synthetisierten Polymeren und Copolymeren, wie Polyacrylsäure, Polyacrylnitril, Polyacrylamid, Poly(Methylmethacrylat-co-Maleinsäureanhydrid) etc., anschließendes Gießen von Filmen und Extraktion der Polymeren oder Copolymeren durch Lösungsmittel hergestellt. Die Abhängigkeit der Durchlässigkeit und Trennwirkung von der Größe und Form der permeierenden Moleköle wurde qualitativ diskutiert. Des weiteren wurde die Selektivität der Trennwirkung in Abhangigkeit von der Zusammensetzung von Alkohol/Wasser-Gemischen und von der Größe und Anzahl der Poren untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Selektivität von der Menge und dem Molekulargewicht der in die Membranen eingebrachten Polymeren abhängt. Wenn der Gewichtsanteil des verwendeten Polymeren größer als 0,1 war, permeierte bevorzugt der Alkoholanteil bei methanolischen Msungen, wobei der Trennfaktor mit steigender Methanolkonzentration anstieg. In Gemischen mit anderen Alkoholen zeigten die Membranen andererseits eine selektive Durchlässigkeit für Wasser. Der Einfluß der Versuchsbedingungen wurde ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notizen: The permeation and separation characteristics of alcohol/water systems through porous PVA membranes were investigated. Porous PVA membranes with different pore size and number were prepared by solution blending of PVA with several synthesized polymers or copolymers, such as polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and methylmethacrylate-co-maleic anhydride, etc. Then casting, and finally extracting the blended polymers or copolymers by solvent from the membranes. The dependency of both permeation and separation on the molecular size and shape of the permeating species was dicussed qualitatively. Moreover, the permselectivity was investigated with attention to the feed composition of alcohol/water mixture and the effect of pore size and number. The selectivity was found to depend on the weight ratio and the molecular weight of polymer introduced to the membrane. When the weight ratio of polymer introduced into the membrane was larger than 0.1, methanol was permeated through membrane preferentially in methanol/water system, and the separation factor increased with increasing the methanol feed concentration. On the other hand, membrane had a selective permeability for water in the other alcohol/water systems. The influence of operating conditions was also studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Temperatur des T1-Minimums für die Segmentbewegung in Polypropylen, das einen hohen ataktischen Anteil besitzt, ist niedriger als die in isotaktischem Polypropylen. Ein kurzes T1, T1s, tritt bei beiden Materialien auf. Bei Temperaturerhöhung nimmt T2a (T2 der beweglichen amorphen Bezirke) stark und T2m (T2 der dazwischen liegenden Bezirke) leicht zu, während sich T2c (T2 der steifen kristallinen Bezirke) kaum ändert. T2a in Polypropylen mit hohem ataktischem Anteil ist länger als in isotaktischem Polypropylen.Der Massenbruch der kristallinen Bezirke, Fc, nimmt bei Temperaturerhöhung ab und der der amorphen Bezirke, Fa, zu. Die Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit, 1/ (T1min), steigt linear mit Zunahme des amorphen Anteils an, außer bei der mit siedendem n-Heptan extrahierten Probe. Mit Zunahme der Peaktemperatur von tan δ fällt T2a nahezu linear ab, während die Temperatur des T1-Minimums zunimmt.
    Notizen: The temperature of the T1 minimum for the segmental motion in polypropylene containing a lot of atactic fraction is lower than that in isotactic polypropylene. A short T1, T1s, appears for both materials. As the temperature is raised, there is a large increase in T2a (T2 of the mobile amorphous regions), and a mild increase in T2m (T2 of the intermediate regions), while there is no substantial change in T2c (T2 of the rigid crystalline regions). T2a in polypropylene containing a lot of atactic fraction is longer than that in isotactic polypropylene.The mass fraction of crystalline regions, Fc, decreases and that of the amorphous regions, Fa, increases as the temperature is raised. There is a linear increase in the relaxation rate, 1/(T1min), as the amorphous fraction is increased, except for the sample extracted with boiling n-heptane. With increase of the peak temperature of tanδ, T2a decreases nearly linearly, while the temperature of the T1 minimum increases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1990), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Bestrahlung von PTFE mit Elektronen niedriger Energie führt zur Abspaltung von Fluor und zum Einbau von Sauerstoff in die Polymeroberfläche. Es wird gezeigt, daß das Ausmaß der Oberflächenveränderungen hauptsächlich von der Zahl und kaum von der Energie der Elektronen abhängt, die die Oberfläche erreichen. Änderungen in der Oberflächenenergie resultieren in unterschiedlichem Benetzungsverhalten. Kontaktwinkelmessungen und Kurvenanalysen der C-1s-Peaks aus Röntgenphotonenspektroskopiemessungen zeigen, daß der am wenigsten benetzbare Teil der bestrahlten Oberflächen in den meisten Fällen aus —CF2 —CF-Einheiten besteht. Werden bei der Bestrahlung nahezu alle Fluoratome abgespalten, bleiben nur isolierte —CF2-oder —CF-Gruppen zurück. Die „receding“-Winkel werden mit zunehmender Sauerstoffkonzentration in der Oberfläche kleiner, was auf die Bildung stark oxidierter Bereiche hinweist. Die Unabhängigkeit der Kontaktwinkel von der Alterungsdauer deutet auf eine sehr geringe Beweglichkeit der Makromoleküle hin, was mit einer starken Vernet-zung an der Oberfläche zusammenhängen könnte.
    Notizen: Low energy electron irradiation of PTFE induced fluorine depletion and introduction of oxygen on the surface. The effect on surface chemistry was shown to be dependent mostly on the amount of electrons reaching the sample, rather than on their energy.Changes in surface energy resulted in different wetting behaviors. The measurement of advancing water contact angles and the analysis of XPS C-1s peak shapes showed that the least wettable portion of irradiated surfaces is made in most cases of —CF2—CF — units. When the treatment caused a nearly complete fluorine depletion, only isolated —CF2— or —CF— groups are present. Receding angle values decreased linearly depending on the amount of oxygen introduced on the sample during the treatment, suggesting the formation of strongly oxidized polymer islets. The invariance of contact angles with aging time indicated very low macromolecular mobility, probably related to extensive surface crosslinking.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In aqueous dispersions of anionic polyurethanes containing the triethylammonium salt of 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid as chain extender, triethylamine can be largely replaced by ammonia. For electrostatic reasons, NH4+ is namely more tightly bound in the ion pairs located in the Stern layer than NH(C2H5)3+. Thermal treatment of films leads to a loss of base, whereby ammonia is more rapidly released than triethylamine. Therefore, crosslinking with partially methylated hexamethylolmelamine proceeds the faster the more triethylamine is replaced by ammonia.
    Notizen: In Dispersionen aus anionischen Polyurethanen, die das Triethylammoniumsalz der 2,2-Dimethylolpropionsäure als Kettenverlängerungsmittel enthalten, läßt sich durch Zugabe von Ammoniak eine weitgehende Verdrängung des Triethylamins erreichen. Aus elektrostatischen Gründen ist nämlich in den in der Sternschen Schicht lokalisierten Ionenpaaren NH4+ fester gebunden als NH(C2H5)3+. Bei der thermischen Behandlung der Filme tritt Basenabspaltung ein, dabei erfolgt die Abgabe von Ammoniak deutlich schneller als die von Triethylamin. Die Spannungswerte der mit teilmethyliertem Hexamethylolmelamin vernetzten Proben sind daher um so höher, je mehr Triethylamin durch Ammoniak ersetzt wurde.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 53-66 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Viskoelastizitäts-Parameter von geschmolzenem Polystyrol (PS) wurden mit einem Instron-Kapillarrheometer gemessen.Die Drucknachgiebigkeit B(t) zeigt ein Plateau sowohl im Schmelze (B1)- als auch im Glaszustand (Bg); beide nehmen mit abnehmender Spannung ab. Durch Verschiebung der B(t)-Kurven werden Master-Kurven erhalten, mit denen das Gesamtdruckverhalten (überlagerte elastische und viskose Deformationen) analysiert werden kann. Die stationäre Nachgiebigkeit (Bs) erlaubt eine Beschreibung des elastischen Energieanteils und scheint mit der Extrusions-Strangaufweitung (Bcs/Bds) korreliert zu sein. Die Volumenviskosität (ηk) nimmt mit zunehmender Spannung (P), zunehmender Belastungsgeschwindigkeit (k) und abnehmender Temperatur ab.
