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  • 1975-1979  (634)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1977  (634)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (573)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • Rat
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Altitude ; Myocardium ; Regional blood flow ; Blood volume ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Circulating blood volume, cardiac output and relative organ perfusion changes were studied, using the Sapirstein method of86Rb tissue uptake, in male 75-day-old rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia (gradually up to 7000 m, 4 h daily, 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 24). Intermittent hypobaric exposure caused a significant rise of the erythrocyte volume, whereas the plasma volume remained unchanged. The relative perfusion of the left and particularly of the right ventricular myocardium, as well as of the spleen, liver, lung, small intestine and skeletal muscle, was significantly higher. The cardiac output determined in other experimental animals similarly treated was significantly higher after 24 exposures to the intermittent high altitude hypoxia. We suggest that these changes are triggered by tissue hypoxia and a greater blood flow demand.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 368 (1977), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Endotoxin ; Rat ; Fever ; Anti-endotoxin system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In conscious unrestrained rats, at an ambient temperature of 22°C, oesophageal temperature was measured and temperature effect of single and repeated intravenous injection ofE. coli endotoxin was examined. The first injection of endotoxin in a dose of 10.0 μg/rat did not change the rat body temperature. The second injection of this dose in the same animals repeated after 48 h produced fever. With following injections the fevers observed were less pronounced. The absence of fever after a single injection of endotoxin was accompanied by the rapid loss of pyretic activity of the rat plasma samples (bioassayed in rabbits). When fever was observed (48 h interval between endotoxin injections) the pyretic activity of the rat plasma remained unchanged for 90 min following endotoxin injection. It was concluded that after a single injection endotoxin is rapidly detoxified in the rat circulation while this process does not take place after the second endotoxin injection (48 h interval). The process of endotoxin detoxification can be depressed by the pretreatment with nitrogen mustard. Analysis of changes of skin temperature following endotoxin injections and the influence of aspirin on endotoxin-induced fever suggest that the fever observed was of central origin.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Dibutyryl cyclic AMP ; Pancreas ; Rat ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary DbcAMP≥0.1 mM induces the discharge of exportable enzymes from rat pancreas fragments incubated in vitro. This effect is qualitatively similar to the action of physiological secretagogues acting via hormone receptors: 1) it is accompanied by the appearance of exocytotic images at the acinar cell apex; 2) it is energy dependent but energy supply is low while that required for the carbamylcholine or caerulein response is high and can only be afforded by oxidative phosphorylation; 3) it is calcium dependent, but no alteration of inward or outward calcium movement can be observed; 4) it is altered by agents known to disrupt the microfilamentous microtubular system [41]. However, the secretory response to DbcAMP is quantitatively less than that obtained with hormonal stimuli. A damaging effect of DbcAMP on pancreatic acinar cells is ruled out on histological and biochemical grounds: there is no significant leakage of LDH; protein synthesis, 2-deoxy-d-glucose andl-leucine uptake are unaltered. The secretagogue effect of DbcAMP is reversible, dose-related and specific. It is not mediated by neuro-transmitter release or by interaction with their receptors. The evidence presented points to a direct interaction of DbcAMP on the pancreatic acinar cell and suggests the last step of the secretory cycle as the most probable site of action of the nucleotide derivative.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 300 (1977), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chronic ethanol treatment ; Rat ; Behaviour ; Central monoamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats weaned at 16 days of age were treated with various ethanol concentrations (8–24% w/v) for 270 days. The effect of the chronic ethanol treatment on the growth rate, the diurnal pattern of drinking, the open field activity, and the conditioned avoidance acquisition and retention of the rats were studied. Termination of the chronic ethanol administration caused two types of withdrawal syndromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 h after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyperexcitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioural stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Biochemically, the latter withdrawal syndrome was accompanied by an increased rate of tyrosine hydroxylation (measured as the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase) in the striatum and dopamine-rich limbic structures. No differences in the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan were observed. Furthermore, there was an increased level of dopamine concomitant with a decreased level of noradrenaline in the limbic areas during ongoing ethanol treatment. On the 4th day after withdrawal of ethanol the endogenous levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were statistically significantly reduced in the limbic structures. The data of the present study indicate that chronic ethanol administration induces various kinds of behavioural changes and that these changes at least partially are mediated via central catecholamine mechanisms.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histidin ; Gehirn ; Skelettmuskel ; Leber ; Urämie ; Ratte ; Histidine ; Brain ; Striated muscle ; Liver ; Uremia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intracellular histidine levels were determined in brain, striated muscle and liver of rats with chronic renal insufficiency (5/6-nephrectomy) and compared both with normal rats and food-restricted (pair-fed) animals. There was no difference in plasma histidine concentration of the three groups whereas in the brain of the uremic rats histidine was significantly increased. Since there existed no alteration of the cerebral histidine in the corresponding pair-fed group, the finding of a raised histidine level in the renal insufficient rats seems to be due to a specific uremic disorder caused by a cerebral disturbance in histidine metabolism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei chronisch niereninsuffizienten Ratten (5/6-Nephrektomie) wurden die intrazellulären Histidin-Konzentrationen verschiedener Organe (Gehirn, Skelettmuskel und Leber) bestimmt. Als Vergleichsgruppen dienten gesunde Kontroll-Ratten sowie sog. „pair-fed“ Ratten, die entsprechend den niereninsuffizienten Tieren eine verminderte Nahrungsmenge zu sich nahmen. Während sich in den untersuchten Gruppen die Plasma-Histidin-Konzentration nicht unterschied, war Histidin im Gehirn der chronisch niereninsuffizienten Tiere signifikant erhöht. Dieser Konzentrations-Anstieg dürfte als urämie-spezifisch anzusehen sein, da die entsprechend minderernährten Kontrolltiere keine Alteration zeigten. Als Ursache ist in erster Linie eine cerebrale Störung des Histidin-Metabolismus zu diskutieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Blood plasma ; Enamel mineralization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is postulated that tissue fluid F concentrations are the primary determinants of fluoride effects on bones and developing teeth and that these concentrations are dependent on, or mirrored by, blood plasma F. It has earlier been shown that the plasma F levels are dependent on the dietary F supply as well as on skeletal F concentration. Fasting and post-ingestion or postinjection plasma F levels have been determined in rats on F doses that cause different degrees of enamel fluorosis. The results indicate that temporary peak values rather than elevated fasting values are responsible for the occurrence of enamel fluorosis and that the peak values must approach about 10 μM in order to block enamel formation by the ameloblasts. The diagnostic and prognostic importance of plasma F determinations is discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Growth ; Rat ; Remodeling ; Tetracyclines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cortical bone remodeling along the femur diaphysis was determined in normal female rats (Sprague-Dawley) with the tetracycline technique. Three segments on the cortical bone circumference (the anterolateral, the medial, and the posterior) were found to be most suitable for the study of the remodeling process. Oxytetracycline was administered at age 60 and 75 days, and groups of animals were killed at age 75, 85, 95, and 105 days. The accumulated endosteal growth during age 60 to 75 days in the anterolateral segment was found to increase uniformly in the distal direction along the femur diaphysis. A method is described where this accumulated endosteal growth is used. This method eliminates the use of calipers to determine the section level and makes it possible to study comparable sections even after varying periods of time. The proximal part of the diaphysis showed periosteal apposition in all three segments. The periosteal apposition turned into resorption in the distal part of the diaphysis in the anterolateral and medial segments, whereas the periosteal appsition increased in the posterior segment. The endosteal growth increased in the distal direction in the anterolateral and medial segments. Irregular OTC bands made measurements of endosteal remodeling in the posterior segment impossible. The cortical width decreased in the distal direction along the femoral shaft. Comparison between the different age groups is described and also the relation between the accumulated endosteal growth and the diameter of the medullary cavity.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sulfhydryls ; Enzymes ; Brain ; Liver ; Testis ; Manganese ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Mangan auf Sulfhydrylgruppen und SH-enthaltende Enzyme in Gehirn, Leber und Hoden von Ratten wurde untersucht. Mangan verminderte den Gehalt an Nicht-Eiweiß-SH und hemmte die Glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase sowie die Glutathionreduktase in diesen Geweben. In Gehirn, Leber und Hoden der Mn-behandelten Tiere war der Mn-Gehalt signifikant erhöht.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of manganese on sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of rats was investigated. Manganese produced lowering in the contents of non-protein sulfhydryl groups and inhibited the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase in these tissues. The contents of the metal increased significantly in brain, liver and testis of manganese administered rats. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Large intestine ; Intestinal absorption ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of horseradish peroxidase in the rat large intestine during the postnatal developing period was investigated by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the ceca and ascending colons from 4-, and 5-day-old rats, intraluminaly injected peroxidase became localised on microvilli, in the intracytoplasmic network of the apical tubules and small vacuoles (tubulo-vacuolar system), in the large supranuclear vacuole, in the Golgi apparatus, on the lateral and basal cell membranes of the surface principal cells, and also in the lumen of blood capillaries in the subjacent propria. On the other hand, the protein tracer was not seen in the large intestinal epithelial cells that lack tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles within their cytoplasm. In the descending colons of rats of any postnatal age, the epithelial principal cells are devoid of these membrane systems, and exogenous peroxidase was not detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. It is assumed that at least the proximal portion of the large intestine in neonatal animals has the capacity to absorb macromolecular protein through those surface principal cells that have specialized intracellular membrane systems.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Adrenalectomy ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of adrenalectomy on the amount of “Gomori-positive” neurosecretory material in the outer layer of the median eminence and in the supraoptico-hypophysial system was studied in normal Long-Evans rats and in Long-Evans rats heterozygous and homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. In all non-adrenalectomized rats very few “Gomori-positive” granules were found in the outer median eminence layer. After adrenalectomy the amount of the granules increased markedly in normal Long-Evans rats and only slightly in Long-Evans rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus. However, no augmentation of the granules occurred in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. The amount of “Gomori-positive” substances demonstrable in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in the inner layer of the median eminence, and in the neural lobe of the hypophysis was less in rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus than in normal Long-Evans rats and the smallest in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. No differences in the amounts of the substances were observed between adrenalectomized and non-adrenalectomized animals. The findings suggest that the “Gomori-positive” granules occurring in the outer layer of the median eminence of adrenalectomized rats are of similar origin as those of the supraoptico-hypophysial system and represent a vasopressin-neurophysin-complex. The results support the concept that vasopressin is involved in the regulation of ACTH release.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Optic tectum ; Rat ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The death of cells was studied by light microscopy in the optic tectum of normal, developing rats. Normal cell death in the tectum during development has previously been described in chickens but not in a mammal. The total period of cell death was from the 20th embryonic day through the 11th postnatal day. During this period the number of dying cells was comparatively small for the first 2 days, reached a peak at birth and then decreased over the next 11 days. In comparison to the number of surviving cells the number of dead cells in each section was small. The dead cells appeared to be randomly distributed in all layers of the optic tectum.