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  • Genetics
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  • 1995-1999  (31)
  • 1990-1994  (223)
  • 1975-1979  (38)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of oncogene mutation from neoplastic colonic cells exfoliated in feces (1996)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 39 (1996), S. 1238-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colorectal neoplasms ; Genetics ; K-ras ; Gene mutations ; Early diagnosis ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Best chances of a cure from colorectal cancer are obtained before metastatic spread. Lack of specific tests allowing early diagnosis of the tumor accounts for investigation of gene alterations involved in carcinogenesis by a noninvasive method. In the present study, K-ras codons 12 and 13 mutations were studied in neoplastic cells shed from the bowel into the stool and those contained in the tumor and normal mucosa. Moreover, healthy patients and a few others with precancerous conditions were examined. METHODS: Stool, tumor, and mucosa samples were taken from 25 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Stool and mucosa samples were obtained from 11 healthy patients, and stool, pathologic bowel tissue, and normal mucosa samples were obtained from 3 patients with adenoma (1) or ulcerative colitis (2). Polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme analysis were performed. RESULTS: K-ras codon 12 mutations were detected in both tumor and stool samples of 10 cancer patients, and no gene alterations were observed in 14 patients. In one patient with a tumor, a mutation was shown in only the tumor tissue. The agreement rate in tumor and stool analysis was 96 percent. A normal pattern of K-ras codons 12 and 13 was observed in the bowel mucosa. All stool and mucosa samples from healthy patients were not altered in K-ras.Agreement was registered between samples taken from patients with preneoplastic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings show a high rate of accuracy in the investigation of K-ras alterations in the colorectal cells shed into the feces, suggesting that such an approach could be used to study other gene alterations and, prospectively, to identify early colorectal cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the BCL-2 gene locus as a susceptibility locus linked to the clinical expression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (1996)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 16 (1996), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: SLE ; Apoptosis ; bcl-2 gene ; Susceptibility ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the production of a large number of autoantibodies. It has been postulated that this may be the result of prolonged longevity of auto-reactive B cells due to defective regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). The proto-oncogenebcl-2 is involved in the control of apoptosis in immunocompetent cells, and its over-expression is noted in T and B cells from SLE patients. This study examined the genetic linkage between thebcl-2 gene locus and SLE susceptibility using the affected sib-pair method in SLE families. Seventeen caucasian multiplex families were evaluated. A polymorphic microsatellite marker closely linked to thebcl-2 gene on 18g21.3 was used to determine thebcl-2 genotype. We demonstrated that haplotype sharing among the affected sibling pairs was not statistically different from random (P〉0.5). This suggests that thebcl-2 gene locus does not confer a genetic susceptibility to SLE expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01409984
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do animal models have a place in the genetic analysis of quantitative human behavioural traits? (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 515-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Emotionality ; Behaviour ; Genetics ; Animal models ; QTL analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It seems that the genetic basis of common psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis is amenable to the genetic mapping strategies that have been successful in other complex disorders such as diabetes. The next challenge is the genetic dissection of quantitative behavioural traits such as mood, personality and intelligence. Quantitative traits pose new problems for gene cloning experiments. We argue that one way forward is by using animal models. One of the features of quantitative traits is that the DNA sequence variants which are responsible for them are unlikely to be immediately recognizable. In contrast to many qualitative traits where a discrete phenotypic difference is often the consequence of an inactivating mutation, the allelic variation responsible for quantitative traits probably has a more subtle basis. This distinction means that strategies to clone the genetic basis of quantitative behavioural traits will have to rely on functional assays of alleles thought to be important in determining the phenotype. We suggest that an efficient strategy for detecting sequences that give rise to quantitative behavioural traits can be devised in the mouse. The importance and utility of the mouse for quantitative trait analysis make it worthwhile to investigate mouse models of human behaviour; these advantages outweigh the difficulties that arise in attempts to validate the animal models. As an example we review the evidence that validates rodent emotionality as an animal model for susceptibility to human anxiety. We show that there is good evidence that rodent emotionality is a central nervous system state with a genetic basis, and that there are neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical parallels with human anxiety. Furthermore, our own work has shown that the genetic basis of the trait is relatively simple, and that the task of characterizing it at a molecular level is feasible. We expect that future experiments will show us how genetic variation gives rise to quantitative behavioural traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204977
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do animal models have a place in the genetic analysis of quantitative human behavioural traits? (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 515-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Emotionality ; Behaviour ; Genetics ; Animal models ; QTL analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It seems that the genetic basis of common psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis is amenable to the genetic mapping strategies that have been successful in other complex disorders such as diabetes. The next challenge is the genetic dissection of quantitative behavioural traits such as mood, personality and intelligence. Quantitative traits pose new problems for gene cloning experiments. We argue that one way forward is by using animal models. One of the features of quantitative traits is that the DNA sequence variants which are responsible for them are unlikely to be immediately recognizable. In contrast to many qualitative traits where a discrete phenotypic difference is often the consequence of an inactivating mutation, the allelic variation responsible for quantitative traits probably has a more subtle basis. This distinction means that strategies to clone the genetic basis of quantitative behavioural traits will have to rely on functional assays of alleles thought to be important in determining the phenotype. We suggest that an efficient strategy for detecting sequences that give rise to quantitative behavioural traits can be devised in the mouse. The importance and utility of the mouse for quantitative trait analysis make it worthwhile to investigate mouse models of human behaviour; these advantages outweigh the difficulties that arise in attempts to validate the animal models. As an example we review the evidence that validates rodent emotionality as an animal model for susceptibility to human anxiety. We show that there is good evidence that rodent emotionality is a central nervous system state with a genetic basis, and that there are neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical parallels with human anxiety. Furthermore, our own work has shown that the genetic basis of the trait is relatively simple, and that the task of characterizing it at a molecular level is feasible. We expect that future experiments will show us how genetic variation gives rise to quantitative behavioural traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050054
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Genetik der Migräne (1996)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 67 (1996), S. 837-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Migräne ; Genetik ; Familiäre Hemiplegische Migräne ; Linkageanalyse ; Zwillingsstudien ; Assoziationsstudien ; Key words Migraine ; Familial Hemiplegic Migraine ; Genetics ; Linkage analysis ; Twin studies ; Association studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Several historical reports focusing on the heredity of migraine, as well as recent studies on its epidemiology and molecular biology, have revealed evidence for a decisive role of genetic factors in the aetiopathogenesis of familial migraine. Indeed, family studies, segregation analyses and twin studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in disposition towards migraine but could not explain the entire aetiopathogenesis. The influence of extragenetic factors, however, remains mostly unknown. Recent linkage analyses have provided evidence for genetic heterogeneity. A locus for Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM), the only known type of migraine that follows autosomal-dominant transmission, has been linked to chromosome 19p13 but genetic heterogeneity has also been shown, i. e. different types of migraine could be excluded from this locus. Further investigations should concentrate on identifying the FHM gene on chromosome 19p13, on linkage analyses with markers for different susceptibility genes, and on genomic analyses of highly informative pedigrees. This would lead to further clues to the pathogenesis underlying migraine and, thus, to therapeutic developments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem bereits in historischen Beschreibungen eine genetische Verursachung der Migräne vermutet worden war, haben epidemiologische und molekularbiologische Forschungen in den letzten Jahren differenzierte Ergebnisse über genetische Faktoren in der Ätiopathogenese der familiären Migräne geliefert. Aufgrund von Familien- und Segregationsanalysen und von Zwillingsstudien wird dargestellt, daß genetische Faktoren mit größter Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Rolle in der Pathogenese der typischen Migräne spielen. Inwieweit extragenetische Faktoren auf die Ätiopathogenese der Migräne Einfluß nehmen, ist weitgehend offen. Linkageanalysen haben in jüngster Zeit gezeigt, daß möglicherweise mehrere verschiedene Gene für diese Erkrankung verantwortlich sind. Für die Familiäre Hemiplegische Migräne (FHM), der einzigen Migräneform, für die ein autosomal-dominanter Erbgang nachgewiesen ist, konnte ein Genlocus auf Chromosom 19p13 gefunden werden, gleichzeitig wurde aber auch genetische Heterogenität nachgewiesen. Verschiedene andere Formen der Migräne zeigten keine Linkage zu diesem Locus. Weitere Forschungen sollten neben der Identifizierung des FHM-Gens auch Linkageanalysen für Kandidatengene und Genomanalysen an großen informativen Familien zum Ziel haben. Letztlich werden die Ergebnisse genaueren Einblick in die Pathophysiologie der Migräne liefern und damit therapeutisch relevant sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050061
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetics of proximal femur geometry, distribution of bone mass and bone mineral density (1996)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 6 (1996), S. 178-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone density ; Femor geometry ; Genetics ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To estimate genetic effects on femoral neck geometry and the distribution of bone mineral within the proximal femur a cross-sectional twin analysis was carried out at a university hospital that compared correlations in these traits in pairs of mono- and dizygo-tic female twins. Monozygotic (MZ, n=51 pairs, age 49.1±9.3 years) and dizygotic (DZ, n=26 pairs, age 45.7±11.3 years) twins were randomly selected from a larger sample of twins previously studied. Measurements of bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck angles and length, cross-sectional area and moment of interia, the center of mass of the narrowest cross-section of the femoral neck, and BMDs of regions within the femoral neck were made. A summary index of the resistance of the femoral neck to forces experienced in a fall with impact on the greater trochanter (Fall Index, FI) was calculated. MZ pair intraclass correlations (rMZ) were significantly (p〈0.05) different from zero for all bone mass and femoral geometry variables (0.35〈rMZ〈0.82). DZ pair correlations (rDZ) were lower thanrMZ for all variables (0.04〈rDZ〈0.52) except femoral neck length (rDZ=0.38, rMZ=0.36). After adjustment for BMD of the femoral neck,rMZ was significantly greater thanrDZ, yielding high heritability estimates for regional BMDs (0.72〈H 2〈0.78), the center of mass of the femoral neck (H 2=0.70, −0.04 to 1.43 95% CI) and the resistance of the femoral neck to forces experienced in a fall (FI,H 2=0.94, 0.06 to 1.85 95% CI), but not for femoral neck length. Adjustments for age did not alter these findings. It is concluded that there are significant familial influences on the distribution of femoral bone mass and on the calculated structural strength of the proximal femur, but not on femoral neck length. If the assumptions of the twin model are correct, this is evidence for genetic factors influencing these traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623944
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential genetic etiology of reading disability as a function of mathematics performance (1996)
    Springer
    Reading and writing 8 (1996), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Differential diagnosis ; Etiology ; Genetics ; Mathematics performance ; Reading disability ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the etiology of reading disability as a function of mathematics performance, data from 168 monozygotic (MZ) and 127 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair was reading-disabled were subjected to quantitative genetic analyses. MZ and DZ concordance rates for reading disability were computed for different levels of mathematics performance, and reading performance data were fitted to an extension of the basic multiple regression model for the analysis of selected twin data. Results of these analyses suggest that genetic factors may be especially salient as a cause of reading disability in children with borderline deficits in mathematics performance: thus, mathematics performance may be a valid dimension for diagnosing subtypes of reading disability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395110
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early-onset dementias: clinical, neuropathological and genetic characteristics (1996)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 91 (1996), S. 451-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Clinicopathological ; correlations ; Early-onset dementia ; Genetics ; Pick’s ; disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050452
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness: a new diabetes subtype (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; maternally inherited diabetes and deafness ; NIDDM ; IDDM ; mitochondria ; MELAS syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diabetes mellitus is a common disease with many forms of clinical expression. In addition, the development of diabetic complications is not only dependent on glycaemic control but also on individual factors which may be related to genetic heterogeneity. At present, multiple genetic factors are being recognized as contributing to the development of diabetes or possibly modulating its clinical expression. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of our current knowledge on a subtype of diabetes which is apparently caused by a single mutation in the mitochondrial DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400668