    Notizen: Viscoelastic parameters of polystyrene (PS) melt in compression creep have been measured in an lnstron capillary-rheometer.Bulk compression creep compliance B(t) shows plateau regions in the molten state (B1) and the glassy state (Bg), both decreasing with increasing stress. Shifting of B(t) curves provides master curves suitable to analysing the total (superposed elastic and viscous deformations) bulk compression behaviour. The steady-state creep compliance (Bs) allows to describe the recoverable elastic energy (Be) and seems to be related to the extrusion die swell (Bcs/Bds). Volume viscosity (ηk) decreases with decreasing stress (P), increasing compression rates (k) and decreasing temperature (T).
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurden Untersuchungen über Molekulargewichtsänderungen an physikalisch bei Raumtemperatur gealterten isotaktischen Polypropylenfilamenten (iPP) mit Hilfe der Hochtemperaturgelpermeationschromatographie (HTGPC) durchgeführt. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen weist auf eine sehr unbedeutende Änderung des Molekulargewichts des Materials während der Alterung hin.Das Materialgranulat wurde als Bezugsstandard gewählt. Basierend auf der Uneinheitlichkeit D = Mw/Mn des Granulats wurden Filamente der Handelsprodukte GYE 47 und PXC 31399 charakterisiert, deren Alterungsdauer zwischen 2 Wochen und 8 Monaten lag. Bei den Filamenten der Qpe GYE 47 verringerte sich die Breite der Molekulargewichtsverteilung D um durchschnittlich 12%. Andererseits zeigen die Filamente des PXC 31399-vps einen weniger eindeutigen Trend zur Änderung, jedoch im Mittel hat sich die Breite der Verteilung um etwa 20% erniedrigt. Bei letzterem ist die Verteilung iiber die Alterungsdauer stark gestreut. Der GYE 47-Typ zeigt eine nahezu asymptotische Abnahme. Es wird angenommen, daß die Ungleichartigkeit in der Ändenz der Anderung von D zwischen beiden Proben in ihrer unterschiedlichen thermodynamischen Stabilitat liegen ktinnte; PXC 31399 ist weniger stabil.
    Notizen: Experiments on the molecular weight variations of physically, room temperature aged isotactic polypropylene (iPP) filaments were done using the High Temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography (HTGPC). Evidence emanating from the studies indicates a very marginal change in molecular weight of the materials during aging.The granules of the materials were chosen as the reference standard. Based on the polydispersity D = Mw/Mn of the granules, filaments of commercial grades GYE 47 and PXC 31399 were characterized between an aging period ranging from 2 weeks to 8 months. The filaments of the GYE 47 grade have their distributions D lowered on the average by about 12%. On the other hand, those of the PXC 31399 grade have a less definite trend in change, but on the average, D is lowered by about 20%. The distributions of this latter grade are highly scattered over the period of aging. The GYE 47 grade shows a reduction in the distribution of a near asymptotic nature. It is believed that the disparity in the trend of change of D between the two samples could be attributed to their relative thermodynamic stability with the PXC 31399 grade being less stable.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Photopolymerisation von Ethylenglykoldimethacrylat (EGDMA) mit Methylmethacrylat (MMA) wurde mit Benzoinmethylether (BME) als Initiator in einem Glasrohr durchgeführt, um einen lichtfokussierenden Plastikstab (Radius Rp) mit parabolischer Brechungsindex-Verteilung (Verteilungskonstante A) in der Nähe der Stabachse (bis zum Radius Rc) herzustellen. Die Abhängigkeit von A und Rc/Rp vom Monomerenverhältnis MMA/EGDMA der Ausgangsmischung, der Einfluß der BME-Konzentration auf die Brechungsindex-Verteilung und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Photopolymerisationen wurden untersucht. Das Rc/Rp-Verhältnis stieg mit dem Monomerenverhältnis MMA/EGDMA bei BME = 1,0 Gew.-% und der Geschwindigkeit der UV-Lampe von V = 0,58 mm/min an. Andererseits stieg Rc/Rp bei BME = 0,6 Gew.-% und V = 0,735 mm/min bis zum Monomerenverhältnis von 0,2 an und fiel dann deutlich zwischen 0,20 und 0,25 ab. Die Plastikstäbe, die hier durch Photopolymerisation hergestellt wurden, haben Linseneigenschaften und sind gut reproduzierbar.
    Notizen: The photocopolymerization of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with methylmethacrylate (MMA) containing benzoin methyl ether (BME) as initiator was carried out in a glass tube to fabricate a light-focusing plastic rod (radius Rp) with a parabolic refractive index distribution (distribution constant A) in the region near the center axis (radius Rc). The dependence of A and Rc/Rp on MMA/EGDMA feed ratio, influence of BME concentration on the refractive index distribution, and the reproducibilities of the photopolymerizations were investigated. The Rc/Rp increased with the feed ratio used under BME = 1.0 wt.-% at velocity of UV lamp V = 0.58 mm/min. On the other hand, Rc/Rp increased with the feed ratio to 0.2 and then decreased remarkably with the feed ratio in the range of 0.2-0.25 with BME = 0.6 wt.-% at V = 0.735 mm/min. Plastic rods fabricated in the investigation using photopolymerization have lens characteristics and good reproducibilities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Polystyrol- und Polymethylmethacrylateinzelfäden mit verschiedenen Graden von Doppelbrechung wurden durch die kontinuierliche Änderung der Ziehgeschwindigkeit, der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze und des Molekulargewichts von Polystyrol (PS) und Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) gewonnen. Der “brittle to ductile” Übergangspunkt (Übergang des Polymeren vom spröden zum ziehbaren Zustand) wurde für das optisch reine Polystyrol im Bereich der Doppelbrechungszahlen -0,6 · 10-3 bis -2,6 · 10-3 gefunden. Höhe und Lage dieses Punktes werden durch das Molekulargewicht, die Molekulargewichtsverteilung und die Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beeinflußt. Die Werte des Doppelbrechungsindexes von PS sind um zwei Zehnerpotenzen höher als von PMMA. Bei PMMA wurde der “brittle to ductile” Übergangspunkt nicht beobachtet. Die mechanischen und optischen Eigenschaften hängen nicht nur vom mittleren Wert des durch die Doppelbrechung charakteri-sierten Orientierungsgrades ab, sondern auch davon, welcher Teil des Relaxations-spektrums des Polymeren vorzugsweise orientiert ist. Beim Ziehen der PS- und PMMA-Einzelfäden bilden sich in der Mitte des Fadens Risse (crazes), die jedoch nicht an die Oberflache des Fadens treten.
    Notizen: Monofilaments possessing various degrees of birefringence were obtained by changing the drawing rate, the molten polymer temperature, and the molecular weight of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The “brittle-toductile” transition point of optically pure PS was found in the range of birefringences of -0.6 · 10-3 to -2.6 · 10-3. Both the height and position of this point are influenced by M̄w, molecular weight distribution, and polymer melt temperature. The birefringence of PS is higher by two orders of magnitude than that of PMMA in which this transition point has not been observed. The mechanical and optical properties depend not only on the average amount of orientation characterized by the birefringence but on what portion of the relaxation spectrum of the polymer is preferentially oriented. During the drawing of PS and PMMA monofilaments crazes are formed in the centre of the fibers and do not reach the surface.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1990), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The possibility of the application of atactic polypropylene is investigated as graft base for the preparation of graft copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride respectively graft copolymers from vinyl acetate onto polypropylene as graft base for the preparation of graft copolymers of vinyl chloride in relation to the composition of the original mixture.After compounding of the graft products with polyvinyl chloride or ABS/polyvinyl-chloride mixtures selected mechanical properties are presented in relation to the quantity and composition of the incorporated graft copolymers.
    Notizen: Die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes von ataktischem Polypropylen als Pfropfgrundlage zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymerisaten des Vinylacetates und Vinylchlorids bzw. von Polypropylen-Vinylacetat-Pfropfprodukten als Pfropfgrundlage zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymerisaten des Vinylchlorids werden in Abhängigkeit von der Ausgangsgemischzusammensetzung untersucht.Nach Abmischung der Pfropfprodukte mit Polyvinylchlorid bzw. ABS/Polyvinylchlorid-Mischungen werden ausgewählte mechanische Eigenschaften sowohl in Abhängigkeit von der Menge des enthaltenen Pfropfproduktes als auch von der Zusammensetzung der Pfropfpolymerisate dargestellt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 5-19 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A new spectroscopic method for determining the permeability of ammonia in transparent polymer layers is presented. It is based on the quantitative proof of the ammonia passing the test layer into a sensor layer, containing 4-nitrophenol as an NH3-sensitive probe, which is placed under the test film. The permeability (P) of the test layer is calculated from the slope of extinction with time in the sensor layer. The lag time (t1) gives the diffusion coefficient (D). The suitability of this method is confirmed by comparison with literature values. Diffusion coefficients obtained from t1 correspond well to those obtained by the sorption method.The temperature dependence of P and D in more than five different polymers (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC and different polyvinyl alcohols) demonstrates that peculiarities in the temperature dependence of the permeability result from the behaviour of the NH3-solubility (P/D) which is strongly dependent on the polymer structure.