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Phrenic nerve ; Accessory phrenic nerve ; Diaphragmatic myotomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reinnervation studies of the diaphragm led us to reinvestigate the normal anatomy of the phrenic nerve of the rat. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical nerve roots C4 and C5. In 16 out of 19 normal rats an accessory phrenic nerve was observed receiving its segmental fibres from C6. The number of myelinated axons of the accessory phrenic nerve varied from 41 to 101 (mean: 64.3, i.e. about 15% of the average number of axons in the common phrenic nerve). The accessory phrenic nerve innervates the dorsal part of the costal and the lateral part of the crural region, whereas the remaining parts of the hemidiaphragm are supplied by the segments C4 and C5. There is no evidence for any additional contribution to the motor innervation of the diaphragm from intercostal nerves.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 241-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Scanning E.M. ; Third ventricle ; Neurohypophysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of the recessus infundibularis of the third ventricle has been studied with the scanning and transmission technique in normal and experimental material. Surface specializations such as microvilli, craters and areas of discontinuous lining are described. Supraependymal cells and fibres have been found; some of these cells form wide-meshed networks. The supraependymal fibres may be regular or varicose; the former seem to perforate the ependyma. With the transmission electron microscope the supraependymal cells are divided into three categories: nerve cells, lymphocytes and “dense cells”. Two fibre populations are distinguished: thin profiles (nerve fibres) and thick profiles (nerve terminals). Axosomatic and axoaxonic synapses are described. Synapses between supraependymal fibres and ependyma cells have also been found.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Hippocampus ; Neurogenesis ; Rat ; Thyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the dentate gyrus and the effect of 5 μg/day triiodothyronine treatment was examined by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus is a secondary germinal layer and forms cells for the granular layer. The cell formation in the dentate gyrus was found to be nearly completed on the 21st day, but development ended only in adulthood. Thyroid-hormone treatment did not affect significantly the postnatal cell formation of the dentate gyrus, but resulted in the appearance of a great number of pycnotic cells in the granular layer.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 152 (1977), S. 43-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Habenula ; Ependyma ; Supraependymal cells ; Supraependymal axons ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of the ependymal lining of the habenular complex in rats, aged between three weeks and nine months, were studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ependyma of the medial habenular nucleus is heavily ciliated, the cilia obscuring underlying substructure in SEM — preparations. On the habenular commissure most cilia are arranged in tufts. Cilia are provided with segmental indentations and occasional apical thickenings. Vesicular protrusions of the ependymal cytoplasm into the ventricular lumen and the frequent occurrence of homogeneous supraependymal globules were interpreted as signs of ependymosecretory activity of nucl. hab. med. Supraependymal cells are most numerous on the anterior and superior surface of the habenular commissure. Cells presenting features identical to Kolmer (epiplexus) cells were identified on the ventricular surface of nucl. hab. med. in one specimen showing degenerative changes of undetermined aetiology in the habenular nuclei. It is therefore suggested that such cells need not necessarily be restricted to the choroid plexus. Supraependymal unmyelinated axons are particularly numerous on both nucl. hab. med. and commiss. hab. They make desmosome contacts (maculae adherentes) with the ependymal plasmalemma. Contacts presenting all features of typical synapses were not encountered. The vesicle population of the axonal profiles mainly comprises 35–50 nm translucent round vesicles besides small numbers of 60–100 nm dense-cored vesicles and large pleiomorphic vesicles. Most probably the axons belong to the well-established dense population of serotonergic axons in the dorsal part of the third ventricle.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Protein-calorie malnutrition ; Rat ; Spinal root ; Paranodal region ; OTAN method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the early postnatal development of spinal roots in rats paranodal regions were often found, containing OTAN-positive inclusions in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. The presence of OTAN-positive paranodal regions showed variations in time, which were synchronous for ventral and dorsal roots. Dorsal roots, however, showed a more marked presence during development than ventral roots. Spinal roots of animals submitted to a 50% food restriction, were shown to contain more OTAN-positive paranodal regions than controls. This was true for ventral as well as dorsal roots. It is suggested that crowding of internodal segments could be one factor, determining the presence of paranodal, OTAN-positive material.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Inorganic mercury ; Renal enzyme excretion ; Chelating agents ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von intravenös verabreichtem HgCl2 auf die renale Ausscheidung von alkalischer Phosphatase (AP) und Leucinaminopeptidase (LAP) wurde an Ratten untersucht. Am ersten Tag nach Hg-Injektion erfolgte ein Anstieg der Enzymausscheidung, der von einem Schwellenwert von 0.44 mg Hg/kg ausgehend eine lineare Abhängigkeit von der Hg-Dosis aufwies. Am zweiten Tag wurde ein statistisch signifikanter Effekt bereits nach 0.25 mg Hg/kg beobachtet. Nach Dosen von 0.75 mg Hg/kg oder mehr fand ein Abfall der Enzymaktivität unter die Kontrollwerte statt, der mehr als 4 Tage anhielt. Behandlung mit 2,3-Dimercaptopropansulfonat (DMPS) bewirkte eine Normalisierung der AP-Ausscheidung. Eine Wirkung auf die LAP-Exkretion wurde nur bei baldiger Verabreichung von DMPS beobachtet. Das gleiche gilt für den Effekt von DMPS auf die Hg-induzierte Letalität. Die Nützlichkeit einer LAP-Bestimmung im Urin zur Abschätzung einer Hg-Inkorporation wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of intravenous injections of HgCl2 on the renal excretion of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated in rats. On the first day after Hg enzyme excretion showed a linear rise with the Hg dose from a threshold value of 0.44 mg Hg/kg. On the second day a statistically significant effect was seen already after 0.25 mg Hg/kg. After doses of 0.75 mg/kg or more a decrease of enzyme activity below control values occurred which persisted for more than 4 days. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate (DMPS) brought about a normalization of AP excretion. An effect on LAP excretion was observed only with early treatment. The same holds for the effect of DMPS on Hg-induced lethality. The usefulness of a measurement of LAP excretion for estimating the exposure to inorganic mercury is discussed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lead in blood ; Longterm exposure ; Learning deficit ; Overreaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Erfassung neuropsychologischer Störungen nach ontogenetisch früher Bleiexposition wurde bei männlichen Wistar-Ratten pränatal über deren Mütter, neonatal über die Muttermilch und postnatal über Bleiazetathaltiges Futter (745 mg Pb/kg Futter) chronisch ein erhöhter Blutbleispiegel (PbB) eingestellt. In der Trächtigkeits-und Säugezeit stieg der PbB-Spiegel der Mütter von 24.2 auf 31.2 μg-% an, während derjenige der Nachkommen im Alter von ca. 16 Tagen 26.6 μg-% und im Alter von ca. 190 Tagen 28.5 μg-% betrug. PbB altersgleicher Kontrollen war stets 〈 6 μg-%. Im Alter zwischen 100 und 200 Tagen wurden 20 Bleitiere und 20 Kontrollen blind verschiedenen Verhaltensprüfungen unterzogen, und zwar einem Open Field-Test und einer visuellen Unterscheidungs-Lernaufgabe. Zwei Lernprobleme unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeit, Richtungs- und Größenunterscheidung, wurden benutzt. Im Open Field-Test waren die Bleitiere im Vergleich mit den Kontrollen signifikant unruhiger: Lokomotorische Aktivität, Aufrichten und Putzverhalten waren gesteigert. Die schwierige Größenunterscheidung erlernten nur die Kontrollen, während das leichte Problem, nämlich die Richtungsunterscheidung, von Kontroll- und Bleitieren gleich schnell erlernt wurde. Die beobachteten Bleiwirkungen, gesteigerte motorische Unruhe und Lernleistungshemmung, lassen sich als Indikatoren einer funktionellen Hirnschädigung deuten. Sie legen den Schluß nahe, daß die „Wirkschwelle” für neuropsychologische Störungen nach ontogenetisch frühzeitiger Bleieinwirkung bei der Ratte als unterhalb 35 μg/100 ml liegend angenommen werden muß.
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess neurobehavioral deficit subsequent to early low-level lead-exposure, Wistar-rats were prenatally Pb-exposed via their mothers, neonatally via their dams' milk, and later on via their diet containing lead acetate (745 mg Pb/kg diet). Blood-lead levels (PbB) of dams increased from 24.2–31.2 μg-% during pregnancy and suckling-periods, those of offsprings were 26.6 μg-% at about 16 days of age and 28.5 μg-% at about 190 days of age. Between 100 and 200 days of age 40 male offsprings were subjected to behavioral testing, namely an open field-test and a visual discrimination-learning task. Two learning-tasks of different complexity, i.e. orientation-and size-discrimination, were used. Data of 20 lead-treated animals were compared with those of 20 age-matched controls. In the open-field test lead-fed animals were significantly more restless than controls; an increase of ambulation, rearing and grooming was observed. In the difficult learning-task, i.e. size discrimination, only the controls did learn the problem, whereas only one of the lead-group did; there was, however, no difference between lead-and control-animals for the easy task, i.e. orientation-discrimination. The observed effects, namely overreaction in the open field and a deficit of visual discrimination learning, may be interpreted in terms of lead-induced CNS-dysfunction. They clearly suggest that the “no-response level” for neurobehavioral damage in the rat, subsequent to early lead-exposure, must be assumed to be lower than 35 μg/100ml.
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  • 19
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbromal ; Bromoethylbutyramide ; Ethylbutyrylurea ; Rat ; Pharmacokinetics ; Smooth muscle ; Carbromal ; Carbromid ; Äthylbutyrylharnstoff ; Ratte ; Pharmakokinetik ; glatter Muskel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Oral verabreichtes Carbromal und Carbromid wurden bei Ratten in Dosen unter 20 mg/kg rasch aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt aufgenommen, aus dem Dünndarm 5–8mal rascher als aus dem Magen. Die enterale Resorption von Carbromaldosen größer als 20 mg/kg verlief wesentlich langsamer. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf eine verzögerte Magenentleerung zurückzuführen. Sowohl Carbromal als auch Carbromid hemmten in vitro den Tonus und die durch Acetylcholin induzierte Kontraktion glatter Muskeln des Magenfundus. Carbromal und Carbromid fanden sich im Organismus in gleicher Konzentration in Serum, Gehirn und Skelettmuskulatur. Im Fettgewebe wurden dreimal höhere Werte gemessen. Die Konzentrationen beider Stoffe fallen in den untersuchten vier Organen mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit wieder ab. Es lassen sich daher mit Hilfe der leicht zu messenden Serumkonzentrationen rasch die im Organismus verteilten Mengen beider Substanzen ermitteln. Intraperitoneal injizieŕtes Carbromal und Carbromid verlassen Serum und Gehirn mit einer Halbwertzeit von 3–4 h, Äthylbutyrylharnstoff mit einer Halbwertzeit von 5–7 h. Carbromal, Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff werden von der Ratte rasch und nahezu vollständig metabolisiert. In Urin und Kot erschienen nur Spuren dieser Substanzen. Für eine Sekretion von Carbromal und seinen beiden Metaboliten in den Magen ergab sich kein Anhalt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die akute Carbromalvergiftung beim Menschen diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Oral doses up to 20 mg/kg of carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide were rapidly absorbed in the rat. Absorption from the stomach ligated at the pyloric end was 5–8-fold less than absorption of carbromal injected directly into the small intestine. Oral doses greater than 20 mg/kg of carbromal disappeared more slowly from the gastro-intestinal tract because gastric emptying was delayed. Both carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide were able to reduce the basal tone and the acetylcholine-induced contraction of isolated rat fundus strips. Carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide distributed evenly between serum, brain and skeletal muscle. Concentrations in adipose tissue were three times those in the other three tissues. Concentrations of both carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide in all four tissues declined at the same rate. Thus, serum concentration of either compound may be used to estimate the total body content. Intraperitoneally injected carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea disappeared from the brain and from the serum with a half-life of 3–4 h and 5–7 h, respectively. Traces only of unchanged carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide, or ethylbutyrylurea were excreted with urine or feces indicating rapid and extensive biotransformation of the three compounds in this species. No evidence was obtained of secretion of either carbromal or its two metabolites into the lumen of the stomach. The findings are discussed as to their relevance for acute carbromal poisoning in humans.
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  • 20
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Nickel ; Rat ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zu verschiedenen Zeiten nach täglicher Zufuhr von Nickelsulfat an Ratten wurden Leber, Niere, Hoden und Herzmuskel auf biochemische und histologische Änderungen untersucht. Während sich in der Initialphase noch keine signifikanten Veränderungen nachweisen ließen, traten nach längerer Exposition deutliche enzymatische und histopathologische Veränderungen in allen vier untersuchten Organen auf. Das Ausmaß der Organläsionen zeigte einen direkten Zusammenhang mit der Behandlungsdauer.
