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  • 1995-1999  (6,124)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974
  • 1905-1909
  • 1998  (6,124)
  • Chemistry  (5,970)
  • Organic Chemistry  (362)
  • breast cancer  (116)
  • Ultrastructure
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  • 1995-1999  (6,124)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974
  • 1905-1909
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological Evaluation of the Effects of Intraarterial Chemotherapy for Advanced Breast Cancer: A Long-term Followup Study with Respect to the Survival Rate (1998)
    Springer
    Surgery today 28 (1998), S. 509-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: Key Words: intraarterial chemotherapy ; breast cancer ; histological response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005950050175
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seroma with Fibrous Capsule Formation Requiring a Surgical Resection After a Modified Radical Mastectomy: Report of a Case (1998)
    Springer
    Surgery today 28 (1998), S. 669-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: Key words: seroma ; breast cancer ; mastectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005950050206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abdominal pain with anorexia in patients with breast carcinoma (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 1243-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; gastrointestinal metastases ; invasive lobular carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Breast cancer is the second commonest primary tumour responsible for gastrointestinal metastases after malignant melanoma. The real incidence of gastrointestinal metastases in breast cancer patients is probably underestimated owing to the non-specific presenting symptoms and death of patients caused by other more obvious metastases. The predominant histological subtype of gastrointestinal metastases of breast cancer is invasive lobular carcinoma and the median interval from diagnosis of primary breast cancer to gastrointestinal metastases is five years. We report two cases of disseminated breast cancer with gastrointestinal involvement with a rather long survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008287007819
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anti-proliferative effect of suramin towards tamoxifen-sensitive and resistant human breast cancer cell lines in relation to expression of receptors for epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I: Growth stimulation in the presence of tamoxifen (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; epidermal growth factor ; insulin-like growth factor-I ; suramin ; transforming growth factor-β
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: A significant proportion of breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen therapy relapse during treatment following acquisition of tamoxifen-resistant or oestrogen-independent phenotypes. The mechanism behind this rapid progression to oestrogen autonomy is at present unclear and further treatment modalities are limited. Suramin represents a novel potential second line therapy. The mechanism of the antineoplastic activity of suramin is not completely understood, although the drug binds to many growth factors including epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factors and can also dissociate growth factors from their receptors. In this study we have related suramin sensitivity to the expression of receptors for epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I in a number of breast cancer cell lines including lines resistant to tamoxifen. Materials and methods: The anti-proliferative effects of suramin were investigated in two oestrogen dependent breast cancer lines (ZR-75-1 and MCF-7), oestrogen independent (ZR-PR-LT) and tamoxifen resistant (ZR-75-9a1) variants of ZR-75-1 and a tamoxifen resistant (LY2) variant of MCF-7. Full dose response curves were constructed and IC50values determined for each cell line. Sensitivity to suramin was correlated with the level of expressio n of receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFR). On observing stimulation of cell proliferation by suramin in the tamoxifen resistant cell lines in the presence of tamoxifen we also investigated the possible role of suramin sequestration of transforming growth factor-β in mediating this effect. Results: All cell lines exhibited a dose- and time-dependent response to suramin treatment. Tamoxifen resistant ZR-75-9a1 cells (day 6 IC5085 µg ml−1) were more resistant to suramin than oestrogen independent ZR-PR-LT cells (day 6 IC5045 µg ml−1), and the parent ZR-75-1 line (day 6 IC5056 µg ml−1). Increased sensitivity to suramin was associated with increased expression of IGFR and decreased expression of EGFR. Tamoxifen resistant LY2 cells were significantly more sensitive to suramin (day 6 IC5070 µg ml−1) than MCF-7 cells (day 6 IC50350 µg ml−1). Both IGFR and EGFR expression by LY2 cells was lower than in the parent line. The antioestrogen-resistant ZR-75-9a1 and LY2 lines grown in the presence of 8 µM tamoxifen were growth stimulated by concentrations of the drug below 100 µg/ml. As growth stimulation observed in the presence of tamoxifen may have been due to suramin sequestration of tamoxifen induced TGF-β1 secretion we also investigated the response of the cells to this peptide in the presence and absence of suramin. All cell lines were growth inhibited by TGF-β1 except ZR-75-9a1 which was unresponsive. Responses to TGF-β1 were modified in the presence of 100 µg suramin ml−1 although TGF-β1 was unable to mimic the ability of tamoxifen to stimulate proliferation in the presence of suramin. Conclusions: These results suggest that for ZR-75-1 cells and variants, increased sensitivity to suramin is associated with an increase in expression of IGFR and a decrease in EGFR numbers. However, tamoxifen resistant LY2 cells, in which both IGFR and EGFR expression is reduced were considerably more sensitive than parental MCF-7 cells suggesting that there is no clear relationship between EGFR and IGFR expression and suramin sensitivity. The unexpected stimulation of cell proliferation of the tamoxifen resistant variants by suramin in the presence of tamoxifen could not be explained by suramin sequestration of transforming growth factor-β and the mechanism of this interaction remains unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008241804078
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dosage of adjuvant G-CSF (filgrastim)-supported FEC polychemotherapy based on equivalent haematological toxicity in high-risk breast cancer patients (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 403-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: adjuvant ; breast cancer ; G-CSF (filgrastim) ; individualized chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Conventional dosages of cytostatics in mg/m2 will cause marked variations in systemic exposure, resulting in over- and under-treatment, at least with respect to side effects. Patients and methods: We are conducting a randomized adjuvant study for breast cancer patients younger than 60 years of age with ≥70% risk of recurrence within five years. The first 89 consecutive patients who have received nine courses q three weeks of individually dose-escalated and G-CSF (filgrastim)-supported FEC (5-fluorouracil (5-FU), epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide) therapy given with ciprofloxacin prophylaxis were included in this analysis. Six different FEC dose levels were used for treatment at equivalent haematological toxicity. Dose modifications were based on white blood cell and platelet counts on days 8, 11/12, 15, and 22. Results: Eighty-three of 89 patients completed all nine courses. The median epirubicin and cyclophosphamide doses were 782 mg/m2 (range 0–994 mg/m2) and 10.330 mg/m2 (range 0–14.460 mg/m2), respectively. Patients treated at the two highest dose levels experienced NCI grade 0 or 1 toxicities in 73% to 92% of the courses. Three patients have developed acute myeloid leukaemia, and two of them have demonstrated abnomalities compatible with topoisomerase II-poison-related karyotypic changes. Conclusions: Tailored adjuvant G-CSF-supported FEC polychemotherapy will make it possible for all patients to be treated at equivalent levels of haematological toxicity with significantly higher doses without a marked increase in other organ toxicities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008252014312
