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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (702)
  • 1975  (702)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (516)
  • Electron microscopy  (111)
  • Ultrastructure  (75)
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (702)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 368 (1975), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Calcium ; Parathyroid glands ; Chief cells ; Oxyphil cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the potassium pyroantimonate technique for ultrastructural localization of cations and X-ray elemental analysis with both energy dispersive and wave-length dispersive systems, calcium-containing precipitates were found in normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous human parathyroid glands. Differences were observed between oxyphil cells, and suppressed, stimulated and active chief cells in the content and localization of intracellular precipitation. The oxyphil cells and suppressed chief cells possessed precipitates mainly in nuclei and medium-sized and large mitochondria, whereas the stimulated chief cells possessed precipitates in normal-appearing and morphologically altered mitochondria, and in smooth-surfaced vacuoles and cytosol. The active chief cells usually showed a rather sparse precipitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 369 (1975), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Endoplasmic reticulum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourteen liver biopsies from twelve young patients with liver diseases associated with homozygous, PiZZ phenotype, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in their sera were examined by electron microscopy. In all these biopsies characteristic homogeneous material was found in some hepatocytes and corresponded, when observed on adjacent semithin sections by light microscopy, to the deposit stained by periodic acid Schiff reaction. The accumulation in perinuclear spaces resulted in intranuclear invaginations, but the major deposit was located in lumens of the endoplasmic reticulum. The limiting membranes were rough and smooth but the extent of the latter was so large that only this type of reticulum seemed peculiarly involved in the accumulating process. On the contrary, Golgi complexes did not seen obligatorily involved by this process because, when observed, they appeared almost normal even in heavily overloaded liver cells. At least for the PiZZ phenotype, the abnormal substance would be an asialo form of normal alpha-1-antitrypsin. Thus the subject of this study is the morphologic translation of an impairment in the synthesis of a glycoprotein. In the light of data concerning the synthesis of such proteins our findings lead us to suggest: The ultrastructural patterns observed in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency cannot give the expected morphologic evidence of the biochemical data which locate the first binding steps of monosaccharide residues in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of sialic acid could not result from an enzymatic defect primarily located in Golgi complexes but could be secondary to an impairment in the binding of one monosaccharide residue which improves subsequent fixation of sialic acid, in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Finally it seems necessary to emphasize that the relationship between the abnormal substance and various important non specific lesions is largely unknown and that we don't know the significance of polymorphous dense bodies observed in ductular cells during the cholestatic period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 210 (1975), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Pallidumdegeneration ; Bielschowsky bodies ; Lafora bodies ; Corpora amylacea ; Ultrastructure ; Torsion dystonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem 60 Jahre alt gewordenen Mann, mit einer bis in die Kindheit zurückreichenden und extrem langsam progredienten, wahrscheinlich torsionsdystonischen bzw. choreoathetoiden Bewegungsstörung, fand sich eine isolierte Degeneration des äußeren Pallidumgliedes mit intraneuronaler Ablagerung von Bielschowsky-Körperchen und nur geringgradigem Nervenzellausfall. Die Bielschowsky-Körperchen zeigen den gleichen Aufbau wie Corpora amylacea und Lafora-Körperchen. Sie dürften ebenfalls Produkt einer cellulären, vorwiegend den Kohlenhydrat-stoffwechsel treffenden Dysmetabolie sein, die allerdings hier exquisit systembezogen auf die Neurone des äußeren Pallidumgliedes begrenzt ist und erst sehr spät bei fortgeschrittener Stapelung der Metabolite zum Untergang der Nervenzellen führt. Dieser Umstand erklärt den überaus torpiden Verlauf der Erkrankung.
    Notes: Summary In a 60-year-old man with a very slowly progressive motor disturbance probably of torsion dystonic or choreoathetotic type which started in childhood, we found an isolated degeneration of the exterior pallidum with intraneuronal deposition of Bielschowsky bodies and only slight deficit of neurons. The Bielschowsky bodies show the same structure as corpora amylacea and Lafora bodies. They might also be the result of a cellular disturbance mainly concerning the carbohydrate metabolism. In this case they are localised only in the neurons of the exterior part of the pallidum—in contrast to the organogenitically otherwise deriving (from the nuel. entopeduncularis) intact neurons of the pallidum internum—and they induce, after an excessive accumulation of the metabolites, not till extremely late loss of neurons. This circumstance explains the very torpid progress of this disease.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Tumors of the skin ; Histogenesis ; Classification ; Labyrinth nuclei ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über den Feinbau folgender Hauttumoren berichtet: Dermatofibrom (7 Fälle), Histiozytom (4 Fälle), Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (1 Fall) und Fibroxanthom (1 Fall). Aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen ultrastrukturellen Merkmale ist eine zweifache Unterteilung dieser Hauttumoren möglich: In eine Tumorgruppe, umfassend das Dermatofibrom, Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans und Fibroxanthom, bei der die Faserbildung im Vordergrund steht und für deren Histogenese Fibroblasten angenommen werden können. Diese Tumortypen unterscheiden sich vom Histiozytom, dessen Zellcharakter vor allem durch die stark ausgeprägte Phagozytose- und Speichertätigkeit (Fett und Hämosiderin) bestimmt wird und für welches eine histogenetische Ableitung von Histiozyten wahrscheinlich ist. Die Zellkerne des Dermatofibromes und des Histiozytomes weisen einen einfachen Oberflächenverlauf auf, die des Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans und Fibroxanthomes haben hingegen sehr stark gegliederte Formationen („Labyrinthkerne”). Diese Kernsegmentierung ist für das Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans ein morphologisches Korrelat seiner Semimalignität. Eine Klassifizierung der faserbildenden Tumoren als „fibröse Histiozytome” erscheint aufgrund der ultrastrukturellen Analyse nicht gerechtfertigt.
    Notes: Summary A report on the ultrastructure of the following skin tumors: dermatofibroma (7 cases), histiocytoma (4 cases), dermatof ibrosarcoma protuberans (1 case), and fibroxanthoma (1 case). Because of their different ultrastructural characteristics a division into two groups is possible: one group of tumors would include dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and fibroxanthoma, where the formation of fibers is extensive and fibroblasts are suggested for its histogenesis. These types of tumor differ from histiocytoma, the cellular character of which is determined by a very pronounced phagocytosis and storage of lipid and hemosiderin; a histogenesis from histiocytes is probable. The nuclei of dermatofibroma and histiocytoma show a simple surfacedevelopment, whereas the nuclei of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and fibroxanthoma show multisegmented nuclei (“labyrinth nuclei”). In the case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans this kind of nuclear segmentation seems to be a morphologic correlate of its semimalignancy. Based on ultrastructural analysis a classification of these fiber-producing tumors into “fibrous histiocytomas” is not justified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 367 (1975), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Kidney failure ; Pregnancy ; Electron microscopy ; Hemolytic-uremicsyndrome ; Basement membrane ; Endothelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinico-pathological data from a patient with irreversible post-partum renal failure (IPRF) are presented. The electron microscopy of the late changes are described for the first time and consists of: 1. Thickening of the basement membrane. 2. Interposition of mesangial cells and matrix between the thickened basement membrane and the endothelial cell encircling the periphery of the tuft. 3. Multiplication of basal lamina material between mesangial cells and endothelial cells. 4. Proliferation of endothelial cells. All of the above changes tend to obliterate the glomerular tufts and transform the vascular lumina into slit-like spaces. They explain morphologically why most patients with IPRF terminate in chronic renal failure, if they survive the early changes. The late occurring hypertension is regarded as a secondary stimulation of the renin-angiotension system caused by partial or complete occlusion of arteries and arterioles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 369 (1975), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; apoB ; LDL ; VLDL ; Immunoperoxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine-structural localization of apoB, the major protein constituent of both the low and very low density plasma lipoprotein fractions, was described in human middle cerebral and basilar arteries. Using an immunoperoxidase technique together with electron microscopy, apoB was localized only in arteries with atherosclerotic involvement and to the following regions in these arteries: 1. on the outer aspects of extracellular spherical structures with diameters of 250 to 700 Å found predominantly in lipid cores and between bands of collagen fibers of advanced atherosclerotic lesions; 2. on the surface of reduplicated elastica; 3. along collagen fibers and; 4. on aggregates of extracellular spherical lipid globules. These results suggest that the extracellular spheres may represent the fine-structural morphology of deposited low and very low density lipoproteius and that free apoB may be bound to lipid globules, elastica, and collagen fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 211 (1975), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Niemann-Pick ; Liver ; Sural nerve ; Ultrastructure ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das klinische, biochemische und ultrastrukturelle Bild einer Sphingolipidose vom Typ Niemann-Pick wurde an Hand eines Patienten mit der infantilen Form (A) dargestellt. Die