    Notes: Abstract Biochemical and histological alterations in liver, kidney, testis and myocardium of albino rats were investigated at various intervals after daily administration of nickel sulphate. No significant changes were observed during the initial periods of the treatment, but longer exposures produced marked enzymatic and histopathological alterations in all the four organs examined. The severity of the histological lesions was found to be directly related to the duration of the treatment.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Low-protein diet ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Paranodal area ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats, submitted to severe protein restriction were studied concerning the width of intermyelin gaps at the nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerve fibres. The results gave no proof of increased paranodal myelin retraction in lumbar spinal roots or the sciatic nerves of low-protein rats. Malnourished rats as well as controls showed great interindividual differences as to the presence of nodes with wide inter-myelin gaps.
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  • 22
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    Psychopharmacology 51 (1977), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Naloxone ; Abstinence signs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphine pellets (75 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in albino rats. Three days later, following 24 h without water, these rats (Group MSN) were given access to a saccharin solution for 30 min, then injected with naloxone hydrochloride. The classical abstinence signs, including “wet dog shakes” and weight loss, were noted in these subjects, but not in controls given placebo pellets and/or saline injections. In addition, when given an opportunity to drink either saccharine solution or water 24 h later, Group MSN rats drank significantly less saccharin than any of the control groups. Similar drinking patterns were found even when naloxone injection was delayed as long as 3 weeks after pellet implantation, when none of the classical abstinence signs were seen and serum levels of morphine and its metabolites were 100 times lower according to radioimmunoassay. This simple and objective technique is thus more sensitive as a measure of prior morphine exposure than any of the commonly used indices. The continued utility of a dependent-nondependent dichotomy is also examined in light of these and other findings.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for studying exploratory as well as stereotyped behaviour in rats using an automated hole-board. Both visual and automated recordings can be employed using the technique. Hole dipping is monitored automatically using an infra-red detector system. Repetitive patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of stereotyped behaviour while the more random patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of exploration. There was a high significant correlation between the records of hole-dipping behaviour as recorded visually and automatically. There was also a high significant correlation between the measures of repetitiveness/randomness of hole-dipping behaviour from automatic and visual recordings. The pattern and levels of hole-dipping conformed with expectations both as regards changes with time and with increasing doses of dl-amphetamine.
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  • 24
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    Psychopharmacology 54 (1977), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Atropine ; Cholinergic mechanisms ; Learning ; Ontogeny ; Passive avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The maturation of cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms that may be involved in passive-avoidance learning was studied in rats 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 34 days of age. Acquisition and extinction of the conditioned response were examined under saline and atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg). Learning was also tested following scopolamine hydrobromide injections (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) in rats 17 days of age and following α-methylatropine (5 mg/kg) in 17-and 34-day-old groups. In normal animals the rate of acquisition increased during ontogenesis, with a significant improvement between postnatal days 17 and 21, whereas the rate of extinction did not vary with age. Acquisition was impaired by atropine sulfate at all ages and even totally prevented in younger groups (14 and 17 days of age). It was also completely disrupted by scopolamine in 17-day-old rats. Extinction following acquisition under atropine was more rapid than after normal acquisition. Methyl-atropine was without effect. These results support the hypothesis of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in response suppression, already functioning in the rat 14 days of age and maturing mainly between the 17th and the 21st postnatal days.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of Male Wistar rats was studied on a hole-board. The two forms of behaviour were differentiated according to the pattern of hole-dipping activity. Increasing doses of dl-amphetamine stimulated both forms of behaviour with stereotyped behaviour becoming predominant particularly at the higher dose levels. At the highest dose of amphetamine used (16 mg/kg) a gradual transition from exploratory to stereotyped behaviour was observed with time. As the drug wore off this transition was reversed. Haloperidol at a dosage of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg blocked the response to a high dose of amphetamine whereas a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) blocked the stereotyped response to amphetamine while some exploratory behaviour still took place. Apomorphine inhibited hole-dipping but at lower doses another form of exploratory behaviour was induced, this behaviour becoming stereotyped as the dose was increased. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between exploratory and stereotyped behaviours. Monoamine systems appear to play a significant role in the regulation of both forms of behaviour.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Abstinence syndrome ; Tolerance ; Physical dependence ; Rat ; THC ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten rats were injected s.c. with THC twice daily for 5 weeks in increasing doses. In the last 3 weeks they received 40 mg/kg THC in each administration. Ten control rats received the same amount of vehicle by the same route for the same period. The comparison of rectal temperatures of the first and fifteenth days showed that a very pronounced tolerance developed to the hypothermic effect of THC. The administration of naloxone on the 22nd and 31st days precipitated an opiatelike abstinence syndrome. The termination of the drug administration on the 35th day also produced a similar withdrawal syndrome. The most common signs of abstinence syndrome in THC-treated animals were teeth chattering, defecation, urination, dyspnea, and complete palpebral closure. Although the frequency of the incidence of the following signs were not high, they have been observed only in THC-treated animals: chewing, tremors on the face, escape behavior, jumping, eating of objects, biting of fingers, and sniffing. During abstinence, an increased locomotor activity was recorded by an activity-meter. Similarly, the total amount of excreted feces and urine was higher in the THC group than in the controls. Both abstinence scores and increased motility exhibited the peak in the 48th h of withdrawal. Some similarities between the effects of THC and morphine have been reviewed.
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  • 27
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 296 (1977), S. 187-190 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase ; Gastric mucosa ; Human ; Rat ; Inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterases (PDE) were partially purified from human and rat gastric mucosa. Drugs known to affect the cyclic nucleotide system and/or gastric secretion were tested for effects on the PDE-activities from both species. In rat gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the 100 000×g sediment (K m =8.3 μM; V max=3.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min) and the cytoplasma (K m =5.6 μM; V max=2.6 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). The most effective inhibitors of the particle-bound activity are papaverine (K i =4 μM, non-competitive) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i=14 μM, competitive). There was only a modest competitive inhibition by theophylline (K i =495 μM). PDE-activity in the cytoplasma was inhibited competitively by these three drugs (papaverine: K i =6.5 μM; 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: K i =37 μM; theophylline: K i =152 μM. In human gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the particular fraction (K m =23.9 μM; V max=1.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min), and the soluble fraction (K m =12.1 μM; V max=2.4 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). PDE-activity in the 100 000×g sediment was inhibited by papaverine (K i =5.6 μM, non-competitive), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =16 μM, non-competitive), theophylline (K i =165 μM, non-competitive), and N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =746 μM, competitive). Inhibition in the 100 000×g supernatant was noncompetitive with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =7.1 μM and papaverine (K i =8.5 μM), but competitive with N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =170 μM), and theophylline (K i =225 μM). This study indicates that PDE-activities of the two species are qualitatively similar, but quantitative differences exist.
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  • 28
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 215 (1977), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Respiratory epithelium ; Larynx ; Microridge cells ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Respiratorisches Epithel ; Kehlkopf ; Mikroleistenzelle ; Ratte ; Rasterelektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Kehlkopfepithel ausgewachsener männlicher Albinoratten wird rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Zusätzlich zu den zilientragenden und zu den Mikrovillizellen, zu den Bürsten- und Becherzellen, welche insgesamt für das respiratorische Epithel charakteristisch sind, werden in bestimmten Abschnitten des Larynx die Mikroleisten- oder Labyrinthzellen beschrieben. Die freie Oberfläche typischer Labyrinthzellen ist durch ein System von sich verzweigenden Mikroleisten gekennzeichnet, die miteinander durch Querbrücken verbunden sind und in der Zellperipherie eine bevorzugte Parallelausrichtung zur Zellgrenze zeigen können. Der Durchmesser der Mikroleisten beträgt ca. 0,05–0,15 μm. Die Querverbindungen zwischen den Mikroleisten haben einen Durchmesser von ca. 0,01 μm. Der Raum zwischen zwei benachbarten Querbrücken variiert. Labyrinthzellen können außer Mikroleisten auch Mikrovilli zeigen und es gibt Übergänge zwischen den Mikroridge- und den Mikrovillizellen. Die bevorzugte Lokalisation der Mikroleistenzellen im Bereich der Glottis und des Aditus laryngis wird belegt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser Zellen und ihre Bedeutung für die Diagnostik pathologischer Schleimhautveränderungen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The laryngeal epithelium of male white rats is studied by reflection scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to ciliated cells, microvilli cells, brush cells and goblet cells that are characteristic for normal respiratory epithelium the microridge or labyrinth cell can be seen in particular regions of the larynx. The apical surface of a typical labyrinth cell is characterized by a system of narrow standing microridges of about 0.05–0.15 μm in diameter and interconnecting microridges with a diameter of about 0.01 μm. The microridge system of a labyrinth cell originates from the fusion of densely standing microvilli. Between microridge cells and microvilli cells all transition forms can be observed. The preferable localiziation of the microridge cell in the larynx and its possible function is discussed.
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  • 29
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 217 (1977), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Respiratory epithelium ; Epiglottis ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelial surface of the epiglottis in adult male and female albino rats is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Prominent differences exist between the surface morphology as observed in the males and that observed in the females sacrificed in the estrus phase of the ovarial cycle. The differences are most pronounced in respect to the amount of secretory vesicles, microvilli- and microridge-cells and in respect to the observable number of desquamating cells. The existence and the importance of the microridge-cells are discussed. Special attention is also paid to the results indicating that at least some parts of the extrapulmonary airway epithelia act as possible target organs for sex hormones. Finally the importance of the observed differences is discussed for the correct interpretation of pathomorphological alterations in the extrapulmonary airway epithelia that have been observed under experimental conditions and during infections.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Dorsal horn interneurones ; Pain mechanisms ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrophysiological properties of neurones in the spinal cord dorsal horn were studied in decerebrated, immobilized spinal rats. Extracellular recordings were performed at the thoraco-lumbar junction level. Each track was systematically located by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. According to their responses to mechanical peripheral stimuli, cells were classified in four classes: Class 1 cells: Cells activated only by nonnoxious stimuli. They were divided into — 1A: hair movement and/or touch and 1B: hair movement and/or touch and pressure or pressure only. Class 2 cells: Cells driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli, divided into — 2A: hair movement and/or touch, pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick, and 2B: pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick. Class 3 cells: Cells only activated by noxious stimuli (pinch and/or pin-prick). Class 4 cells: Cells responding to joint movement or pressure on deep tissues. Peripheral transcutaneous or sural nerve stimulation clearly showed that class 1 cells were activated only by A fiber input while 68% of classes 2 and 3 cells received A and C input. Histological examination indicated that cells driven only by noxious input were located either in the deepest part or in the marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn. Nevertheless, some lamina I cells were also driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli. In addition, there is a great deal of overlap between class 1 and class 2 cells. This fact was confirmed by considering the wide distribution in the dorsal horn of cells receiving A and C input. However, spinal organization of the different classes of cells consists of a preferential distribution rather than a strict lamination. This study indicates that properties of dorsal horn interneurones in the rat have a high degree of similarity with those previously described in other species (cat and monkey).
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  • 31
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    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 249-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic area ; Basal septum ; Amygdala ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single neurones in the medial preoptic area and basal septum of normal female rats anaesthetised with urethane and the effects of stimulation of the ipsilateral amygdala (AMY) was tested. 1. Quiescent cells were excited with latencies between 4 and 〉 40 msec with the majority being between 10 and 27 msec. Variable latency, changing latency and recruitment were observed and suggest that many pathways are oligo- or polysynaptic. 2. A minority of spontaneously active units (20.6%) were excited with latencies between 5 and 36 msec. The predominant initial response was inhibition (67.1%). The remaining 12.3% of neurones did not respond. 3. A predominantly positive complex field potential was associated with excitation, particularly of quiescent neurones. 4. Inhibitory responses were classified according to duration (short: 20–60 msec; long: 100–400 msec). All responses contained an inhibitory component. Responses were further described on the basis of presence and rhythmicity of post-inhibitory excitation. 5. The majority of action potentials evoked from quiescent neurones were of small amplitude (80–150 μV) and occurred in small groups. These characteristics and their occurrence at the onset of inhibition are consistent with the view that all or a proportion of them may be generated by inhibitory interneurones. 6. Only minor differences were observed between response characteristics evoked by stimulation of the corticomedial or basolateral AMY indicating that differential effects of these regions on adenohypophysial hormone secretion are determined at the septopreoptic level.