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographic variation in seed dormancy among populations of Echinochloa crus-galli (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 419-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Barnyard grass ; Seed dormancy ; Geographic variation ; Genetics ; Ecophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1991–1993, we investigated the incidence of seed dormancy in 25 local populations of barnyard grass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., in the western Czech Republic. The percentage of germination after 4 months afterripening of dry seeds at 25°C varied between 0.0 and 83.6%. Although there were significant annual differences in the percentage of germination at some localities, typical proportions of dormant seeds persisted over 3 years at field sites where the seed bank was not disturbed. One-way ANOVA (using data from 14 cultivated or abandoned fields) revealed that 73.0% of variance in seed dormancy incidence could be attributed to the effect of locality (P〈0.001). Incidence of dormancy was not correlated with mother plant stature (dry above-ground biomass, number of tillers, maximal stem height) nor seed mass. There was a significant correlation (r 2=0.403, P〈0.005) between dormancy incidence at natural localities in 1991 and in F1 offspring sown at experimental grounds at Praha-Ruzyně in 1992. The results indicate that heredity is important in maintaining local variation in seed dormancy, probably favoured by the self-pollinating reproduction of barnyard grass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333716
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The clinical and genetic correlates of MRI findings in myotonic dystrophy (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 629-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain ; Muscles ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amplification of an unstable CTG trinucleotide repeat sequence in a protein kinase gene on chromosome 19 has recently been recognised as the molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy (DM), a multisystem disorder with a wide spectrum of muscular and extramuscular manifestations. The CTG expansion of 40 patients was assessed by direct genotype analysis of the white blood cell DNA and correlated with MRI of the brain and muscles, and with functional clinical data. Cerebral pathology on MRI consisted of diffuse atrophy (68 %), subcortical white matter lesions (65 %), wide Virchow-Robin spaces (38 %) and thickening of the skull (35 %). Cerebral atrophy and extent of white matter disease correlated significantly with mental retardation, duration of disease and CTG fragment amplification. MRI of the muscular system showed fatty degeneration of different degrees in neighbouring muscles causing a mosaic pattern of the thigh in 38 % and the calf in 44 %. Muscular changes on MRI were strongly correlated with muscular impairment but less strongly with CTG expansion. Changes on MRI reflect the stage of development of tissue pathology in DM, modified by defect of the DM gene. Pathology on MRI is strongly correlated with functional deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050322
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Familial Mediterranean fever in Arab children: the high prevalence and gene frequency (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 540-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Amyloidosis ; Arab ; children ; Familial Mediterranean ; fever ; Genetics ; Recurrent ; abdominal pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 3 years, 192 children with familial Mediterranean fever were prospectively studied. Of these, 106 (55%) were girls and 86 (45%) were boys. The prevalence was 1 : 2600 children with a gene frequency of 1 : 50. The age at onset ranged between 4 months and 16 years. Of these patients 24% started their illness below the age of 2 years and 88% were symptomatic before the age of 10 years; 82% had recurrent abdominal pain, 43% had pleurisy, 37% had arthritis, 15% had cutaneous manifestations, 12% had splenomegaly and 4% had hepatomegaly. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain in 51%, unilateral chest pain in 23% and arthritis in 26%. The family history was positive in 62%. Of 12 affected families 19 members had/have renal failure and amyloidosis was confirmed in 7 patients. Conclusion Our data show a high prevalence of familial Mediterranean fever and a high gene frequency in Arab children similar to that reported in Jews and Armenians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957901
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Familial Mediterranean fever in Arab children: The high prevalence and gene frequency (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 540-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Amyloidosis ; Arab children ; Familial Mediterranean fever ; Genetics ; Recurrent abdominal pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 3 years, 192 children with familial Mediterranean fever were prospectively studied. Of these, 106 (55%) were girls and 86 (45%) were boys. The prevalence was 1∶2600 children with a gene frequency of 1∶50. The age at onset ranged between 4 months and 16 years. Of these patients 24% started their illness below the age of 2 years and 88% were symptomatic before the age of 10 years: 82% had recurrent abdominal pain, 43% had pleurisy, 37% had arthritis, 15% had cutaneous manifestations, 12% had splenomegaly and 4% had hepatomegaly. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain in 51%, unilateral chest pain in 23% and arthritis in 26%. The family history was positive in 62%. Of 12 affected families 19 members had/have renal failure and amyloidosis was confirmed in 7 patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957901
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inbred mouse strains vary in oral self-selection of nicotine (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 124 (1996), S. 332-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; Reinforcement ; Seizures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inbred mouse strains differ in sensitivity to a first dose of nicotine and in the development of tolerance to nicotine. The experiments reported here used six inbred mouse strains (A, BUB, C3H, C57BL/6, DBA/2, ST/b) that differ in sensitivity to an acute challenge dose of nicotine to determine whether differences in oral self-selection of nicotine exist. Animals were presented with solutions containing nicotine or vehicle (water or 0.2% saccharin) and their daily intake of the two fluids was measured for 4 days starting with a 10 µg/ml nicotine solution. This was followed by sequential 4-day testing with 20, 35, 50, 65, 80, 100, 125, 160, and 200 µg/ml nicotine solutions. The strains differed dramatically in their self-selection of nicotine and in maximal daily dose (mg/kg); the rank order of the strains was C57BL/6〉DBA〉BUB〉A≥C3H≥ST/b for both the tap water and 0.2% saccharin choice experiments. Correlations between nicotine consumption and sensitivity to nicotine, as measured by a battery of behavioral and physiological responses, were also calculated. Strain differences in nicotine intake were highly correlated with senstivity to nicotine-induced seizures. As senstivity to nicotine-in-duced seizures increases, oral self-selection of nicotine decreases. This finding may suggest that this toxic action of nicotine serves to limit intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247438
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eye tracking dysfunction in families with multiple cases of schizophrenia (1996)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 246 (1996), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Genetics ; Liability ; Vulnerability ; Eye-tracking dysfunction ; Eye movements ; Smooth-pursuit eye movements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence that the genetic predisposition for schizophrenia in families affects more individuals than those fulfilling the criteria for schizophrenia. This finding is supposed to be one of the major problems in molecular genetic schizophrenia research, especially when linkage studies are employed. Eye-tracking dysfunction (ETD), which is conceived as a possible phenotypic marker for genetic liability to schizophrenia, may offer considerable advantages. However, there is only little information from families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia. It is still unclear whether in these families ETD aggregates with diagnoses from the schizophrenia spectrum. This first report from an ongoing study presents the results of 48 individuals from 6 multiplex families. Smooth-pursuit eye movements were recorded by infrared reflectometry and assessed by quantitative measurement techniques. Along with the high degree of psychiatric morbidity in these families, in 56.3% of the individuals ETD was assessed. Reduced mean pursuit gain was present in 39.6%. The distribution of eye-tracking dysfunction resembles the distribution of schizophrenia-related psychiatry morbidity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02188950
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathophysiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and the search for candidate genes: dangerous liaisons? (1996)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 33 (1996), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Key words NIDDM ; Candidate genes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571560
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathophysiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and the search for candidate genes: dangerous liaisons? (1996)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 33 (1996), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: NIDDM ; Candidate genes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571560
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetics of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance from Brassica juncea in B. napus (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 382-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Blacking resistance ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea ; Leptosphaeria maculans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in a Brassica napus line (579NO48-109-DG-1589), designated “R13” possessing Brassica juncea-like resistance (JR), was elucidated by the analysis of segregation ratios in F2 and F3 populations from a cross between “R13” and the highly blackleg-susceptible B. napus cultivar “Tower”. The F2 segregration ratios were bimodal, demonstrating that blackleg resistance in “R13” was controlled by major genes. Analysis of the segregation ratios for 13 F3 families indicated that blackleg resistance in these families was controlled by three nuclear genes, which exhibited a complex interaction. Randomly sampled plants of F3 progeny all had the normal diploid somatic chromosome number for B. napus. The similarities between the action of the three genes found in this study with those controlling blackleg resistance in B. juncea is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223683
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative mapping in F2∶3 and F6∶7 generations of quantitative trait loci for grain yield and yield components in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2∶3 and F6∶7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6∶7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2∶3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2∶3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6∶7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6∶7 generation for all traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221893
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetics of blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces, et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 932-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Adult-plant ; Blackleg resistance ; Brassica napus ; Leptosphaeria maculans ; Australian cultivar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied in the F2 and first-backcross populations of the cross “Maluka” (blackleg-resistant) x “Niklas” (highly susceptible). A L. maculans isolate possessing high levels of host specificity (MB2) was used in all inoculations. Resistance/susceptibility was evaluated using three separate measures of crown-canker size, i.e. the percentage of crown girdled (%G), external lesion length (E) and internal lesion area (%II). Disease severity scores for the F2 and first-backcross populations based on E and %II gave discontinuous distributions, indicating major-gene control for these measures of resistance; but those for %G were continuous, indicating quantitative genetic control for this measure. Chi-square tests performed on the (poorly-defined) resistance classes, based on E, in the F2 and first-backcross populations indicated the likelihood for resistance being governed by a single, incompletely dominant major gene. Although the distributions of the F2 and first-backcross populations, based on%II, were clearly discontinuous, the observed segregation ratios for resistance and susceptibility did not fit any of the numerous Mendelian ratios which were considered. Differences in inheritance of resistance according to the assessment method and blackleg isolate used, were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224096
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of virulence in Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not., the cause of blackleg in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leptosphaeria maculans ; Brassica napus ; Blackleg ; Genetics ; Virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of virulence of 24 isolates of L. maculans collected from various sites throughout south-eastern and south-western Australia were studied using five clone-lines of B. napus. The experimental design allowed the estimation of the environmental and genetic components of variance using a standard analysis of variance. Virulence of these isolates (as measured by the percentage of stem girdling, %G) on the clonelines NCII and Tap was found to be most likely controlled by a small number of genes; the broad-sense heritabilities were 79.7% and 67.5% for virulence on NCII and Tap, respectively. The significance of these results in relation to the potential of L. maculans in adapting to new resistant B. napus cultivars is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223169
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diallel analysis for aluminium tolerance in tropical soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cerrado ; Savannah ; Acid soils ; Hydroponics ; Nutrient ; Variety ; Genetics ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The soybean is a major crop in the agricultural systems of the Brazilian Cerrados (Savannahs), whose soils are acidic, devoid of nutrients and need to be amended before they are cultivated. However, below the ploughed layer there is a scarcity of nutrients and toxic aluminium (Al). These limit root growth, subsequently causing nutritional imbalance and drought stress. Our aim in the investigation described here was to identify genetic differences in the aluminium tolerance of soybeans by a 9 × 9 diallel cross among contrasting varieties grown in high-Al areas and in hydroponics. Combining ability analysis indicated predominantly additive gene effects, and the additive-dominance model explained most of the genetic differences in this germ plasm for mineral element absorption and root growth under aluminium stress. The relationship between the two factors suggest that conjugation hydroponics and field evaluations in breeding programmes would further improve soybeans with respect to yield stability under tropical cultivation conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223384
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative mapping in F2:3 and F6:7 generations of quantitative trait loci for grain yield and yield components in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination ; Abbreviations  RFLPs Restriction fragment length polymorphisms ; QTL quantitative trait loci ; RIs recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2:3 and F6:7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6:7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2:3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2:3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6:7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6:7 generation for all traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050198