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adding adjuvant CMF chemotherapy to either radiotherapy or tamoxifen: Are all CMFs alike? (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 489-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: adjuvant chemotherapy ; breast cancer ; CMF ; radiotherapy ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first reported effective adjuvant combination regimen for patients withoperable breast cancer comprised oral cyclophosphamide (C) days 1–14with intravenous methotrexate (M) and fluorouracil (F) on days 1 and 8,repeated every 28 days (’classical‘ CMF). These drugs have since beenextensively used with or without endocrine therapies and/or other cytotoxics,as well as with radiation therapy to the chest wall yielding conflictingresults. Although doses and schedules have varied widely, the combination ofthese three drugs has been generically referred to as CMF. Evidence existsthat reducing the dose and/or altering the schedule of CMF (’modified‘ CMF)have compromised its efficacy in metastatic breast cancer. Reduction belowstandard dose of a similar regimen also gave inferior results in the adjuvantsetting. In fact, the recently reported improved outcome of adding radiationtherapy to CMF was only demonstrated in comparisons with a ’modified‘ CMF.Furthermore, trials in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer,which did not demonstrate any significant benefit for the addition of adjuvantCMF to tamoxifen compared with tamoxifen alone, also used ’modified‘ CMF.Therefore, adherence to the ’classical‘ dose and schedule is recommended whenCMF is used in adjuvant therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008236502420
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hematopoietic progenitor cell collection and neoplastic cell contamination in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy plus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or G-CSF alone for mobilization (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 913-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; G-CSF ; mobilization ; stem cells ; transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: We compared hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) collection and neoplastic cell contamination in breast cancer patients given cyclophosphamide (CTX) plus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or G-CSF alone for mobilization. Patients and methods: In 57 stage II–III breast cancer patients, CD34+ cells, colony-forming units-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM), early HPC and breast cancer cells were counted in HPC collections obtained after CTX plus G-CSF (n = 27) or G-CSF-alone mobilization (n = 30). Results: The CD34+ cell collection was about two-fold greater after CTX plus G-CSF mobilization (11.0 ± 7.9 vs. 5.8 ± 3.5 × 106/kg, P 〈 0.001). Similarly, the total number of CFU-GM, CD34+CD38− cells and of week-5 cobblestone area forming cells (CAFC) collected was significantly higher in patients mobilized with CTX plus G-CSF. Breast cancer cells were found in the apheresis products of 22% of patients mobilized with CTX plus G-CSF and in 10% of patients mobilized with G-CSF alone (P = 0.36). Of seven patients who failed G-CSF-alone mobilization and eventually underwent chemotherapy plus G-CSF mobilization, none had cytokeratin-positive cells after G-CSF mobilization, whereas four out of seven had cytokeratin-positive cells after chemotherapy plus G-CSF (P = 0.07 by χ2 test). Conclusion: The CTX plus G-CSF mobilization protocol was associated with a significantly higher HPC collection. However, this benefit was not accompanied by a reduction in the incidence of tumor-contaminated HPC graft.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008226428543
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimal residual disease in autologous hematopoietic harvests from breast cancer patients (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 821-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; high-dose chemotherapy ; minimal residual disease ; stem cell transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The increasing use of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic transplantation for the treatment of solid malignancies has raised concern about the role of tumor cells contaminating the grafts. Minimal residual disease (MRD) in autologous grafts has became a dynamic and intensively studied field in oncology. This review discusses the current status of MRD in breast cancer autografts and presents existing data on detection methodology, clinical relevance, biologic characteristics and purging techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008344708061
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recommendations for medical management of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: The French National Ad Hoc Committee (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 939-950 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: BRCA1 ; BRCA2 ; breast cancer ; guidelines ; ovarian cancer ; preventive care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background and purpose: Almost 10% of breast and ovarian cancers are familial, and the majority are linked to BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations. Despite uncertainty about the management of female gene carriers, consensus guidelines have been established to assist practitioners and consultees in making health care decisions. Methodology: The Ad Hoc Committee was composed of 14 experts appointed by the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research, all of whom attended eleven workshops at which more than 3500 articles were systematically analyzed. Five additional experts critically analysed the first version of the report. Criteria and decision process: On a probability scale of the risk of developing breast or ovarian cancers, two thresholds were defined for use in determining whether an intervention would be worthwhile. The first is the threshold above which an intervention can be envisaged or recommended, and the second is the one below which an intervention can be ruled out; between the two, the decision has to be made on a case-by-case basis. Screening and preventive strategies analyzed: With respect to breast cancer: 1) hormonal interventions; 2) primary prevention (diet, family planning and chemoprevention); 3) screening (breast self-examination, clinician breast examination, tumor markers, imaging); 4) prophylactic mastectomy. With respect to ovarian cancer: 1) hormonal stimulation; 2) screening (clinical screening, ultrasound and tumor markers); 3) prophylactic oophorectomy. Main conclusions: For each strategy the following points were addressed: the information to be given to the consultee, the procedure and the indications. In addition, the committee's opinion about BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation screening is that population-based, or even large-scale, implementation are not justified. Although no scientific evidence is available, the committee feels that specific management is indispensable and advocates the use of defined and evaluated procedures, and participation in clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008389021382