Diagnose wurde klinisch auf Grund einer rasch progredienten psychomotorischen Retardation mit Hepatosplenomegalie sowie typischen Schaumzellen im Knochenmark gestellt und durch den Nachweis von exzessiver Speicherung von Sphingomyelin in einer Leberbiopsie und das Fehlen der Sphingomyelinase bestätigt. Ultrastrukturell konnte eine Anhäufung von präsumptiven Phospholipiden in den Lysosomen von Leber und peripherem Nerv festgestellt werden. Obwohl weder eine axonale Degeneration noch eine Demyelinisierung im biopsierten Nerv gefunden werden konnte, war die Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit in den peripheren Nerven beim Patienten schon bei der Diagnosestellung deutlich herabgesetzt. Die Bedeutung der Befunde wurde diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type A was made in a 6-month-old boy on the grounds of progressive psychomotor retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, typical foam cells in the bone marrow and a deficiency of sphingomyelinase in a liver biopsy. Typical ultrastructural changes in lysosomes were found in hepatocytes and in Schwann cells. In spite of the absence of gross morphological changes in the axons and in the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerve biopsy, the nerve conduction velocity in the patient was greatly reduced. The ultrastructural aspect of the lysosomal inclusion suggested the storage of a phospholipid. Biochemical analysis of the liver biopsy demonstrated an increased content of total phospholipid of which sphingomyelin made up for more than 60%. The significance of these data are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Granulocytopoiesis ; Perihepatic layer ; Mesothelium ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Peritoneal-Überzug und die subkapsuläre Region der Leber von Xenopus laevis wurden mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß in der subkapsulären Region eine zwei bis zehn Zellschichten starke perihepatische Schicht vorhanden ist. Die perihepatische Schicht setzt sich zum größten Teil aus granulocytopoetischem Gewebe zusammen. Es wurden jedoch auch Lymphocyten, Pigmentzellen und Fettspeicherzellen gefunden. Das Vorhandensein einer perihepatischen granulocytopoetischen Schicht bei Xenopus laevis steht im Gegensatz zu der bisherigen Auffassung, daß die perihepatische Schicht ein typisches Merkmal der Urodelen sei. Es werden die phylogenetische Bedeutung einer solchen Schicht bei Anuren sowie die Entwicklungsvorgänge der einzelnen Zelltypen der perihepatischen Schicht diskutiert. Außerdem wird auf die mögliche Bedeutung der perihepatischen Schicht für immun-Vorgänge verwiesen.
    Notes: Summary The peritoneal cover and the subcapsular region of the liver of Xenopus laevis were examined with electron microscopy. In the subcapsular region a prominent perihepatic layer two to ten cells wide was found. This perihepatic layer is mainly composed of granulocytopoietic tissue. Other cell types found in the perihepatic layer were lymphocytes, pigment cells and fat storing cells. The presence of a perihepatic granulocytopoietic layer in the liver of Xenopus laevis is in contrast to current opinion that such a layer is a characteristic typical of urodeles. The phylogenetic significance of such a layer in anurans and the developmental processes of the individual cell types of the perihepatic layer are discussed. Furthermore the possible participation of the perihepatic layer in the immune response is considered
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 225-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Sympathetic ganglion ; Culture ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immature sympathetic ganglia prepared from 51/2- or 6-day-old chick embryos were cultured up to one month. The in vitro development was followed by phase microscopy, electron microscopy and using histochemistry for catecholamines, monoamine oxidase and cholinesterases. During the first week of culture extensive plexuses of nerve fibres were formed between and around the clusters of nerve cells. Mature-looking neurons were observed in the cultures by phase microscopy after three weeks, at which age the mean diameter of the perikarya was more than doubled. Varying catecholamine fluorescence was observed in the perikarya during the entire culture period. The nerve fibres showed usually only weak fluorescence, but, in the older cultures, bright varicosities were regularly found in the fibres. Monoamine oxidase activity was demonstrated already at three days of culture and the reaction was maintained positive. Weak or moderate acetyl-cholinesterase activity was demonstrated in the sympathicoblasts and young sympathetic neurons and their processes. The axolemma showed acetylcholinesterase activity also around the nerve terminals containing small dense cored vesicles. Reactions for the non-specific cholinesterases were negative. Electron microscopy of the 30-day-old cultures revealed that the clusters of nerve cells consisted of mature sympathetic neurons, which contained large (60–200 nm) and small (35–60 nm) granular catecholamine-storing vesicles. Glial cells were almost totally lacking. Large numbers of nerve terminals containing both large and small granular vesicles were observed in the clusters, often in synaptic contact with the sympathetic neurons. It is concluded that the primitive sympathicoblasts are, in favourable conditions, capable of differentiation in culture up to mature sympathetic neurons.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 279-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retinogenesis ; Synaptogenesis ; Guinea pig ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic examination of retinogenesis in the fetal guinea pig has revealed an early development of synapses and photoreceptor cells. Differentiation of the neural retina begins around day 23 of gestation. By 34 days the retina reaches its maximum thickness. It differentiates an inner plexiform layer in which vesicle-containing processes and primitive synapses are evident. Synaptic ribbons are found in processes of this layer by 43–45 days of gestation. An outer plexiform layer develops within the neuroblast layer at 40 days of gestation; from its first appearance the outer plexiform layer contains synapses complete with synaptic ribbons. Receptor terminals of the α, paranuclear and β type are present well before birth. Photoreceptor cells form inner segments by 40 days; the formation of outer segments is indicated by 45 days but not widespread until 49 days. The retina appears mature by day 51–57. It is clear that the primate is not unique in the early differentiation of its retinal synapses relative to the time of maturation of its photoreceptor cells. The potential functional capacities of precocious retinae, and the mechanisms of synapse development are discussed.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1975), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Iris ; Melanogenesis ; Chicken embryo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris anlage of 2–10 and 15 days old chicken embryos were studied histochemically, and by both light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic serial sections showed that pigmentation began at the outer layer of the posterior eye pole and progressed from there forwards to the optic cup margin. The entire outer layer of the optic cup as well as the pupillary margin were completely pigmented by the 4th day of incubation. By the 10th day the posterior iris epithelium was totally pigmented. Electron microscopical studies showed that the first premelanosomes appeared at about the 3rd day of incubation in the anterior iris anlage with the exception of the pupillary margin. It could be shown that melanogenesis progressed through the following steps: premelanosomes, followed by tyrosinase activity in a Golgi-associated system of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (GERL) and small vesicles and finally differentiation of the melanosomes. The possible origin of the premelanosomes and the formation of melanin are discussed.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1975), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Fixation ; Foetus ; Liver cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations of the ability of various fixatives to preserve foetal pig liver tissue (immersion fixed 5 min, 20 min, and 40 min after the death of the mother) gave the following results: 1) Fixation with 4% formaldehyde gives, in all circumstances, an unacceptable tissue preservation. 2) Fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde gives fair tissue preservation in a ca. 130 μ thick zone below the surface. 3) Fixation with a fixative mixture containing 2% formaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde or 2% formaldehyde, 1% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein gives good tissue preservation in a ca. 500 μ thick zone under the surface. 4) The addition of DMSO does not improve tissue preservation. 5) Delayed fixation of liver tissue removed from the foetus after the uterus has been placed in an incubator for 40 min has only a slight effect on tissue preservation.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1975), S. 293-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Implantation ; Golden hamster ; Senescent ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Implantation was compared in young (3–5 month) and senescent (14–17 month) golden hamsters at 3, 31/2, 4, 41/2, 5, and 51/2 days of pregnancy (post-ovulation). One hundred twenty-two embryos (89 from 22 young females and 33 from 18 senescent females) located in utero by cutting thick sections (1–3 μm), were re-embedded and thin-sectioned for electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally implantation and embryonic differentiation was delayed approximately 12 hours in the senescent hamster when compared with young hamsters at the same stage of pregnancy. Failure of the blastocyst to implant would not appear to be a major cause of the declining litter size in aged golden hamsters.