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  • 32
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    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dentate and interpositus nuclei ; Pontine gray ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following removal of a significant part of the dentate nucleus and most of the interpositus nucleus in the rat cerebellum degenerated cerebellopontine fibres are shown to end in three fairly restricted regions in the contralateral pontine gray: in the paramedian position, in the middle and in the lateral third. The three regions are arranged in rostro-caudal longitudinal columns in the caudal three-quarters of the pons and these columns are continuous with one another by regions of scattered degeneration. The fibres appear to end in relation to distal dendrites of the pontine cells.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Botulinum toxin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural effects of local injection of botulinum toxin into the left half of the tongue of the rat, were studied quantitatively 35 days postoperatively in the left hypoglossal nucleus. The results showed (1) a decrease in somatic and neuropil bouton numbers because of loss of boutons with symmetrical synapses and clear spherical synaptic vesicles, (2) a decrease in the numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil, (3) an increase in the proportion of dendrites and boutons with unusual inclusions, suggestive of profile retraction, (4) an increase in the proportion of profiles which were unusually electron-dense, (5) an increase in the amount of astrocyte, and a growth of astrocyte sheaths around bouton-free neurone surfaces, (6) the presence of occasional microglia, and (7) subastrocytic subsurface cisterns. Control rats injected with boiled toxin had no responses except (3) and (4) above, and then only to a modest extent, possibly due to mechanical damage of a few axons or terminals at the time of injection, or to insufficient inactivation of the toxin by boiling. The results were compared with those at 35 days after axotomy, and it was concluded that botulinum toxin, which interrupts neuromuscular transmission, elicits the same responses in the hypoglossal neurones, as does transection of the hypoglossal nerve, even though earlier studies had discovered no glial replication after botulinum toxin, in contrast to axotomy.
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  • 34
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    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual system ; Degeneration ; AChE ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of unilateral enucleation, ablation of the visual cortex or coagulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) upon the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in different structures of the visual system of albino rats was studied. The localization and extent of the degeneration pattern were followed up by histological silver degeneration methods. Afferents from the retina project mainly contralaterally to the dorsal and ventral LGN, the pretectal region and the superior colliculus. Afferent fibres from the dorsal LGN enter the visual cortex in area 17 only. Neurons of this area project back ipsilaterally to the LGN and the superior colliculus (SC). No significant decrease in the activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase could be observed under any of the experimental conditions; there was rather a tendency to increased activity in the subcortical centres. AChE as a less specific marker also exhibited no gross changes in activity in the lesioned animals. The results add more direct proof to pharmacological and physiological evidence that ACh is not involved in the synaptic transmission of the direct optic projections in rats, either at the subcortical or at the cortical level.
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  • 35
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    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 219-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Delayed regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9–70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along boutonfree perikaryal surfaces.
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  • 36
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    Experimental brain research 28 (1977), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Rat ; Lamellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of experiments was conducted in the urethane anaesthetised rat to determine the organisation of some hippocampal pathways in this species, using stimulating and recording microelectrodes to elicit and record population spikes. It was found that the mossy fibres, alvear fibres and perforant path were clearly arranged in a lamellar fashion. Lamellar organisation could not be demonstrated for the afferents in the stratum radiatum which include the Schaffer collaterals. It was concluded that hippocampal organisation in this species essentially resembles that in the rabbit and cat.
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  • 37
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Cancer risk ; Resected stomach ; Rat ; Duodenogastric reflux ; N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Frage geprüft, ob obligater duodenogastrischer Reflux unter Langzeitbedingungen das Wachstum von Carcinomen oder Sarkomen im resezierten Magen beeinflußt. 72 männliche Wistarratten wurden einer Magenresektion unterworfen. Die erforderliche Gastroenteroanastomose wurde bei 39 Tieren als short loop GE (Billroth II) mit obligatem Reflux von Galle und Duodenalsekret in den Restmagen angelegt. Die restlichen 33 Tiere erhielten eine Y-förmige GE (nach Roux) mit seitlicher Einmündung des Duodenum in den Dünndarm; Reflux von Galle in den resezierten Magen war dadurch unmöglich. Die Carcinominduktion erfolgte durch kontinuierliche Gabe von N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidin im Trinkwasser. Bei der Sektion der Tiere mit Reflux 33 Wochen nach Carcinogengabe fand sich die Mehrzahl der malignen Tumore von Magenstumpf, Anastomose (GE) und angrenzendem Dünndarm in der Tiergruppe mit obligatem Reflux (13 von 22). Die Tiergruppe ohne Reflux (Y-Roux GE) wies demgegenüber signifikant weniger Carcinome auf (7 von 21); die Tumorincidenz dieser Gruppe entsprach derjenigen eines nicht operierten Kontrollkollektives (5 von 22). - Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die in der Technik des short loop durchgeführte Gastroenteroanastomose des Billroth 11-Magens das Krebswachstum im Anastomosengebiet in besonders ausgeprägtem Maße fördert. Ausschlaggebend für die gesteigerte Carcinominduktion ist der chronische Reflux von Galle und Duodenalsekret, der bei der short loop-GE obligat über den Magnrest fließt.
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to find whether the reflux of bile and pancreatic juices following stomach resection (duodenogastric reflux) enhances the incidence of carcinomas near the gastroenteric anastomosis. 72 male Wistar rats were subjected to stomach resection. The gastroenteric anastomosis (GE) was performed either as short loop anastomosis (Billroth II;n = 39), thus providing a continuous duodenogastric reflux, or as Y-shaped GE (according to Roux;n = 33). By the latter technique, bile and pancreatic juices are derived quantitatively into the jejunum without coming into contact with the remaining part of the stomach. During a period of 33 weeks, operated rats as well as intact animals were given the carcinogen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG; 120 mg/1) in the drinking water. At autopsy, 33 to 36 weeks after daily oral administration of NG, most of the tumours were found in operated rats undergoing continuous ref lux (Billroth II group). In contrast to these findings, the incidence of carcinomas was significantly lower in animals without reflux (Roux group or intact control rats).-The results of our experiments demonstrate that, in rats, the duodenogastric reflux contributes substantially to the development of carcinomas of the resected stomach.
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  • 38
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Gastric carcinoma ; Gastroenterostomy ; Bacterial flora ; Nitrit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anlage einer Gastroenterostomie ohne Enteroanastomose führt zu einer Veränderung der bakteriellen Magenbesiedlung, wobei besonders der Anteil nitritspaltender Bakterien erhöht ist. Dies hat ein Ansteigen der Nitrit-Konzentration im Magensaft zur Folge. Die hierdurch mögliche vermehrte Bildung carcinogener Nitrosamine wird im Hinblick auf das Entstehen eines Carcinoms im operierten Magen diskutiert. Da die beschriebenen Veränderungen durch eine Gastroenterostomie nach Roux weitgehend verhindert werden, soll dies bei der Passagewiederherstellung nach Operation am Magen berücksichtigt werden.
    Notes: Summary A gastroenterostomy without enteroanastomosis leads to a change in the bacterial flora of the stomach, where-by in particular the proportion of nitrite-decomposing bacteria, is enhanced. This results in an increase of nitrite concentration in the gastric fluid, which may possibly be accompanied by an augmented production of carcinogenic nitrosoamine. This latter aspect is considered with respect to the origin of carcinoma in the operated stomach. Since the reported changes will be largely prevented by a Roux-Y-gastroenterostomy, this should be taken into consideration for reconstruction of the alimentary tract after gastric surgery.
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  • 39
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Gastroenterostomy ; Duodenal reflux ; Epithelial lesions ; Nitrosoguanidine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß des chronischen duodenogastrischen Refluxes auf die Magenschleimhaut des nicht resezierten Magens wurde im Hinblick auf die Disposition der gastroenteralen Anastomose für die Krebsentstehung tierexperimentell an männlichen Wistarratten untersucht. Hierzu wurden Tiere mit einer Gastroenterostomie ohne Enteroanastomose und Tiere, bei denen ein Reflux durch eine Y-Gastroenterostomie nach Roux ausgeschlossen war, mit einer zeitlich unterschwelligen Cancerogendosis (Nitrosoguanidin) exponiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß auch unabhängig von der Cancerogenexposition ein chronischer duodenogastrischer Reflux zu adenomartigen Drüsenproliferationen mit z. T. atypischen Epithelregeneraten an der Anastomose führt, die durch eine Gastroenterostomie nach Roux verhindert werden können. Anastomosencarcinome, wie in früheren Untersuchungen am resezierten Magen bei sonst gleichen Versuchsbedingungen beschrieben, konnten nicht induziert werden. Somit spielen für die Krebsentstehung an der gastroenteralen Anastomose neben dem Reflux auch die durch die Magenresektion selbst hervorgerufenen Veränderungen eine nicht unwesentlilche Rolle.
    Notes: Summary The cancerogenic effect of continous duodenal reflux on the gastric mucosa has been investigated in male Wistar-rats after gastrointestinal anastomosis. Groups of animals with gastroenterostomy without enteroenteral anastomosis and with Roux-en-y-anastomosis preventing duodenal reflux were treated with lower dosages of the cancerogenic Nitrosoguanidine. Proliferative mucosal alterations near the gastroenteral anastomosis were observed. In addition the gastric mucosa was characterized by adenomatous lesions caused by duodenal reflux. The changes detected were not influenced by Nitrosoguanidine and did not appear in cases of Roux-en-y-anastomosis.
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  • 40
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1977), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Peptic ulcer ; Anastomosis ; Duodenogastric reflux ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie gilt dem Anastomosengeschwür am operierten Magen. Diese schwerwiegende Komplikation entsteht nahezu ausschließlich nach Resektionsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion (Billroth II; Verlegung des Duodenum in den Nebenschluß). - An 54 männlichen Wistarratten wurden verschiedene Formen der duodenalen Exklusion mit und ohne duodenogastrischen Reflux durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß nach duodenaler Exklusionmit Reflux gesetzmäßig peptische Anastomosengeschwüre entstehen. Der kontinuierliche Reflux von Galle und Pankreassekret ist der ausschlaggebende ätiologische Faktor für die Ulcusentstehung im Grenzgebiet der Anastomose von Magen und Dünndarm. Stase im ausgeschalteten Zwölffingerdarm (Syndrom der zuführenden Schlinge) fördert die lcerogene Refluxwirkung. Fehlt der Pylorus, so potenzieren sich Reflux und Stase zur größten Ulcusfrequenz (〉 90%). Bei erhaltenem Pylorus ist die Geschwürsincidenz wesentlich geringer. Der duodenogastrische Reflux hemmt die meßbare Salzsäuresekretion signifikant (P 〈 0,01); Salzsäure spielt demnach für die Entstehung des experimentellen Anastomosengeschwürs der Ratte keine wesentliche Rolle. - Im Hinblick auf die Prophylaxe des Anastomosengeschwürs führen diese Erkenntnisse zu der Forderung, auf Operationsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion und Reflux (Billroth II) zu verzichten und das Operationsziel bei der Magenresektion auf die Wiederherstellung der orthograden MagenDarm-Passage zu richten.