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First-line chemotherapy with paclitaxel by three-hour infusion and carboplatin in advanced breast cancer (final report): A phase II study conducted by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 1031-1034 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; carboplatin ; chemotherapy ; paclitaxel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the activity and toxicity of the combination of paclitaxel given by three-hour infusion, and carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced breast cancer (ABC). Background: Paclitaxel is an active agent in ABC. Furthermore, our group has shown that the combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin is effective in anthracycline-resistant ABC. Patients and methods: From January 1996 until March 1997, 66 women with ABC were treated with paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) by three-hour infusion followed by carboplatin at an AUC of 6 mg × min/ml every three weeks. The median age of the patients was 56 years (range 28–75). A total of 39 patients had received adjuvant chemotherapy and 22 of them were treated with an anthracycline or mitoxantrone-containing regimen. Results: A total of 324 cycles (median: six) were administered, 273 (85%) of them at full dose. The median number of delivered cycles was six. The median delivered dose intensity (DI) of paclitaxel was 55.1 mg/m2/week (range 30.5–69.3) and the relative DI was 0.95 (range 0.5–1.2). Eight patients (12%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5%–22%) achieved complete and 28 (42%, 95% CI: 30%–55%) partial responses. Grade 3–4 toxicities included anemia (5%), granulocytopenia (24%), thrombocytopenia, nausea/vomiting and allergic reaction (3% each), myalgias/arthralgias and neurotoxicity (1,5% each). Febrile neutropenia occurred in eight (12%) patients. Alopecia was universal. After a median follow-up of 17.3 (range 0.07–24.5) months, 48 (72%) patients have demonstrated tumor progression and 24 (36%) have died. Median time to progression was 8.6 (range 0.07–23+) months and median survival 20.4 (range 0.07–24.5+) months. Conclusions: The combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin has moderate activity in ABC and can be easily delivered on an outpatient basis with manageable toxicity. This regimen may be useful especially in patients to whom anthracyclines or cisplatin administration is precluded because of other concomitant diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008466928323
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No evidence of significant activity of the multidrug resistance gene product in primary human breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; MDR1 gene ; multidrug resistance ; P-glycoprotein ; rhodamine 123
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The discovery of the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene product P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been widely seen as an important milestone in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the clinical phenomenon of the emergence of resistant cells. MDR1 expression has been shown for numerous solid tumors and for virtually all hematologic malignancies. Nevertheless, results regarding MDR1/P-gp expression in human breast cancer have been controversial and the results of clinical trials on modulation of P-gp activity have not been encouraging. Patients and methods: MDR1/P-gp expression and the function of the P-gp pump were investigated in 61 tumor samples from patients with primary breast cancers by multiparameter analysis using MDR1-RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry with two MAbs (UIC2 and MRK 16) and the rhodamine 123 (Rh123) efflux assay. The cellular composition of the tumor cell suspension was analyzed by using specific MAbs against the P-gp expressing lymphocyte subsets CD4, CD8 and CD56, as well as against the HER-2/neu gene product, which was used to identify breast carcinoma cells. Results: UIC2 and MRK16 revealed a staining positivity in 72% and 75% of samples, respectively. A positive MDR1-RT-PCR signal was detected in 62% of the samples. Nevertheless, no correlation between immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR could be established. Furthermore, there was no correlation between HER-2/neu expression and MDR1-RT-PCR or P-gp immunohistochemical assays. A contamination by CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes was established in 100% and 84% of tumor cell suspensions, respectively. As assessed by the Rh123 efflux assay CD8+ and the CD4+ lymphocytes exhibited marked P-glycoprotein activity, whereas such activity was not detectable in a single instance for the breast carcinoma cells. In MDR1-RT-PCR positive samples, contamination by CD8 lymphocytes averaged 4.3%, while the contamination of CD8 cells in the MDR1 mRNA-negative samples was only 2.4% (P = 0.007). This signal vanished after elimination of the lymphocyte subpopulations by T-cell rosetting. Conclusions: In primary breast cancer detection of MDR1 gene expression by means of RT-PCR or immunohistochemical assays is not indicative for the MDR phenotype, since there is no evidence of significant activity of the P-gp pump.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008255725515
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reduction in the requirements for mastectomy in a randomized trial of neoadjuvant chemoendocrine therapy in primary breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 1179-1184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; mastectomy ; neoadjuvant ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Backgound: A prospective randomised trial was undertaken to evaluate the role of neoadjuvant chemoendocrine therapy prior to surgery in primary operable breast cancer. Patients and methods: Three hundred nine women (median age 56 years, range 27–70) with primary operable breast cancer confirmed on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology were recruited to this study. They were treated with a combination of mitozantrone and methotrexate (± mitomycin-C) combined with tamoxifen (2MT). Patients received eight cycles of 2MT (four prior to surgery in the neoadjuvant group) and tamoxifen for five years with appropriate surgery and radiotherapy. The two groups were comparable for age, menopausal status, stage and surgical requirements. Results: The clinical response rates to neoadjuvant therapy were as follows: 22% complete response (CR), 29% minimal residual disease (MRD), 33% partial response (PR), 15% no change (NC) and only two patients had clinical evidence of progressive disease. Surgical requirements were reduced from 31 patients (22%) of the adjuvant group having mastectomy to 14 (10%) in the neoadjuvant group (P 〈 0.003). At a median follow-up of 48 months (range 10–70 months) there is no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of local relapse, metastatic relapse or overall survival. Symptomatic and haematologic acute toxicity was low and similar for adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Conclusion: This randomised trial has shown a significant reduction in the surgical requirements for mastectomy, after treatment with neoadjuvant chemoendocrine therapy, with no deterioration in local or distal relapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008400706949
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical course of breast cancer patients with metastases confined to the lungs treated with chemotherapy (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; lungs ; metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the clinical course of patients with a metastatic breast cancer (MBC) confined to the lungs and treated with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide-containing chemotherapy (DC-CT). Patients and methods: Between 1973 and 1985, 1581 patients with MBC were treated with DC-CT at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Data for 88 patients (5.6%) with metastases confined to the lungs were reviewed to correlate various clinical characteristics with response to treatment and survival. Results: The overall response rate was 76% with 33% achieving complete response (CR). The median overall survival time was 22 months (range 1–210). The 10-year survival rate was 9%. The overall response and CR rates were higher for the patients with metastases confined to the lungs (76% and 33%, respectively) than for the remainder of MBC patients (64% and 14%; P 〈 0.01). The 10-year survival rate was also higher (9% versus 3%, P 〈 0.01), but there were no differences in median overall survival rate. Conclusions: This retrospective analysis demonstrated that patients with metastases confined to the lungs treated with DC-CT had a high objective response rate, especially high CR rates, and a median survival comparable to that of our entire population of MBC patients. A small but clinically significant percentage of patients had prolonged survival. Therefore, not all visceral sites are indicators of poor prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008205522875