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Endometrium ; Ultrastructure ; Progesterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 245-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Amphibia ; Glycogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Leber von Xenopus laevis wurde mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß sie in ihrem Bau stark von der Leber der Säuger abweicht, vor allem in Bezug auf die Morphologie des als typisch zu bezeichnenden Hepatocyten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß eine solche Zelle primär Glykogenspeicherungs-Funktion besitzt und nur geringe Bestandteile an Organellen und anderen Inklusionen aufweist. Da dieser Zelltyp in der Leber unbehandelter Tiere am häufigsten auftritt, wurde er als Normalzelle bezeichnet. Bemerkenswert erschien die Tatsache, daß eine Vielzahl von Zelltypen in der Normalleber vorkommen, die sonst vermehrt unter experimentellen Bedingungen zu finden sind, z.B. Zellen mit stark vermehrtem RER, vergrößertem Golgi-Feld, vermehrten Lipidinklusionen etc. Diese hohe Zahl von abweichenden Hepatocyten und die Tatsache, daß alle Zwischenstufen zwischen den einzelnen Extremen vorhanden sind, die nicht durch die lage der Zelle innerhalb der Leber erklärt werden konnten, wurden als der Ausdruck eines zyklischen Durchlaufens der einzelnen Aktivitätsstadien interpretiert. Spezielles Interesse verdient die Tatsache, daß Glykogen in der Leberzelle vermehrt nur während der Vitellogenese abgebaut wird. Akuter und chronischer Hunger, sowie Kälte-adaptation beeinflussen die Morphologie der Normalzelle, besonders in Bezug auf das Glykogen kaum. Die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The liver of Xenopus laevis was examined with electron microscopy. Its structure was found to be markedly different from that of mammals, particularly regarding the morphology of the hepatocytes to be classified as typical. It was established that the main function of such a cell is the storage of glycogen, and further that it possesses only scant organelles and other inclusions. Since this type of cell was found most frequently in the liver of untreated animals, it was designated as normal cell. The fact appears noteworthy that in the normal liver of Xenopus laevis an abundance of cell types occur which are otherwise found to be proliferated under experimental conditions, e.g. cells with pronouncedly augmented RER, enlarged Golgi complexes, increased lipid inclusions etc. This high number of divergent hepatocytes and the fact that all intermediate stages between the individual extremes are present and not to be accounted for by the position of the cell within the liver was interpreted as being the expression of a cyclic passage of the various stages of activity. It is of special interest that augmented degradation of glycogen in the liver cell takes place only during vitellogenesis. Acute and chronic hunger, as well as adaptation to cold, hardly affect the morphology of the normal cell, especially as far as the glycogen is concerned. The possible causes for this are discussed.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 301-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Endocrinology ; Ultrastructure ; Adrenal cortex ; Avian Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of the interrenal cell were investigated in the quail and the pigeon after fixation by intravascular addominal perfusion. These is no significant fine structural difference between cells belonging to subcapsular and central regions of the gland. The interrenal cell in both species possesses nuclear bodies, polymorphic mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae and tubular crystalline inclusions, considerable amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, ergastoplasm, a well developed Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, microtubules, filaments, cilia, ribosomes, a profusion of liposomes, dense bodies with varied inner structure, pinocytic invaginations of cell membrane and intercellular attachment devices. The pigoen adrenocortical cell also possesses intranuclear lipidlike inclusions and fibrous bundle (this being never recorded in adrenocortical cell), annulate lamellae, and a variety of cytosomes, probably lipofucsin in nature. The significance and cytophysiological role of various organelles and inclusions have been discussed in the light of earlier data obtained on avian adrenocortical cells.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intranuclear Inclusions ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ; Ultrastructure ; Virus-Like Inclusions ; Nuclear Body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of intranuclear inclusions were described in a brain biopsy from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The first type of intranuclear inclusion was papova virus-like and was observed within 20% of the nuclei of all astrocytes and neurons examined. The particles measured 32 nm in diameter and consisted of a dense core surrounded by a multilayered shell. The second type of intranuclear inclusion was a granulo-fibrillar nuclear body found within the nuclei of astrocytes and neurons. The possible significance of these inclusions to the etiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is discussed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tissue Culture ; Ultrastructure ; Chordoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report concerns an electron microscopic study of a sacrococcygeal chordoma and its in vitro cultured cells. In vitro, the cells that proliferated in the early phase were predominantly non-vacuolated stellate cells, which were later transformed into vacuolated cells. This suggests that various cell types seen in vivo represent variants of the same cell type at different stages of differentiation and cellular activity. The in vitro tumor cells also show the origin of their vacuoles from both rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. The finding of amorphous and granular material and collagen fibrils in the extracellular spaces of cultured cells seems to suggest that chordoma cells have certain synthetic and secretory activity.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fabry's Disease ; Glycolipid ; Anhydrosis ; Pain ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sural nerve biopsy of a patient with Fabry's disease showed depletion of larger myelinated fibres, but smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibres were intact. Epineurial and to a lesser degree endoneurial vessels revealed abundant lamellar inclusions in the endothelial and perithelial cells. Larger myelinated nerve fibres contained glycogen granules in the vacuoles caused by splitting of the adaxonal membranes. A skin biopsy revealed abundant inclusions in the secretory cells and myoepithelial cells of the sweat glands. The lumen of the gland was packed with inclusions like those in the vessel walls. The pain and anhydrosis might be caused by accumulation of glycolipid in the vasa nervorum and sweat glands and not by autonomic nerve involvement.
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  • 20
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Pathology ; Electron microscopy ; Homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of the perineurium to the following experimental systems was investigated by light and electron microscopy: nerve crush, cold lesion and microinjection of (a) histamine liberator, (b) potassium cyanide, (c) lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC). Where myelin breakdown occurred, lipid globules were seen within Schwann cells, macrophages and also perineurial cells. Where increased vascular permeability occurred, proteinaceous material leaked from endoneurial vessels into the endoneurial space and later appeared between perineurial laminae. It is suggested that the normal homeostatic function of the perineurium is extended in pathology to the removal of protein and lipid debris. In this way the perineurium contributes to the restoration of the normal microenvironment of peripheral nerve fibres.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hemangiopericytoma ; Leiomyoblastic differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two intracranial hemangiopericytomas revealed subcellular features of the neoplastic elements comparable to those observed in normal and neoplastic smooth muscle. These included intracytoplasmic and submembranous fusiform dense bodies associated with bundles of filaments, tapered configuration of cells with grouping of cytoplasmic organelles at nuclear poles and deposition of intercellular basal lamina-like material. These observations are consistent with the pericytic origin but opposed to the ofttimes postulated meningothelial derivation of the neoplasm.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dark Neurons ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral vestibular nucleus was studied by light and electron microscopy in normal rats as well as in rats in which the anterior cerebellar vermis was destroyed. Dark neurons were seen in many of the operated rats but were rarely found in normal control animals. The dark neurons were not seen in adjacent nuclei. In additional rats, it was found that anoxia, extra anaesthetic, postmortem rough handling, and sham operations did not increase the frequency of dark neurons. These data indicate that dark neurons might not always be artifactual and that the lateral vestibular nucleus appears to be a focal point for their occurrence.
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  • 23
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    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; pregnancy ; B-cell ; granule type ; light (pale) granules ; dark granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultramicroscopic appearence of the B-cell of the pregnant rat suggests hyperinsulinism of the individual beta cell. In pregnant rats the B-cell contains an increased volume and an increased number of light granules as well as enlarged mitochondria.
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  • 24
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    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Coelastrum ; Chlorococcales ; Chlorophyta ; Ultrastructure ; Cell Wall ; Tubules ; Bristles ; Polymorphism ; Buoancy ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La paroi cellulaire de Coelastrum est généralement composée de trois couches. La couche la plus externe a été plus particulièrement étudiée. Elle est composée de tubules dressées, et porte souvent de longues fibrilles dont le rôle serait de stabiliser l'algue dans son milieu. La morphologie de la paroi cellulaire peut se modifier en fonction du milieu.
    Notes: Abstract The cell wall of Coelastrum is usually composed of three layers. The outermost layer was studied most extensively. It consists of erect tubules which often bear long bristles whose function may be to stabilize the algae in its environment. The cell wall can modify its morphology according to the environment.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus acidocaldarius ; Spores ; Germination ; Thermophile ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spores of the thermophilic, acidophilic, Bacillus acidocaldarius were covered by a thick outer coat and a laminated inner coat (5.5 nm periodicity). Small membranous vesicles were present in the spore core and they disappeared as germination proceeded. After depolymerization of the cortex, and a 30% increase in spore diameter, a localized gap appeared in the laminated inner coat only. This inner coat gap was narrow and could be the whole length of the spore. The germ cell appeared to grow, or to be pushed towards the inner coat gap, at which stage the outer coat disappeared in the same localized area. As the vegetative cell grew out the spore coat fell away, with loose cortical material still attached to it. The young germ cell developed a large spherical electron dense inclusion body in the cytoplasm, at the same time as the ribosomal and nuclear areas became distinct.