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability and genetics of tolerance for aluminum toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 738-744 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aluminum toxicity ; Diallel analysis ; Genetics ; Rice ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the variability among lowland rice cultivars and the mode of gene action of aluminum (Al) toxicity tolerance in rice. Pregerminated seeds were grown in a nutrient solution containing 30 ppm Al and in normal nutrient solution, and relative root length (RRL) was determined at the 14-day-old stage to characterize genotypes for tolerance. Sixty-two traditional rice cultivars grown on lowland acid sulfate soil areas of Asia and West Africa were tested. Tolerant varieties ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’, moderately sensitive ‘IR29’ and ‘IR43’, and sensitive ‘IR45’ and ‘IR1552’ were used to investigate the genetics of tolerance by diallel analysis. Of the 62 cultivars tested, only 3 were found to be sensitive to A l toxicity. Among the tolerant cultivars identified, 11 (‘Siyam Kuning’, ‘Gudabang Putih’, ‘Siyam’, ‘Lemo’, ‘Khao Daeng’, ‘Siyamhalus’, ‘Bjm-12’, ‘Ketan’, ‘Seribu Gantang’, ‘Bayer Raden Rati’, and ‘Padi Kanji’) were found to possess higher levels of tolerance than the improved tolerant upland cultivar ‘IRAT104’. Diallel analysis revealed that high RRL is governed by both additive and dominance effects with a preponderance of additive effects. The trait exhibited partial dominance, and one group of genes was detected. Heritability was high, and environmenal effects were low. Findings suggest that when breeding for A1 toxicity tolerance, selection can be made in early generations. The pedigree method of breeding would be suitable. Combining ability analysis revealed the importance of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the genetics of A1 toxicity tolerance in rice. GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parens ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ were the best general combiners. The presence of reciprocal effects among crosses suggested the proper choice of parents in hybridization programs. Results indicated that ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT 104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ should be used as the female in crosses for A1 toxicity tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224070
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of resistance to potato viruses Y and A in progeny obtained from potato cultivars containing gene Ry:evidence for a new gene for extreme resistance to PVA (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 710-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Extreme virus resistance ; Potyviruses ; Genetics ; Genes Ry and Ra ; New gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extreme resistance in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) to potato viruses Y and A (PVY and PVA) conditioned by the presence of Ry genes introduced from Solanum stoloniferum was described by Cockerham (1970). Cockerham detailed a number of genes which controlled a variety of reactions, including extreme resistance to both viruses (i.e. little or no visible reaction of plants and no viral replication following graft and manual inoculation) controlled by gene Ry sto. In the present study, cvs ‘Pirola’ and ‘Barbara’, which contain a Ry gene, were found to have extreme resistance to PVY isolates from the ordinary (PVY°), veinal necrosis (PVYN) and potato tuber necrotic ringspot (PVYNTN) subgroups, and PVA. The inheritance of this phenotype was examined in seedling progenies obtained by crossing ‘Barbara’ and ‘Pirola’ with susceptible cultivars. Segregation data for resistance to PVY and PVA in a progeny involving cv ‘Pirola’ best fitted a genetical model of one gene controlling extreme resistance to both PVY and PVA, although the possibility that there are two genes, each controlling resistance to one virus but closely linked, cannot be excluded. Segregation data from progenies involving cv ‘Barbara’ best fitted a genetical model in which there are two independent genes, one controlling extreme resistance to PVA and PVY and a second gene controlling extreme resistance to PVA but not to PVY. This previously unrecognised gene conferring extreme resistance to PVA only, should be given the notation Ra in keeping with nomenclature used for other resistance genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224066
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential risk for developmental reading disorders in the offspring of compensated versus noncompensated parents (1996)
    Springer
    Reading and writing 8 (1996), S. 407-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Compensation ; Dyslexia ; Environment ; Familial aggregation ; Genetics ; Risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract When one or both parents have a history of developmental reading disorder (RD) in childhood, the risk to their offspring for developing reading problems is substantially increased. However, risk research has usually assumed a stability of reading problems across the lifespan (i.e., if a parent was affected in childhood, he or she remains affected in adulthood). Yet, some individuals with RD in childhood compensate for the disorder as they grow older. Both an environmental and genetic hypothesis would predict that the risk for RD in offspring will vary as a function of parental compensation. This study examined whether risk to offspring was dependent on the parents' successful or unsuccessful compensation for their childhood reading problems. Two large family data sets were analyzed (N=907). Diagnoses with either an age discrepant or IQ discrepant criteria essentially showed that having at least one still affected parent (i.e., RD both as a child and as an adult) put the offspring at a higher risk for RD than having at least one compensated parent (i.e., RD as a child but not as an adult). The lowest risk to an offspring occurred when both parents were never affected (i.e., not RD as a child or as an adult). The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to counseling and early diagnosis of reading problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404002
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Understanding Candida albicans at the Molecular Level (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1677-1702 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases: Multiple Roles and Diverse Regulation (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1647-1675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; phosphorylation ; protein phosphatase ; PP1 ; PP2A ; PP2B ; calcineurin ; Sit4 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Since the isolation of the first yeast protein phosphatase genes in 1989, much progress has been made in understanding this important group of proteins. Yeast contain genes encoding all the major types of protein phosphatase found in higher eukaryotes and the ability to use powerful genetic approaches will complement the wealth of biochemical information available from other systems. This review will summarize recent progress in understanding the structure, function and regulation of the PPP family of protein serine-threonine phosphatases, concentrating on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclins and the Wiring of the Yeast Cell Cycle (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1635-1646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyruvate Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1607-1633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; glycolysis ; TCA cycle ; sugar metabolism ; metabolic engineering ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; pyruvate carboxylase ; pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; alcoholic fermentation ; Crabtree effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In yeasts, pyruvate is located at a major junction of assimilatory and dissimilatory reactions as well as at the branch-point between respiratory dissimilation of sugars and alcoholic fermentation. This review deals with the enzymology, physiological function and regulation of three key reactions occurring at the pyruvate branch-point in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: (i) the direct oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, catalysed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, (ii) decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde, catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, and (iii) the anaplerotic carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase. Special attention is devoted to physiological studies on S. cerevisiae strains in which structural genes encoding these key enzymes have been inactivated by gene disruption.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1996: A vintage year for yeast and Yeast (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1603-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetic basis of Ro and La antibody formation in systemic lupus erythematosus (1992)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 11 (1992), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Ro and La antibodies ; Multicenter study ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against Ro and La, including recombinant La and recombinant 60 kD-Ro, were determined by counter immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA in over 300 central European systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The presence of both Ro and La antibodies was strongly associated with the MHC haplotype B8-C4AQ0-DR3-DQ2, the association being stronges for DR3. After exclusion of all B8-DR3 positive patients only DR3 positive patients still showed an increased incidence of Ro and La antibodies, suggesting DR3 as the primary association factor. High titers of La antibody, but not of 60 kD-Ro antibody, were also significantly associated with the presence of DR3. Other DR and DQ antigens or heterozygous DQ combinations were not significantly associated with Ro and La antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301501
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MHC associations of autoantibodies against recombinant Ro and La proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus (1992)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 12 (1992), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Genetics ; Ro and La antibodies ; Recombinant autoantigens ; MHC ; Multicenter study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against recombinant 52 kD-Ro, recombinant 60 kD-Ro and recombinant La protein were determined by ELISA in over 300 central European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A strong association with HLA-DR3 was found for antibodies against 52 kD-Ro and La, but not for recombinant 60 kD-Ro antibodies in the absence of antibodies against 52 kD-Ro or La. Ro/La negative SLE patients still showed an increased frequency of HLA-DR3 as compared to healthy controls. These results indicated that the preferential formation of Ro and La antibodies was not due to an unspecific stimulatory effect of HLA-DR3 but that the antibody response to certain defined proteins (52 kD-Ro and La) was influenced by MHC genes in SLE. Furthermore, the association of SLE with HLA-DR3 was independent of the effects of DR3 on the formation of 52 kD-Ro and La antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302148
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L-Tyrosine-3-hydroxylase regulation in the brain: genetic aspects (1992)
    Springer
    Amino acids 3 (1992), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Brain ; Genetics ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary L-tyrosine-3-hydroxylase (TH) is the first and rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline). Implication of dopamine (DA) in various psychopathological phenomena, such as schizophrenia, has considerably contributed to the intensity of investigation of basic biochemical regulation of TH by activation and induction. Here we consider a third, constitutional (genotypic) aspect of regulation and present evidence that differences in mesencephalic (TH/SN), striatal (TH/CS), and hypothalamic (TH/HT) TH activity between virtually isogeneic strains of mice can be explained by segregating genetic factors. Biometrical genetic analysis of progenitor strains and their crosses indicated significant additive gene effects for TH/SN, TH/CS, and TH/HT, whereas dominance effects were statistically non-significant. A monogenic model of inheritance for TH/SN and TH/CS could not be rejected, while more than one gene was indicated for TH/HT. Significant positive phenotypic correlations were found in genetically segregating populations among mesencephalic, striatal and hypothalamic TH activities. This would suggest that some common genetic factors (or linked genes) are involved in the genetic variation of all three traits. A genetic selection experiment to elucidate the cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying these variations is in progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00805997
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apolipoprotein genes and atherosclerosis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Genetics ; Apolipoproteins ; Lipoproteins ; Atherosclerosis ; Transgenic animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to elucidate the genetic abnormalities underlying lipoprotein disorders associated with coronary heart disease susceptibility, researchers have looked for candidate genes. The studies have focused particularly on the lipoprotein transport genes. Relatively common as well as rare mutations have already been identified in several of these genes. In addition, further metabolic and genetic studies indicate that some of these loci harbor significant, but as yet undefined, genetic variation. In the next few years, it is not unreasonable to expect that all or most of the significant mutations at these loci will be catalogued. It is too early to know whether this will be sufficient to explain the genetic basis of altered lipoprotein levels or whether new loci will need to be investigated. Additional candidate gene loci might be those coding for genes involved in intracellular cholesterol metabolism, cholesterol absorption, or insulin resistance. New loci may also be revealed by the technique of reverse genetics. A more complete understanding of the genetics of atherosclerosis susceptibility will probably also entail the identification of variants at genetic loci that control both the reaction of the blood vessel wall to atherogenic lipoproteins and the thrombosis system. Investigation of the genetic basis of coronary heart disease susceptibility remains a worthwhile and lively field, with important clinical and public health ramifications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235516
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identifying sex differences in reading disability (1992)
    Springer
    Reading and writing 4 (1992), S. 307-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Genetics ; Reading disability ; Sex differences ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract The issue of sex differences in reading disability has been of recent interest in relation to sex ratios in families with reading disabled children and to possible sex biases in referred populations. Data from a study of 570 twins are used to develop alternative definitions of reading disability that vary in the manner to which sex effects are taken into account. These definitions include discrepancies between reading quotients and IQ, the use of the regression of reading onto IQ and chronological age/reading age differences. In each case the reading and spelling disability was defined either separately for the sexes or based upon the data for the sexes combined and with and without an IQ〉90 exclusion criterion. The consequences of using the alternative definitions for prevalence, sex ratio and heritability are examined. The results demonstrate that the characteristics of reading disabled children vary with the way disability is defined. The excess of males seems to be a robust finding. Definitions that take into account differences in mean score for males and females reduce but do not eradicate the sex ratio. From the genetic analysis, there is no support for the suggestion that the genetic effect on reading is greater for females than males. It is concluded that the use of regression based procedures for identifying reading disability is desirable but that at present there is insufficient evidence to justify the adoption of separate regression procedures for the two sexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027711