    Notes: Summary Different types of duodenal by-pass operations with and without duodenogastric reflux were performed on 54 male Wistar rats. The results of our investigation show that following duodenal by-pass with reflux peptic anastomotic ulcer regularly occurs. The constant reflux of bile and pancreas juice is the most important aetiologic factor in the development of ulcer in the vicinity of the anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine. Stasis in the by-passed duodenum (afferent loop syndrome) promotes ulcerogenic action of reflux. In the absence of the pylorus the effects of ref lux and stasis potentiate, resulting in a high frequency of ulcer (〉 90 %). With intact pylorus the incidence is low. Duodenogastric reflux prevents hydrochloric acid secretion significantly (P 〈 0.01); hydrochloric acid thus plays a minor role in the development of experimental anastomotic ulcer of the rat. - In considering the prophylaxis against anastomotic ulcer, these findings support the claim of avoiding surgical techniques involving duodenal by-pass and reflux (Billroth II with short loop GE). Gastric resection should, therefore, aim at the reconstruction of the orthograde peristalsis.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 431-443 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea ; Rat ; NaK-ATPase ; K-NPPase ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaKATPase) activity of the rat cornea was investigated histochemically using a Pb2+-precipitation technique in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as substrate and two methods for potassium-dependent para-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K-NPPase) activity. With all the three techniques used it was demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity is localized in the cell membranes of the endothelium whereas a much weaker activity was observed in the epithelium. When the Pb2+-technique was used, the epithelial cell membranes showed a weaker reaction in the presence of ouabain. This activity was only Mg2+-dependent and was presumably due to an Mg2+-dependent ATPase. The validity of the histochemical techniques for NaK-ATPase activity is discussed. The results emphasize the importance of the endothelium as the main site of Na+ transport in the cornea. Small amounts of the enzyme are also present in the epithelium, which seems to be rich in Mg2+-ATPase. Provided that careful controls are performed, all the methods give consistent results in the cornea.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 423-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Rat ; Anabolic steroid hormone ; Lesion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Early changes in the composition of heart muscle cells of the rat caused by an anabolic hormone were investigated by electron microscopy. Mitochondria and myofibrils showed changes similar to those observed in early heart failure: The mitochondria were swollen and elongated. Their matrix was sparse and the cristae were few in number. The myofibrils showed either disintegration and widened and twisted Z-bands or a complete dissolution of the sarcomeric units.
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal ; Rat ; Unusual organelle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic survey of pinealocytes from normal rats revealed a highly organized arrangement of cytoplasmic tubules. Such tubules had been previously observed in normal rats (Lin, 1967) and in rats after melatonin administration or two weeks exposure to darkness (Freire and Cardinali, 1975). In a later publication the presence of the tubules was attributed to experimental manipulation resulting in infertility (Gusek, 1976). The present study resolves the discrepancy in the literature by establishing that the tubular organelle does indeed occur in untreated male rats, but rather rarely.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 177-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral hypothalamic area ; Synaptic organization ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural analysis of the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was undertaken in order to provide an initial step in the characterization of this complex area which appears to participate in a number of important neural functions. The organization of the normal tuberal LHA was compared to the area following acute and chronic denervating lesions. In the normal animal, the principal features of the LHA are the presence of lateral hypothalamic neurons, a major sagittal pathway (the medial forebrain bundle, MFB) and the interposed neuropil richly populated by a variety of synaptic terminal types. Alterations in the synaptic organization of the LHA following rostral and caudal MFB lesions were most pronounced in animals with acute and chronic caudal lesions. A 10% reduction of synaptic terminals containing 800–1000 Å diameter dense core vesicles and a 10% increase in terminals containing lucent core vesicles was observed in animals with caudal lesions while no significant redistribution of synaptic terminal types occurred with rostral lesions. The preliminary degeneration experiments indicate that identification of the numerous and diverse afferents to the LHA neuropil may be aided by this method but that a detailed and systematic ultrastructural analysis will be required to identify sources of input with certainty.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 505-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophage ; Lymphocyte clusters ; Lymph node ; Rat ; Immunization ; SRBC ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Normally the lymphatic sinuses of the lymph node are loosely packed with lymphocytes and free macrophages as well as with macrophages adhering to the fibrocellular trabeculae. After immunization with SRBC cluster formation occurs in the medullary sinuses of rats between a central macrophage and peripherally located lymphocytes. These rosette-like clusters are nearly identical with the clusters found during primary and secondary immune response against SRBC in vitro and seem to be the in vivo equivalent for the same immune response.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study deals with the development of the opercular bones the ligamentum mandibulo-hyoideum, the ligamentum interoperculo-mandibulare and with some aspects of the development of the ceratohyale and the cartilago meckeli during postembryonic ontogeny of Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout). It is stated that the ligamentum mandibulo-hyoideum is present from hatching onward, while the development of the ligamentum interoperculo-mandibulare appears during the period of active feeding. Some functional reasons are proposed to explain these facts. It is further suggested that the opercular bones develop under influence of the opercular muscles.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 131-157 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopic study of an 18-day-old planulae and primary polyps of the sea pen, Ptilosarcus gurneyi, reveals 14 cell types: sustentacular cell A, sustentacular cell B, nerve cell, sensory cell, cnidoblast, interstitial cell, five types of gland cell (A, B, C, D and E), amoebocyte, style cell and endodermal cell. Of these, 9 are found in the planula, 12 in polyps and 7 are common to both stages. The fine structure of all cell types is described.Since the planulae and polyps in this study were identical in age of development, the gaining and losing of certain types of cells in the polyp are attributed to changes associated with settlement and metamorphosis. Modifications of the seven common cell types during metamorphosis can also be attributed to the change of life style from pelagic to benthic.
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 81-109 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: (1) In an animal where the corpus allatum complex is inhibited by glucose feeding, the ovariole develops to a certain size without yolk deposition in the oocytes. Histologically this can be registered as: (a) Lipid spheres are found in the young oocytes in the vicinity of the Balbiani body (as in young normal oocytes). However, this lipid decreases in amount and “new” lipid (from the fat body via haemolymph) is not deposited in the later oocytes. (b) No carbohydrate/protein yolk is formed. (c) Glycogen is not synthesized in the oocytes. (d) The follicle cells aggregate glycogen instead of lipid. (e) No qualitative differences have been observed regarding the contributions from the tropharium (the so-called Type 1 vacuole, ribosomes, mitochondria, annulated lamellae: Schreiner, '77).(2) Implantation of a corpus allatum complex results in deposition of lipid, carbohydrate/protein and glycogen yolk. However, the restoration period differs histologically from the normal development as: (a) Glycogen appears in the oocyte earlier than normal, i.e., at Stage 4, while normally at Stage 6′. (b) Glycogen appears in the nutritive tube adjacent to the interfollicular plug cells. (c) Both the inner and outer layer of the ovariole sheath contain glycogen, the outer layer contains lipid spheres as well.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 187-211 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The odontophore and connective tissue-filled portion of the radular sac (called the “collostyle”) of the slug, Limax maximus, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While both of these structures grossly resemble vertebrate cartilage, neither is composed of a type of tissue with the microscopic appearance and histochemical properties of cartilage. The roughly U-shaped odontophore possesses a thin capsule composed of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the odontophore consists of modified muscle cells which are organized into irregular groups by incomplete trabeculae composed of conventional muscle cells. The odontophoral cells are variable in size; they contain glycogen-filled “cores” as well as bundles of peripherally located filaments resembling myofilaments; and they are innervated like muscle cells. The nuclei of the cells are located eccentrically in the glycogen-filled portions of the cells and typically contain prominent nucleoli. The nuclei are surrounded by multiple small Golgi complexes and pleomorphic dense bodies resembling lysosomes. The extracellular matrix of the odontophore is very sparse and contains glycogen and fibrillar material but no histochemically demonstrable acidic mucosubstances. The collostyle consists of a gelatinous type of tissue somewhat like vertebrate mucoid connective tissue. The abundant extracellular matrix contains cross banded filaments, a flocculent material disposed in wavy indefinite strands, and small electron-dense particles. The matrix contains histochemically demonstrable neutral and weakly acidic mucosubstances. The cell population of the collostyle includes solitary muscle cells and fibrocytes containing large quantities of glycogen.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 213-237 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This ultrastructural study on the localization of Ca+2 in developing skeletal muscle indicates that the formation of calcium-accumulating components begins during embryonic development. Both oxalate and pyroantimonate techniques are used to localize Ca+2 in distinct cellular components of chick pectoral and sartorius muscles. Two major sites for Ca+2 accumulation are present in ultrathin sections of embryonic and post-embryonic muscles: the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and specific lines in the I-bands. Calcium oxalate-accumulating vesicles are present in the smallest recognizable myotubes at the twelfth day of incubation, but calcium-accumulating components are not seen at myofibrillar I-band sites until the fourteenth to seventeenth days of incubation. The fact that myofibrils first form and later in development accumulate a Ca+2-binding component suggests that this Ca+2-binding component is not necessary for the formation of myofibrils, but is added to myofibrils before hatching to serve a probable regulatory role in contraction.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 299-313 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mandibular symphysis of rorqual whales, whales of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera, is characterized by a Y-shaped fibrocartilage structure that lies in the substance of the muscular ventral pouch of these animals. The stem of the structure joins with the symphysis and is usually indicated externally by an unfurrowed median strip of blubber that has been called the “cutwater” by earlier writers. The arms of the Y pass back and are superficially indicated in all rorqual whales as a ridge running parallel to the rami of the mandibles. This fibrocartilage skeleton of the pouch is most closely related to the mylohyoid muscle. The function of the fibrocartilage Y is probably linked with the jaw mechanics of these whales, but its precise function is otherwise not known.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 325-352 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dissections, manipulation of ligamentary preparations, analysis of limb proportions, and quantitative aspects of forelimb myology are used to correlate forelimb morphology in fur seals and sea lions (sub-family Otariinae) with previously published data as to their locomotor function (English, '76a). Comparisons to structure and function in generalized fissiped carnivores are then used to elucidate locomotor adaptations in fur seals and sea lions. Unique features of forelimb function during swimming in these pinnipeds include the amounts of abduction-adduction and rotary movements used. Modifications of the size, attachments and fascicle architecture of the muscles and the structure and range of possible movement of the joints suggest that in fur seals and sea lions these movements (1) take place about the glenohumeral (shoulder) joints, (2) that the movements are probably finely controlled, and (3) that they contribute to the generation of massive forward thrust via the cooperative activity of muscles capable of generating large amounts of force throughout the range of movement. Recovery movements occur through a similarly large range, and modifications of forelimb anatomy either to minimize or overcome water resistance are noted. The adaptive significance of these modifications is interpreted as allowing fur seals and sea lions to swim at speeds necessary to feed on the fast swimming prey presumably abundant in their adaptive zone.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 333-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structural features of sinus hair follicles in Sorex unguiculatus were studied by macroscopic dissection, serial section light microscopy and electron microscopy. The shrew has about 540 sinus hairs regularly arranged on the snout. The maxillary nerves innervating them are extremely thick, while the optic nerves are very thin. Thus the follicle must be one of the most important sense organs in this animal. In the follicle the ring sinus is well-developed and the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus are reduced in number and thickness. The ring bulge is not a unified structure but a pair of bodies which consist of head, stalk and attachment plaque. It is characterized by the presence of numberous thick collagen fibrils (400 nm) and appears to be mechanically rigid. Lanceolate nerve terminals, free endings, Merkel cells with nerve terminals and unmyelinated fibers are observed, but encapsulated endings are lacking in and around the follicles. Straight lanceolate terminals on the posterior side of the follicle are thick and three-sided in cross section, while those on the anterior side are thin and two-sided. Free endings are located on the anterior side of the follicle. These and other findings are discussed on the basis of the assumption that the Sorex sinus hair follicle is more specialized as a vibrating system than in other mammals.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurosecretory cells are arranged in 16 NSC centers in the different regions of the brain of O. tholozani. The component cells belong to 13 different types, of which five types are paraldehyde fuchsin positive and the remaining types are negative. Three of these cell types are here described for the first time. Some of these NSC show an affinity to certain localities inside the brain. Cells comprising a neurohaemal organ were found near the exit of the esophagus.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 461-466 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Experiments were performed to test whether motoneurons in the plantaris and medial gastrocnemius muscles of the cat are arranged in the spinal cord according to their sizes. It was found that motoneurons are randomly distributed with respect to size in their motor nuclei. Evidence is also presented that motoneuron density in these pools is irregular, and that there is considerable variability of position of medial gastrocnemius and plantaris motor pools from animal to animal.