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  • 26
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    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Protoplasts ; Regeneration ; Wall Structure ; Pullularia ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Splitting ; Aberrant Tubes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the process of degradation of the cell wall of the yeast form of Pullularia pullulans by the lytic system of Micromonospora chalcea samples were withdrawn at different times and observed under phase contrast and electron microscope. The progressive lysis of the walls reveals a fibrillar component inside the apparently amorphous wall. Freeze etched preparations of cells during the formation and regeneration of protoplasts show that the cellular membrane is split and this method allows the smooth external face of the membrane and other internal face covered by particles to be seen. The fact that the smooth face of the membrane is only visible during the preparation or the regeneration of protoplasts and very rarely when intact cells are fractured, suggests a strong adherence between cell wall and this external layer of the membrane. During the regeneration which takes place as in most of the yeasts and moulds, a special study of the extension of the cell wall is made and a possible mechanism for this extension of the regenerated cell wall is proposed.
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  • 27
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    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichophyton terrestre ; Trichophyton rubrum ; Hyphal fusions ; Origin of intra-hyphal hyphae ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cell observation chamber was designed to perform continuous photomicroscopic observations of hyphal anastomosis and the origin of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. These data were correlated with ultrastructural features of intra-hyphal hyphae. Hyphal fusions occurred commonly in either species of Trichophyton when incubated alone. In T. terrestre, empty hyphal segments adjoined by live units were invaded at the septa from both directions by new hyphal ingrowth. Continuous observations revealed that the intra-hyphal hyphae subsequently anastomosed via a lateral fusion peg. Similar intra-hyphal hyphae were shown in T. rubrum. Electron microscopic studies revealed ascomycetous septa in both conventional hyphae and intra-hyphal hyphae. For the latter, the cytoplasm and wall of the inner hypha were bounded by cytoplasmic organelles and another cell wall of the outer hypha.
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  • 28
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    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Benzodiazepines ; Scenedesmus ; Ultrastructure ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Rubidium Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of diazepam (Valium) on photosynthesis, chlorophyll/photosynthesis ratios, respiration, uptake of rubidium ions, and ultrastructure of Scenedesmus obliquus synchronized by a light-dark regimen of $$14:\overline {10}$$ hrs were determined. 80 and 160 μM diazepam, added to the nutrient medium at the start of the light-dark change (i.e., start of the cell cycle) gradually reduced rates of photosynthesis below the initial rates from the beginning of the experiment. Contents of chlorophyll, however, remained nearly unaffected. Consequently, the diazepam-treated cells had a higher chlorophyll/photosynthesis ratio—also with regard to respiration in order to calculate the gross photosynthesis. The occurrence of photorespiration cannot be assumed. The net influx or rubidium was slightly reduced by 100 μM diazepam 0.5 and 2.0 hrs after the start of the cell cycle and was strongly inhibited after 5 to 14 hrs. 80 and 160 μM diazepam caused separation of thylakoids, formation of giant mitochondria and enlargement of vacuoles. The results are discussed and it is finally suggested that diazepam acts on different membrane systems. Furthermore an ATP deficiency cannot be excluded.
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  • 29
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    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bean ; Rust ; Haustorium ; Sheath ; Autoradiography ; Infection ; Electron microscopy ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Uromyces phaseoli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tritium labeled uredospores of Uromyces phaseoli were produced be feeding the host, Phaseolus vulgaris, with 3H-orotic acid. These spores were allowed to germinate on and to penetrate into a bean leaf. 24 hrs after inoculation, the bean rust had formed the first haustorium. All fungal structures, including the fungus walls, were heavily labeled. No label could be detected in the cells that had come into contact with the hyphae. In the infected host cell, the haustorium was labeled heavily, but the sheath around the haustorium and the host cell remained free of label. These results indicate that no detectable amounts of label leach from the bean rust into the host at this stage of infection although it is known that the rust takes up many metabolites. Since the sheath remains free of label and all fungal structures are evenly labeled, it is concluded that the sheath is formed by the host.
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  • 30
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    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Spinal afferents ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Identification of the direct spinal areas (portions of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei) within the opossum inferior olivary complex was accomplished by mapping the location of the terminal degeneration by the Fink-Heimer technique subsequent to cervical cord lesions. Following similar lesions, sampling of these same regions for electron microscopic study was assured by examination of transversely oriented, 1 μ plastic sections prior to thin sectioning. The first evidence of electron dense axon terminals was found at a survival time of 24 hours. At survival times of 36, 48 and 72 hours, degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes. Spinal terminals average 1–2 μ in their greatest dimension, contain round, clear synaptic vesicles and generally contact small diameter (0.4–1.8 μ) dendritic shafts or occasional spiny appendages. The spiny dendritic appendages make up the central core of the olivary glomeruli and these juxtaposed dendritic processes exhibit gap junctions. At longer survival times (5, 7 and 9 days) many presynaptic profiles with either round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles remain normal in appearance and contact dendritic shafts or the spiny appendages within glomeruli. Afferents from other sources (possibly including intrinsic neurons) must terminate within the direct spinal portion of the nuclear complex to account for the numerous axon terminals which retain normal morphology after such long survival times.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cell cultures ; Fetal ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated fetal hypothalamic cells mainly taken from 14 day-old mouse fetuses were grown in vitro for increasing time (9 to 60 days). Soon after inoculation the cells partly reaggregated and attached. The small reaggregates were then interconnected by fibers bundles. After the first week the cultures were composed of a continuous basal monolayer of flat and transparent cells, over which various types of refractile cells were lying in discontinuous areas. The ultra-structural study enabled us to identify these cell types, to describe their spatial relationships, and to follow their evolution with time in culture. The basal cell formed several superimposed layers. With increasing age, they displayed typical features of astrocytes and of ependymal cells. The latter exhibited rhythmic ciliary movements in culture. The overlying cells corresponded to three types which were associated in small clumps: primitive neuro-epithelial cells, maturing as well as mature neurons and typical neurosecretory cells. The latter cells were found as early as 9 days of culture of 14 day-old fetal hypothalamic cells and retained their typical features up to two months. Neuronal processes formed very dense networks at the surface of the cultures and terminated within the basal layers. Axon and dendrites were precociously found and were still present after two months. Within axon terminals dense-core vesicles appeared at the same time as neurosecretory cells. Synaptic vesicles and synaptic junctions were found later on.
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  • 32
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    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Colonial sheath ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The colonial sheath of Microcystis marginata has a definite structure as seen by light and electron microscopy, consisting of a relatively smooth inner surface and densely packed, long fibrils on the outer surface. The sheath initially forms around the single cell and expands by continual deposition of sheath material to accomodate the synchronously dividing cells of the colony.
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  • 33
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    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 281-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease ; Ultrastructure ; Denervation ; Muscle ; Myofibrils ; Centrioles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors describe in biopsies from 6 cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, including 2 of the more benign type, the ultrastructural typical aspects of denervation. They compare their findings with those of other workers. The striking points are the great variation in the diameter of the muscle fibres and the myofibrils, the disorganisation of the myofibrils, the sarcomeres and the filaments, with persistance of the relations between thick and thin filaments at various levels, the modifications of the Z-band and the triads in chains. The folds and the basement membrane are examined. Centrioles are present in a muscle fibre and in a satellite. Glycogen is very abundant. The nerves seem normal but some Schwann cells contain π granules which are not observed usually at the age of the patient. The end plates and a muscle spindle are normal.
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  • 34
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Cytoplasmic calcospherules ; Non-dystrophic ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Infantile thalamic degeneration is a rare clinico-pathological entity. Restricted location of the lesion and peculiar cytopathological changes serve to distinguish this disorder from other common encephalopathies. Optical and ultrastructural studies demonstrate cytoplasmic calcopherules in previously viable cells. According to current concepts of acute cellular reactions to injury and mechanism of intracellular calcification, the cytological changes cannot be attributed to either hypoxic ischemic cell change or dystrophic calcification. By analogy to other human and pathological material, the most likely basis for nondystrophic calcopherule formation is toxic or infectious injury with local synthesis, or autophagic or phagolysosomal degradation of cellular debris of specific chemical composition favoring calcium deposition.