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin receptor and insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT 4) mutations and polymorphisms in a welsh type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic population (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 486-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) ; diabetes mellitus ; insulin receptor ; glucose transporters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have recently examined the exons encoding the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain and GLUT 4 in 30 subjects with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus using a molecular scanning approach. The variant sequences Val-Met985 and Lys-Glu1068 of the insulin receptor and Val-Ile383 of GLUT 4 were each separately found in three different diabetic subjects. In a study of a Welsh population, the GLUT 4383 variant was found in three of 160 diabetic and none of the 80 control subjects. In this study, the same group of Welsh Type 2 diabetic and control subjects was analysed using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridisation, single nucleotide primer extension and allele-specific restriction digestion to ascertain the frequency of the two insulin receptor mutations. The Val-Met985 mutation was found in none of the 160 Welsh Caucasian Type 2 diabetic subjects and two of 80 control subjects. The Lys-Glu1068 mutation removes a Sty 1 site and digestion of amplified exon 18 with Sty 1 confirmed the presence of this mutation in the heterozygous state in the original subject. None of the Welsh diabetic or control subjects had the Glu1068 mutation. The discovery of a very common silent polymorphism at codon 130 of GLUT 4 allowed examination of the association of this locus with Type 2 diabetes using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridisation in a subset of the Welsh subjects. The genotypic frequencies (homozygous wild-type and heterzygous polymorphic (poly) sequences) were not significantly different between diabetic and control subjects (Type 2 diabetic subjects: wild-type/wild-type 40%, wild-type/poly 46%, poly/poly 14%; Control subjects: wild-type/wild-type 37%0, wild-type/poly 45 %, poly/poly 18 %;p 〉 0.05). In conclusion, in a British Caucasian population the examined insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain mutations are uncommon. Also the GLUT 4 locus does not appear to be strongly associated with Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342449
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Craniofrontonasal dysplasia (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 151 (1992), S. 837-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Frontonasal dysplasia ; Craniosynostosis ; Genetics ; X chromosome ; Psychomotor development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on nine patients with craniofrontonasal dysplasia (CFND). Seven classical cases had facial features suggestive of frontonasal dysplasia and coronal craniosynostosis. Extracranial abnormalities such as brittle nails with prominent longitudinal grooves or syndactyly of fingers and toes were observed in individual patients. In two families the father of classical cases showed a milder pattern of abnormalities, consistent with the diagnosis. We present a 2- to 13-year follow-up on our patients. Hypotonia and laxity of joints are common and may necessitate supportive measures. Mild developmental delay was noted in three out of six classical cases studied in detail. Unlike almost all other X-linked disorders, clinical expression in CFND is generally much more severe in females than in males. In contrast to previous reports of this condition, one of our severely affected cases is a male.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957936
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and immunologic analysis of a family containing five patients with common-variable immune deficiency or selective IgA deficiency (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical immunology 12 (1992), S. 406-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Genetics ; immune deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A family with 13 members included 2 subjects with selective IgA deficiency (IgA-D) and 3 subjects with common-variable immune deficiency (CVID), diseases which usually occur sporadically. Reciprocal combinations of B and T cellsin vitro between one normal and two immune-deficient family members and normal subjects revealed that defective Ig synthesis was determined by the B cells, while the patient T cells functioned normally. Normal T helper and suppressor function was demonstrated even in one patient with CVID who developed a T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with elevated IgM; this patient's B cells made only IgMin vitro. Immune deficiencies were inherited in this family in a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. All the immune-deficient patients in this family possessed at least one copy of an MHC haplotype previously shown to be abnormally frequent in IgA-D and CVID: HLA-DQB1*0201, HLA-DR3, C4B-Sf, C4A-deleted, G11-15, Bf-0.4, C2-a, HSP70-7.5, TNFα-5, HLA-B8, and HLA-A1. The patient who developed the lymphoproliferative disorder was homozygous for this haplotype. Four immunologically normal members, one of whom was 80 years old, also possessed this MHC haplotype, indicating that its presence is not sufficient for disease expression. A small segment of another MHC haplotype associated with Ig deficiency in the population also occurred in this family, but it was not associated with immune deficiency. The presence of neutral amino acids at position 57 of DQβ, previously correlated with IgA-D, was associated with disease in this family approximately to the same degree reported previously in unrelated patients. Thus the expression of immunodeficiency in individuals bearing a disease-associated MHC haplotype appears to require either additional genes or an environmental trigger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00918852
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    Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and glucose transporter gene (GLUT 1 andGLUT 4) polymorphism (1992)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 29 (1992), S. 110-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; Genetics ; Polymorphisms ; GLUT 4 ; GLUT 1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glucose transporter genes have been proposed as candidate genes for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We chose to study the adult skeletal muscle glucose transporter gene (GLUT 4) andGLUT 1 in consideration of previous conflicting results obtained by different authors. We studied 68 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 66 non-diabetic controls matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Women and men were considered separately, according to BMI (≤24.0 and 〉24.0 for women; ≤25.0 and 〉25.0 for men). Allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different in controls and in type 2 diabetic patients. ForGLUT 1 allele 1 and genotype x1x1 were more frequent, although not significantly (P=0.064 at χ2,P=0.025 at Fisher exact test) in overweight/obese diabetic women than in overweight/obese non-diabetic women. These data do not support the hypothesis that these genes play a major role in genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus, but suggest a possible association, at least in women, of allele 1 ofGLUT 1 with obese type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572554
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal function in primary hypertension (1992)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 29 (1992), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Erythrocyte ; Genetics ; Renal function ; Sodium transport systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Studies of kidney cross-transplantation in the Milan hypertensive strain of rats (MHS) and in its control strain (MNS) have demonstrated that the kidney has a causal role in the development of hypertension in this animal model. The same result was obtained in two other strains of rats with genetic hypertension. Patients receiving a kidney from a donor with hypertensive parents require more antihypertensive therapy than recipients of a kidney from a donor with a normotensive family. When MHS rats and a subset of patients with primary hypertension were compared with their appropriate controls, similar changes in kidney function and Na−K−Cl cotransport were observed. Offspring of hypertensive parents exhibit altered kidney function compared with their controls. Na−K−Cl co-transport in MHS rats is genetically determined and genetically associated with hypertension. In MHS rats the increase in Na−K−Cl co-transport seems to be linked to a cytoskeletal protein, adducin. In conclusion, a consistent sequence of events from a protein abnormality to cell and renal dysfunction may be proposed as being responsible for hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573483
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    The expression of salt tolerance from Triticum tauschii in hexaploid wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 714-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Salinity ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Accessions of Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (D genome donor to hexaploid wheat) vary in salt tolerance and in the rate that Na+ accumulates in leaves. The aim of this study was to determine whether these differences in salt tolerance and leaf Na+ concentration would be expressed in hexaploid wheat. Synthetic hexaploids were produced from five T. tauschii accessions varying in salt tolerance and two salt-sensitive T. turgidum cultivars. The degree of salt tolerance of the hexaploids was evaluated as the grain yield per plant in 150 mol m-3 NaCl relative to grain yield in 1 mol m-3 NaCl (control). Sodium concentration in leaf 5 was measured after the leaf was fully expanded. The salt tolerance of the genotypes correlated negatively with the concentration of Na+ in leaf 5. The salt tolerance of the synthetic hexaploids was greater than the tetraploid parents primarily due to the maintenance of kernel weight under saline conditions. Synthetic hexaploids varied in salt tolerance with the source of their D genome which demonstrates that genes for salt tolerance from the diploid are expressed at the hexaploid level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224174
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    Application of cladistics to the analysis of genotype-phenotype relationships (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 8 (1992), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Cladistics ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We seek to understand the relative contribution of allelic variations of a particular gene to the determination of an individual's risk of atherosclerosis or hypertension. Work in progress is focusing on the identification and characterization of mutations in candidate genes that are known to be involved in determining the phenotypic expression of intermediate biochemical and physiological traits that are in the pathway of causation between genetic variation and variation in risk of disease. The statistical strategy described in this paper is designed to aid geneticists and molecular biologists in their search to find the DNA sequences responsible for the genetic component of variation in these traits. With this information we will have a more complete understanding of the nature of the organization of the genetic variation responsible for quantitative variation in risk of disease. It will then be possible to fully evaluate the utility of measured genetic information in predicting the risk of common diseases having a complex multifactorial etiology, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145343
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  • 44
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    Inheritance of the group I rDNA intron in Tetrahymena pigmentosa (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 133-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Group I introns ; intron homing ; rDNA inheritance in Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously argued from phylogenetic sequence data that the group I intron in the rRNA genes of Tetrahymena was acquired by different Tetrahymena species at different times during evolution. We have now approached the question of intron mobility experimentally by crossing intron+ and intron- strains looking for a strong polarity in the inheritance of the intron (intron homing). Based on the genetic analysis we find that the intron in T. pigmentosa is inherited as a neutral character and that intron+ and intron- alleles segregate in a Mendelian fashion with no sign of intron homing. In an analysis of vegetatively growing cells containing intron+ and intron- rDNA, initially in the same macronucleus, we similarly find no evidence of intron homing.During the course of this work, we observed to our surprise that progeny clones from some crosses contained three types of rDNA. One possible explanation is that T. pigmentosa has two rdn loci in contrast to the single locus found in T. thermophila. Some of the progeny clones from the genetic analysis were expanded for several hundred generations, and allelic assortment of the rDNA was demonstrated by subcloning analysis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130207
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  • 45
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    Immunocytochemical analysis of secretion mutants of Tetrahymena using a mucocyst-specific monoclonal antibody (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; mutants ; secretion ; mucocysts ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dense-core granules represent an adaptation of specialized secretory cell to facilitate stimulus-regulated release of stored proteins. Such granules are a prominent feature of mammalian neuroendocrine and exocrine cells and are also well developed in the ciliates. In Tet-rahymena thermophila, the ability to generate mutants in dense-core granule biosynthesis and fusion presents a versatile system for dissecting steps in regulated exocytosis. We have previously shown that defective granules in such mutants could be characterized by several biochemical criteria, including buoyant density, which increases during maturation, and the degree of proteolytic processing of the content precursors. We have now used indirect immunofluorescence, taking advantage of a monoclonal antibody directed against a granule protein, to visualize the morphology and distribution of both granules and putative granule intermediates in mutant and wild-type cells. The results are consistent with the biochemical analysis and extend our characterization of the mutants, allowing us to distinguish four classes. In addition, the assay represents a powerful technique for diagnosis of new mutants. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130209
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    Locus-dependent profiles of the rescue of nonexcitable behavioral mutants during conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 174-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Conjugation rescue ; Tetrahymena ; nonexcitable mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Tetrahymena nonreversal (TNR) mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila are behavioral mutants with nonexcitable membranes. When cells of the tnrB mutant were mated with wild type, a phenotypic change occurred about l h after pair formation. The pairs began to lose their heterotypic character in stimulation solution containing high potassium and, within 1 1/2h, they were not distinguishable from the wild-type homotypic pairs. On the contrary, although pairs of the tnrA and wild type also lost their heterotypic character about 1 1/2 h after pair formation, they never showed a full response as wild-type homotypic pairs. When tnrA was mated with tnrB more than 50% of pairs expressed a heterotypic pair character 2 h after pair formation, consistent with the tnrB defect having been rescued but not the tnrA defect. Thus, conjugation rescue of the mutant phenotype is locus dependent and probably reflects the nature of the gene products controlling voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130212
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  • 47
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    Lithium-Induced respecification of pattern in Paramecium (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 194-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cellular morphogenesis ; polyphos-photidylinositide cycle ; myo-inositol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The long-known teratogenic effects (dorsalisation) of lithium on amphibian embryos has recently raised renewed interest. As it is known that lithium blocks the polyphosphoinositide (PI) cycle, causing a depressed level of myo-inositol, and as injections of myo-inostiol have been shown to rescue the effects of Li+, it was postulated that Li+ causes a flattening of gradients of PI cycle activity underlying the developmental polarities. We have studied the effect of Li+ on the morphogenesis of the unicellular organism, Paramecium. We show (1) that exposure to 25 mM Li+ during division yields precise distorsions of the cortical pattern that can be explained by a uniformisation of surface growth i.e. partial suppression of the right/left and antero/posterior asymmetries and (2) that Li+ effects are rescued by injection of myo- inositol. These results suggest that spatially graded activity of the PI cycle (ensuring in turn a spatially graded distribution of secondary messengers directly involved in the morphogenetic processes) appeared early in evolution. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130304