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New treatments for breast cancer: Breakthroughs for patient care or just steps in the right direction? (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 973-976 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: adjuvant paclitaxel ; breast cancer ; Herceptin™ ; prevention ; Raloxifene ; Tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three areas of clinical research in breast cancer treatment led to news breaking presentations at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meeting, 1998, in Los Angeles. All three subjects represent important advances in cancer medicine. Prevention: Two related drugs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, were found in placebo controlled trials to significantly reduce the incidence of breast cancer for women at increased risk of developing the disease. Patterns of relapse showed that the reduced rate of breast cancer was exclusively observed for tumors expressing estrogen receptors, while the rate of tumors classified as estrogen-receptor negative was similar for the treatment and the control groups. This may indicate that the observed reduction in breast cancer incidence is due to a treatment effect on occult disease rather than its prevention. We certainly have no adequate information on mortality prevention. Adjuvant therapies: Taxol given every three weeks for four courses following an adjuvant treatment with four courses of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) combination was found to be superior to not adding treatment after the four courses of AC in a trial involving 3170 patients. At 22 months of median follow-up, the quoted P-values were P = 0.0077 for disease-free survival and P = 0.039 for overall survival, but these did not cross the prospectively defined interim analysis boundaries for statistical significance at the 0.05 level. The difference was observed early during follow-up, and was exclusively seen in the 40% of patients who had ER-negative primaries and, therefore, did not receive tamoxifen following chemotherapy. One may thus argue that the early difference observed was primarily due to differences in the duration of the treatment regimens in the two groups and the early entry into the trial of patients with particularly aggressive neoplasia (e.g., ER-negative primaries) who would have benefited from a longer duration treatment. Treatment of advanced disease: The use of monoclonal antibodies to c-erb-B2 was found to induce responses in metastatic breast cancer. Patients with tumors expressing c-erb-B2 responded to weekly infusions of this biological agent. It was particularly impressive that the response rate for patients receiving infusion of the monoclonal antibodies together with the cytotoxics was superior to that with chemotherapy alone in a randomized trial. It is important to note that only patients with tumors overexpressing c-erbB-2 (the overall incidence is about 20%) were tested. It must still be demonstrated that the effect of these monoclonal antibodies is indeed confined to cells overexpressing c-erbB-2. Treatment related cardiac toxicity remains a problem, and the effects of treatment in various subsets of patients need to be defined before starting investigations in the adjuvant setting, which is a clear further objective of this specific research. The significant findings from clinical research opened several new questions, which must be answered before allowing them to be employed in routine patient care.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008436810268
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The process of ultrastructural changes from nuclei to apoptotic body (1998)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 433 (1998), S. 443-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Crescent-shaped spaces ; Ultrastructure ; Nivalenol ; Thymus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There have been many reports on the formation of apoptotic bodies, but little is known about the cellular pathological processes and the morphological changes involved. We induced apoptotic cell death by administering nivalenol (NIV), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, and investigated the ultrastructural process of formation of apoptotic bodies. The thymus was examined by electron microscopy 6, 12, and 18 h after administration. Apoptotic cell death was induced in the thymus of NIV-treated mice. The nuclei became invaginated and pinched off to give fragments, and crescent-shaped spaces (CSS) were found around the nuclear envelopes of these cells at quite an early stage. In some of these spaces, myelin figures were observed. We divided the process of formation into four stages and characterized each of them. These are easily recognized in morphological stages and are also useful for clarifying the apoptotic mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280050272
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late-onset progressive spinocerebellar degeneration in Brittany Spaniel dogs (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Brittany Spaniel dog ; Immunocytochemistry ; Purkinje cell ; Spinocerebellar degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight Brittany Spaniel dogs, seven females and one male, between 7 and 14 years old presented with clinical neurological signs of spinocerebellar disease of about 6 months to 4 years duration. Clinically the dogs had a dramatic forward “saluting” movement of the thoracic limbs, hypermetria of the pelvic limbs, cerebellar ataxia and intention tremors. Terminally, dogs crawled in a crouched thoracic posture with neck extension. Lesions were confined to cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The most severe lesion was diffuse Purkinje cell loss with massive neurofilament accumulation in degenerating cells. There was some bilateral neuronal degeneration in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord and in the gracilis and cuneate nuclei. There was bilateral sporadic axonal degeneration in the dorsal columns and lateral and ventromedial areas of the spinal cord. The etiology of this syndrome was not determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050865
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterizations of heterotopic neurons in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 367-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Heterotopic neuron ; Alpha motor neuron ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report concerns a comparative immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric investigation on heterotopic neurons in the white matter of the spinal cords of 19 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 18 age-matched neurologically normal individuals. The study revealed that the heterotopic neurons were scattered in the white matter, often adjacent to gray matter, that they immunoreacted with the antibody to synaptophysin, and that there were synaptic apparatuses on the surface of their somata and their neuronal processes. Bunina bodies and ubiquitin-positive inclusions such as Lewy body-like inclusions and skein-like inclusions, characteristic of anterior horn neurons of ALS, were present in the cytoplasm of the patients’ heterotopic neurons in the anterior or lateral column of the white matter. These findings suggest that heterotopic neurons in the anterior or lateral column have the characteristics of alpha motor neurons. The average number of heterotopic neurons observed in ALS patients was generally less than in normal subjects. This reduction was correlated with the severity of neuronal loss. The heterotopic neurons in ALS were less susceptible to the degenerative process as compared with spinal cord anterior horn cells. We assume that in this disease the heterotopic neurons may be degenerated and their number diminished after or concomitantly with the depletion of anterior horn neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050812
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy: detection of widespread ubiquitinated neuronal and glial intranuclear inclusions in the brain (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 547-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy ; Nuclear inclusion ; Ubiquitin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the brains and spinal cords of seven patients with clinicopathologically and genetically confirmed hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) using an antibody against ubiquitin, and found small, round immunoreactive intranuclear inclusions in both neurons and glial cells in various brain regions. Ubiquitinated neuronal intranuclear inclusions (uNIIs) were consistently found in the striatum, the pontine nuclei, the inferior olivary complex, the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus. Ubiquitinated glial intranuclear inclusions (uGIIs) were found less frequently than uNIIs. Most of the inclusion-bearing nuclei were of an astrocytic nature. Immunostaining with an antibody against DRPLA protein revealed similar immunoreactive neuronal and glial intranuclear inclusions, but in much smaller in numbers compared with uNIIs and uGIIs. Electron microscopy showed that such inclusions were composed of granular and filamentous structures. These findings strongly suggest that, in DRPLA, the occurrence of uNIIs and uGIIs is directly related to the causative gene abnormality (an expanded CAG repeat encoding polyglutamine), that neurons are affected much more widely than previously recognized and that glial cells are also involved in the disease process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050933