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  • 35
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    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Adult Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ; Polarization Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The findings are described in an adult case of metachromatic leukodystrophy examined by light, polarization and electron microscopy. Symmetrical demyelination was found in the cerebral hemispheres, but was moderate in the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Early changes in myelin of peripheral nerves have been demonstrated by polarization microscopy. Various metachromatic structures have been described in glial cells and neurons by electron microscopy, indicating disturbances at different metabolic steps of lipid metabolism. There are minor but no essential ultrastructural differences in the disease of different ages.
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  • 36
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Experimental epilepsy ; Oedema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three different types of lesions have been studied in the cortex of the cat, by means of electroencephalography and electron microscopy. These three types of lesions can be listed in order of increasing magnitude according to their capacity to induce abnormal electrical activity: 1. incision of the cortex gives paroxymal activity, 2. intracortical insertion of a resin pellet generates weak epileptic activity, 3. intracortical insertion of a cobalt resin pellet produces epileptic activity. A parallel can be drawn between electrophysiological and anatomical data: there seems to be a quantitative relationship between the degree of epileptic activity and the extent of perilesional tissue. Furthermore, in this perilesional tissue, oedema is observed, the intensity of which varies according to the type of lesion. Thus, the epileptic activity of a lesion seems to be proportional not only to the volume of the perilesional tissue but also to the development of the oedema.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy ; Brain ; Peripheral nerve ; Kidney ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural characteristics of storage products in peripheral nerve, kidney and cerebral white matter, from a case of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy are described. There were pronounced differences from the fine structural aspects in late infantile cases. A large proportion of the inclusions did not exhibit a unit membrane. An hypothesis is proposed to clarify the delayed manifestation of this type of metachromatic leukodystrophy until adulthood.
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  • 38
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mesothelioma ; Pleura ; Metastases ; Brain ; Ultrastructure ; Asbestos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A malignant fibrous mesothelioma in a 52 year old white man arising from the left parietal pleura associated with lupus erythematosus with metastases to brain and liver is reported. Asbestos bodies were found in digested pulmonary tissue but none in the primary or metastatic lesions. Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies suggest that this tumor contains mesothelial or endothelial cells, some of which revealed fibroblastic features while others disclosed epitheloid characteristics.
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  • 39
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Niemann-Pick disease ; Storage distribution ; Cerebral vascular glycolipid ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical study is reported of regional differences of the lipid storage in a case of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) type C. Besides tissues known to be affected (reticuloendothelium, hepatocytes, nervous system), storage was demonstrated in adrenal cortical spongiocytes, sweat glands, renal glomerular and tubular cells, smooth muscle, excretory tubules of some salivary glands, ependyma and in choroid plexus. In most tissues were stored sphingomyelin, cholesterol and a small amount of a glycosphingolipid. In the endothelium of cerebral and spinal vessels the main stored lipid was a glycosphingolipid. The significance of these regional differences are discussed and their study is recommended as a useful counterpart to the biochemical investigation.
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  • 40
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 343-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafora disease ; Myocardium ; Deposits ; Enzame histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the myocardium of 3 Japanese patients with Lafora disease were carried out. Deposits in the myocardium stained positively with PAS, Best's carmine and Lugol's indine. After digestion of the sections with α-amylase, the deposits disappeared or were less intense, in particular with PAS staining. Phosphorylase activity was deficient in the myocardium of Case 3, when compared with controls, both of which were kept frozen at −20°C following autopsy. Electron microscopy revealed that the deposits were not membrane-bound and consisted of fine particles and fibrillae. The nature of the deposits is diseussed.
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  • 41
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex encephalitis ; Blood-vessels ; Reactive microglia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Generalized vascular changes and diffused proliferation of reactive microglia were observed in an experimental model of HSV encephalitis of mice. The wide spread of these changes contrasted with the localized character of virus replication and the confined areas of damaged nervous tissue. The vascular and microglial changes were precocious in animals inoculated with concentrated virus suspension (105.5LD50) while they appeared late in mice inoculated with diluted virus suspension (100 LD50). After inoculation with U.V. inactivated virus no changes were seen. The results obtained in this study suggest that the vascular and microglial modifications are not related to a direct cytopathic effect of the virus but dependent on the amount of virus present in the central nervous system and linked to the virus DNA.
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  • 42
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's disease ; Macrophage ; Electron microscopy ; Brain involvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A man of 22 with Whipple's disease suffered from an acute febrile state and unconsciousness. Focal inflammatory lesions accompanied by large numbers of peculiar macrophages occurred in thalamus and basal ganglia. The electron microscopic findings conform to previous reports on brain involvement in Whipple's disease.
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  • 43
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    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Thiamine Deficiency ; Wernicke's Encephalopathy ; Rhesus Monkey ; Ultrastructure ; Myelin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy, induced in rhesus monkeys with a diet lacking thiamine (vitamin B1), is characterized by cavitary necrosis of the striatum as well as a microvacuolar periventricular lesion of the brain stem such as occurs in man. With high resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy, the primary structural alteration in the brain stem lesion, and probably also in the striatum, appears to be that of widespread “blister” formation due to splitting of myelin at the intraperiod line. Microvascular alterations were minimal, even in the most severely affected regions. It is the myelin blisters which give rise to the spongy texture of the neuropil. A similar splitting of myelin has been deseribed in several other experimental encephalopathies, and it is probable that it also occurs in Wernicke's encephalopathy in man.
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  • 44
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 207-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: GM2-Gangliosidosis, AB Variant ; Hexosaminidase A and B ; Electron microscopy ; Membranous cytoplasmic inclusions ; Zebra bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical and neuropathological studies of a case of AB variant GM2-gangliosidosis have been presented. The patient was a 14 months old black female infant who had “black cherry spot” in the retinas. The total activities of β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase, as well as the proportion of hexosaminidase A and B components in her serum and leukocytes were normal when the assays were carried out with artificial fluorogenic substrate. Diagnosis of GM2-gangliosidosis AB variant was established by an abnormal increase of GM2-ganglioside in the biopsied brain tissue, similar to classical Tay-Sachs disease. Her clinical manifestation appeared to be similar but somewhat milder than those of classical Tay-Sachs disease. Light microscopic features of the cerebral biopsy were also closely similar to Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease but gliosis and neuronal loss were less pronounced. Electron microscopic study revealed numerous membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) and zebra bodies in neurons. In addition, varieties of large intracytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes, a feature distinctly different from classical Tay-Sachs disease, were observed. Numerous cytoplasmic inclusions were also present in oligodendroglia, pericytes and microglial cells.
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  • 45
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    Pflügers Archiv 360 (1975), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle cross ; Myosin ATPase ; Ultrastructure ; Fibre types ; Light chains of myosin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chiekens were transposed and cross-innervated by the mixed, predominantly fast superior brachialis nerve, and investigated 2 to 15 months after the operation. Two months after the operation, myosin ATPase activity of the cross-innervated ALD muscles was still as low as in the control ALD, although the ultrastructure and the histochemical ATPase activity already showed a mixed fibre-type pattern with a predominance of fast-type fibres around the site of nerve implantation. The change of myosin properties of the whole cross-innervated ALD did not occur until the third month after the operation. At that time, the myosin ATPase activity increased about 2.5 times and light chains of myosin of the fast type appeared in the electrophoretic pattern. The myosin ATPase activity attained 62% of the activity found in the control fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscles at three months; subsequently it remained at about this level reaching 68% 18 months after the operation. The results indicate that approximately two thirds of the corss-innervated ALD muscle fibres became changed towards the fast type under neural influence, whereas about one third remained slow, being re-innervated by the slow-type motor fibres of the implanted nerve.
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  • 46
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    Applied physics 8 (1975), S. 319-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Self-interstitials in silicon ; Swirls ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Point defect agglomerates in dislocation-free silicon crystals, usually called “swirls”, have been investigated by means of high-voltage electron microscopy. It was found that a single swirl defect consists of a dislocation loop or a cluster of dislocation loops. By contrast experiments it could be shown that these loops are formed by agglomeration of self-interstitial atoms. Generally the loops have a/2〈110〉 Burgers vectors, but in specimens with high concentrations of carbon (∼1017 cm−3) and oxygen (∼1016 cm−3) also dislocation loops including a stacking fault were observed. In crystals grown at growth rates higher thanv=4 mm/min no swirls are observed; lower growth rates do not markedly affect the size and shape of the dislocation loops. With decreasing impurity content (particulary of oxygen and carbon) the swirl density decreases, whereas the dislocation loop clusters become larger and more complex. A model is presented which describes the formation of swirls in terms of agglomeration of silicon self-interstitials and impurity atoms.