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    The influence of fission line expression on the number and positioning of oral primordia in the cdaA1 mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; partial cytokinesis ; Positioning ; cdaA1 mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During cytokinesis, furrowing creates new boundaries for daughter cells. Following a shift to a restrictive temperature, cells of the temperature-sensitive cell-division-arrest (cdaA1) mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila complete development of the oral apparatus for the prospective posterior daughter cell before becoming arrested in cytokinesis. When maintained under weak restrictive conditions (35°C), some of the chains were arrested prior to the start of fission line formation (D-shaped chains), whereas others manifested rudimentary unilateral furrowing on the ventral side (B-shaped chains). In their second cell cycle following the temperature shift, the D-shaped chains usually formed only one oral primordium, at a position highly correlated with the length of the entire chain. The B-shaped chains always produced two separate oral primordia, located at irregular positions anterior and posterior to the division furrow, often close to the posterior oral apparatus produced during the first cycle. These results suggest that the formation of the fission line sets a reference boundary to assess the number of oral primordia and influence their position, that appear during subsequent morphogenetic episodes. They also indicate that, during cell division cycles, pre-existing oral apparatuses do not strongly inhibit the formation of new oral apparatuses in their close vicinity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130307
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  • 49
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    Nuclear functions in postconjugational development of Paramecium caudatum: Ability to form food vacuoles analyzed by nuclear elimination and implantation (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Micronucleus ; macronucleus ; conjugation ; oral apparatus ; nuclear transplantation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum loses the ability to form food vacuoles at the crescent stage of the micronucleus from 5 to 6 hr after the initiation of conjugation and regains it immediately after the third division of the zygotic nucleus. To assess the micronuclear function in the development of the oral apparatus after coniugation, prezygotic micronuclei was removed from cells at various stages of conjugation, and their ability to form food vacuoles were examined. (1) When all of the prezygotic micronuclear derivatives were eliminated before the stage of formation of the zygotic nucleus, the exconjugant did not regain its ability. (2) When a zygotic nucleus or postzygotic nuclei were removed, in some cases the cell formed as many food vacuoles as did nonoperated cells after conjugation, while in other operated cells the number of food vacuoles was subnormal. (3) When a micronucleus from a cell at vegetative phase (G1) was transplanted into a cell of an amicronucleate mating pair at the stage between 8 and 9 hr after the initiation of conjugation, the implanted cell regained the ability to form food vacuoles. However, no cell regained the ability when the implantation was carried out within 1 hr after the separation of the mates. The results show that the micronucleus plays an indispensable role in the development of the oral apparatus at the stages of exchange of gametic nuclei and fertilization and that the micronucleus transplanted from asexual cells can fulfill this function. On the other hand, removal of the macronucleus from exconjugants showed that the maternal macronucleus also has an indispensable function in regaining the ability to form food Vacuoles. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130308
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  • 50
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    Isolation of the Lembadion-factor, A morphogenetically active signal, that induces Euplotes cells to change from their ovoid form into a larger lateral winged morph (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Lembadion-factor ; cell-transformation ; Euplotes octocarinatus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A morphogenetically active substance released by the predatory ciliate Lem-badion bullinum is recognized by ciliates of the genus Euplotes, which are potential prey organisms of Lembadion. The substance (L-factor) induces cells of the genus Euplotes to become less compact, which reduces their likelihood of becoming engulfed. Under the influence of this Lembadion- derived signal, E. octocarinatus develops extended wings and dorsal and ventral ridges and transforms within a few hours from its typical ovoid morph into an enlarged circular morph. This takes place without cell division. We have isolated the L-factor and report that it is a protein with a mass of 31,500 Da. The factor has been purified to chromatographic and electrophoretic homogeneity and was found to be active at concentrations as low as 10-12 mol/L. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130311
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    Directed positioning of nuclei in living Paramecium tetraurelia: Use of the laser optical force trap for developmental biology (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Micronuclei ; laser tweezers ; micro-manipulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have constructed a laser optical force trap (“laser tweezers”) by coupling an Nd:YAG laser to an optical microscope with a high numerical aperture objective. The laser beam (approximately 0.1 W power) is focused to a diffraction-limited spot at the specimen plane of the objective: the wavelength chosen (1,064 nm) is not strongly absorbed by most biological materials and is thus not ablative. Because the intensity of the laser beam increases towards the center of the focal spot, small particles brought near the spot will be attracted to the center and held there. Movement of the laser beam will tend to move any trapped particles with it. The laser tweezers can permit precise, nondestructive repositioning of small structures inside a living cell, without recourse to micromanipulators. Initial work has involved the use of laser tweezers on cells of Paramecium tet-raurelia held by a rotocompressor. We have been able to trap and reposition small organelles, especially the highly refractile structures known as crystals. Using a trapped crystal as a “tool”, we have been able to push micronuclei and other structures for many micrometers to virtually any desired location in a cell. In spite of extended exposure of specific structures and of individual cells to the laser beam, no damage has been detectible. Exposed cells, which were removed from the rotocompres-sor and cultured, showed complete viabilty. The laser tweezers technique shows tremendous potential for applications to the study of many fundamental cellular and developmental phenomena in paramecia and other ciliates. For example, we intend to use this technique to investigate temporal and spatial characteristics of nuclear determining regions during sexual reorganization in Paramecium. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130310
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    Generation of Minute phenotypes by a transformed antisense ribosomal protein gene (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 256-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Minute mutations ; oogenesis ; Drosophila ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Antisense RNAs have been used for gene interference experiments in many cell types and organisms. However, relatively few experiments have been conducted with antisense genes integrated into the germ line. In Drosophila reduced ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene function has been hypothesized to result in a Minute phenotype. In this report we examine the effects of antisense r-protein 49 expression, a gene known to correspond to a Minute mutation An antisense rp49 gene driven by a strong and inducible promoter was transformed into the Drosophila germ line. Induction of this gene led to the development of flies with weak Minute phenotypes and to the transient arrest of oogenesis. Parameters that may affect the success of antisense gene inactivation are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130403
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    Spatial regulation in the expression of structural and regulatory storage-protein genes in Zea mays endosperm (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 264-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; endosperm development ; in situ hybridization ; zein spatial expression ; highlysine mutants ; Opaque-2 transcript localization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Endosperm development in maize seed involves the multiplication, enlargement, and differentiation of cells with consequent accumulation of storage products. The storage protein genes, encoding zeins, and glutelins (multigene families) are expressed and developmentally regulated by different loci. Wild-type lines and genotypes carrying mutations at loci affecting zein synthesis (o2, o7, fl2, and prol) were characterized at the molecular level and investigated by Northern analysis in order to define the expression of structural and regulatory genes. In situ hybridization in both wild-type and mutant lines was performed to visualize the spatial distribution of transcripts representing each gene family, during endosperm development. The zein and glutelin mRNAs are expressed in all endosperm cells, except for the aleurone layer. However, each mRNA type accumulates at a different level in the various endosperm regions, thus allowing to recognize specific territories of expression for each storage protein mRNA within the tissue. The spatial expression patterns appear early for each gene type and are maintained during the course of endosperm development. Also, the quantitative distribution of the same transcripts in endosperm of mutant lines is specific for each mutant and different from that of the wild-type. Furthermore, the amount of the O2 transcript, present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of wild-type cells, varies substantially in the different o2 mutations considered, in one mutant almost exclusively confined within the nucleus. These data suggest a specific control of the spatial expression of storage protein genes and a heterogeneous molecular composition of protein bodies throughout the endosperm tissue. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130404
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    Sequential up-regulation of thyroid hormone β receptor, ornithine transcarbamylase, and carbamyl phosphate synthetase mRNAs in the liver of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles during spontaneous and thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 289-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Thyroid hormone ; carbamyl phosphate synthetase ; Rana catesbeiana ; metamorphosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During both spontaneous and thyroid hormone (TH)-induced metamorphosis, the Rana catesbeiana tadpole undergoes postembryonic developmental changes in its liver which are necessary for its transition from an ammonotelic larva to a ureotelic adult. Although this transition ultimately results from marked increases in the activities and/or de novo synthesis of the urea cycle enzymes, the precise molecular means by which TH exerts this tissue-specific response are presently unknown. Recent reports, using RNA from whole Xenopus laevis tadpole homogenates and indirect means of measuring TH receptor (TR) mRNAs, suggest a correlation between the up-regulation of TRβ-mRNAs and the general morphological changes occurring during amphibian metamorphosis. To assess whether or not this same relationship exists in a TH-responsive tissue, such as liver, we isolated and characterized a cDNA clone containing the complete nucleotide sequence for a R. catesbeiana urea cycle enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), as well as a genomic clone containing a portion of the hormone-binding domain of a R. catesbeiana TRβ gene. Through use of these homologous sequences and a heterologous cDNA fragment encoding rat carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), we directly determined the relative levels of the TRβ, OTC, and CPS mRNAs in liver from spontaneous and TH-induced tadpoles. Our results establish that TH affects an up-regulation of mRNAs for its own receptor prior to up-regulating CPS and OTC mRNAs. Moreover, results with cultured tadpole liver demonstrate that TH, in the absence of any other hormonal influence, can affect an up-regulation of both the TRβ and OTC mRNAs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130406
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    Molecular phylogeny of ciliates: What does it tell us about the evolution of the cytoskeleton and of developmental strategies? (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: rRNA ; litostomes ; hypotrichs ; hetero-trichs ; karyorelictids ; postciliodesmatophora ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An rRNA phylogeny of 22 species of ciliates belonging to seven of Small and Lynn's eight classes has been obtained by distance and parsimony methods. It displays good congruence with classical systematics at low taxonomic levels and several major surprises at higher levels: (1) The species analyzed group into five major branches, four of which emerge almost simultaneously: hypotrichs, oligohymenophorans, lito-stomes, and nassophoreans corresponding to four of Small and Lynn's classes. The simultaneous emergence of these groups contradicts the long accepted view that litostomes (a group with “simple”, symmetrical, apical oral apparatus) are “primitive,” while hypotrichs are “highly evolved.” (2) Heterotrichs group with a karyorelictid, together forming the first emerging branch. While this supports the view that karyorelictids may be early-emerging ciliates, it completely explodes the traditional “spirotrichs” taxon, which united heterotrichs and hypotrichs. Instead, this reinforces the concept of Postciliodesmatophora and suggests that asymmetric oral apparatuses (i.e., with distinct paroral and adoral ciliatures) may be primitive in ciliates. The global topology of the tree therefore does not fit with the classical views of ciliate evolution, from “simple” oral apparatus and stomatogenesis to “complex” ones. Instead, a rather striking agreement with the strategy adopted to construct the cortical framework was disclosed. We noted that the cytoskeletal elements used to strengthen the cell surface could be subdivided into four main types: epiplasm, filaments, continuous microtu-bules, or basal body derived fibers. These four types fitted quite well with the major evolutionary lines disclosed by the molecular phylogeny. We therefore discuss unorthodox hypotheses assuming an early explosive radiation of ciliates into a small number of major lineages differing essentially in the solution adopted to subtend the cell surface and anchor the infraciliature. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130312
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    Broad-Complex function during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 277-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Broad-Complex ; gypsy ; eggshell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Broad-Complex (BR-C) appears to encode factors that mediate ecdysone effects during the larva-adult transition. The main goal of this study was to gain insight into what roles the BR-C might play during oogenesis. The main findings are as follows. First, as determined by heteroallele studies and clonal analysis, de12 is a somatic line mutation that appears to fall into the broad domain of the BR-C. Second, the de12 mutation is associated with the insertion of the gypsy transposon at position 169.5 (Chao and Guild, Embo J, 1986, 5:143-150) in the BR-C domain. In its new context this gypsy element exhibits ovarianspecific activation. Both this gypsy activation and the de12 phenotype are partially suppressible by su(f) and su(Hw). Third, we have identified a set of transcripts that cross-hybridize with BR-C sequence spanning the gypsy insertion site (166-179). There are significant differences in these cross-hybridizing species, both in size and relative abundance, between de12 and its parent strain. Finally we have determined that in de12 there is a premature arrest of chorion gene amplification in the late stages of oogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130405