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Congenital myopathy with mosaic fibers and interlacing sarcomeres: a new structural myopathy (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 643-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Congenital myopathy ; Muscle fibers ; Ultrastructure ; Myofibrillar disarray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 44-year-old man presenting with dyspnoic attacks was found to be affected with congenital myopathy, rigid spine, restrictive respiratory insufficiency and cardiomyopathy. Muscle biopsy showed type 1 fiber predominance (65.7%) and hypotrophy, and characteristic changes in 43.9% of the type 1 fibers, consisting in alternating pale and dark staining on alkaline ATPase reacted sections in a mosaic pattern. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated bands of myofibrils at right angles or skew to the remaining myofibrils transversing the fibers. Myofibrillar disarray was always associated with loss of the Z-discs and actin filaments, and often with aggregation of mitochondria. The muscle biopsy findings in this patient suggest a new entity of congenital myopathy with clinical features of rigid spine, cardiomyopathy and restrictive respiratory insufficiency, characterized by peculiar abnormalities of ATPase staining in a mosaic pattern and, ultrastructurally, by zones of disorientation of the sarcomeres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050946
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultracytochemistry of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in Leydig cell precursors and vascular endothelial cells of the postnatal rat testis (1998)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 198 (1998), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Adult-type Leydig cells ; Endothelium ; 3β-HSD ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the biosynthesis of steroid hormones 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) is a key enzyme. The present report describes the subcellular localization of the enzyme in the fetal-type Leydig cells, the fibroblast-like precursors of adult-type Leydig cells and in endothelial cells of interstitial capillaries. Histochemical methods for light microscopy and ultracytochemical methods for electron microscopy were used on rat testes of postnatal day 15. 3β-HSD reactivity was located at subcellular levels by means of the ferricyanide method. A specific, distinct localization of reaction product in the form of copper ferrocyanide precipitates was observed on the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum not only in the fetal-type Leydig cells and the fibroblast-like precursors of adult-type Leydig cells, but also focally in the endothelial cells of interstitial blood capillaries. Topographically, the 3β-HSD-positive precursors were most often found in the outer layer of the boundary tissue and surrounding interstitial blood vessels. The capillaries with 3β-HSD-positive endothelial cells were usually located in the vicinity of 3β-HSD-positive Leydig cells. For the first time, 3β-HSD has been located at the subcellular level in precursors of adult-type Leydig cells and focally in capillary endothelial cells associated with them. Due to the close association between 3β-HSD-positive vascular endothelial cells and Leydig cells a paracrine relationship between the two cell types may be involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis by blood-borne luteinizing hormone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050168
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and functional changes in skeletal muscle in anorexia nervosa (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Anorexia nervosa ; Myopathy ; Muscle biopsy ; Ultrastructure ; Protein-energy malnutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protein-energy malnutrition in anorexia nervosa is an under-recognised cause of muscle dysfunction. To characterise the skeletal myopathy that occurs in patients with severe anorexia nervosa, muscle function and structure were comprehensively examined in eight young adult female patients with severe (40%) self-induced weight loss. All of the patients showed impaired muscle function on strength and exercise measurement. The maximum voluntary contraction force for the patient group was significantly less than predicted values. Electromyography revealed myopathy in five of the patients, four of whom also had electro-physiological evidence of neuropathy. However, muscle biopsy specimens consistently showed myopathic changes with severe type 2 fibre atrophy but with no evidence of neuropathic changes. Ultrastructurally, there was separation and segmental loss of myofibrils and most biopsy samples contained abundant glycogen granules; we have previously reported that one of the most consistent biochemical abnormalities in these patients is impaired ischaemic lactate responses to forearm exercise. The result of severe protein-energy malnutrition on the musculo-skeletal system is a metabolic myopathy. Although the patients admitted to a variety of abnormal dieting behaviours, such as over-exercising and self-induced vomiting, no association was found between any of these and quantitative histological changes in the muscle biopsy samples. It is recommended that myopathy in anorexia nervosa be treated by instituting an appropriate refeeding programme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050850
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further observations on the gap-junction-rich cells in the deep muscular plexus of the rat small intestine (1998)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 197 (1998), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Interstitial cells of Cajal ; Ultrastructure ; Gap junction ; Intestine ; Motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Interstitial cells forming many large gap junctions in the region of the deep muscular plexus of the rat small intestine were studied by electron microscopy and by three-dimensional cell models reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections. Two different profiles of cells were observed. Cells of the first profile are characterized by an elongated cell shape and by less electron-dense cytoplasm, containing many mitochondria, well-developed Golgi apparatus and free ribosomes. They mainly connect with smooth muscle cells of the main circular layer. In a three-dimensional cell model, the total area of the gap junctions occupies 1.3% of the cell surface. Cells of the second profile are characterized by the frequent occurrence of slender cytoplasmic processes, higher electron-dense cytoplasm, containing mitochondria, Golgie apparatus and well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous caveolae on the cell membrane. In this cell model, gap junctions occupy 0.8% of the cell surface. The ratio of gap junctions with the same profile of cells to the total gap junction area is 37.7%, which is more than three times greater than the 9.9% in cells of the first profile. These cells were closely associated with nerve terminals. It is likely that these cells with different profiles constitute subtypes with each other and cooperate for regulation of intestinal motility via the transmission of nerve signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050125