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  • 47
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    Research in experimental medicine 165 (1975), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Vinblastine ; Liver ; Perisinusoidal cell ; Microtubules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vinblastine, given intravenously to rats, leads to disappearance of microtubules, formation of paracrystalline inclusions and accumulation of fat droplets in the cytoplasm of the perisinusoidal cells of the liver suggesting that microtubules of the perisinusoidal cells play a role in lipid metabolism.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lathyrism ; Capillaries ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian follicles ; Oocytes ; Transosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Production and fates of transosomes (sacs of ribosomes made in the follicular cells of an ovarian follicle and subsequently passed to the cytoplasms of the oocyte) have been studied by electron microscopy in ovaries of young chicks, a testosterone-treated hen, aged hens which had ceased laying eggs and a “non-layer” mutant. Study was also made of “primitive yolk” (vacuoles present in both follicular cells and ooplasms of small follicles of normally laying hens). It was found that both transosomes and vacuoles of primitive yolk were present in small oocytes of young chicks, and “non-layer” mutants. However, the transosomes deep within the ooplasms were present within lysosomal vesicles in both of these instances and the vacuoles containing primitive yolk were patently abnormal in the “non-layer” mutant. Very few transosomes or primitive yolk vacuoles were present within the ooplasms of follicles from a testosterone-treated hen or from those of aged hens which were no longer laying. In both of these latter cases such bodies were present in the follicular cells. However, many transosomes were seen to be in the process of being lysed within the cytoplasms of these follicular cells.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 99-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central neuropile ; Planorbis corneus ; Synapses ; Spinule complexes ; Varicosities ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropile in the central ganglia of Planorbis corneus was studied by electron microscopy, using different fixatives. Several types of specialization were observed in the membranes of adjacent axonal processes, varying from only slight membrane thickenings to structures resembling desmosomes. Specialized structures similar to the ‘spinule complexes’ in mammalian brain are widely distributed in certain areas of neuropile. They consist of a small projection which invaginates a neighbouring neurone; the membranes are closely apposed and there is associated electron-dense material. The problem of identifying chemical synapses in this tissue is discussed. Many axonal processes are varicose, and it is suggested that varicosities may also be sites of transmitter release.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Blood supply ; Capillaries ; Lymphatic system ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capillary fenestrae occur in one of about 60 cross-sectioned blood capillaries in normal adult rat skeletal muscles. The fenestrae occur singly or in groups. Fenestrated capillaries are found close to muscle fibers as well as in the perimysial and perineurial connective tissue. Small numbers of lymphatic capillaries are also present, mostly in the perimysial connective tissue.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac sarcomeres ; Circolana borealis (Isopod) ; T-tubules ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Couplings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of the isopod Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg are described. The sarcolemma invaginates at the level of the Z band, forming transverse tubules. Narrow tubules branch off in a longitudinal direction from these transverse and radially arranged TZ-tubules forming a transverse collar at each A-I level, where dyadic and triadic junctions are formed with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Two different orientations of the coupling discs have been detected in the supercontracted sarcomere, and this observation has been discussed. Adjacent myofibrils are separated by a double layer of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 199-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proximal to an experimental stenosis of the small intestine of rats and guinea-pigs a remarkable hypertrophy of the muscle coat develops 3–5 weeks after the operation. There is no increase in the length of the intestine but an overall increase in volume of the muscularis externa up to 10 times. This increase is accounted for by an increase in size and in number (by mitosis) of smooth muscle cells of both the longitudinal and circular layers. Bundles of newly-formed smooth cells appear in the serosa and are circularly arranged. In the hypertrophic smooth muscle cells of the circular layer the ratio of surface to volume is 0.80 (0.80 μm2 of cell surface for every μm3 of cell volume) as against 1.4 in the control muscle. The hypertrophic muscle cells have a highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and show a large number of nexuses. The density of innervation (number of axons per given number of smooth muscle cells) is smaller than in controls. Few collagen fibrils are visible in the extracellular space.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human spleen ; Sinus lining cells ; Pulp veins ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sinus and venous walls of normal human spleens were studied with enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Particular attention was paid to the connections between sinuses and veins. Histochemically the sinus lining cells revealed a distinct naphthol-AS-acetate-esterase activity but no reaction for alkaline phosphatase. Venous endothelial cells were positive for the latter but negative for the former enzyme. In the sinusvenous junctional area there were no endothelial cells with reactivity for both enzymes. Electron microscopically both the sinus lining cells and the venous endothelial cells could be clearly characterized and therefore easily distinguished from one another on morphological grounds. There were no clear ultrastructural indications of transitional forms between sinus lining cells and venous endothelial cells in the sinus-venous area. According to these findings, sinus lining cells represent a specialized endothelium, but one with practically no morpholgical similarities to the venous endothelium.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Salmonids ; Mucous cells ; Mucus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of epidermal mucous cells of two species of salmonid fish has been described. Mucous cells are, next to filament-containing cells, the most commonly encountered cells in fish epidermis. The development of the cells as they progress to the periphery has been characterised. They are initially difficult to distinguish from filament-containing cells: later, they can be recognised by the presence of much smooth-surfaced E.R. The mucigenesis and the subsequent secretion of mucus has been observed and it is essentially comparable to that which occurs in the mucous cells of the mammalian intestine. The mucous layer of the epidermal surface seems to mainly comprise of the products of these mucous cells and the “cuticle” seen in other species has not yet been observed in the salmonid species investigated here.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 201-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Myofilaments ; Vas deferens ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde contained three types of filaments, namely, thin (50–80 Å) filaments, intermediate (100 Å) filaments and thick (120–180 Å) filaments. However, in 2 out of 16 experiments, under identical conditions, the cells did not contain thick filaments. With OsO4 fixation, thin filaments were not prominent, the most obvious being thick (120–250 Å) and intermediate (100 Å) filaments. After soaking in a modified Ringer solution under no applied tension for one hour, thick filaments (120–180 Å) appeared prominently in smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens and thin filaments were in ordered bundles. By 4 hours, thick filaments had increased in size and density, with thin filaments distributed randomly around them. After 8 hours in Ringer, thin filaments were diffuse and difficult to discern, while thick filaments were large (up to 300 Å) and electron-dense. Intermediate (100 Å) filaments were present in association with dark bodies. Physiological experiments indicated that the intracellular components responsible for the development of a mechanical response were still functional at this time. The presence of “thick filaments” is also reported in degenerating smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens in tissue culture.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 411-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acrosome ; Spermatid ; Budgerigar ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the acrosome of the budgerigar spermatid was studied under the electronmicroscope. The acrosome arises from a granule derived from the Golgi apparatus which interacts with the nucleus to form a cone shaped acrosomal cap and a perforatorium. A quantity of cytoplasm and plasma membrane is captured from the cell periphery and incorporated into the substance of the acrosome. The possible significance of the developmental phases and comparative avian spermatology is discussed.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 475-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annulate lamellae ; Spermatocytes ; Grasshoppers ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intranuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae were studied in grasshopper spermatocytes (Melanoplus) with the electron microscope. Although cytoplasmic annulate lamellae were observed in all three species examined, intranuclear annulate lamellae were found in only one species. The intranuclear annulate lamellae encompass certain nuclear material adjacent to the nuclear envelope forming a vesicle that is extruded into the spermatocyte cytoplasm. In this same species, cytoplasmic annulate lamellae are seen contiguous with granular masses of varying size. These structures were noted as being morphologically indistinguishable from the “yolk nuclei” of dragonfly oocytes (Kessel and Beams, 1969; Kessel, 1973).