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    Early gene interaction during prepupal expression of Drosophila arginine kinase (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 302-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Arginine kinase ; developmental regulation ; Drosophila ; ecdysone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Arginine kinase displays a distinctive rise and fall in specific activity and specific protein levels during the prepupal stage of Drosophila development with maximal activity occurring at morphological stage P3. This developmentally regulated peak is under the influence of ecdysone. Altered doses of the major ecdysone-inducible “early” genes at cytological regions 75B and 2B5 alter this pattern of expression while altered doses of another major “early” gene at 74EF have no effect. We hypothesize that a product of the 2B5 locus and a product of the 75B locus interact to effect this developmental pattern of expression of Drosophila arginine kinase. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130407
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    Masthead (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130501
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    The genetic program for preimplantation development (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 319-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mammalianembryos ; compaction ; cavitation ; blastocoel expansion ; gene transcription ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This review summarizes information on accumulation profiles of individual gene transcripts in preimplantation development. Most of the information is from the mouse, but some data from other species are reviewed as well. The principal finding is that the transcription of most genes is not temporally linked with any of the three morphogenetic transitions (compaction, cavitation, and blastocoel expansion) that characterize this period. Most genes that are expressed during pre-implantation development of the mouse are already being transcribed in the 4-cell stage, and some clearly begin as early as the 2-cell stage. Once activated, a gene continues to be transcribed at least into the blastocyst stage, resulting in continuous mRNA accumulation. Thus the pattern of gene transcription established at the time of genomic activation in the 2-cell stage is perpetuated into the blastocyst, with a few additions along the way. This information is interpreted in light of previous findings concerning the sensitivity of morphogenetic transitions to inhibition of gene expression. The lack of a clear relationship between the timing of expression of most genes and the schedule of morphogenesis leads one to conclude that temporal regulation is imposed downstream of transcription and translation. This conclusion is substantiated by a consideration of factors controlling the events of compaction. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130502
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    Sequence and expression of IMP-L1, an ecdysone-inducible gene expressed during Drosophila imaginal disc morphogenesis (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 331-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; imaginal disc ; epithelial morphogenesis ; ecdysone ; steroid hormone secondary response ; pupariation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Drosophila imaginal discs are induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxy-ecdysone to initiate morphogenesis leading to formation of the adult appendages and thoracic epidermis at the end of the third larval instar. Ecdysone-dependent transcriptional activation of a set of genes that encode imaginal disc transcripts found on membrane-bound polysomes precedes and may be responsible for some aspects of the cellular changes that mediate epithelial morpho-genesis in this system. A 1.35 kb transcript from one of these genes, IMP-L1, is first observed in vivo at or just prior to pupariation, as ecdysone titers are peaking and beginning to decline. Expression is initiated in proximal areas of the antennal disc, later spreading to a more widespread but nonuniform distribution throughout other thoracic imaginal discs. IMP-L1 is not, however, expressed in other ecdysone target tissues such as salivary glands or fat body. The IMP-L1 gene encodes a novel protein product containing a signal peptide, a possible transmembrane domain, two highly charged domains and a proline rich C-terminal domain. We suggest that the delayed timing of expression of this secondary response gene is necessary for proper ordering of cellular events associated with disc morphogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130504
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    Masthead (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130201
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    Stochastic developmental variation in the ratio of allelic rDNAs among newly differentiated, heterozygous macronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Chromosome fragmentation ; ciliated protozoa ; copy number control ; DNA rearrangement ; gene amplification ; mating type determination ; nuclear dimorphism ; polymerase chain reaction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ciliates possess nuclear dimorphism, i.e., they carry two structurally and functionally differentiated types of nuclei. The micronucleus and macronucleus serve as the germline and somatic nuclei, respectively, of the cell. The macronucleus differentiates from a mitotic sister of the micronucleus once per life cycle. Macronuclear differentiation is accompanied by a developmentally programmed set of DNA rearrangements, including chromosome fragmentation, telomere addition, and amplification. Given the diploidy of the MAC anlage, are both homologous copies of a chromosome processed and amplified equally and simultaneously in an individual differentiating MAC? We have approached this question for the case of the rDNA, exploiting previously identified DNA polymorphisms and the sensitivity of PCR. We determined allelic ratios in individual caryonide cells, i.e., the cells carrying the primary products of MAC differentiation, prior to the first division of the newly differentiated MAC. We observed stochastic variability in allelic ratios among caryonides that start with genetically identical heterozygous MACs. Either rDNA type can be in the majority. Appropriate controls make it unlikely that the ratios observed were significantly affected by variation in the assay itself. The variability may well result from the statistical variation associated with the relative timing of individual biochemical events initiating the processing and/or amplification of a few rDNA precursor molecules, presumably 4-8 at the most, in a MAC anlage. In addition to this stochastic variability, we observed a small but distinct bias in favor of the C3 rDNA. Thus the replication advantage of C3 relative to B rDNA in heterozygous MACs, previously detected during vegetative multiplication, may begin to be expressed during developmental amplification. We discuss the relevance of this stochastic developmental variability to classical genetic observations of Nanney and their collaborators on other T. thermophila loci. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130114
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    Molecular cloning and physical analysis of an 8·2 kb segment of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals five tightly linked genes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 227-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome XI ; mitochondrial protein ; triglyceride lipase ; CTD kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of 6472 base pairs of an 8·2 kb segment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XI has been determined. The sequence contains a cluster of four long open reading frame (ORF) designated YKL2, YKL3, YKL4 and TGL1 in the same orientation, flanked at the 5′-end by a divergent incomplete ORF (YKL1). Transcription and Southern analyssis of the four complete ORFs showed that all are expressed and are present in single copy on the haploid genome. The average codon adaption index of the coding regions is approximately 0·2, suggesting that these genes are lowly expressed. The upstream regions of all four genes as well as the YKL1 ORF contain putative promoter elements previously found to be characteristic of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Significant sequence similarities were found between the YKL3 protein and Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S2 as well as between the TGL1 protein and triglyceride lipases from rat salivary gland and human gastric tissue. The 3′-end of the 6472 bp nucleotide sequence overlaps with the upstream region of the previously identified CTK1 gene, encoding the largest subunit of CTD kinase (Lee, J. M. and Greenleaf, A. L., 1991, Gene Expression 2, 149-167), thereby increasing the number of genes on the 8·2 kb fragment to at least five. The transcripts of these genes represent approximately 83% of the DNA fragment, making it one of the most highly transcribed regions of the yeast chromosome analysed to date.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080309
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    Efficient secretion in yeast based on fragments from K1 killer preprotoxin (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces crevisiae ; killer yeast ; protein secretion ; heterologous gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The α and β components of the secreted K1 killer toxin of Saccharaomyces cerevisiae are derived from residues 45-147 and 234-316, respectively, of the 316 residue prepotoxin (ppTox). The β N-terminus is produced by Kex2 cleavage after Lys Arg233, when β1a(the mature sequence of β-lactamase)is fused at this site and the fusion is expressed form the PGK promoter in pDT17, a multicopy plasmid, unexpectedly modest levels of βla secretion resulted. Over-expression of Kex2 failed to increase βla secretion while a kex2-null mutation reduced secretion by 98%. βla secretion in a Kex+ strain was not enhanced by inactivation of the a toxin component or by deletion of most of its central hydrophobic segments. However SP-βla, produced by deletion of ppTox residues 35-176, expressed 10-fold higher βla activity and the precursor was not secreted with similar efficiency in a kex - 2 null strain. Fusions of βla to ppTox at Ala34 or Ala46 also led to efficient secretion in both KEX2 and kex - 2-null strains. Since these βla fusions differ only in segments well downstream of the signal peptide and all had similar transcript levels, the efficiency of βla secretion is apparently determined by the efficiency with efficiency with which these fusions are translocated to the Golgi compartment where Kex2 is active. Efficiency is high for the shorter fusions but is 10% or less for the longer fusions; even this fraction is apparently diverted to the vacuole if not cleaved by Kex2. SP-βla was athe most efficient construct tested; secreted βla reacahed 4% of total cell protein, modestly exceeding levels produced by fusion to the MFα1-encoded preproα-factor, suggesting potential for the production of foreign proteins in yeast.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080404
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    A Ser/Thr-rich multicopy suppressor of a cdc24 bud emergence defect (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cell cycle ; bud emergence ; chromosome VII ; recombination frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: MSB2 was identified previously as a multicopy suppressor of a temerature-sensitive mutation in CDC24, a gene required for polarity establishment and bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inferred MSB2 product contains 1306 amino acids, 42% of which are Ser or Thr. Its Ser+Thr-richnes and hydrophobicity profile suggest that Msb2p may be an integral membrane protein containing a long, periplasmic, N-terminal domain and a short, cytoplasmic, C-terminal domain. Cells that lack MSB2 display no obvious mutant phenotypes. MSB2 is located between the centromere and KSS1 on the right arm of chromosome VII. Although physical mapping suggests that MSB2 and LEU1 (on the left arm of chromosome VII) are approximately 40 kb apart, the genetic map distance observed between leul and msb2 :: URA3 marker was only 2.3 cM.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080409
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    N-linked glycosylation of proteinase B precursors of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not require for proper targeting or processing of the enzyme (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 353-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Protease ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein modification ; protein glycosylation ; protein sorting ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Proteinase B precursors are modified by an N-linked carbohydrate side chain at Asn 314. Glycosylation at this position is not required for proper localization, processing, or activation of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080503
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    Identification of RAD 16, a yeast excision repair gene homologous to the recombinational repair gene RAD 54 and to the SNF2 gene involved in transcriptioal activation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 385-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA repair genes ; transcriptional activation ; sequence homology ; zinc fingers ; potential helicases ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The RAD54 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in the recombinational repair of DNA damage. The predicted amino acid sequence of the RAD54 protein shows significant homologies with the yeast SNF2 protein, which is required for the transcriptioal activation of a number of diversely regulated genes. These proteins are 31% identical in a 492-amino acid region that includes presumed nucleotide and Mg2+ binding sites. We noted previously that the SNF2 protein also shares homology with a partial open reading frame (ORF) that was reported with the sequence of an adjacent gene. This ORF also shares homology with the RAD54 protein. To test whether this ORF is involved in transcriptional activation or DNA repair, yeast strains deleted for part of it have been isolated. These strains do not show a Snf-like phenotyp, but they are UV sensitive. This gene has been identified as RAD 16, a gene involved in the excision repair of DNA damage. Analysis of the rad16 deletion mutations indicates that RAD16 encodes a nonessential function and is not absolutely required for excision repair. Outside the region of homology to RAD54 and SNF2, the predicted RAD16 protein contains a novel cysteine-rich motif that may bind zinc and that has been found recently in eleven other proteins, including the yeast RAD18 protein. The homologies between RAD16, RAD54 and SNF2 are also shared by several additional, recently isolated yeast and Drosophila genes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080506
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080601