    Notizen: Es wird eine neuartige spektroskopische Methode zur Messung der Ammoniak-Permeabilität in transparenten Polymerfilmen vorgestellt. Sie beruht auf dem quantitativen Nachweis des den Testfilm durchdringenden Ammoniaks in einer darunter befindlichen Sensorschicht mit Hilfe der NH3-empfindlichen Sonde 4-Nitrophenol. Aus dem Anstieg der Extinktion mit der Zeit (ΔE/Δt) in der Sensorschicht wird die Permeabilität (P) und aus der Verzögerungszeit (lag time (t1)) der Diffusionskoeffizient (D) berechnet. Die Eignung der Methode wird durch Vergleich mit Literaturwerten belegt. Die aus t1 zugänglichen Diffusionskoeffizienten stimmen sehr gut mit denen überein, die mit der Sorptionsmethode gefunden werden.Die Temperaturabhängigkeiten von P und D in mehr als fünf verschiedenen Polymeren (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC und in verschiedenen Polyvinylalkoholen) zeigen, daß Besonderheiten im Temperaturgang der Permeabilität aus dem vom Aufbau des Polymeren stark abhängigen Verhalten der NH3-Löslichkeit (P/D) resultieren.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurde die strahleninduzierte Pfropfung von 4-Vinylpyridin (VP) auf Styrol-Butadien-Styrol-Copolymere (SBS) in Gegenwart von gelöstem Sauerstoff untersucht. Pfropfcopolymer-Membranen mit unterschiedlichen Pfropfgraden wurden durch Gießen aus benzolischer Lösung hergestellt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften, die Gaspermeabilität sowie der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Gasdurchlässigkeit wurden untersucht. Der höchste Pfropfgrad von 8,4% wurde bei einer Bestrahlungszeit von 15,5 herreicht. Sowohl bei kürzeren als auch längeren Bestrahlungszeiten war der Pfropfgrad  -  bedingt durch Störung durch den vorhandenen Sauerstoff  -  niedriger. Reißfestigkeit und Reißdehnung von SBS-g-VP waren vergleichbar rnit SBS. Die Spannungsrelaxation von SBS-g-VP war langsamer als bei SBS, was auf der Bildung von starren Polyvinylpyridin(DVP)-Mikrophasen beruhen könnte, die als permanente Vernetzungspunkte wirken und die Spannungsrelaxation beeinträchtigen könnten.Da SBS eine hohe Gasdurchlässigkeit und PVP eine hohe O2/N2-Selektivität aufweisen, wurde die Gasdurchlässigkeit der Pfropfmembranen untersucht. Die Selektivitat der SBS-g-VP-Membranen stieg mit steigendem Pfropfgrad, allerdings auf Kosten der Permeabilität, Bei Erhöhung der Temperatur nahm die Durchlässigkeit zu, das Verhältnis O2/N2, aber ab. Die Aktivierungsenergie (Ep) der Gasdurchlässigkeit stieg mit dem Pfropfgrad. Für eine nichtgepfropfte SBS-Membran betrug Ep 5,5 kcal/mol für Sauerstoff und 7,2 kcal/mol für Stickstoff. Für eine SBS-g-VP-Membran mit einem Pfropfgrad von 8,4% waren die Ep-Werte für Sauerstoff und Stickstoff 6,5 bzw. 8,1 kcal/mol.
    Notizen: The grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine (VP) onto styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers (SBS) by homografting irradiation with dissolved oxygen was studied. Homograft membranes of various degree of grafting were prepared from a casting solution of grafted copolymer in benzene. The mechanical properties of membranes, gas permeability, and the effect of operating temperature on gas permeation were investigated.The degree of grafting of 8.4% was the largest at an irradiation time of about 15.5 h. It was smaller at both shorter and longer duration because of the interference of dissolved oxygen. It was found that the tensile strength and elongation of SBS-g-VP were similar to those of SBS. The stress relaxation of SBS-g-VP was slower than that of SBS, and this might be due to the formation of rigid microphase separation domain of poly(4-vinyl pyridine), which acted as permanent crosslinking points to reduce the stress relaxation.Using the properties of high flux of SBS and high O2/N2 selectivity of poly(4-vinyl pyridine), the performance of gas permeation of 4-vinyl pyridine homografted SBS membrane was studied. The selectivity of SBS-g-VP membrane increased with increasing degree of grafting. However, it was done at the expense of a decrease in the gas permeability.When the operating temperature of gas permeation increased, the permeability of oxygen and nitrogen increased, and the O2/N2 permeability ratio decreased. The activation energy (Ep) for gas permeation through different degree of grafting of SBS-g-VP membrane (obtained by the Arrhenius law) increased with increasing degree of grafting. For ungrafted SBS membrane, Ep was 5.5 kcal/mol for oxygen and 7.2 kcal/mol for nitrogen. For 8.4% grafting degree SBS-g-VP membrane, Ep for oxygen and nitrogen, were 6.5 and 8.1 kcal/mol, respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The change of molecular mass and long-term strength of high and low density polyethylene under tensile load in surface-active medium was studied. It is shown that long-term strength of polyethylene depends on the molecular mass. The influence of polydispersity on strength was investigated.
    Notizen: Es wird über die Untersuchungsergebnisse von Lebensdauer und Molmassenänderung an polydispersen Proben von HDPE und HDPE in einem breiten M̄v-Bereich im Zugversuch in einem oberflächenaktiven Medium berichtet.Die Arbeit enthält auch die Darstellung der quantitativen Änderung der Molmasse von Hochdruck- und Niederdruck-Polyethylen unter Dauerbeanspruchung und die Analyse der Lebensdauer in Abhängigkeit von den unterschiedlichen Molmassen (MM) (M̄w, M̄n, M̄v); die Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der Lebensdauer von M̄v für Proben und polydisperse Muster sowie die Vorstellungen über den dualen Einfluß der Polydispersität auf die Lebensdauer mit einer Interpretation der auftretenden Erscheinungen werden beschrieben.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: One constitutive property for the description of dyeing polyester-materials with disperse dyes is the particle size distribution in the dye bath. To measure particle sizes below one micrometer in situ, special techniques are required. One of these is the so called photon-correlation-spectroscopy, depending on the scattering of laser light by suspended small particles in a fluid. The mathematical and physical principles of the photon-correlation-technique are explained in this article.
    Notizen: Eine zur Beschreibung des Färbevorganges von Polyestermaterialien mit Dispersionsfarbstoffen wesentliche Größe stellt die Partikelgrößenverteilung im Farbebad dar. Partikelgrößen unterhalb eines Mikrometers lassen sich in situ nur mit wenigen Meßtechniken bestimmen. Dazu zählt u. a. die Photonen-Korrelations-Spektroskopie, die auf Streuung von Laserlicht an kleinen, in einer Flüssigkeit suspendierten Teilchen basiert. Die mathematischen und physikalischen Grundlagen dieser Meßtechnik werden in diesem Artikel erläutert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Kristallinität von Polyethylen, Polyethylenterephthalat und Polypropylen wurde mit Hilfe der Röntgenweitwinkel(WAXS)-und-kleinwinkel(SAXS)streuung gemessen. Die mittels der letzteren Methode erhaltenen Kristallinitätswerte sind deutlich größer als die durch WAXS. Es wird vermutet, daß die Unterschiede mit der Schicht zusammenhängen, die zwischen den amorphen und kristallinen Bereichen liegt. Daraus wurde geschlossen, daß die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung nicht als unabhängige Routinemethode zur Kristallinitätsbestimmung angewendet werden kann.