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotrophins ; Testis ; Hypophysectomy ; Ultrastructure ; Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five-week old Japanese quail held under short daylengths (8L/16D) were injected daily for two weeks with 20 μg/day of purified chicken luteinizing hormone (LH) or with one of two chicken follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) fractions. Both intact and hypophysectomized birds were used. After killing, the testes were weighed and fixed for light- and electron-microscopy. Following hypophysectomy testicular weights fell significantly below those of saline-injected controls, indicating that short day conditions are not equivalent to “physiological hypophysectomy”, the pituitary-gonadal axis continuing to function at a low level. Chicken LH stimulated differentiation of the interstitium, producing mature Leydig cells containing the full complement of organelles typical of steroid-secretion. In addition it induced some testicular growth caused by spermatogonial division and partial differentiation of the Sertoli cells. This effect was assumed to be a secondary response to androgen secretion but a direct action of chicken LH on the tubules is not dismissed. LH given to intact quail caused greater testicular growth, presumably due to synergism with endogenous hormones. Both chicken FSH fractions induced testicular growth and development; in intact birds the effects were similar to those observed in intact LH-treated birds. In hypophysectomized quail given FSH the testicular weights were greater than in hypophysectomized LH-treated birds and the seminiferous tubules were larger. Sertoli cells were stimulated and pachytene spermatocytes were numerous. Leydig cell differentiation was minimal in all FSH-treated birds, being less pronounced in hypophysectomized than in intact birds.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rana pipiens ; M. dilatator, sphincter pupillae ; Electron microscopy ; Photosensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris of the grass frog Rana pipiens, can respond to light even when isolated from the remainder of the animal. The iris is a three-layered structure, comprising a stromal layer and two layers of pigment epithelium. The sphincter pupillae, which is composed of pigmented smooth muscle cells, is embedded between the two layers of pigment epithelium. There is no dilator pupillae in this species. We have been unable to find any cells or any organelles in the iris which are anatomically specialized for photoreception in any obvious way.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cell ; Crystalloid ; Swine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spindle or needle-shaped crystalloids are observed in Sertoli cells of the intersex and experimental cryptorchid swine in the light and electron microscopes. Small crystalloids are also observed in Sertoli cells of the normal swine only by electron microscopy. These crystalloids consist of fine filaments. The filaments are about 5 nm in diameter and arranged parallel to the long axis of the crystalloid. In cross sections of the crystalloid, the close packing of the filaments shows hexagonal arrays. The interfilamentous distance is about 5 nm. In all animals examined, bundles of short filaments, which are 5 nm in diameter, are observed in the basal part of the Sertoli cells. Ultrastructural similarities among the crystalloids, the bundles of fine filaments, and the filamentous layer in the junctional specialization of the Sertoli cell are shown. These morphological similarities suggest that the crystalloids are formed by the aggregation of the bundles in the Sertoli cells of azoospermic testes.
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  • 62
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975) 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 63
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. vii 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 64
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975) 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 65
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 65-77 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of twenty acetates and methylates of spirostanol and related furostanol glycosides of high molecular weight (above 650) have been investigated, and the most probable fragmentation patterns of the glycoside derivatives are presented. High resolution mass spectrometry provides useful information concerning the structures of both aglycone and sugar moieties as well as the molecular size of the oligoglycosides.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of thin-layer chromatography has demonstrated that incubations of indoleamines with 5-methyl[14C]tetrahydrofolic acid and an enzyme previously described as an N-methyltransferase, do not yield Nω, N1 or O-methylated products. Further elucidation by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring enabled us to identify the reaction products as tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-β-carbolines in mixtures incubated respectively with catecholamines and indoleamines in the presence of 5-methyl[14C]tetrahydrofolic acid and enzyme. The alkaloids have been shown to originate from a spontaneous condensation of the corresponding amines with formaldehyde, this latter being formed in the first stage of the reaction by enzymatic conversion from 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N6-(2-succinyl)adenosine 5′-phosphate and N-(5-amino-1-ribosyl-4-imidazole carbonyl)-L-aspartic acid ′-phosphate were prepared enzymatically using adenylosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.2) isolated from human erythrocytes. N6-(2-succinyl)adenosine 5′-phosphate, N-(5-amino-1-ribosyl-4-imidazole carbonyl)-L-aspartic acid 5′-phosphate and N-(5-amino-1-ribosyl-4-imidazole carboxamide) 5′-phosphate and the nucleoside and free base analogs of these nucleotides were converted to the trimethylsilyl derivatives and characterized by mass spectrometry. The extent of the trimethylsilylation was greater for adenine substituted compounds compared with those related to aminoimidazole carboxamide. Major mass spectral fragment ions correspond to the intact base plus portions of the sugar skeleton and to electron impact-induced decomposition products of the sugar moiety. Succinyl substitution at N6 of the adenine derivatives leads to characteristic loss of CO2 SiMe3 from the molecular ion. A combination of liquid chromatographic procedures and gas chromatography mass spectrometry gave rapid and unequivocal identification of succinyladenine from human urine.
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  • 68
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 112-114 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used peak matching to accurately determine the molecular masses of field desorbed ions. A major advantage over high resolution photoplate recording is that it reduces analysis time without reducing accuracy or sensitivity. Molecular ions of nonvolatile and thermally labile compounds can be mass measured by this technique.
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  • 69
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975) 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 117-120 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Five children deficient in growth hormone were treated with oxandrolone and human growth hormone. Average nitrogen retained was calculated from nine day balance data. During some balance periods, nitrogen retention was calculated by determination of 15N labeled glycine, as reported in this article. Twenty milligrams of 15N in excess of the natural abundance was administered orally. Urines were collected prior to, as well as after, administration of glycine-15 N and were analyzed for 15N by mass spectrometry. The percentage of 15N ranged up to 0.449% for collection over a 24 hour period, compared with 0.364% from control samples without excess 15N. These 15N data, like those from nitrogen balance, show the stimulating effects of oxandrolone and human growth hormone in the group as a whole.
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  • 71
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 126-130 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the micro-identification of both mono- and diesters of 12-deoxyphorbol based upon a combination of thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. The technique may be used on as little as 5 ml of fresh plant latex. Nine thin-layer systems are described, six of which are adsorption systems based on silica gel or alumina as adsorbent, and three are partition systems using diethyleneglycol as stationary phase. The migration by means of thin-layer chromatography is dependent upon the chain length of the C-13 esterifying acid and on the presence or absence of a free primary hydroxyl group at C-20. By means of mass spectrometry it was possible to confirm the identity of the esterifying moiety at both the C-13 and C-20 positions of 12-deoxy-4βOH-phorbol.
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  • 72
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The urinary excretion by rats of predominantly 2-ethyl-3-deuterohydracrylic acid is a consequence of the intraperitoneal injection of 2-trideuteromethylbutyric acid. A significant fraction of the loading acid also is excreted unchanged. These results support the proposal of an alternate minor pathway of isoleucine catabolism and suggest that the corresponding catabolites in the minor and major pathways, 2-ethylhydracrylic and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acids, respectively, have significantly different subsequent metabolism.
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  • 73
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. xi 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Field desorption mass spectra of a tripeptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, a pentapeptide Cbz-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro and a nonapeptide Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg are presented. In each case, a [M]+· or [M + 1]+ peak of the peptide is obtained. Sufficient fragmentation of the peptide backbone occurred to allow sequence determination of all three peptides. The pentapeptide produced [M]+·, [M + 1]+ and [M + 2]+· ions which also included molecules of ethylacetate, ethanol and/or water bound to the ion.
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  • 75
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 131-132 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for continous mass range specific gas chromatographic detection using the β-slit of a reverse geometry double focusing mass spectrometer. The method has several advantages over total ion current detection, including elimination of the solvent peak from the detector trace and reduction of back ground noise due to column bleeding. The technique has been applied here to detect prostaglandins in biological samples.
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  • 76
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photodecomposition products of aldrin, dieldrin and endrin were investigated by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrophotometry. An alternate isomeric product of aldrin and four endrin analogs were encountered. The mass spectra of eight photoproducts are presented with direct inlet spectra of endrin aldehyde and endrin alcohol.