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  • 58
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normal gill structure and thyroxine induced resorptive changes were studied in Ambystoma mexicanum. The gill is normally composed of a mesenchymal core covered with a multilayered epithelium. The general architecture is simpler than that of the teleost and elasmobranch, but the vascular arrangement is analogous. There are three basic cell types in the epithelium: a characteristic epithelial cell containing tonofibrils and mucus, a ciliated cell with an ultrastructure similar to that of the chloride cell, and the mucin-filled Leydig cell. The basal lamella and mesenchymal tissue appear typical of amphibians.Cytologic changes during thyroxine induced gill resorption varied with cell type. Some epithelial cells demonstrated a cytoplasmic response with swelling of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum and late, lytic nuclear changes, while others remained viable and went on to cornify. Ciliated cells showed early changes in nuclear chromatin pattern followed by rapid, progressive dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum. Leydig cells sustained variable changes leading to collapse of the perinuclear mucus, and cells of this type were absent in mature epidermis. Early basement membrane changes included widening and reduplication of the adepidermal membrane followed by morphologic fraying of collagen plies. There is no cytologic evidence to suggest that autolysis plays a major role in gill tissue dissolution.Resorption involved the maintenance of structural integrity in the face of diminishing physical dimensions. The epithelium became cornified, the basement lamellae dissolved, and the mesenchymal tissue was resorbed through action of macrophages in an orderly distal to proximal direction.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 19-37 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea cucumbers, Stichopus moebii, have a unique specialization of their blood vascular system: The vascular follicle network is composed of numerous small chambers (follicles) interconnected by minute vessels. The fine structure of the follicle system was studied in detail. The follicles are composed of several layers: an external ciliated epithelium, neuromuscular layer and basement membrane, connective tissue, and a fenestrated endothelial lining. The follicle lumen is filled with coelomocytes and necrotic cells surrounding particles of iron. The follicle may function in coelomocyte production and destruction.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 95-113 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The origin, distribution and structure of the blood vessels of the female reproductive tract and the testis of the brush possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) were studied using latex and silicone rubber casting and histological techniques. Latex casts of the vessels of the female tract were also studied in five macropod species - Macropus giganteus, M. eugenii, M. agilis, Megaleia rufa and Thylogale billardierii, and in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus).The female reproductive tract in the brush possum was supplied and drained by four major sets of paired vessels - ovarian, cranial urogenital, caudal urogenital, and internal pudendal arteries and veins. These vessels formed substantial anastomoses with one another on each side of the midline, and also across-the-midline anastomoses. The proximal part of the ovarian artery ran in close apposition to the ovarian vein, which received one or more large uterine branches. In its distal protion the ovarian artery gave rise to a leash of small, tortuous ovarian branches, which wound around and between the plexiform ovarian veins.The testicular arteries and veins in this species also ran in close apposition to one another. Both arteries and veins branched into many smaller, mildly tortuous, parallel vessels in the spermatic cord, which reunited before entering the testis.The blood vessels of the reproductive tract in all of the macropod species studied, and in the common wombat, were basically similar to those of the brush possum.The intimate structural relationships between ovarian arteries and veins, and their ovarian branches, in these marsupials are suggestive of specializations for counter-current exchange between venous and arterial blood. However, in contrast to those of the testicular vessels where heat exchange is a demonstrated function, their physiological significance remains unknown.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 187-203 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the distribution, structure and growth of ceratotrichia in the anterodorsal fin of a lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, and in the tailfin of a nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, shows that the ceratotrichia are large collagen fibers which develop in bilateral rows within the dermis. Surrounding each ceratotrichium is a layer of peritrichial fibroblasts containing secretory vesicles, which appear to be the source of matrix constituents. The peritrichial matrix contains bundles of fine, unbanded collagen fibrils as well as larger, banded fibrils like those in the matrix of ordinary connective tissue. The structure of the peritrichial fibroblasts and of the subjacent peritrichial matrix is the same as that of the fibroblasts and matrix of the conventional connective tissue throughout the fin dermis. Ceratotrichia grow by apposition of collagen fibrils from the peritrichial matrix. In cross section the ceratotrichia appear layered, evidently because of close packing of constituent fibrils in lamellae. In longitudinal section the ceratotrichia exhibit the conventional a, b, c, d and e bands of collagen. The e bands of show two distinct subbands, and the b bands three subbands. Periodicity of the banding pattern is approximately 640 Å like that of conventional collagen fibrils.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This research was designed to follow up the observation of Thornton and Kraemer ('51) that regressed, denervated limbs of Ambystoma larvae will not regenerate upon reinnervation if all digits on the limbs were not completely resorbed. The object of this experiment was to determine whether the presence of an apical structure, protruding past the amputation surface, would affect the regenerative process. Both forearms of adult newts were amputated midway between the elbow and the wrist. One limb served as a normal regeneration control, and in the other limb the third digit from the removed hand was implanted in place of the removed radius, so that the three distal phalangeal segments protruded past the plane of amputation. Blastema formation in the experimental limbs was delayed by several weeks as compared with control limbs. Approximately one third of the experimental limbs did not regenerate. The regenerates that did form were strongly deviated (45-90°) radially from the longitudinal axis of the limb. Experimental analysis showed that the delay in regeneration is due largely to the projecting part of the digit. The radial deviation of the regenerates is not due to the digital implant, but rather to the removal of the radius. Trauma alone does not account for this phenomenon.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cranial nerves of adult Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata and late embryonic Thamnophis ordinoides, were studied, respectively, by dissection and by microscopic examination of serial sections. There are 11 cranial nerves in these snakes; the spinal accessory (XI) cannot be identified. In general, the nerves are similar to those of lizards. Certain nerves usually combine into a trunk: the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic division (V1) and abducens (VI), form the ocular trunk, whereas the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and hypoglossal (XII), compose the craniocervical trunk. No terminal nerve is found. The first nerve exists as the independent vomeronasal and olfactory proper nerves. There is a large lagenar (auditory) part of the eighth nerve. The three main divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V) have the widest distribution in the head. In addition, there is a pterygoid division (V4) in snakes, innervating the muscles of the upper jaw series of bones. The V4 is best developed in snakes among all vertebrates. A chorda tympani of VII is present. The glossopharyngeal is a small nerve. The vagus comprises a large laryngeal branch and a larger visceral nerve to the trunk. The hypoglossal heavily innervates the tongue musculature.There are four cephalic parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, preorbital, infraorbital, and inferior alveolar. Several of the ganglia may also include sympathetic cell bodies. The ciliary ganglion innervates intraocular smooth muscle, whereas the other ganglia supply the various cephalic glands. No distinct superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is recognized. Sympathetics distribute in the head through the craniocervical trunk and its communications with the facial and trigeminal nerves.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 307-315 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mandibular glands from destalked male spider crabs were fixed in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium in phosphate buffer, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in Spurr's low-viscosity medium ('69). The glands hypertrophy and several changes occur in the subcellular cytoarchitecture following eyestalk ablation. These include loss of most of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or its appearance as lamallae, appearance of numerous polysomes and a change in mitochondrial structure. Large vesicles with ribosomes spaced at intervals along their membranes are apparently formed by blebbing of the outer nuclear membrane and appear throughout the cytoplasm. Banded structures consisting of alternate granular and flocculent materials are found within the nucleus.
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  • 66
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A laboratory colony of Oncopeltus fasciatus was found to be infected by Leptomonas oncopelti. The flagellates form a carpet attached to the cuticular intima of the rectal glands of adult bugs. The epithelial cells of these glands are characterized by infolded apical plasma membranes associated with mitochondria; the overlying cuticular intima shows endocuticular canals. The Leptomonas are attached by hemidesmosomes, located most often at the tip of the flagella. The Protozoa multiply by budding and the resultant straphangers cling to the parental flagellum. Adhesion of the flagellates to the cuticular lining is so strong that detaching flagellates carry with them the outer part of the epicuticle. Epicuticle repair presumably occurs through the endocuticular canals.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 1-15 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The radii of curvature (R) of the horizontal (Rh), anterior (Ra) and posterior (Rp) semicircular canals were measured by a new technique (called ROTA) for cat, guinea pig and man. For each canal, data points from the ossecus canal were rotated and plotted by computer such that the plane of the sheet of computer plot corresponded to the plane best fitting that canal. The radius of each osseous canal was determined and where necessary, the radius of the are of data points was corrected for thickness of the absent tissue. For cat, guinea pig and man there are differences in R between canals within a labyrinth suggesting that if other things are equal there could be differences in the average mechanical sensitivity of the canals, which is consistent with physiological recordings from primary vestibular neurons in the cat, The Rs determined by ROTA are compared with Rs determined by conventional histological means.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 35-79 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical and electron microscopic methods have revealed that there are four types of cell inclusions in the late vitellogenic oocytes of Oncopeltus. (a) Type 1 is a vacuole which seems to be contributed from the tropharium via the nutritive tubes. It is suggested that this type consists partly at least of nucleolus-like material (ribonucleoprotein) emitted from the nuclei of the Zone III trophocytes. (b) Type 2 is lipid yolk which in early stage oocytes seems to be produced in the “Balbiani body.” In the vitellogenic oocytes these lipid spheres are apparently imported by the oocyte from the haemolymph either through the follicle cells, or through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium. (c) Type 3 is carbohydrate/protein yolk where at least part of the protein (“vitellogenic protein”) is taken up from the haemolymph, transported through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium, and deposited into the oocyte by pinocytosis. (d) Glycogen is deposited from the early phases of vitellogenesis.The tropharium may contribute, besides Type 1 vacuoles, ribosomes, mitochondria, stacks of annulated lamellae, and “food vacuoles” to the oocytes. Specialized cells which line the tropharium and send projections toward the trophic core have been called “peripheral trophocytes.” Contrary to the regular trophocytes, they contain glycogen and an abundance of Golgi complexes.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 121-130 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The alimentary tract of the desert millipede Orthoporus ornatus is essentially a straight tube consisting of a histologically distinct foregut, midgut, pylorus, hindgut, and rectum. Common to each region, but often different in regional appearance, are an outer sheath layer, longitudinal and circular muscle layers, a basement membrane, and an inner epithelial layer. Foregut and midgut lumina are lined by a cuticular intima, while a peritrophic membrane occurs in the midgut lumen.Gut structure is considered in the context of the known feeding habits and digestive efficiency of this long-lived, seasonally restricted detritivore.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 165-185 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proturan hindgut consists of two regions, with different ultrastructure. The anterior region is organized into three primary longitudinal folds alternating with three smaller, secondary ones.In Acerentomon each primary fold in a cross section contains one or two cells showing all the structures which are involved in water reabsorption. The cells of the secondary folds do not seem engaged in a similar function.In Eosentomon the primary folds present a more complicated organization. Each of them consists of one central cell concerned with reabsorption and two lateral ones. Beneath these cells, on both sides of the fold there is a longitudinal muscle fiber.The posterior region of the hindgut does not seem capable of modifying the gut contents.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The degree of minced rat muscle regeneration in the absence of nerve fibers was compared with that of normal regenerates between one and 270 days postoperatively. Up to around 30 days, the number of muscle fibers and their morphology were comparable in both normal innervated and denervated regenerates; both showed clear cross striations and peripherally located nuclei. Histochemically, SDH and myofibrillar ATPase (pH = 9.4) reactions were positive, but there were no typical signs of fiber types in either case of regeneration. The only consistent difference in the early period was the smaller fiber cross sectional areas in denervated regenerates than in innervated ones. Starting about 40 days, the muscle fibers in innervated regenerates became differented into different fiber types (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic, FOG., fast-twitch-glycolytic, FG., slow-twitch-oxidative, SO.) but there were no such activities in denervated regenerates, although their SDH and myofibrillar ATPase reactions remained positive for a long time. Degenerating muscle fibers could no longer be identified in innervated regenerates. In the denervated regenerates, however, muscle fibers underwent atrophic or degenerative changes and were replaced by connective tissue. The complete disappearance of muscle fibers varied with individual regenerates. In some cases, it occurred about 90 days and in others, traces of muscle fibers could still be seen as late as 150 days postoperatively. Thus, nerves seem to be important primarily in the late phase of regeneration; namely, differentiation of fiber types and maintenance of the structural integrity of muscle fibers.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural analysis of initial development of actinotrichia, the skeleton anlage of the pelvic fin buds, was performed on the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. It shows that the first actinotrichial rudiments appear in the subepidermal space of the pseudoapical cap. No mesenchymal cell bodies or their filopods are present. Hyaloplasmic protrusions of the basal epidermal cells are seen in the subepidermal space, limited by a dermoepidermal boundary reduced to a discontinuous thin adepidermal lamina without a collagenous layer. These morphological data suggest that the epidermal pseudoapical cap probably initiates the development of actinotrichia. Later, mesenchymal cells invade the subepidermal space and are probably involved in the further growth of actinotrichia.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 397-417 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus was studied with the electron microscope in three teleost species belonging to the same order. In spite of the different histological organization (non-laminated, incompletely laminated, and laminated), the same kinds of axon terminals (S and F) are observed in all species. A fibrous layer which is clearly formed only in the laminated nucleus is composed of F1 terminals and dendrites from a layer of small cells. The same kind of synapses formed between F1 terminals and dendrites of small cells are also found among glomeruli in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei. The main constituents of glomeruli are S and F2 terminals and dendrites of large cells in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei, and are S terminals and star-like structures which correspond to the tips of the dendrites of large cells in the laminated nucleus. The star-like structure contains numerous mitochondria and clusters of small polymorphic vesicles. Some of the vesicles aggregate at thickened cell membranes of the structure as in presynaptic dendrites.