    Notizen: The crystallinity of polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, and polypropylene was measured with the aid of wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) X-ray scattering methods. The values of crystallinity evaluated using the latter method are distinctly larger than those ones given by the WAXS method. The differences are supposed to be associated with the transition layer existing between the amorphous and crystalline regions. It was concluded that small angle X-ray scattering cannot be employed as an independent routine method of crystallinity determination.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Für das System Cellulosenitrat-μ-Styragel-THF wurde die DP-Ve-Beziehung sowie die Ausarbeitung der betreffenden Eichparameter einer genaueren Betrachtung unterzogen. Die etwa dreißig Eichpräparate waren durch definierten säurekatalysierten Abbau von Baumwollcellulose und anschließende Nitrierung hergestellt worden und umfaßten einen DP-Bereich von 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. Es wird gezeigt, daß mit steigendem DP die DP-Ve-Beziehung drei verschiedene Phasen aufweist. Bei der Anwendung der SEC auf Cellulosenitrat müssen daher bezüglich der Eichung zwei Fehlerquellen in Betracht gezogen werden: eine bezieht sich auf die Methode der Ausarbeitung der Eichparameter als solche, und die andere auf die Nichtbeachtung des Vorhandenseins dreier Abschnitte in der DP-Ve-Beziehung. Die Auswirkung dieser Fehler auf die Genauigkeit der aus den Elutionsdiagrammen abgeleiteten Verteilungskurven und DP-Mittelwerte wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: The calibration behaviour of the system cellulose nitrate-μ-Styragel-THF has been studied using about 30 different calibration samples prepared by defined acid catalyzed degradation of cotton cellulose. The samples covered a range of DP between 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. It is shown that the DP-Ve relationship is characterized by the existence of three subsequent stages. Consequently, two sources of errors in the DP-Ve calibration must be taken into consideration. One refers to the methods as such to elaborate the calibration parameters, and the other one arises by neglecting that the DP-Ve relationship involves 3 distinct stages. The extent of the two classes of errors in regard to the exactness of the determined molecular weight averages and molecular weight distributions is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 141-156 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Bei der Polycondensation von d,l-Asparaginsäure mit Nδ-phthaloyl-L-ornithin in Phosphorsäure bei 185°C entstehen statisticsche Copolymere (Ausbeute 60  -  70%) aus Poly(d,l-succinimid-co-Nδ-phthaloyl-d,l-ornithin), Formel 6, mit inhärenten Viskositäten (DMF) von 5 bis 15 ml g-1. Copolyimide der selben Zusammensetzung 6 und vergleichbarer Kettenlänge werden aus Asparaginsäure und dem Kupferchelat des Phthaloylornithins erhalten. Die Behandlung des Copolymeren 6 mit Hydrazinhydrat fuhrt zur Öffnung der Succinimid-Kettenglieder unter Bildung von Hydrazid-Seitengruppen. Die resultierenden Polyamide sind Poly(α,β-d,l-asparaginsäurehydrazid-co-d,l-ornithin), Formel 7. Kürzere Reaktionszeiten bedingen unvollständige Ringöffnung, und die verbleibenden Succinimid-Gruppen werden bei der folgenden Aufarbeitung hydrolytisch gespalten unter Bildung von Asparaginsaüre-Gruppen; die sogebildeten Polyamide besitzen die Struktur 8. Beide Polymere, 7 und 8, sind in Wasser loslich und zeigen in Wasser inharente Viskositiiten von 5 bis 14 ml g-l. Die Fahigkeit dieser Polyamide zur Arzneimittelverankerung wird durch Ankoppeln von Carbonsau- ren als Modellsubstanzen gezeigt.
    Notizen: The polycondensation of d,l-aspartic acid with Nδ-phthaloyl-l-ornithine in phosphoric acid at 185°C gives rise to the formation, in 60  -  75% yield, of random copolymers of the poly(d,l-succinimide-co-Nδ-phthaloyl-D,L-ornithine) type 6 possessing inherent viscosities (DMF) in the range of 5  -  15 ml g-1. Copolyimides of the same compositions 6 and comparable chain lengths are obtained from aspartic acid and the copper chelate of the phthaloylornithine. Treatment of copolymers 6 with hydrazine hydrate in DMF leads to N-deprotection and opening of the intrachain succinimide rings with formation of hydrazide side groups. The resultant polyamides are of the poly(α,β-d,l-asparthydrazide-co-d,l-ornithine) type 7. Shorter reaction periods give incomplete hydrazinolytic ring opening, and the remaining succinimide units are cleaved hydrolytically during the subsequent aqueous workup, thereby transforming into aspartic acid units. The polyamides so formed possess the general poly(α,β-d,l-asparthydrazide-co-α,β-d,l-aspartic acid-co-d,l-ornithine) structure 8 Both types 7 and 8 are soluble in water and, in this medium, give inherent viscosities of 5  -  14 ml g-1. The potential drug-anchoring capabilities of these amine-functionalized polyamides are demonstrated by coupling reactions with model carboxylic acids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Im Zusammenhang mit Arbeiten über den Wirkungsmechanismus von Antioxidantien in Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren unter Sauerstoffmangel wurde die Abfangreaktion des Modellradikals 1-Cyano-1-methylethyl (R°) mit N-Isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylendiamin (Ia) und seinem Oxidationsprodukt IIa untersucht. Reines Ia und IIa reagieren kaum mit R′, eine Mischung aus beiden ist jedoch ein effektiver Fänger fur R′, wobei R′ entweder am Stickstoffatom zwischen den aromatischen Ringen unter Bildung von VIa gebunden wird, oder unter Substitution mit dem Phenylenring reagiert, wobei VIIIa entsteht. Verbindung VIa ist labil, bei Vulkanisationstemperatur spaltet sie im neutralen Medium Olefin unter Regenerierung von Ia ab. In Gegenwart von Säuren lauft diese Reaktion auch bei niedrigerer Temperatur ab. Im Produkt VIIIa ist R′ fest gebunden, durch die Nitrilgruppe tritt jedoch eine säurekatalysierte Cyclisierung zum Indolinderivat X ein. Die Bildung von VIIIa ist ein Modell für die Entstehung einer „nichtextrahierbaren Fraktion“ des Antioxidants Ia bei der Stabilisierung von Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren.
    Notizen: In connection with the investigation of the mechanism of antioxidant action of antidegradants in hydrocarbon polymers under the conditions of a relative deficiency of oxygen, scavenging of a model alkyl (1-cyano-1-methylethyl,R°) was studied with Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (Ia)For abbreviations see p. 11. and its oxidation product, i.e. Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonediimine (IIa). While pure Ia and IIa do not react with the radical R° almost at all, their mixture is able to scavenge R° effectively. The reaction is further accelerated with acids. The alkyl R° combines with the antidegradant molecule in two ways, one of which leads to the substitution at the nitrogen atom between the aromatic rings, giving rise to VIa, while the other consists in the substitution of phenylene, leading to VIIIa. The product VIa is labile, and at vulcanization temperatures it readily splits off olefin in a neutral medium, being regenerated to Ia. In the presence of acids this reaction proceeds even at lower temperatures. In the other product, i.e. in VIIIa, the alkyl R° is bound firmly, but due to the presence of the nitrile group, VIIIa is readily cyclized by the effect of acids, and an indoline derivative X is formed. The formation of VIIIa is a model of the formation of an “unextractable fraction” of antidegradant Ia in the stabilization of hydrocarbon polymers. Investigations based on the isolation of reaction products bear at the same time evidence of the possibility of regeneration of an effective antioxidant in the stabilized substrate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The photochemical degradation of polymers (commonly known as UV degradation) takes place in two stages: First, there is the primary process comprising the rapid formation of radicals caused by quanta of visible light; this involves the dissociation of polymer chain molecules and/or the activation of polymer chain molecules respectively of additives, colorants and impurities contained in the polymer. The secondary process consists in oxidation reactions with singulett-oxygen generated by energy-transfer and/or between the polymer radicals thus formed and adsorbed oxygen, as a result of which gradual degradation of the polymer takes place.An investigation of these individual reactions using a combination of selected physical test methods leads to an unterstanding of the entire reaction sequence involved in photo-oxidative degradation. This knowledge provides a basis for systematically improving the weather-resistance of polymers by modifying their basic polymeric structure or through the controlled use of UV absorbers, quenchers, radical interceptors and antioxidants.The physical test methods themselves are divided into two categories: techniques used for investigating the primary processes (ultra short-time spectroscopy, ESR) and those used to investigate the secondary processes (XPS, FT-IR, UV/VIS et al.).With pigmented polymers, attention is focussed on borderline cases in the use of photoactive and photoinactive pigments: as a result of “photocatalytic oxidation”, photoactive pigments (e.g. TiO2 anatase) lead to additional degradation reactions which take place at the same time as the UV degradation reaction. Photoinactive pigments (e.g. high-grade TiO2-rutile and iron oxide pigments), on the other hand, exhibit negligible or no photocatalytic oxidation and, by absorbing UV radiation, provides better protection for the polymer against UV degradation.This paper gives an overview of the above-mentioned physical methods of investigating primary and secondary photochemical processes, taking a thermoplastic material (Polycarbonate) as an example. A description is also given of the photocatalytic oxidation reations which can take place if pigmented polymers are used, and there is a discussion of the degradation-inhibiting effects of inorganic pigments.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The aim of the present work is to predict the warehouse storage life of polyethylene low-density, polyethylene high-density and polystyrene impact-resistent, using the method of temperature-time superposition. The properties, most representative for thermal ageing, are the relative elongation at break for polyethylene and the impact resistance for polystyrene. The validity of the predicted shelf-life is verified by estimating the change of these properties under real conditions of warehouse storage.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A commercial type of impact-resistant polystyrene was investigated. Two types of antioxidants, Irganox 245 and Irganox PS-800 were added to polystyrene in ammounts of 0,05 to 0.20%. Films, dumbbells and straight test pieces were subjected to thermal and u.v. ageing. Films of 250 μ thickness were thermally treated at 100°C and separately u.v. irradiated at 360 nm for 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours. Dumbbells and straight test pieces were only thermally aged at 100°C for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Mechanical properties were determined. The spectra of samples were recorded using Perkin-Elmer, model 1750 FTIR and Perkin-Elmer data station 7700. Colour changes of all dumbbells were measured using Elrepho apparatus in u.v.-visible region. (Changes of the content of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, as well as of polybutadiene (PB) unsaturation in films were recorded on i.r. spektrophotometer Perkin-Elmer 257 between 4000 and 625 cm-1 and were published in the first part of this study1).