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  • 77
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 190-196 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectroscopic behaviour of prostaglandin A1 and its methyl ester has been studied. Mechanisms are suggested for the majority of fragmentation processes occurring in the spectra of these compounds. The proposed mechanisms have been confirmed by low electron voltage spectra, measurements on metastable ion decompositions, high resolution mass measurements and deuterium labelling.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mass fragmentographic method is described for the simultaneous assay of both the acidic and alcoholic metabolites of tyramine, octopamine, dopamine and norepinephrine. The method was successfully applied for the measurement of nanogram quantities of these metabolites in human ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluids and in the rat brain. Mass fragmentography was carried out on the methyl ester/pentafluoroproprionyl derivatives of the acidic and the pentafluoropropionyl derivatives of the alcoholic metabolites, employing an 8 ft 3% SE-54 column. Chemical methods for the synthesis of a number of deuterated isomers (isotopomers) of the above metabolites are also described. These isotopomers were utilized as internal reference standards for the assay of the metabolites in biological materials. They were also used to study the fragmentation reactions of these metabolite derivatives.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 204-205 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A N-dealkylated metabolite, 1-phenylcyclohexylamine, was detected in a urine sample of a patient who had ingested phencyclidine. The identification was facilitated by a feeding experiment using a mouse administered a 1:1 mixture of unlabeled and phenyl-d5-labeled drug. A control experiment was also performed in which a mouse was fed only the unlabeled drug. Two hydroxylated metabolities were also identified in human urine samples. One of the hydroxylated metabolites has a hydroxy group located at the piperidine moiety of phencyclidine while the other has the hydroxy group located at the cyclohexane ring of the drug. It was also shown that 1-phenyl-cyclohexene detected in the human samples, was an artifact which arose from pyrolysis of phencyclidine during gas chromatography.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 225-225 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interfering nonpolar lipid material was removed from the acetone extracts of several samples of benign hyperplastic prostate tissue. Endogenous steroids were separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography into fractions containing testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone and the 5α-androstane-3, 17-diols, and concentrations of these steroids were measured by molecular ion monitoring of suitable derivatives at a resolution of 8500 to 10 000 during combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The sensitivity and specificity of this procedure allowed unequivocal detection of the steroids of interest at the femtomole level and the incorporation of epimers as internal standards enabled accurate quantitative measurements. The results indicated that 5α-dihydrotestosterone is usually the most predominant of the steroids measured, and that of the 5α-androstanediols, only the 3α, 17β and 3β, 17β isomers occur in measurable concentration, with the former usually predominant.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 176-182 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ultraviolet irradiation of the methanoindene compounds chlordene, 1-hydroxychlordene cis- and trans-chlordane, trans-nonachlor and heptachlor using acetone as the sensitizing solvent yielded caged photoisomers. Electron impact spectra of twelve photoproducts are reported. Structural assignments based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and gas chromatography data are reported for the major photoproducts.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 84
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 254-260 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The extent of C-methylation, an artifact of the permethylation procedure used to derivatize peptides for mass spectrometric sequencing, was investigated by mass spectrometry. Ten glycine-containing peptides were N-acetylated and then permethylated by the Hakomori method and analyzed by chemical ionization and, in some cases, by electron ionization mass spectrometry. A comparative study was made of the tripeptides Gly Pro Ala and Ala Pro Gly, derivatized by three permethylation procedures. The results show that while C-methylation occurs primarily at glycine, other amino acids (Gln, Glu, Met, Tyr) are also C-methylated, but to a lesser degree. The extent to which C-methylation occurs varies widely and depends on residue position and on the identity of neighboring residues. Such artifacts could lead to serious errors in peptide sequences determined by mass spectrometry, especially when mixtures of peptides are analyzed.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Incubation of four common cannabinoids with vegetative cultures of the fungus Syncephalastrum racemosum yielded a number of polar metabolites. Major metabolites of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol were eluted from preparative thin-layer chromatographic plates and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum of each of the compounds examined showed a molecular ion corresponding to a monohydroxylated derivative of the parent cannabinoid. Identification of the major metabolite of each cannabinoid as the product of hydroxylation in the penultimate (4′) position of the n-pentyl sidechain was made by analysis of the mass spectra of underivatized and TMS derivatized metabolites and by comparison with model compounds. A number of prominent fragment ions in the mass spectra were identified as arising through known fragmentation pathways of cannabinoids.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 279-280 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A pressure measuring probe has been built for the chemical ionization source of a Du Pont 21 490-B mass spectrometer. The probe fits exactly in the place of the solid sample probe and, when connected to a Baratron manometer, enables pressure measurement directly in the source. This can be used to calibrate an ionization gauge connected to the source housing or a manometer in the reagent gas inlet line. The probe has been used to determine the maximum source pressure attainable for various reagent gases in the Du Pont 21 490-B mass spectrometer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 284-284 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. viii 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. x 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method employing gas-liquid chromatography and combined gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was developed for the quantitative determination of α-D-mannopyranoside-(1 → 3)-β-D-mannopyranoside-(1 → 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose in urines. The concentration of this trisaccharide varied between 123 and 469 mg per litre of urine in the patients with mannosidosis but was not detected in twenty normals and two heterozygotes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 304-306 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The identification of 6-methoxy 8-aminoquinoline as a metabolite of Primaquine, an important antimalarial drug, is described. The metabolite is present in urine, plasma and erythrocytes following drug ingestion. It was identified by mass fragmentography of its 1H and 2H acetate and the acetate produced from authentic material. No evidence of further metabolites was obtained.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field desorption mass spectra of eight rifamycins were obtained and compared with their electron impact mass spectra. All the compounds gave abundant molecular or quasimolecular ions, while no significant fragmentation was observed in the low mass region of the spectra. Therefore, field desorption mass spectrometry has been shown to be of great importance for the determination of the molecular weight of these antibiotics.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complex mixtures of O-trimethylsilylated polyamino alcohols, which have been generated by either acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of polypeptides and subsequent derivatization, are completely characterized by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer system. These peptide derivatives possess excellent gas chromatographic properties; a wide range of derivatives from di- to hexapeptides may be separated in a single chromatographic experiment. The identification of these compounds, either manually or with the assistance of the computer, is based on three sets of data which are automatically generated after the g.c.m.s. computer experiment: (1) mass spectra, which exhibit sequence-determining ions of high abundance; (2) selected ion records, which allow efficient location of peptide derivatives in the gas chromatogram as well as resolution of incompletely separated fractions; (3) retention indices, which can be calculated from values which have been assigned to each amino acid residue.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A routine analysis for micro samples of plasma amino acids by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer system has been developed. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple internal standards. The speed of the analysis is increased by omitting the ion exchange purification step and its flexibility is maximized by using repetitive scanning rather than selective ion monitoring. This procedure yields excellent precision and accuracy, as demonstrated by the analysis of a known amino acid mixture and of neonatal plasma.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An ion doublet chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique was utilized for the rapid detection and elucidation of the structure of a new hydroxylated metabolite of the oral anticoagulant warfarin. This technique involves the use of a 50:50 mixture of stable isotope labeled and unlabeled drug. With this procedure ions found in the mass spectrum which are associated with the administered drug can be identified unambiguously. The unknown metabolite from rat liver microsomal preparations was identified as benzylic hydroxywarfarin by reincubating the microsomes with warfarin specifically labeled in the benzylic position and observing the subsequent loss of label in the product. The ion doublet technique was also employed in a single human study, and benzylic hydroxywarfarin was detected and identified.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 36-45 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of permethyl ethers of twenty-five highly purified oligosaccharides, containing first, aldohexose units only and second, at least one fructose unit, have been determined. It is concluded that spectra of these derivatives can yield considerable structural information, especially in relation to the detection of fructose units, the pyranose/furanose ratio and the position of the glycosidic linkage, and are to be preferred from this point of view to the mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ethers.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metabolism studies in the rat, dog and cat have demonstrated a definite species difference in biotransformation and elimination of α-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furylcyclohexanephenylglycolate (Lilly 82537), an experimental anticholinergic agent. Separation and identification of urinary and biliary metabolites by gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis has shown three mechanisms to be involved in the metabolism of Lilly 82537 in these species; N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation and ester hydrolysis. A major portion of the drug administered was eliminated unaltered in the cat and dog, while only trace quantities of parent drug were observed in the urine and bile of rats. These metabolic differences may be responsible for observed species differences in the pharmacologic activity of Lilly 82537.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A rapid, sensitive method of analysis for methylphenidate and ritalinic acid in blood and urine has been developed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring for separation and detection. The methylphenidate is isolated by solvent extraction into chloroform and the ritalinic acid is isolated by salting out into isopropyl alcohol, followed by methylation and subsequent solvent extraction. The method has been applied to the study of methylphenidate metabolism and excretion in adults and hyperactive children under-going treatment with methylphenidate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1975), S. 82-89 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Identification of hydrazine monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs such as isoniazid, iproniazid, nialamide, isocarboxazid and iproclozide is made by electron impact mass spectrometry using the direct insertion technique. The molecular ion itself, although of low relative abundance, is found in the mass spectra of all compounds studied. Relative intensities of the major fragments and data on metastable ions useful in the identification of these compounds are reported. With the aid of synthesized structurally related products, deuterium labelling of exchangeable hydrazidic and hydrazinic protons and by the use of hexadeuterated isopropylic analogues, detailed information about fragmentation patterns is obtained. Splitting processes are chiefly governed by the nature of the aromatic substituent at the hydrazidic end and the alkyl sidechain located at the second hydrazinic nitrogen. The major fragmentations occurring are loss of small neutral molecules, double rearrangement, cleavage of the N—N bond, amide bond rupture, β-cleavage to the hydrazinic nitrogen atom and McLafferty rearrangements.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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