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    Effect of benzoic acid on metabolic fluxes in yeasts: A continuous-culture study on the regulation of respiration and alcoholic fermentation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 501-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: benzoic acid: Yeasts ; Crabtree effect ; respiration ; fermentation ; mitochondria ; metabolic flux ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Addition of benzoate to the medium reservoir of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 growing at a dilution rate (D) of 0.10 h-1 resulted in a decrease in the biomass yield, and an increase in the specific oxygen uptake rate (qO2) from 2.5 to as high as 19.5 mmol g-1h-1. Above a critical concentration, the presence of benzoate led to alcoholic fermentation and a reduction in (qO2) to 13 mmol g-1h-1. The stimulatory effect of benzoate on respiration was dependent on the dilution rate: at high dilution rates respiration was not enhanced by benzoate. Cells could only gradually adapt to growth in the presence of benzoate: a pulse of benzoate given directly to the culture resulted in wash-out.As the presence of benzoate in cultures growing at low dilution rates resulted in large changes in the catabolic glucose flux, it was of interest of study the effect of benzoate on the residual glucose concentration in the fermenter as well as on the level of some selected enzymes. At D=0.10 h-1, the residual glucose concentration increased proportionally with increasing benzoate concentration. This suggests that modulation of the glucose flux mainly occurs via a change in the entracellular glucose concentration rather than by synthesis of an additional amount of carriers. Also various intracellular enzyme levels were not positively correlated with the rate of respiration. A notable exception was citrate synthase: its level increased with increasing respiration rate.Growth ofS. cerevisiae in ethanol-limited cultures in the presence of benzoate also led to very high qO2 levels of 19-21 mmol g-1h-1. During growth on glucose as well as on ethanol, the presence of benzoate coincided with an increase in the mitochondrial volume up to one quarter of the total cellular volume.Also with the Crabtree-negative yeasts Candida utilis, Kluyveromyces marxianus andHansenula polymorpha, growth in the presence of benzoate resulted in an increase in qO2 and, at high concentrations of benzoate, in aerobic fermentation. In contrast to S.Cerevisiae, the highest qO2 of these yeasts when growing at D = 0.10 h-1 in the presence of benzoate was equal to, or lower than the qO2 attainable at μmax without benzoate. Enzyme activities that were repressed by glucose in S. cerevisiae also declined in K.Marxianus when the glucose flux was increased by the presence of benzoate.The maximal aerobic fermentation rate at D = 0.10 h-1 of the Crabtree-negative yeasts at high benzoate concentrations was considerably lower than for S. cerevisiae. This is probably due to the fact that under aerobic conditions these yeasts are unable to raise the low basal pyruvate decarboxylase level: cultivation without benzoate under oxygen-limited conditions resulted in rates of alcoholic fermentation and levels of pyruvate decarboxylase comparable to those of S. cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080703
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    Corrigendum to: Cloning and sequencing of the yeast Saccharomyces serevisiae SEC1 gene localized on chromosome IV (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 587-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080710
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080801
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    Development of the yeast Pichia pastoris as a model organism for a genetic and molecular analysis of peroxisome assembly (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 613-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia yeast ; protein sorting ; peroxisome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe the isolation of mutants of the yeast Pichia pastoris that are deficient in peroxisome assembly (pas). These mutants of P. pastoris can be identified solely by their inability to grow on methanol and oleic acid, the utilization of which requires peroxisomal enzymes, and are defined by the absence of normal peroxisomes as judged by electron microscopy and biochemical fractionation experiments. These mutants are the result of genetic defects at single loci and represent at least eight different complementation groups. The isolation of pas mutants of P. pastoris by a simple screen for mutants unable to use methanol and oleic acid represents a significantly more efficient method for identification of pas mutants than is possible in other organisms. To exploit this advantage fully we also developed new reagents for the genetic and molecular manipulation of P. pastoris. These include a set of auxotropic strains with an essentialiy wild type genetic background, plasmids that act as Escherichia coli-P. pastoris shuttle vectors, and genomic DNA libraries for isolation of P. pastoris genes by functional complementation of mutants or by nucleic acid hybridization. The availability of numerous pas mutants and the reagents necessary for their molecular analysis should lead to the isolation and characterization of genes involved in peroxisome assembly.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080805
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    Efficient selection of phleomycin-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 667-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Dominant maker ; Phleomycin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The recently dsecribed dominant yeast marker Tn5ble confers phleomycin resistance on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Gatignol, Baron and Tiraby, 1987. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207, 342-348). Incubation in non-selective medium prior to selection is critical, however, for getting phleomycin-resistant transformants. A 6-h incubation period was found to give optimal transformation frequencies, up to 105 transformants/μg plasmid, comparable to selection for uracil prototrophy (Ura+).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080810
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a homolog of human fkbp-13, a membrane-associated fk506/rapamycin binding protein (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Immunosuppressant drugs ; membrane proteins ; S. cerevisiae ; chromosome IV ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: FKB2 encodes a homolog of human FKBP-13, a membrane-associated binding protein for the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKB2 is located on the right arm of chromosome IV and contains an open reading frame of 135 amino acids, of which the first 17 residues comprise a putative hydrophobic leader peptide. Yeast FKBP-13 is homologous to human FKBP-13 (52% amino acid identity) and to FKBP-12, the major cytosolic receptor for FK506. In the alignment of FKBP-13 and FKBP-12 sequences, there are 28 invariant residues. Among these conserved residues are those that comprise the drug binding and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase active site of FKBP-12. The phylogenetic conservation of the FKBP family suggests that the proteins are involved in a basic cellular function.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080812
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    Mutations in phosphofructokinases alter the control characteristics of glycolysis in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pasteur effect ; oxygen ; carbon dioxide ; fermentation ; respiration ; mass spectrometry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ethanol and CO2 production from gluecose by non-proliferating suspensions of aerobicaly-grown, glucose-derepressed wild-type Sacharomyces cerevisiae is inhibited by O2; monitoring by mass spectrometry provides a direct method for measurement of the Pasteur effect.Under aerobic conditons, that part of the CO2 evolved equivalent to the O2 consumed, is produced by respiration: subtraction of this respiratory CO2 from the total gives, CO2 produced by aerobic glycolysis. Pasteur quotients (anaerobic CO2/aerobic glycolytic CO2) were within the range 1.2 to 3.0. The Pasteur effect was not observed in the presence of carbonyl cyanid m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an uncoupler of mitochondrial energy metabolism, or in a ρ cytoplasmic petite mutant. A ‘non-allosteric’ mutant with an altered regulatory subunit of phosphofructokinase showed no Pasteur effect. Strains bearing a nonsense mutation pfk1 in the catalytic subnit of soluble phosphofructokinase (PFKI) also showed no Pasteur effect; the residual fermentative activity of this strain was dependent on PFKII, the particulate phosphofructokinase. A double mutant lacking both PFKI and glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase showed similar characteristics to those of the single pfk1 mutant; this indicates that the hexose monophosphate shunt is not acting to bypass the phosphofructokinase block. A ‘hyper-allosteric’ mutant altered in the regulatory subunit encoded by the gene PFK2 showed characteristics of glucose fermentation and ethanol oxidation very similar to those of wild-type organisms. These results indicate that either of the two phosphofructokinases can cary out glycolysis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080406
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  • 76
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080501
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    Development of a strain of Hansenula polymorpha for the efficient expression of guar α-galactosidase (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; guar α-galactosidase ; continuous cultures ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A strain of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha, A16 has been developed that expresses the guar α-galactosidase gene to 22.4 mg/g dry cell weight in chemostat cultures at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1. This corresponds to more than 13.1% of solube cell protein, of which 56-62% is secreted into the medium. The α-galactosidase gene was flanked by the promoter and terminator sequences of the H. polymorpha mox gene, which can direct expression of the mox gene itself more than 30% of total cell protein under methanol growth. The expression cassette (pUR3510) based on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasmid, YEp13, was integrated into the genome. Such transformants were stable in chemostat cultures and exhibited 100% stability for both α-galactosidase+ and leu+ phenotypes. Chemostat cultures produced higher levels of α-galactosidase with higher specific productive expressed as mg α-galactosidase g-1 h-1 compared to batch cultures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080504
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  • 78
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080901
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  • 79
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080701
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  • 80
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    Factors affecting homologus overexpression of the Sacchromyces cerevisiae Lanosterol 14α-demethylase gene (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 519-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cytochrome P450 14DM ; recombinant DNA ; plasmid copy number ; regulated gene expression ; galactose induction ; mRNA and protein levels ; chemostat cultivation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (14DM) gene was overxpressed in S. cerevisiae using Promoter sequences of the highly expressed S. cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase TDH3 gene. To investigate factors affecting 14DM overproduction, the levels of 14DM-specific specific RNAs, apoprotein, and heme protein, repectively, were determined and the 14DM-specific RNA levels compared with the RNA levels originating from the enodogenous TDH gene(s). The quantitative measurements revealed that the 14DM steady-state RNA levels reached were some three-to five-fold below the theoretically expected values. With a View towards futrher improving expression of the 14DM gene, the specing between the TDH3 promoter and the AUG was adjusted precisely and to rule out possible toxic effects exerted by the 14DM protein, the TDH3 promoter was placed under galactose regulation by introducing an UASG segment. Furthermore, the effects of the gene copy number on 14DM overproduction were investigated. From the analysis of the improved expression constructs five conclusions could be reached: (1) experssion from the native 14DM gene is comparable to the expression driven by the TDH3 promoter-14DM fusion construct on single copy plasmid vectors; (2) expression from the TDH3 promoter-14DM construct on single-copy vectors is nearly as effcient as expression from the corresponding endogenous TDH3 gene; (3) the gene copy number has an effect on the relative expression levels of the TDH3 promoter-14DM constructs; (4) the steady-state amounts of protein produced are very nearly proportional to gene dosage; and (5) protein toxicity does not have a major impact on 14DM production. The maximum yield of 14DM was in the order of 7% of the total yeast protein and the maximum production of functional 14DM heme protein appears to be limited by the availability of heme.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080704
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  • 81
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    SEC6 encodes an 85 kDa soluble protein required for exocytosis in yeast (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 549-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein secretion ; exocytosis ; SEC6 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The SEC6 gene encodes a protein required for an event leading to fusion of post-Golgi vesicles with the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The gene was cloned by complementation of the temperature-sensitive growth defect of a sec6-4 strain. The nucleotide sequence was determined and the longest open reading frame was found to encode an 85 kDa protein of 733 amino acids. The Sec6 protein is predicted to be hydrophilic and is found predominantly in the soluble fraction of a yeast lysate, in a species that sediments with a coefficient of 14S. No extnsive homology was found with known proteins of the database. Gene disruption and marker rescue experiments indicate that SEC6 is a single copy gene essential for growth. Overproduction of Sec6p does not suppress any of the other lateactind sec mutants, yet sec6-4 does display synthetic lethality with sec8-9, suggesting that the two products may fulfill inter-related functions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080706
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    The complete sequence of a 9,543 bp segment on the left arm of chromosome III reveals five open reading frames including glucokinase and the protein disulfide isomerase (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 577-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; chromosome III ; gene disruption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report here the DNA sequence of a 9·5 kb segment of chromosome III. The sequence was determined by subcloning the segment into subfragments generated by appropriate restriction enzymes followed by oligonucleotide-directed sequencing. The segment contains at least five open reading frames, YCL311, YCL312, YCL313, YCL314, YCL315. YCL311 and YCL315 extend in the adjacent fragments, A4H and A6C respectively. YCL312 encodes glucokinase, and YCL313 the protein disulfide isomerase. Disruption of YCL311, 314 and 315 by insertion of a URA3 cassette does not lead to a detectable phenotype, whereas disruption of YCL313 provokes cell lethality.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080709
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  • 83
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    Genetic homology between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its sibling species S. paradoxus and S. bayanus: Electrophoretic karyotypes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 599-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Karyotyping ; Saccharomyces ; biological species ; genetic homology ; cloned genes ; chromosome polymorphism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chromosomal DNAs of many monosporic strains of the biological species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. paradoxus and S. bayanus were analysed using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophgoresis. SSouthern blot hybridization with eight cloned S. cerevisiae genes (ADC1, CUP1, GAL4, LEU2, rDNA, SUC2, TRP1 and URA3) assigned to different chromosomes was used to study homology and chromosomal location of the genes three sibiling species. A comparative study of Ty1, Ty2 and telomere-associated Y' sequences having multiple chromosomal location was also done.Chromosome length polymorphism was found in cultured strains of S. cerevisiae. Wild S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus strains yielded chromosome banding patterns very similar to each other, The karyotype pattern of S. bayanus was readily distinguishable from that of S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus. Southern blot analysis revealed a low degree of homology between the S. cerevisiae genes studied and the corresponding S. paradoxus and S. bayanus genes. The number of chromosomes appears to be 16 in all three species.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080804