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Formstoffe aus aromatischen Polyepoxiden, aromatischen Polyaminen mit hochtemperaturbeständigen Strukturelementen sowie pulverförmigen Füllstoffen besitzen hervorragende Eigenschaften, wie hohe Glasübergangstemperatur, hohemechanische Festigkeit, kleinen thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten und Schwerbrennbarkeit ohne Zugabe von Flammschutzmitteln. Über die Synthese dieser aromatischen Polyamine, die Herstellung und Verarbeitung der Niederdruckpreßmassen sowie die Eigenschaften der Formstoffe wird berichtet.
    Notizen: Moulded materials produced from aromatic epoxide resins, aromatic polyamines with high-temperature-resistant structure units and powdered mineral fillers possess outstanding properties like high glass transition temperatures, high mechanical strength, low linear thermal expansion coefficient, and reduced flammability without the addition of flame retardants. An account is given of the synthesis of aromatic polyamines, the preparation and working of moulding materials and the properties of the finished products.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The influence of linearly and circularly polarized light on the state of order of nematic dye-copolymers is investigated. For a nematic model system we have shown that the optical axis of these systems can be reorientated with linearly polarized light in a well defined manner. Furthermore these investigations prove that the isomerisation cycles of the azo dye is responsible for the described properties. By selection of circularly polarized light the same transmission behaviour as shown by selectively reflecting materials, i. e. cholesteric liquid crystals, was observed.
    Notizen: Untersucht wird der Einfluß von linear und zirkular polarisiertem Licht auf den Ordnungszustand von nematischen Farbstoff- Copolymeren. Am Beispiel eines Modellsystems wird gezeigt, daß mit linear polarisiertem Licht die optische Vorzugsachse dieser Systeme gezielt reorientiert werden kann. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß der Isomerisierungszyklus des Azofarbstoffes für diese Eigenschaft des Materials verantwortlich ist Nach Bestrahlen der Probe mit zirkular polarisiertem Licht wird für das Polymere das gleiche Transmissionsverhalten beobachtet. Wie es auch selektivreflektierende Materialien, z. B. cholesterische Flüssigkristalle, aufweisen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: For fabricating microstructures with extreme structural heights a technology has been developed which is based on deep-etch lithography and subsequent replication processes. A particularly high precision is achieved if the lithographic process is carried out by means of synchrotron radiation. Electroforming and molding processes are used for the replication of microstructures from a large variety of materials. The field of application comprises micromechanics, microoptics, electrical and optical microconnectors as well as sensors and actuators.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Charge carrier transport properties of organic polymers can vary over a wide range. The paper shows that the electron- and hole mobilities of polymers with pendant photoconductive groups (i. e. carbazole) are on the order of 10-6 cm2/Vs. In these materials the flow of electronic charge is maintained by the overlap of the π-orbitals of the pendant molecular groups. The large variation of this short-range interaction, depending on the local configurations encountered in polymer glasses, leads to a large variation of hopping probabilities and, hence, to wide rate-distributions. These distributions are reflected in the slow algebraic decay characteristics of the observed photocurrents. The typical time exponents α (α 〈 1) are shown to carry a great deal of physical information, if the dynamical range of the experiments is sufficiently large. The paper also refers to quasi-conjugated polymers (polysilanes) whose dynamic transport parameters are about 103 times better (faster) as compared to polymers with pendant groups. These new materials open interesting aspects for the development of new polymeric materials with better transport parameters and, hence, shorter 'switching times'.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: All of the coat proteins of the sporozoite and merozoite stages of Plasmodium, determined to date, contain tandem repeats and most of these contain at least one proline residue. These tandemly repeated segments of the circumsporozite (CS) proteins of P. falciparum and P. knowlesi have been shown to constitute an immunodominant epitope. Antibodies to these peptide segments have been shown to be protective and cause the shedding of the CS protein, known as the CSP reaction. In this study, four synthetic peptides were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The first peptide corresponds to the tetrapeptide tandem repeat in the CS protein of P. falciparum, repeated eight times, (NANP)8. The second peptide is an analogue of the first in which glycine is substituted for proline, (NANG)8. The third peptide corresponds to the tandem repeat of P. knowlesi, PK(1-24), which is repeated twice (QAQGDGANAGQP)2. The fourth peptide is a tetrapeptide repeat, corresponding to the C-terminal tetrapeptide of PK(1-24) and is repeated eight times, (AGQP)8. It is shown by CD measurements that the presence of proline in these repeats induces an increase in β-sheet (β-turn) content in the (NANP)8 peptide relative to the repeat of (NANG)8 and PK(1-24) peptide in aqueous media. The (AGQP)8 peptide has the highest β-sheet (β-turn) content in the synthetic peptides. It is concluded that this increase in defined structure correlates well with and hence may contribute to the increased antigenicity in these repeats.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Self-assembling chemotherapeutic agents are mixtures of relatively nontoxic precursors that can combine chemically under physiological conditions to form products with greater cytotoxic and/or antimicrobial activity than either of the precursors. Combinations that form products more rapidly in or near the target (tumor, pathogen, virally infected cell) than in normal tissues will exhibit target-selective synergism, thus exhibiting an antitarget selectivity that is greater than the selectivities of the product (e.g., a hydrazone) and of either precursor (e.g., a hydrazine derivative or ketone) used singly.This paper describes the target-selective cytotoxic synergism of a cationic aldehyde (A) and a cationic acylhydrazine (B) containing a triarylalkylphophonium moiety against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (ELA) in culture, in addition to reviewing previous work on self-assembling cytotoxins. The synergism between A and B is carcinoma selective when the ELA cells (the target) are compared to CV-1, A, B and the hydrazone C resulting from their reaction are lipophilic delocalized cations that selectively inhibit ELA growth relative to CV-1 growth. The hydrazone C is more growth inhibitory than either A or B for both cell lines. A combination of A with an unreactive analogue of B and a combination of B with an unreactive analogue of A did not synergistically inhibit ELA proliferation. The degree of synergism is greater against the ELA cells than against the CV-1 cells. These data, together with hydrazone formation kinetics, suggest that A and B are both concentrated together selectively inside the ELA due to the transmembrane potentials, reacting inside the ELA cells at a higher velocity than inside the CV-1 cells to form the more growth-inhibitory hydrazone C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Cyclic pentapeptides are excellent models for reverse turns and have been used extensively in our laboratory to explore the influence of different amino acid sequences on turn preference. This paper is divided into two parts: In the first, we review our previous studies of cyclic pentapeptides. We summarize work that demonstrates the range of conformations possible within the cyclic pentapeptide backbone, the importance of sequence chirality in determining the backbone fold, and the utility of these cyclic pentapeptides as models for various turns. In the second, we present new results on two cyclic pentapeptides that contain β-turns with Pro-Ala or Pro-Asn sequences in the i + 1 and i + 2 positions. By stereochemical criteria, a type I β-turn is expected to be preferred by such L-L sequences. On the other hand, in proteins Asn occurs frequently in the i + 2 position of type II turns. We asked whether the same propensity would be manifest in an isolated model peptide, and if so, what the interactions were that influenced the relative stability of the type I and type II turns. To address these questions we have compared the conformational behavior of two peptides: cyclo(Gly-Pro-Ala-D-Phe-Pro) and cyclo(D-Ala-Pro-Asn-Gly-Pro). From previous studies, we anticipated that both peptides would contain an inverse γ-turn and a β-turn which consisted of either Gly-Pro-Ala-D-Phe or D-Ala-Pro-Asn-Gly in positions i to i + 3, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis confirms this overall backbone conformation. Furthermore, quantitative nuclear Overhauser effect measurements in combination with molecular dynamics simulations and torsionally-forced energy minimizations have enabled us to determine that both type I and type II β-turns are present in equilibrium in these peptides. The introduction of Asn in position i + 2 shifts this equilibrium significantly towards type II. We have done preliminary assessment of the possible side-chain/backbone conformations that contribute to the shift in populations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 289-299 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: To better understand the structural basis of protein-DNA interactions, the conformational changes that accompany these interactions need to be described. In order to develop a methodological approach to this problem, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with derivative resolution enhancement has been used to identify conformational changes that occur when a 29-residue synthetic peptide binds nonspecifically to heterogenous cellular DNA in aqueous solution. The peptide sequence was chosen de novo, in order to rationally design