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abundant minute myotubes in a patient who later developed centronuclear myopathy (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 547-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Congenital myopathy ; morphometry ; Ultrastructure ; Fetal myogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) is a congenital myopathy which manifests itself as a severe neonatal (also termed myotubular myopathy), early-onset, or adult form. The histological pattern of each is marked by a considerable number of nuclei of muscle fibers being internally placed. Owing to their remote resemblance to myotubes, and their expression of developmentally regulated proteins, most authors now favor the concept that myogenesis is arrested or delayed in this disease. We here present two muscle biopsy specimens of a patient with early-onset CNM, taken at the age of 5 months and 14 years, respectively. The first biopsy sample contained internally placed nuclei in 7% of the muscle fibers, abundant minute myotubes, and hypertrophic muscle fibers. The second biopsy sample showed internally placed nuclei in 40% of the muscle fibers, and hypotrophic fibers. We suggest that the histological findings in early-onset CNM are the result of a complex dynamic process, which includes a delay in maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050836
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and permeability features of microvessels in the olfactory bulbs of SAM mice (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Aging ; Blood-brain barrier ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Senescence-accelerated mouse ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural features of microvessels showing increased permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were examined in the olfactory bulbs of senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), which showed age-related deficits in learning and memory, and senescence-accelerated resistant mice (SAMR1), which did not show the age-related deficits. HRP was visualized with tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) and diaminobenzidine (DAB) for light and electron microscopic examination, respectively. In the olfactory bulbs of 13-month-old SAMP8 mice, the staining reaction with TMB for HRP appeared in the neuropil of central area (granule cell layer and subependymal layer), in the pia mater and in the vascular wall. Some vessels located in the central area showed several changes observed at the ultrastructural level. The cytoplasm of the endothelial cells, especially in the arterioles, was segmentally thickened and contained numerous vesicles and vacuoles, some of which were HRP positive. The endothelial cell surface was occasionally undulated with microvillous protrusions. Membranous inclusions within the basal lamina, suggesting the cellular (presumably pericytal) degeneration, were frequently observed, especially in venules. The collagen deposits were occasionally observed in the subendothelial space of some vessels. Perivascular cells with vacuolated inclusions or lipid-like droplets were present around some vessels in the central area of the olfactory bulbs of aged SAMP8 mice. On the other hand, in the microvessels located in the areas negative for HRP-TMB reaction, except the vessel walls, the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells with smooth luminal surface was flattened and some vesicles located there contained HRP-DAB reaction product. Weak staining reaction with TMB for HRP appeared also in the central area of the olfactory bulbs of 3-month-old SAMP8 mice and 3- and 13-month-old SAMR1 mice. The cytoplasm of the endothelial cells in the olfactory bulbs of these mice was focally thickened and contained some cytoplasmic vesicles. Occasionally, the endothelial cell surface was moderately undulated with few microvillous protrusions. Membranous inclusions within the basal lamina were not observed in these animals. These findings indicate that the endothelial cells and pericytes in some vessels located in the central area of the olfactory bulb of aged SAMP8 mice, which show staining reaction with TMB for HRP, are ultrastructurally changed, suggesting their altered functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050893
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: implications for extracellular lipid processing (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 290 (1998), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Barrier function ; pH ; Stratum corneum ; Lamellar body ; Lipid content ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis requires the postsecretory processing of polar lipid precursors into nonpolar lipid products within the stratum corneum (SC) interstices by a family of lipid hydrolases. A specific requirement for β-glucocerebrosidase (β-GlcCer’ase), which exhibits a distinct acidic pH optimum, is particularly well documented. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the recovery of the barrier after acute insults requires acidification of the SC. We examined permeability barrier recovery by assessing changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), SC membrane ultrastructure utilizing ruthenium tetroxide (RuO 4 ) postfixation, and β-GlcCer’ase activity by in situ zymography at an acidic vs neutral pH. Barrier recovery proceeded normally when acetone-treated skin was exposed to solutions buffered to an acidic pH. In contrast, the initiation of barrier recovery was slowed when treated skin was exposed to neutral or alkaline pH, regardless of buffer composition. In addition, enhancement of the alkaline buffer-induced delay in barrier recovery occurred with Ca 2+ and K + inclusion in the buffer. Moreover, the pH-dependent alteration in barrier recovery appeared to occur through a mechanism that was independent of Ca 2+ - or K + -controlled lamellar body secretion, since both the formation and secretion of lamellar bodies proceeded comparably at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4. In contrast, exposure to pH 7.4 (but not pH 5.5) resulted in both the persistence of immature, extracellular lamellar membrane structures, and a marked decrease in the in situ activity of β-GlcCer’ase. These results suggest first that an acidic extracellular pH is necessary for the initiation of barrier recovery, and second that the delay in barrier recovery is a consequence of inhibition of postsecretory lipid processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004030050293
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of starch in surimi gels (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 206 (1998), S. 38-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Starch ; Gels ; Kamaboko ; Surimi ; Gelatinization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this work was to study the changes undergone by starch during heat-induced surimi gel preparation either with or without added egg white, and their effects on the structure of gels using light and scanning electron microscopy. Gels were made from SA-grade Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) surimi with: (1) salt (3%, w/w); (2) salt and waxy corn starch (3% and 5%, respectively w/w); or (3) salt, waxy corn starch and egg white (3%, 5% and 5%, respectively, w/w). Final moisture was adjusted to 73% or 83%. The gels were prepared by prior setting (40°C, 30 min, followed by 90°C, 30 min) or cooking (90°C, 30 min). The prepared gel was frozen and stored at –20°C (±1°C) until analysis. Samples were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the starch granules alter according to the processing conditions, with the predominance of crystalline or amorphous morphology depending upon the availability of heat and water. Large cavities formed in the protein gel matrix during setting can trap water; as a result, water availability is limited for starch to swell and gelatinize even in the high-moisture gel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050210