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 439-449 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Latero-frontal, para-latero-frontal, and frontal ciliary tracts on the gill filaments of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) were studied with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Latero-frontal cirri are complex structures composed of varying numbers of paired cilia. The multiple pairs of cilia which constitute a single cirrus are closely appressed for a portion of their length; they then branch laterally from the central axis in a plume-like fashion. Latero-frontal cirri of adjacent gill filaments create a filtration sieve which should be capable of retaining particles smaller than 1 μm in diameter. Para-latero-frontal cilia are short, closely spaced cilia arranged as a staggered row along the frontal side of each tract of latero-frontal cirri. Latero-frontal cirri and para-latero-frontal cilia occur on ordinary, principal, and transitional gill filaments. Frontal ciliary tracts of ordinary filaments are divided into a central, ventrally directed coarse tract, flanked on either side by a dorsally directed fine ciliary tract. The coarse tract is covered by cirri which are comprised of five to eight cilia, while the fine frontal tracts are made up of individually functioning cilia. The frontal ciliary tracts of principal and transitional filaments bear only dorsally directed fine cilia. The unique direction of effective beat of the coarse frontal cirri of ordinary filaments, in combination with the action of fine frontal cilia and the strategic location of mucus producing cells, is used to describe a possible mechanism for the sorting of filtered particles.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 463-463 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 229-246 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The striatum of the lizard Tupinambis nigropunctatus lies in the lateral wall of the telencephalon and consists of two major subdivisions: the dorsal striatum and the ventral striatum.Electrolytic lesions were placed in all parts of the striatal complex and in adjacent areas and the subsequent anterograde degeneration was studied using the Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer techniques. Lesions in the dorsal striatum cause terminal degeneration in the ventral striatum both ipsi- and contralaterally. In addition, projections have been found to the lateral amygdaloid nucleus and to parts of the dorsal striatum not affected by the lesion. Following lesions in the ventral striatum fiber degeneration could always be observed in the ventral peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle.Corresponding terminal degeneration was found in the anterior and posterior entopeduncular nuclei, the tegmentum mesencephali, the substantia nigra, the prerubral area, the mesencephalic central grey and the lateral cerebellar nucleus. When the large celled part of the ventral striatum was involved in the lesion additional degeneration could be traced to the nucleus rotundus via the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ears from several species of carcharhinid sharks were studied by gross dissection, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Structures along a possible sound transmission path to the ear are described, but main consideration is given to the structure of the macula neglecta.The macula neglecta is composed of two patches of sensory epithelium which line part of the posterior canal duct. In an adult shark the larger of these contains 224,000 sensory hair cells oriented so as to detect forces directed posteroventrolaterally in the duct. The smaller patch contains 43,000 hair cells oriented so as to detect oppositely directed forces. These receptor cells project through numerous small terminals to a total for both patches of 4,700 myelinated nerve fibers. Cytostructural variations throughout the hair cell population are also reported.Estimated acoustic properties of the tissues in this complex and the processing potential of the neural elements are interpreted as suggestive of auditory function. A mechanism based on the geometry of the receptor arrays is proposed to explain behaviorally observed instantaneous sound localization from the farfield.Evolution of the macula neglecta is reviewed, and evidence for homology of the macula neglecta and amphibian papilla is presented.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 1-21 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The occurrence of Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies in the ventrolateral cervical spinal cord white matter was investigated by light and electron microscopy in adult animals of the following species: cat, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse, frog and perch. In addition some observations were made on human specimens. The bodies were found to be present in all the examined species, being most numerous in the rabbit and guinea pig. The lowest incidence was seen in the mouse and frog. The bodies consistently prevailed along the paranodes of large myelinated fibers and generally showed a rounded or ovoid shape. In all animals the size spectrum of the Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies showed a peak at about 3 μ. The sizes varied from less than 1 μ to over 25 μ. The size range was widest in the perch, the ventrolateral white matter of which contained a great number of very large bodies, and most narrow in the rat. Calculations of the total myelinoid body volume per unit volume of ventrolateral white matter or myelin, showed very high values in the perch (0.03 μ3/μ3 myelin), high values in the cat, rabbit and guinea pig (0.006-0.007 μ3/μ3 myelin) and low values in the rat, mouse and frog (0.001-0.002 μ3/μ3 myelin). The white matter specimens from animals with a high total myelinoid body volume contained large fibers with thick myelin sheaths, which were not found in the specimens from animals with a low total myelinoid body volume.Electron-microscopically, the picture was rather uniform. In all species examined the myelinoid bodies were composed of a lamellated shell of varying thickness that surrounded a central zone of highly electron-dense material or an empty cavity. In most cases the bodies were linked to myelin sheaths through oligodendroglial cytoplasm. Less frequently free bodies were observed within astrocytes or microglia.The findings are interpreted in support of the view that myelinoid bodies may be regarded as an expression of the turnover of myelin material in thick myelin sheaths.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 87-105 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: All birds have a glial enclosed, glycogen-containing structure in the lumbosacral region of their spinal cords. Recently, a dorsal, central, glycogen-rich area surrounding the central canal in the brachial spinal cord was described in domestic chickens. In order to topographically delineate and histochemically describe this structure, fresh, frozen serial sections of chicken brains and spinal cords were processed for glycogen content, phosphorylase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase activities. The glycogen-rich area surrounding the central canal in the lumbosacral region is found at all levels of the spinal cord and lower medulla. In the upper medulla, it is located in the midline floor immediately ventral to the ependyma. It persists in this position until the level of the oculomotor complex where it ends. Phosphorylase positive regions closely parallel the glycogen distribution. No succinic dehydrogenase or cholinesterase activities are found in these areas.
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  • 81
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The developmental rates of male and female embryos of Xyleborus ferrugineus were compared by charting for each sex the mean age for each of ten discrete morphological stages of embryogenesis from pole cell exclusion to eclosion. Male and female embryos developed synchronously from stage 1 (which begins with pole cell exclusion) through stage 4 (which ends with the completion of germ band extension and metamerization). After stage 4 and throughout the remainder of embryogenesis, the mean ages per morphological stage of male embryos were significantly greater than those for female embryos. The expected physiological consequences of a haploid genome in the male embryo as compared to a diploid condition in the female embryo are discussed as the possible basis for the persistent lag observed in male developmental rate after stage 4.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 281-302 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the chaetae of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata (Leidy) and Euclymene oerstedi (Claparède) (= Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson, '11) are described and related to movements observed in the laboratory. Graphs are constructed of the number and length of the neuropodial chaetae of each chaetiger throughout the body of Clymenella and of species of the genera Euclymene, Macroclymene and Axiothella, and show a characteristic and relatively constant pattern for each species. This work suggests that in making taxonomic decisions, more attention should be paid to the overall pattern of the neuropodial chaetae and less to the confusing distinction between aciculae and rostral uncini.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 315-327 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An analysis of mechanical and architectural aspects of three hamstring muscles in the cat, semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus anterior (SMa), and semimembranosus posterior (SMp), is presented based on whole muscle tetanic tension profiles. Length-active tension curves for each muscle were obtained by electrical stimulation of the whole muscle with a train of stimuli at 100 pulses per second (pps) for 600 milliseconds.Information from motion picture analysis (Goslow et al., '73) and electromyographic (EMG) activity (Engberg and Lundberg, '69) as seen during the step cycle is combined with analysis of joint torques to present a picture of the differential functions of the three muscles. The length-active tension characteristics of ST and SMa are such that they develop high amounts of tension throughout their physiological excursions. Maximal tension is produced over a much more limited range by SMp. A division of labor for the three muscles is proposed: the one-joint SMa is shown to be a primary hip extensor whose action facilitates smooth oscillation of the leg. Torque and electrical activity during the step cycle indicate the two-joint ST is a primary knee flexor. The more limited range of maximum torque and variable EMG pattern of the other two-joint muscle, SMp, relate to the fact that it has primary activity during high speed gaits when it may act to initiate spine flexion and assist in hip extension.Excursion and activity data have led to the conclusion that biarticular muscles (ST and SMp) may benefit from the combined action of two joints to maintain near maximal tension and torque during active phases of the step cycle. Thus, biarticular muscles may have evolved as much for the mechanical and physiological benefits they derive as for two-joint action itself.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 84
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 381-400 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oogenesis has been investigated utilizing both light and electron microscopical techniques in the squid, Loligo pealei. This complex process has been divided into five stages according to the structure of the follicle. Because of the highly coordinated differentiation of the follicle cells (and follicular syncytium) and the oocyte, their development is described in concert. Specific attention is given to the contribution of the follicular syncytium to vitellogenesis and the formation of the extracellular egg envelope or chorion. Our observations indicate heterosynthetic yolk production and the synthesis of the secondary envelope by the follicular syncytium.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 39-79 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A recently presented model of tongue projection dynamics is used to generate a series of predictions concerning morphologies to be expected under selection for increased distance of projection, increased speed of projection, and increased directional versatility. A general understanding of biomechanical events and the model are used as points of departure for making specific predictions concerning details of structure in skeletal, muscular and connective tissue components of the tongue and associated structures. Comparative methods are used to examine these predictions in the genera of plethodontid salamanders. These salamanders are known to project their tongues to different degrees, and this knowledge is used to test the hypotheses concerning morphological specialization. Three distinct groups of plethodontid salamanders have evolved specializations for long distance projection, and these genera differ from one another in important ways in respect to specific character complexes. For example, the tropical genera and Hydromantes use CBII as the major force transmission element in the skeleton, while Eurycea and its allies use CBI in this role. Hydromantes differs from both in having a uniquely proportioned and structured hyobranchial skeleton and associated musculature. Less extreme specializations for tongue projection are found in different combinations in three other groups. Finally, two distinct groups of generalized species having only limited tongue projection capabilities are recognized, each having a unique complex of inter-related features. Each of these eight groups is recognized and characterized as a functional mode, and hypotheses concerning the biomechanical meaning of the character complexes of each are formulated.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanical properties of the whole muscle and fast-twitch muscle units of the cat hindlimb pretibial flexors have been explored and related to normal locomotion. Tibialis anterior (TA) is parallel-fibered and functionally crosses a single joint, the ankle, whereas extensor digitorum longus (EDL) is pinnate and spans the ankle, knee, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. The active tetanic tension of TA remains near its peak value over a range of muscle lengths associated with normal ankle movement. In contrast, the length-tension curve of EDL is sharply peaked. However, normal corollary action of the knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints during stepping minimizes EDL's excursion and maintains it at or near a length optimal for peak tension development. EDL is capable of producing synchronous but sterotyped digit and ankle movements while TA provides for independent ankle flexion at all relevant joint angles.The mechanical properties of 84 TA and 98 EDL fast-twitch muscle units were studied by measuring twitch contraction time (≤45 msec), peak tetanic tension, response to repetitive stimulation, and contractile fatigue resistance during electrical stimulation of single alpha axons, functionally isolated from ventral root filaments. These mechanical properties were essentially similar for both muscles with the exception of mean peak tetanic tension which was 30% lower for TA units (14 gm-wt) than for EDL units (20 gm-wt). A high proportion of units in both muscles demonstrated fatigue resistance which is reflective of the repetitive, phasic demand upon these muscles during locomotion.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 107-117 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The glandular layer constitutes the greatest bulk of the human soft palate and is composed of individual compound tubulo-acinar salivary glands. Connective tissue partitions of the submucosa divide the glandular layer into lobules of irregular shapes and sizes. The glands are interwoven and bound firmly together by a connective tissue stroma rich in elastic fibers. The secretory units consist of elongated, branched, and sometimes convoluted tubules lined by a single layer of pyramidal mucous cells.Mucous secretion by acini is supplemented to some degree by mucous acinar cells, which were found as epithelial components of all ducts except the main excretory ducts, suggesting a diffuse distribution of progenitor cells. Some mucous acini communicate with highly convoluted intercalated ducts which occupy partially isolated positions within inter- and intralobular connective tissue septa. These ducts follow the connective tissue septa and eventually join the main duct system. The significance of this system of intercalated ducts is not known. A supplemental functional role is hypothesized.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and organization of radial spokes, the principal components between each of the peripheral doublet microtubules and the central sheath which surrounds the central pair of microtubules have been described in Tetrahymena pyriformis Cilia. The radial spokes are grouped in triplets and are attached to the A-microtubule of each peripheral doublet at intervals of 200/280/360 Å, the 200 Å spacing being most distal to the base of the cilium. The radial spoke triplets are organized in the axoneme in a double helix with a pitch of 1,680 Å. A method for determining the helical disposition by correcting for doublet sliding is presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 317-331 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arrangement and structure of sinus hair muscles in the snout of the shrew, Sorex unguiculatus, were studied by electron microscopy and serial section light microscopy. Both striated and smooth muscles are directly associated with sinus hair follicles. The striated muscle fibers originate from the base of a follicle and insert onto the superficial portion of adjoining caudally positioned follicles. Some fibers insert into the corium instead of inserting into a follicle. The fibers show a fine structure typical of red fibers. Smooth muscle cells form a network with elastic fibers beneath the corium. Some cells are directly attached to the capsule of the sinus, thus forming a type of M. arrector pili. Striated muscle fibers that appear to end in the corium are connected with the smooth muscle network through the elastic fibers which appear to function as the tendon of these two types of muscle cell.