a peptide model that would allow the relationship between DNA binding and the stability of protein secondary structure to be studied. Peptide at a concentration of 100-200 μM produces 50% saturation of heterogenous phage DNA sequences as well as of short synthetic oligonucleotides. FTIR spectra reveal significant changes in peptide and DNA upon binding. Second-derivative spectra resolve the amide I band of native peptide into components located at 1627 (β-strand), 1658 (α-helix), and 1681 (turn or β-strand) cm-1, with a distinct shoulder at 1647 cm-1 (disordered structure). Assignment of the 1681 cm-1 vibration to a turn conformation is supported by uv CD studies, which indicate significant amounts of turn structure in unbound peptide. Ultraviolet CD also confirms the existence of disordered and β-strand regions in the free peptide. Upon interacting with DNA the band at 1681 cm-1 (turn) is no longer seen; a new band appears at 1675 cm-1; the 1627 cm-1 band (β-strand) is considerably reduced in intensity; the position of the α-helical (1658 cm-1) component remains unchanged; the shoulder at 1647 cm-1 (disorder) disappears. The new vibration at 1675 cm-1 is characteristic of β-strand structures. The asymmetric stretch (vAS) of the DNA phosphates shifts from 1223 (unbound) to 1229 cm-1 (bound); the relative intensities of νAS and the PO2- symmetric stretch (vs) are altered upon peptide binding. The data is consistent with the following conclusions: (a)DNA binding changes the secondary structure of the peptide, (b) disordered region(s) are only observed in free peptide, i.e., DNA binding stabilizes and increases order in the peptide secondary structure, (c) turn(s) change into β-strand and/or α-helical conformations(s) when peptide binds to DNA, (d) a β-strand conformation that is characterized bya 1627 cm-1 vibration is present in free and bound peptide, (e) there is a particular β-strand vibration/conformation that is only present in the bound peptide, (f) an α-helical region exists in both free and bound peptide, (g) DNA remains in a B-family conformation upon peptide binding, and (h) DNA phosphates participate in peptide binding and/or subtle changes occur in the DNA conformation upon complex formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Previous studies have demonstrated that His 12 plays a major role in the pH-dependent stability of the helix formed by the isolated C-peptide (residues 1-13 of ribonuclease A). Here, amino acid replacement experiments show that His 12+ stabilizes the C-peptide helix chiefly by interacting with Phe 8. The Phe 8 ⃛ His 12+ ring interaction is specific for the protonated form of His 12 (His 12+) and the interaction is not screened significantly by NaCl, unlike the charged group ⃛ helix dipole interactions studied earlier in C-peptide. Analogs of C-peptide that are unable to form the Phe 8 ⃛ His 12+ interaction show large increases in helix content for Phe → Ala and His → Ala. Therefore, the helical tendencies of the individual residues Phe, His, and Ala are important in determining the result of a replacement experiment. Since the side chains of Phe 8 and His 12 probably interact within the N-terminal helix of ribonuclease A, the existence of the Phe 8 ⃛ His 12+ interaction in the isolated C-peptide helix adds to the evidence that the C-peptide helix is an autonomous folding unit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthetic RNA poly[r(A-T)] has been synthesized and its CD spectral properties compared to those of poly[r(A-U)], poly[d(A-T)], and poly[d(A-U)] in various salt and ethanolic solutions. The CD spectra of poly[r(A-T)] in an aqueous buffer and of poly[d(A-T)] in 70.8% v/v ethanol are very similar, suggesting that they both adopt the same A conformation. On the other hand, the CD spectra of poly[r(A-T)] and of poly[r(A-U)] differ in aqueous, and even more so in ethanolic, solutions. We have recently observed a two-state salt-induced isomerization of poly[r(A-U)] into chiral condensates, perhaps of Z-RNA [M. Vorlíčková, J. Kypr, and T. M. Jovin, (1988) Biopolymers 27, 351-354]. It is shown here that poly[r(A-T)] does not undergo this isomerization. Both the changes in secondary structure and tendency to aggregation are different for poly[r(A-T)] and poly[r(A-U)] in aqueous salt solutions. In most cases, the CD spectrum of poly[r(A-U)] shows little modification of its CD spectrum unless the polymer denatures or aggregates, whereas poly[r(A-T)] displays noncooperative alterations in its CD spectrum and a reduced tendency to aggregation. At high NaCl concentrations, poly[r(A-T)] and poly[r(A-U)] condense into ψ (-) and ψ (+) structures, respectively, indicating that the type of aggregation is dictated by the polynucleotide chemical structure and the corresponding differences in conformational properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 393-405 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Tm of internal loop-forming (dA · dT)N domains in pBR322 DNA has been measured over a tenfold range of [Na+]. The slopes SN = dTm/d log[Na+] are linear and decrease in magnitude with decreasing loop size N, signaling a reduction in Na+ released during the transition of these domains to the coil state. Values of SN decrese linearly with increasing N-1 in accordance with the expectation of a simple model for the occurrence of a gradient of long-range electrostatic forces at helix-coil boundaries, and extrapolate almost precisely to the value of S∞ observed for (dA · dT)∞. These results indicate (1) less counterion is released per phosphate residue from the finite loop than from the infinitesized loop, and (2) the difference in binding is constant for each boundary formed and independent of the size of the loop within the range examined: ∼ 350 base pair (bp) 〉 N 〉 71 bp. The slope of the dependence of SN on N-1 indicates the region of higher charge density at the boundary extends at least 18 Å into the coil and probably 40-50 Å before dropping to a value characteristic of the unperturbed coil. The free energy for excess counterion binding at boundaries can be expressed by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{ - \Delta G} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - \Delta G} {RT}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {RT}} = 10.47{\rm log}\left[{{\rm Na}^ + } \right] + 5.234 $$\end{document} When the loop entropy function in a statistical mechanical algorithm for the dissociation of DNA is weighted by this quantity, calculated Tm are seen to vary by only ±0.09°C from observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, [2, 4-MePro3]-TRH (2, 4-MePro: 2-carboxy-2, 4-methanopyrrolidine), has been synthesized using a rapid solid phase peptide synthesis method, and its conformational properties investigated by one- and two- dimensional (2D) nmr spectroscopy and by proton Overhauser measurements. Following a published approach, calibrated interproton Overhauser effects were used together with distance geometry analysis to deduce that the single conformation of the His-2, 4-MePro tertiary amide bond is trans in aqueous solution. This conclusion was corroborated by 2D dipolar-correlated (NOESY) spectroscopy. A preferentially extended conformation is indicated by the nmr data, similar to that of TRH. The φ, ψ conformational space of 2, 4-MePro is, however, significantly different from that of trans proline and the structural consequences of these differences at the C-terminus are discussed. The distribution of histidine side-chain conformation in the TRH analogue was deduced from coupling constants and from the short-range interaction between the imidazole ring and one of the prochiral faces of the 2, 4-MePro side chain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 441-448 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The effects of calcium ions on the solution properties of porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) have been investigated by static and dynamic light scattering. The weight average molecular weights of PSM fractions are unaffected by the addition of up to 0.5M CaCl2: these data are within experimental error of those for solutions in 0.1M NaCl. The distribution of relaxation frequencies derived from the dynamic data shows the existence of two distinct relaxation modes. The average relaxation times have been interpreted to yield the z-average translational diffusion coefficient and the longest intramolecular relaxation time τ1. A plot of τ1 vs 〈1/Rh〉z-3 is linear, and consistent with plots of such data recorded for PSM in 0.1M NaCl and 6M GdnHCl solutions. However, the τ1 values and the associated results for 〈Rh-1〉z-1 in 0.5M CaCl2 are smaller than those determined in 0.1M NaCl. This suggests that the conformation of PSM in CaCl2 solution is more contracted than those in the other two solvents. These results are consistent with the compact packaging of mucin in the secretary granules that have elevated Ca2+ levels.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 449-459 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Calorimetric titrations have been performed on the binding of ethidium and propidium to calf thymus DNA at temperatures in the 15-60°C range. Enthalpy changes (ΔHB) derived from these experiments performed with the new Omega reaction calorimeter have a precision of ±0.10 kcal/mol or less at all temperatures. For ethidium (a monocation), ΔHB varies little with temperature, and the heat capacity change (ΔCP) for the binding reaction derived from these parameters is 10 cal/deg/mol. In contrast, ΔHB changes from -6.5 to -8.1 kcal/mol for DNA binding of propidium (a dication due to a charged amine group at the end of an alkyl chain attached to the phenanthridine ring nitrogen), and ΔCP is -57 cal/deg/mol. At 21°C a plot of ΔHB vs mole ratio is curved downward for propidium in the 0.08-0.25 range, whereas the same plot at 45°C is a straight line from 0.05 to 0.15 and sharply downward thereafter. Similar plots for ethidium follow the latter pattern between 25 and 50°C. These observations and our analyses of ΔHB and ΔSB are consistent with the hypothesis that the location in the DNA complex and the rotational motion of the alkylamine chain change substantially over the temperature range in this study. Only near 50°C is ΔHB equal for the binding of these two cations to DNA, and caution must be used in analyses of enthalpic effects when the temperature dependence for ΔHB is not available.