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primäres Plattenepithelkarzinom der weiblichen Brustdrüse (1998)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 19 (1998), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Metaplastische Brustdrüsenkarzinome ; Plattenepithelmetaplasie ; Plattenepithelkarzinom ; Immunhistologie ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Zytophotometrie ; Key words Pure squamous cell carcinoma ; Mammary gland ; Squamous metaplasia ; Immunohistology ; Cytophotometry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Squamous metaplasia can be demonstrated in about 4% of all invasive carcinomas of the breast. Primary squamous cell carcinomas of the breast are rare, since they occur in less than 1% of all primary invasive breast carcinomas. In order to classify a breast tumor as a primary squamous cell carcinoma one must exclude an epidermal origin, especially from the nipple region and the possibility of metastatic infiltration of the breast by a squamous cell carcnoma from a different location. Causative and formal pathogenesis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is not clear. A pluripotent embryonal stem cell origin is discussed, considering the phylogenetic descent of the mammary gland from skin appendages. Squamous metaplasia is also suggested to be a precursor of squamous cell carcinoma. Here endocrine stimulation and chronic inflammation may both play an inductive role. The number of published cases of squamous cell carcinomas developing years and decades after implantation of silicon prostheses has increased in recent years. These tumors probably develop on top of squamous metaplasia induced by the inflammatory pseudocapsule. Estimating the prognosis and therapeutic management in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the breast should follow the same guidelines as for other squamous cell cancers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Plattenepithelmetaplasien werden bei etwa 4% aller invasiven Brustdrüsenkarzinome beschrieben. Reine Plattenepithelkarzinome der weiblichen Brustdrüse sind mit einem Anteil von wahrscheinlich unter 1% an allen invasiven epithelialen Tumoren der Mamma selten. Von einem primären Plattenepithelkarzinom der Brustdrüse darf nur gesprochen werden, wenn zum einen der Ursprung von der Epidermis, insbesondere auch im Bereich des Mamillentrichters ausgeschlossen ist und zum anderen keine metastatische Infiltration in die Brustdrüse durch ein Plattenepithelkarzinom anderer Organlokalisation vorliegt. Die kausale und formale Pathogenese der primären Plattenepithelkarzinome der Brustdrüse ist unklar. Zum einen wird ein Ursprung von pluripotenten embryonalen Stammzellen diskutiert, wobei bedacht wird, daß die Brustdrüse entwicklungsgeschichtlich ein Hautanhangsgebilde darstellt. Zum anderen werden Plattenepithelmetaplasien als Vorstufe der Plattenepithelkarzinome diskutiert, wobei neben einer endokrinen Induktion auch länger bestehende Entzündungsreize eine Rolle spielen sollen. In den letzten Jahren wird immer häufiger darüber berichtet, daß oft Jahrzehnte nach Implantation von Silikonprothesen periprothetische Plattenepithelkarzinome entstehen, die wahrscheinlich über die Stufe einer Plattenepithelmetaplasie der entzündlichen Prothesenpseudokapsel entstehen. Die Abschätzung der Prognose und therapeutische Maßnahmen bei primären Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Brustdrüse sollten an den Erfahrungen mit Plattenepithelkarzinomen anderer Organlokalisation ausgerichtet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050300
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and molecular study of plastid inheritance in Abies alba and some Abies hybrids (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 284-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050155
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in the initiation of the zygotic and parthenogenetic pathway in the Salmon lines of wheat: ultrastructural studies (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Egg cell ; Parthenogenesis ; Synergid ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat ; Zygote
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of the egg apparatus of the sexual (aestivum)-Salmon line (aS) and the isogenic but alloplasmic (kotschyi)-Salmon line (kS) of the Salmon system of wheat was studied by transmission electron microscopy 3 days before and during anthesis. Additionally, the zygotic stage of aS, 17 h after pollination, was included. Metabolic activity of egg cells from the sexual line aS was low 3 days before anthesis and increased dramatically after pollination and fertilization. This timing of increased activity was evident because of changes occurring in the egg cell nucleus and nucleolus, polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and the completion of the cell wall around the zygote. In contrast to the sexual line, the egg cell of the parthenogenetic line showed high activity 3 days before anthesis. The metabolic and ultrastructural characters observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the kS line 3 days before and during anthesis corresponded with those of the isogenic sexual line aS during anthesis and 17 h after pollination, respectively. High metabolic activity observed in the persistent synergid of kS may be connected with the occurrence of additional embryos in seeds (twins) of this line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050129
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic affiliation and ultrastructure of uncultured magnetic bacteria with unusually large magnetosomes (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 169 (1998), S. 136-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic bacteria ; Biomineralization ; Magnetite ; 16S rRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural enrichments of magnetic bacteria from the Itaipu lagoon near Rio de Janeiro were dominated by coccoid-to-ovoid morphotypes that produced unusually large magnetosomes. To determine the phylogenetic position of these unusual microorganisms, 16S rRNA genes were retrieved from bacteria magnetically separated from sediment of the Itaipu lagoon by in vitro amplification and cloning of PCR products into a plasmid vector. Partial sequencing of the obtained clones revealed two clusters of closely related sequences affiliated to a distinct lineage consisting exclusively of magnetic bacteria within the α-subclass of Proteobacteria. For a detailed phylogenetic analysis, several almost complete sequences of the 16S rRNA genes were determined. One representative clone of each cluster provided a PCR template for the in vitro transcription of group-specific polynucleotide probes complementary to a variable region of the 16S rRNA molecule. At least three different morphotypes of magnetic bacteria were reliably identified by post-embedding hybridization of ultra-thin sections. Electron microscopic analyses of hybridized cells enabled for the first time a detailed description of the morphological variety and ultrastructure of phylogenetically identified, uncultured magnetic bacteria. Two distinct coccoid bacteria were identified by the transcript probe complementary to the 16S rRNA sequence mabrj12, whereas the probe complementary to the sequence mabrj58 allowed the identification of an ovoid morphotype that displayed magnetosomes with the largest volumes observed to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050553
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The changing landscape of breast cancer clinical research (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; clinical research ; molecular biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical research for breast cancer is moving in three new directions following: 1) a critical analysis of three decades of randomized clinical trials for early disease; 2) increasing awareness of this lethal disease among women, generating women's associations which are pressing for improved breast cancer education, screening and treatment; 3) an exponential growth in our understanding of breast cancer molecular biology, leading to a number of innovative therapies with new targets in the cancer cell or its environment. It is the remarkable work of the Oxford Group which has finally vindicated the use of our three main weapons against breast cancer micro-metastases, namely tamoxifen, chemotherapy and ovarian ablation. There is now consensus that clinical research in the adjuvant setting may gain speed and efficiency through intergroup collaboration. Such an 'Intergroup' has been recently created in Europe and will collaborate with the American–Canadian Intergroup. Women's associations have only recently stepped forward to demand better care, and more effective therapies: they are becoming new partners in identifying critical issues in breast cancer research. Medical oncologists involved in breast cancer research are facing a new challenge: the optimal integration of traditional breast cancer therapies, namely endocrine treatments and chemotherapy, and entirely new strategies targeting signal transduction, apoptosis or angiogenesis. In view of the above, there is no doubt that we are entering a new and exciting era in breast cancer clinical research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008257824361