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  • 90
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 355-361 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A few very small sensory pegs with the characteristics of chemoreceptors are present in both males and females on the antennal flagellum of the mayflies, Stenacron interpunctatum (Say)Stenacron interpunctatum (Say) is Stenonema interpunctatum (Say) of earlier literature. and Cloeon sp. They are situated near the proximal end of the flagellum on its ventro-lateral surface and have escaped the attention of earlier investigators.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Newly metamorphosed Kenyan reed frogs, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniquei, are able to regenerate amputated digits. The terminal digital pad is also completely reformed. Differentiation of the regenerating digital pad was studied by scanning electron microscopy. External differentiation of the digital pad began late in the second postamputational week with the appearance of small patches of specialized epidermal cells on the ventral surface of the regenerating digit. The differentiation of the pad spread out radially until late in the fourth week, when its overall shape approximated that of the normal digital pad. The appearance of patches of digital pad epidermis on the ends of spike regenerates arising from the forearm was also confirmed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 427-460 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objectives of this research were to investigate the morphology of the thoracic skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston). The results are presented in 25 text figures and descriptions of each skeletal part and muscle. Undescribed exoskeletal structures are the postmediotergite, intersegmental cleft on the caudal margin of the metapleuron, and the parascutellar process. This process is considered a homologue of the fourth axillary. The acrotergite 2 and subalifer were identified. The prescutum has been called the paratergite by previous authors. The morphological basis for self amputation of legs is described. Undescribed parts of the endoskeleton are: lateral arm of sternal apophysis 1 and its socket on the mesal surface of coxa 1, furcopleural apodeme on sternal apophysis 1, precoxal and postcoxal apodemes arising from the ventral pleural arm, upper and lower laterotergite apodemes on the postnotum, and the pleural and intersegmental apodemes for attachment of halter muscles. Seventy-two muscles are illustrated with their attachments and the origin, insertion, and action of each is described. Ten of the muscles are newly described for the mosquito. There are no muscles inserted on the subalare, second axillary, or third axillary.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 459-477 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A process of nucleolar reorganization apparently identical to that encountered in intestinal epithelial cells (Adamstone and Taylor, '72) develops in kidney cells of aging rats. The polymorphic nucleoli of young tubule cells soon change to amphinucleoli and, while terminal nucleolar reorganization is delayed in cells of collecting tubules, in the nephrons nucleoli soon begin to undergo terminal reorganization becoming bipartite structures with separate plasmosomes and karyosomes. This suggests disruption of the DNA-dependent RNA protein transcription system and failure to maintain the flow of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm. Old cells are not discarded immediately from the kidney tubules and they retain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous ribosomes and polysomes and large plasmosomes. Thus a high RNA concentration is known to develop in old kidney tissue while protein synthesis is also known to be low (Kanungo et al., '70; Buetow and Ghandi, '73). Nucleolar counts show gradual increase in bipartite nucleoli at the expense of amphinucleoli and in the senescent kidney bipartite nucleoli predominate. It is suggested that nucleolar reorganization, with final separation of plasmosomes and karyosomes, includes the process of nucleolar segregation and is triggered by some innate nucleolar mechanism in response to encoded genetic information stored in the nucleolus during nucleogenesis. At this time both DNA and RNA are incorporated into the developing nucleolus. It is also to be noted that two shifts in nucleolar dominance occur with advancing age. These may be fundamental to the process of aging and to the onset of senescence. Furthermore, the changes in dominant nucleolar types are the direct result of the process of nucleolar reorganization.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 259-297 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tergal abdominal modifications of 30 species of Blattaria (Dictyoptera) were studied by means of histological scanning electron microscopy techniques. Despite marked anatomical diversity of the glands, only a few basic types of cells are present. Male tergal glands, which are involved in sexual behavior generally have glandular cells filled with electron transparent vacuoles (type 3a) and those with dense myeloid secretion (type 3b); in addition some have large cells without ducts, not in contact with the cuticle and surrounded by other cells (type 2). External setae, usually associated with these structures, are mechano-receptors or mechano-chemoreceptors. Glands not involved in courtship (e.g., defensive glands) usually have large glandular cells with a ductule that reaches the end apparatus secreted by the glandular cell itself (Type 3) but lack types 2, 3a, and 3b.Species which do not have distinctive tergal modifications may have concentrations of microscopic pores or openings associated with glandular cells on certain segments. The chemistry of the secretions produced by tergal glands is unknown for most species. This paper emphasizes the need for behavioral and biochemical studies to elucidate the biological significance of cockroach tergal glands.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sense organs on the antennal flagella of five species of winged psocids belonging to two families of Psocoptera, Psocidae and Leptopsocidae, have been examined. All agree in possessing tactile hairs, thick-walled chemoreceptors and long, porous chemoreceptors. Thin-walled chemoreceptors were identified in all species except Metylophorous novaescotiae. Coeloconic chemoreceptors were present in all species except Echmepteryx hageni. Campaniform sense organs were found only in Metylophorus novaescotiae and Psocus leidyi.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Correlative studies of luminescent responses, light and electron microscopy of Porichthys photophores during development were conducted. The photophores differentiate as an outgrowth of the basal cell layer of the epidermis, from which they delaminate into the dermis. Reflector cells are formed from dermal fibroblasts. Early photophore cells differentiate into three distinct cell types: photocytes, supportive and lens cells. Elaborate profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and vesicles suggest intense secretory activity in the early photocytes, while supportive and lens cells differentiate by two different transformations of the microfilament arrangement of primordial photophore cells.Luminescent capabilities of Porichthys photophores arise in two successive phases: (1) an aneural phase during which photophores become fluorescent, photocytes are in process of maturation and respond only to chemical stimulation and (2) a neural phase in which photophores luminesce upon electrical and pharmacological stimulation and are densely innervated with terminals showing relatively narrow neurophotocyte gaps. The presence of neural elements intimately associated with the early photophore anlagen suggests the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the formation of photophores.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This report is an ultrastructural analysis of the organization of the isolated oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-6, syngen 1. Attention has been focused on the organization of microtubules and filaments in oral apparatus membranelles. Oral apparatus membranellar basal bodies were characterized with respect to structural differentiations at the distal and proximal ends. The distal region of membranellar basal bodies contains the basal plate, accessory microtubules and filaments. The proximal end contains a dense material from which emanate accessory microtubules and filaments. There are at least two possibly three different arrangements of accessory structures at the proximal end of membranellar basal bodies. All membranellar basal bodies appear to have a dense material at the proximal end from which filaments emanate. Some of these basal bodies have accessory microtubules and filaments emanating from this dense material. A possible third arrangement is represented by basal bodies which have lateral projections, from the proximal end, of accessory microtubules and filaments which constitute cross or peripheral connectives. There are at least three examples of direct associations between oral apparatus microtubules and filaments: (1) filaments which form links between basal body triplet microtubules, (2) filaments which link the material of the basal plate to internal basal body microtubules, (3) filaments which link together microtubule bundles from membranellar connectives. KCI extraction of the isolated oral apparatus resulted in the selective solubilization of oral apparatus basal bodies, remnants of ciliary axonemes and fused basal plates. Based on their response to KCl extraction two distinct sets of morphologically similar microtubules can be identified: (a) microtubules which constitute the internal structure of basal bodies and ciliary axonemes, (b) microtubules which constitute the fiber connectives between basal bodies.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The complex array of vestments which surrounds the ascidian oocyte indicates that spermatozoa of these urochordates may be highly modified to effect penetration through the egg-envelopes and to achieve successful fusion with the female gamete. Examination of the spermatozoa of Ciona intestinalis reveals, however, that they lack an acrosomal vesicle and do not possess detectable amounts of actin. Furthermore, the spermatozoa do not undergo observable morphological alterations when exposed to ammoniated seawater, a treatment known to produce aggregation and an acrosome reaction in other organisms. Ciona spermatozoa do contain significant quantities of proteases. It is hypothesized that the localization of these enzymes may be related to the ridge-like surface ornamentation which is observed as a component of the head region of Ciona spermatozoa.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new ganglion identified as the bursal ganglion is described from male Moniliformis moniliformis. This ganglion is located adjacent to the pseudocoel and longitudinal muscle fibers and medial to the dorsal lacunar canal about 1 mm from the posterior end of males with non-everted bursa The ganglion consists of four large club-shaped cells with single nuclei and bipolar neurons.The ganglion cells are paired with one neuron from each cell innervating the opposite side of the worm.
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