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The triphenylethylene antiestrogen trans-tamoxifen is an effective antitumor agent used in the treatment of human breast cancer. While the antiestrogenic activity of trans-tamoxifen clearly plays an important role in its tumoricidal action, some of the biological effects of trans-tamoxifen are independent of estrogen. Therapeutic concentrations of trans-tamoxifen inhibit protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin-dependent enzymes. PKC and calmodulin play critical roles in growth regulation, and there is evidence that inhibition of PKC and calmodulin by trans-tamoxifen may contribute to the antiumor activity of the drug in vivo.The geometric isomers cis- and trans-tamoxifen have a number of opposing biological activities that have been attributed to their interactions with the estrogen receptor, Cis-tamoxifen is generally estrogenic, whereas trans-tamoxifen is generally antiestrogenic. In this report, we compared the effects of cis- and trans-tamoxifen on PKC activity and on calmodulin-dependent cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. Cis- and trans-tamoxifen inhibited the Ca2+- and phosphatidylserine- (PS-) dependent activity of purified rat brain PKC with indistinguishable potencies, but cis-tamoxifen was somewhat more potent than the trans isomer in the inhibition of the Ca2+- and PS-independent activity of PKC. In addition, cis-tamoxifen was the more potent isomer in the inhibition of T lymphocyte activation, an event that entails a PKC-requiring signal transduction pathway. A modest preference of the cis isomer was also observed in the inhibition of a calmodulin-dependent cAMP phosphodiesterase. These results suggest a congruence between triphenylethylene binding sites on PKC and on the activated calmodulin-cAMP phosphodiesterase complex. We conclude that the interactions of cis- and trans-tamoxifen with PKC and the activated calmodulin-cAMP phosphodiesterase complex offer a criterion for distinguishing biological effects of triphenylethylenes that are due to interactions with the estrogen receptor from the biological effects resulting from their inhibitory activities against PKC and calmodulin-dependent processes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A peptide affinity inactivator, Ac-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-(BrAc)Orn-Leu-Gly, was used as a tool to probe for active site residues in the catalytic subunit of bovine cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The peptide inactivated the catalytic subunit in an active site-directed and monophasic manner with a first-order rate constant of 0.03 min-1 and a dissociation constant of 675 μM. Studies with radioactive peptide indicated that approximately one equivalent of peptide was incorporated into each protein molecule. Protein sequencing identified the modified residue as Cys-199. A possible location for Cys-199 within the active site is suggested.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The alkaline phosphatase signal peptide participates in transport of the enzyme to the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. The signal sequence, like that of other signal peptides, is composed of a polar amino-terminal segment, a central region rich in hydrophobic residues and a carboxy-terminal region recognized by signal peptidase. We have previously shown that an alkaline phosphatase signal peptide mutant containing a polyeucine core region functions efficiently in transport of the enzyme [D. A. Kendall, S. C. Bock, and E. T. Kaiser (1986) Nature 321, 706-708]. In this study, some of the amino acid changes involved in the polyleucine sequence are examined individually. A Phe to Leu substitution as the sole change results in impaired transport properties in contrast to when it is combined with three other amino acid changes in the polyleucine-containing sequence. A mutant with a Pro to Leu substitution in the hydrophobic core region is comparable to wild type while the same type of substitution (Pro to Leu) in the carboxy-terminal segment results in substantial accumulation of the mutant precursor. Finally, introduction of a basic residue into the hydrophobic segment (Leu to Arg substitution) results in a complete export block. These results exemplify the spectrum of properties produced by individual residue changes and suggest there is some interplay between hydrophobicity and conformation for signal peptide function.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A search for highly amphiphilic α-helices has been made in a data base of protein sequences, using the helical hydrophobic moment as a criterion of amphiphilicity. The protein segments of largest hydrophobic moment have been analyzed. For the segments whose structures are known, they are in fact α-helices. Two of the segments having very large hydrophobic moments are from the smaller C-terminal portion of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp41. Also, among segments having large hydrophobic moments, but not among the most extreme, are lytic peptides such as melittin. Melittin seeks surfaces between polar and apolar phases, including the membrane-water interface. It is conceivable that the gp41 segments of extreme hydrophobic moment may participate in one of the membrane-related functions of the HIV virus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 179-196 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: To examine the importance of the aromatic side chains of enkephalin on opiate activity, we report the synthesis and conformational analysis of a series of analogues related to enkephalin with β-naphthylalanine in place of phenylalanine at the fourth position. Three linear analogues (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(L and D)-β Nal(1)-Leu-NH2 and Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-β Nal(2)-Leu-NH2) were initially synthesized to examine the effect of the substitution on biological activity. The increased activity of these peptides at the μ-opiate receptor, compared to native Leu-enkephalin, prompted us to examine the more conformational constrained analogues, Tr-c[D-A2bu-Gly-(L and D)-β Nal(1)-Leu], incorporating a α,γ-diaminobutyric acid at the second position and cyclization to the carboxylic end of the leucine. These two cyclic analogues provide insight into the necessity for the L chirality of the aromatic residue at position 4. The Tyr-c[D-A2bu-Gly-L-β Nal(1)-Leu] analogue is highly potent and displays a slight preference for the μ receptor. The conformational analysis indicates that despite the high flexibility of the tyrosine side chain, the aromatic rings of the tyrosine and naphthylalanine are relatively distant from each other. The presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds help maintain the conformation of the 14-membered backbone ring that keeps the side chains directed away from each other. These findings are in agreement with our model of an extended structure required for μ selectivity and a folded form with close aromatic ring placement for δ selectivity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 13C off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation technique is applicable to the study of protien rotational diffusion behaviour in a variety of experimental situations. The original formalism of James and co-workers (1978) (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100, 3590-3594) was constrained by the assumption of random isotropic reorientational motion. Here we include in the formalism anisotropic tumbling, and present the results of computer simulations illustrating the differences between anisotropic and isotropic reorientational motion for the off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation experiment. In addition, We have included chemical shift anisotropy of the peptide carbonyl carbon as an additional relaxation mechanism contribution, to permit high field nmr protein rotational diffusion measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Binding of chromomycin A3 (CRA) to calf thymas DNA was investigated in the presence of divalent cations using visible absorption and 1H-nmr spectroscopies. An apparent equilibrium binding constant (∼ 1011M-1) was obtained from metal competition experiments using EDTA to remove the metal cation from the DNA-M-CRA (M: metal) complex. The large binding constant of the drug to DNA enabled us to obtain essentially complete complexation of CRA to the short homogeneous d(ATGCAT)2 duplex using stoichiometric amounts of the metal cation. Large induced chemical shifts were observed in the 1H-nmr spectrum of the above complex using the paramagnetic Co2+ cation indicating that the metal occupies a unique binding site. Since no induced 1H-nmr chemical shifts were observed for the drug-Co2+ mixture, it was concluded that no metal-drug complex is formed. In addition, it was found that bound CRA is negatively charged at physiological pH and binding to the DNA could be affected only by using metal cations whose ionic radius size (〈 0.85 Å) and charge (2+) were simultaneously satisfied. Stringent metal cation selectivity for the DNA-M-CRA complex may be intimately connected with the antitumor selectivity of CRA, since different types of cells generally possess widely differing molar concentrations of metal cations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 13C off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation technique is applicable to the study of protein rotational diffusion behavior in both model in vitro and in vivo systems. The original formalism of James and co-workers [(1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 3590-3594] was constrained by the assumption of random isotropic reorientational motion of a monodisperse protein population. Here we extend the formalism to include polydispersity. Application is made to the alkaline pH induced association of lysozyme, lysozyme-bovine serum albumin mixtures, and to the phase separation of lysozyme salt-water mixtures induced by low temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Molecular dynamics simulations on the sequence d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 have been carried out using both united atom and all-atom representations, and starting the simulations both from a regular repeating B-DNA structure and from the x-ray single crystal B-DNA structure. An all-atom B-DNA simulation on the sequence d(GCGCGCGCGC)2 has also been carried out, in order to compare it with a previous united atom simulation. The helix repeats, H-bonding, sugar pucker profiles, and average torsional angles are all in the range observed in crystallographic and nmr studies for B-DNA helices. In some of the sequences, there is a significant bend in the DNA helices. The individual helix repeats, with focus on 3′CpG5′ and 3′GpC5′ units, show the opposite helix repeat to that suggested by Calladine's rules.