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  • 84
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    Yeast biotechnology (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. S561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081417
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  • 85
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 1-20 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081302
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  • 86
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 101-120 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 101-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081307
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  • 87
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 161-180 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 161-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081310
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  • 88
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    Polyamines and cell wall organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1033-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: polyamines ; yeast architecture ; cell wall ; polysaccharides ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 179-5, an ornithine decarboxylase mutant (spe-1), showed several ultrastructural abnormalities when cultivated in the absence of polyamines. Besides the appearance of microvacuole-like spaces in the cytoplasm and of deformed nuclei, the most important alterations seemed to be located in the cell wall, which was thicker and of heterogeneous texture, and in the cell membrane, of irregular contour. These modifications could not be evoked by general stress conditions elicited by lack of nutrients. The relative levels of cell wall polysaccharides were altered in polyamine-deprived organisms, giving an envelope with increased mannan and decreased glucan content; this cell wall was incompletely attacked by the lytic enzyme zymolyase. Polyamine depletion led also to some abnormalities in the budding pattern. The above observations suggest the involvement of polyamines in the correct structure and organization of the yeast cell.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081206
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  • 89
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    Analysis of glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsing glucose to a galactose-limited continuous culture (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1077-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; glucose repression ; continuous culture ; transcriptional regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analysed under defined physiological conditions, at both the molecular and physiological levels, by pulsing glucose to a galactose-limited continuous culture. During this pulse of glucose, the galactose feed was kept constant. Directly after the glucose pulse, carbon dioxide production increased while oxygen consumption remained constant, demonstrating that the surplus of glucose had been consumed by means of fermentation. The direct accumulation of galactose in the medium after the glucose pulse indicated that the consumption of galactose had been stopped instantaneously. Galactose uptake experiments revealed that the galactose transporter was still present but apparently was incapable of galactose uptake, which could be due to inhibition of the galactose transporter by glucose. The total concentration of cAMP increased from 5 nmol g-1 at t = 0 to 25 nmolg-1 at t = 1·5 min. After 2 min the concentration of cAMP gradually decreased again to the normal level. Within 2 min after the addition of glucose, the transcription of the GAL genes and SUC2 was inhibited. In addition, the transcription of the HXK1 gene, encoding hexokinase isoenzyme 1, was also inhibited, which demonstrates that the HXK1 gene is regulated at the transcriptional level comparable with invertase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081210
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  • 90
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    Control of peroxisome proliferation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ADR1, SNF1 (CAT1, CCR1) and SNF4 (CAT3)Dedicated to Profesor Wilhelm Fleischhacker on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: peroxisome ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ADR1 ; SNF1 ; CAT1 ; CCR1 ; SNF4 ; CAT3 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADR1 gene has recently been demonstrated to control transcription of several genes encoding peroxisomal proteins or proteins necessary for peroxisome formation. Therefore, the effect of two other genes (SNF1 (CAT1, CCR1) and SNF4 (CAT3)) known to control derepression of glucose-repressible genes was studied. Levels of transcripts of genes encoding catalase A, fatty acid β-oxidation enzymes and of the PAS1 gene are reduced in snf1 and snf4 mutants of ethanol as well as on oleic acid medium. By immunogold labelling with an antibody directed against peroxisomal thiolase, clusters of peroxisomes were detected in wild-types cells, whereas smaller single peroxisomes were observed in adr1 mutant cells. Results of immunofluorescence experiments are consistent with these observations. No peroxisomes were detected in snf1 and snf4 mutants by immunogold labelling as well as by imunofluorescence.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080407
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  • 91
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    Isolation and sequence analysis of the gene encoding translation elongation factor 3 from Candida albicans (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 337-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; translation factors ; EF-3 ; protein synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The structural gene encoding translation elongation factor 3 (EF-3) has been cloned from a Candida albicans genomic library by hybrization to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae probe containing the Saccharomyces gene, YEF3 (Sandbaken et al., 1990b). The sequences were shown to be functionally homologous to the Saccharamyces gene by three criteria: (1) a Saccharomyces strain transformed with a high copy plasmid containing CaEF3 sequences overprodues the EF-3 peptide two-fold; (2) extracts from this strain exhibit a two-fold increase in the Ef-3 catalysed, ribosome-dependent ATPase activity (Kamath and Chakraburtty, 1988); and (3) the Candida gene complements a Saccharomyces null mutant. The coding region, identified by DNA sequencing, indicates that CaEF3 encodes a 1050 amino acid polypeptide having a potential molecular weight of 116 865 Da. This protein shows 77% overall identity to the Saccharomyces YEF3 gene, with a significantly greater identity (94%) concentrated in the region of the protein thought to contain the catalytic domain of EF-3 (Sandaken et al., 1990a). The upstream non-coding region contains T-rich regions typical of many yeast genes and several potential RAPI/GRFI elements shown to regulate expression of a number of translational genes (Mager, 1988). The data confirm a high degree of conservation for EF-3 among the two organisms.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080502
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  • 92
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    Calendar (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 155-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080210
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  • 93
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    Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of the SNF2 transcrioptional regulator in the DNA sequence of an 8·6 kb region in the LTE1-CYS1 interval on the left arm of chormosome I (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 133-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome I ; sequence ; transcriptional regulators ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The DNA sequence of an 8·6 kb region of the left arm of chromosome I has been determined. This region, between the LTEL and CYS1 loci, is approximately 40 kb from centromere. There are six potential open-reading frames (ORFs), Provisionally nemed YAL001-006 within this fragment of chromosome I. Four of these ORFs can be aligned with Previously indentified FUN transcripts: FUN28 with YAL006, FUN29 with YAL004, FUN30 with YAL001 and FUN31 with YAL002. The YAL001 ORF shows significant homology to the SNF2 transcriptional regulator. A region of the DNA contains an extensive repeat of the bases C-A-T positioned in the 5′ terminus of the YAL004 promoter region.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080208
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  • 94
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    Characterization of mutants of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica defective in acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Glyoxylate pathway ; acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase ; isocitrate lyase ; dominant mutations ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The expression of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes is required for growth of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica on acetate or fatty acids as sole carbon source. Acetyl-coenzyme A, which is produced by acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) from acetate, is needed for induction of this expression. Acetate-non-utilizing mutants of this yeast were investigated in order to identify mutants which express no or strongly reduced activity of this enzyme. Mutations in gene ICL2 exhibited the strongest effects on the activity. In icl2 mutants, lack of ACS activity resulted in a non-induced glyoxylate cycle on acetate; however, induction on fatty acids was not affected. Gene ICL2 was identified as the sstructural gene encoding the monomer of ACS. It is shown that a high level of ACS activity is necessary for full expression of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes. Mutations in gene ICL1, which encodes isocitrate lyase, resulted in overproduction of ACS without any growth on acetate. A new gene (GPR1 = glyoxylate pathway rergulation) was detected in which trans-dominant mutations inhibit expression of ACS and the glyoxylate cycle on acetate as carbon source.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080305
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  • 95
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    Yeast volume 7 issue 9 p. 919 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 239-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080310
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  • 96
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    The peroxisomal import signal of amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is not universal (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Amine oxidase ; peroxisomes ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; targeting signal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is a peroxisomal protein. The signal for routing of the protein into peroxisomes has not been identified yet. Expression of a mutant amine oxidase in H. Polymorpha has revealed that the C-terminal sequence, which possesses an internal SRL tripeptide, is not involved in targeting (Faber et al., unpublished). We have explored heterologous expression of the amine oxidase gene (AMO) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the conservation of peroxisomal targeting pathways between yeasts. Surprisingly, wide-type amine oxidase is not recognized as a peroxisomal protein by S. cerevisiae. The enzyme, which was fully active and acumulated to levels similar to those found in H. polymorpha, stayed entirely in the cytosol. However, fusing a SKL or a SRL sequence to the C-terminus forced the protein at least partially into peroxisomes of the heterologous host. These data suggest that the functional targeting sequence of amine oxidase may differ from the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal S/C/A-K/R/H-L (Gould et al., 1989). Contrary to the established tripeptide motif, the amine oxidase targeting signal appears not to be conserved between the different yeast species.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080402
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  • 97
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    Rag-mutations involved in glucose metabolism in yeast: Isolation and genetic characterization (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 711-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; fermentation ; Rag-mutants ; genetic mapping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Some natural isolates and many laboratory strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis cannot grow on glucose when respiration is inhibited by antimycin A. The ability or inability to grow on glucose in the absence of mitochondrial respiration has been called Rag+ or Rag- phenotype (resistance to antimycin on glucose, respectively). Rag- strains, unable to grow on glucose in the presence of the respiratory drug, behave as if they were defective in fermentation. The Rag phenotype was first found to be determined by variant alleles of either of the two nuclear genes, RAG1 and RAG2, which code for a low-affinity glucose transport protein and for phosphoglucose isomerase, respectively. These findings suggested that the Rag- phenotype can be used to obtain mutations of genes involved in glucose metabolism in K. lactis. We thus looked for other Rag- mutants. Seventy-four mutants were isolated and genetically characterized. All of the mutations were nuclear recessive alleles, defining 11 new complementation groups, which we designate rag3 through rag13.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080904
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Yeast flocculation: Receptor definition by mnn mutants and concanavalin A (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 635-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; floculation ; receptors ; mnn mutants ; coflocuulation ; concanavalin A ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast flocculation involves the binding of surface lectins on flocculent yeasts, to carbohydrate receptors present as constituents of yeast cell walls. Receptors were investigated by coflocculation of flocculent strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both Flo 1 and NewFlo phenotypes, to known mnn mutants which vary in the wall mannan structure. Strong coflocculation was found with mnn1, mnn4, mnn9 and control strains, while very little coflocculation was found with mnn2 and mnn5 strains. In constrast, aggregation of these muatants by concanavalin A, a lectin with similar sugar inhibition to NewFlo phenotype flocculation, showed strong aggregation of mnn1, mnn4, and mnn5 strains and poor aggregation of mnn2 and mnn9 strains.The mmn mutant data suggested that flocculation receptorss were the outer-chain mannan side-branches, two or three mannose residues in length, confirming an earlier theory based on sugar inhibition data. The similarities and differences between flocculation and concanavalin A aggregation are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080807
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of two new codon-specific suppressors in saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 669-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; nonsense suppressors ; tRNA genes ; yeast chromosome V ; yeast chromosome VI ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080811
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    The complete sequence of a 10.8 kb segment distal of SUF2 on the right arm of chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals seven open reading frames including the RVS161, ADP1 and PGK genes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; chromosome III ; RVS161 ; ADP1 ; PGK1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have entirely sequenced a 10,835 bp segment of the right arm from chromosome III contained in the J11D and J11D-K3B GF clones. The segment contains seven open reading frames longer than 100 amino acids. Three of them, RVS161 (Urdaci et al., 1990; Crouzet et al., 1991), ADP1 (Purnelle et al., 1991) and PGK1, (Hitzeman et al., 1982) have been described previously. YCR10C, encodes a putative membrane protein. YCR8W, (encoding a putative protein kinase) and YCR14c extend inside the D10H (Skala et al., 1991) and 62B5-2D clones respectively. Four ARS elements previously reported by Palzkill et al., (1986) are located between RVS161 and YCR10C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080508
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