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 509-515 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The peptide N-Boc-L-Pro-dehydro-Phe-L-Gly-OH was synthesized by the usual workup procedure and finally coupling the N-Boc-L-Pro-dehydro-Phe to glycine. The peptide crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21 with a = 8.951(4) Å, b = 5.677 (6) Å, c = 21.192(11) Å, β = 96.97(4)°, V = 1069(1) Å3, Z = 2, dm = 1.295(5) Mgm-3, and dc = 1.297(4) Mgm-3. The structure was determined by direct methods using SHELXS86. The structure was refined by the block-diagonal least-squares procedure to an R value of 0.074 for 1002 observed reflections. The C2α-C2β distance of 1.33(2) Å is an appropriate double bond length. The angle C2α-C2β-C2γ is 133(1)°. The peptide backbone torsion angles are θ1 = -167(1)°, ω0 = 179(1)°, φ1 = -48(1)°, ψ1 = 137(1)°, ω1 = 175(1)°, φ2 = 65(2)°, ψ2 = 15(2)°, ω2 = -179(1)°, and φ3 = -166(1)°. These values show that the Boc group has a trans-trans conformation while the peptide backbone adopts a β-turn II conformation, which is stablized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond of length of 3.05(1) Å. The structures of dehydro-Phe containing peptides suggest that the dehydro-Phe promotes the β-turn II conformation. The five-membered pyrrolidine ring of the Pro residue adopts an ideal Cγ-exo conformation with torsion angles χ11 = -24(1)°, χ12 = 34(1)°, χ13 = -30(1)°, χ14 = 15(1)°, and θ10 = 6(1)°. The side chain torsion angles in dehydro-Phe are χ21 = -1(2)°, χ22, 1 = -176(1)°, and χ22, 2 = 8(2)°. The Plane of C2α-C2β-C2γ is rotated with respect to the plane of the phenyl ring at 7(1)°, which indicates that the atoms of the side chain of dehydro-Phe are essentially coplanar. The molecules form a 21 screw axis related hydrogen-bonded rows along the b axis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 543-547 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A fast Monte Carlo integration algorithm with varying time step is described for cooperative binding of ligands of arbitrary length to a one-dimensional lattice. This algorithm is particularly suitable for strongly cooperative or anticooperative systems, i.e., when the time scales for different kinetic events are very different. As an application, the kinetics of a bimodal two-ligand system are briefly discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 549-557 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The preparation of copolypeptides consisting of L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid was performed to determine the effects of copolymer composition and sequential distributions on the rate of degradation by papain in a PECF (pseudoextracellular fluid) at pH 4.75 and 7.40, at 37.0°C, to simulate in vivo polymer degradation. Random copolymers consisting of β-benzyl L-aspartate and γ-benzyl L-glutamate were synthesized by the N-carboxyanhydride method. Water-soluble copolymers were obtained by successive reactions of side chains by anhydrous HBr treatment. All the samples were found to be degraded by random chain scission with papain. Further, the degradation data for the samples followed the Michaelis-Menten rate law, being the first order in papain concentration. The nature of side chains are important to the rate of degradation by papain and it was controlled by the comonomer composition as well as the sequential distribution of comonomers in the copolymer chains.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 491-500 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By combining electrophoresis with movements of fluorescence pattern after photobleaching (MOFPAP), which is abbreviated as EMOFPAP, we are able to measure electrophoretic mobilities of large DNA fragments in an agarose gel within a fairly short time scale (about 10 min or even down to 1 min). The new method represents a significant improvement in experiment time when compared with the time (typically on the order of hours) required to determine the average electrophoretic mobility of large DNA fragments in agarose gels by means of either conventional gel electrophoresis or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In this article, we present the EMOFPAP experimental setup and consider optical conditions, including beam profile geometry and fluorescence pattern formation. A realistic formula that can explain the parameters governing the EMOFPAP method using our present optical setup has been derived. A comparison of results between experimental and computer simulation data is made, and an optimization of the EMOFPAP method is proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 559-565 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The elastic modulus (G′) of factor XIIIa induced fibrinogen gels was found to be substantially lower than the G′ of fibrin gels that were formed by clotting fibrinogen with thrombin. The addition of fibronectin and/or the reducing reagent dithiothreitol (DTT) to the factor XIIIa coagulation mixture led to the formation of a weaker gel structure, while the rigidity of thrombin induced clots was not appreciably affected by the inclusion of the DTT but increased somewhat in the presence of fibronectin. The reasons for the differing clot rigidities are discussed in terms of biochemical mechanisms.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 567-596 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Solvent effects on the thermodynamics of two processes - folding of proteins and association between proteins - are examined in detail. A complete inventory of the multitude of solvent effects may be obtained by employing the concept of conditional solvation free energy. This theoretical tool allows for the isolation of specific side-chain effects from the entire protein and for the study of its contribution to the overall free energy change in small model compounds. Some numerical examples are presented, and ways of estimating other cases, for which no relevant experimental data are available, are suggested. Our findings lead to the conclusion that the currently used hydrophobicity scales, based on partition coefficients between water and an organic solvent, are inadequate measures of the contribution of side chains being transferred from water to the interior of the protein. We have also tentatively concluded that correlation between hydrophilic functional groups might be more important than correlations between hydrophobic side chains.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A series of Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) fragments have been synthesized and their biological activities compared with the parent peptide. The substructural units, 5-14 linear and 5-14 cyclic, have been used as models for MCH -  in 1H-nmr conformational studies. Conformational features predicted by molecular dynamics analyses find support in the nmr experiments.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: DL-Arginine DL-glutamate monohydrate and DL-arginine DL-aspartate, the first DL-DL amino acid-amino acid complexes to be prepared and x-ray analyzed, crystallize in the space group P1 with a = 5.139(2), b = 10.620(1), c = 14.473(2) Å, α = 101.34(1)°, β = 94.08(2)°, γ = 91.38(2)° and a = 5.402(3), b = 9.933(3), c = 13.881(2) Å, α = 99.24(2)°, β = 99.73(3)°, γ = 97.28(3)°, respectively. The structures were solved using counter data and refined to R values of 0.050 and 0.077 for 1827 and 1739 observed reflections, respectively. The basic element of aggregation in both structures is an infinite chain made up of pairs of molecules. Each pair, consisting of a L- and a D-isomer, is stabilized by two centrosymmetrically or nearly centrosymmetrically related hydrogen bonds involving the α-amino and the α-carboxylate groups. Adjacent pairs in the chain are then connected by specific guanidyl-carboxylate interactions. The infinite chains are interconnected through hydrogen bonds to form molecular sheets. The sheets are then stacked along the shortest cell translation. The interactions between sheets involve two head-to-tail sequences in the glutamate complex and one such sequence in the aspartate complex. However, unlike in the corresponding LL and DL complexes, head-to-tail sequences are not the central feature of molecular aggregation in the DL-DL complexes. Indeed, fundamental differences exist among the aggregation patterns in the LL, the LD, and the DL-DL complexes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to search for the accessible conformations of the melanin-concentrationg hormone (MCH). The studies have been performed on native MCH and two of its peptide fragments, a cyclic MCH(5-14) fragment and a linear MCH(5-14) fragment. An analysis of the molecular dynamics trajectories of the three peptides indicates that two regions of the peptide have characteristic conformational properties that may be important for the biological activity. One is a region around Gly8, which is conformationally mobile, and the other is around Pro13, which shows unusual rigidity. The molecular dynamics simulation results are discussed in terms of backbone structural features like β turns, side-chain interactions, and orientations of the disulfide bridge. The results of this analysis are used to suggest new analogues that will modify the conformational features of the peptide and further define the conformational requirements for activity. Finally, the results are related to nmr studies of the peptide and reveal agreements between the experimental nuclear Overhauser effect constraints and some of the accessible conformations obtained from the simulation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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