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Staging of breast cancer: What standards should be used in research and clinical practice? (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 9 (1998), S. 1173-1177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: bone scan ; breast cancer ; chest radiography ; liver ultrasonography ; risk groups ; staging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Bone scan (BS), chest X-rays (CXR), liver ultrasonography (LUS) and laboratory parameters (LP) are frequently used as routine staging procedures for breast cancer patients. These procedures are not always appropriate in either clinical or research settings, regardless of the stage. The aim of this study was to identify groups of patients with differing risks for metastases in order to select more precise standard staging procedures. Patients and methods: The staging data relating to 406 breast cancer patients consecutively referred to our institution between November 1989 and October 1996 were analysed including pathological TNN grading and biological parameters. All of the cases with a positive or suspicious pre-operatory staging and who proved to have metastatic disease before surgery or during the first six months of follow-up were considered true- positive; all of the other cases with a positive or suspicious initial staging but with no evidence of distant metastasis before surgery and with a disease-free survival longer then six months were considered false-positive. In the same way all cases with negative initial staging who relapsed during the first six months of follow-up were considered false-negative and those with negative initial staging and with a disease-free survival longer then six months were considered true-negative. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: BS, CXR and LUS, 388, 399 and 398 examinations respectively, were considered available, and 17 (4.38%), six (1.5%) and four (1%), respectively, proved to be true-positive. A statistically significant difference was observed when our cases were grouped according to T status (T4 vs. T1–T2–T3, P 〈 0.01) and nodal status (N0–N1 cases with less than three involved nodes and N1 with more than three positive lymph nodes N2 patients, P 〈 0.01). Conclusions: The present study suggests that breast cancer patients can be divided into three subgroups with different detection rates for distant metastases at staging (0.59%, 2.94% and 15.53%), and that the standard practice should be changed. In the first (T1N0 and T1N1 patients with ≤3 positive lymph nodes – 41.13% of the patients) and the second group (T2N0, T2N1 with ≤3 positive lymph nodes, T3N0 and T3N1 patients with ≤3 positive lymph nodes – 33.49% of the patients) there is no need for a complete set of staging procedures, whereas full procedural staging is needed in the third group of patients (T4, N1 with 〉3 lymph nodes and N2, 25.37% of the patients).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008483806113
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing of dietary fat exposure and mammary tumorigenesis: Role of estrogen receptor and protein kinase C activity (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 188 (1998), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen ; dietary fat ; polyunsaturated fatty acid ; estradiol ; pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible association between a high fat diet and increased breast cancer risk has remained controversial. This largely reflects the conflicting data obtained from migrant, case control and animal studies, which generally support this association, and cohort studies which often fail to show a link between fat and breast cancer. The mammary gland is particularly sensitive to estrogens during the fetal development, leading us to hypothesize that dietary fat levels during this period may significantly influence breast cancer risk. Using chemically-induced mammary tumors in rats as our experimental model, we have demonstrated the ability of a maternal diet, high in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid, to alter mammary gland differentiation, accelerate the onset of sexual maturation, and increase breast cancer risk. The mammary glands of female rats exposed to a highfat diet in utero have more of the undifferentiated structures (terminal end buds) and fewer of the differentiated structures (alveolar buds) than the glands of rats exposed to a low-fat diet in utero. Furthermore, these mammary glands contain lower levels of total estrogen receptors and have reduced total protein kinase C activity. These effects appear to be mediated by an increase in tne serum estradiol levels of pregnancy, which are elevated at least 30% in pregnant dams fed a high fat diet. Furthermore, the administration of estradiol to pregnant dams produce effects on mammary gland development, onset of puberty and sensitivity to chemical carcinogenesis comparable to those seen in the offspring of rats fed a high fat diet during pregnancy. Our results, thus, support the hypothesis based on epidemiological data that high maternal estrogen levels increase daughters' breast cancer risk. The results also suggest that a high-fat diet may be an important factor in increasing pregnancy estrogenic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006827229431
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    The salubrious effect of tamaxifen on serum marker enzymes, glycoproteins, and lysosomal enzymes level in breast cancer women (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 185 (1998), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: tamoxifen ; breast cancer ; marker enzymes ; glycoproteins ; lysosomal enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tumour markers correlate strongly with prognosis based on tumour burden and surgical resectability. If chemotherapy is extremely effective in certain stage of the disease, the sensitive marker may be of great use in monitoring disease response and drug treatment. Hence, this study was launched to evaluate the changes in tumour marker enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glumate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase in before and after 3 and 6 months tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients. In addition, the changes in serum glycoproteins viz., hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid and lysosomal enzymes such as N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and beta-D-glucuronidase were analysed in these patients. These values were compared with their age matched healthy control subjects. At 6 months evaluation, the tamoxifen treated postmenopausal breast cancer women showed a statistically significant decreased (p 〈 0.001, 0.05 respectively) levels of LDH, SGOT, SGPT, alkaline and acid phosphatases than their baseline values. Similarly, the levels of hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and beta-D-glucuronidase were decreased significantly (p 〈 0.001 ) in tamoxifen received postmenopausal women. The result of this study suggested that tamoxifen potentially retard the metastasis of breast cancer as well as the bone demineralisation in postmenopausal breast cancer women. Thus, tamoxifen may also have its antitumour activity through its beneficial effects on tumour marker enzymes and serum proteins in breast cancer women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006874005764
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Estrogen activates raf-1 kinase and induces expression of Egr-1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 189 (1998), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: estrogen ; breast cancer ; raf-1 kinase ; early growth response gene-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated whether the raf-1 kinase, a downstream mediator of both receptor tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C signalling, is activated by estrogen (E2) in an estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line. Autophosphorylation of raf-1 kinase was studied after treatment of MCF-7 cells with E2. E2-deprived cells contained low levels of raf-1 kinase activity. Treatment of cells for 1 min with E2 resulted in raf-1 autophosphorylation which was maximal within 5 min. Western blot analysis showed that raf-1 undergoes an electrophoretic mobility shift following E2 treatment. Egr-1 is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor which is expressed in association with raf-1 activation. Untreated MCF-7 cells expressed low levels of Egr-1 while E2 treatment resulted in an induction of egr-1 mRNA expression. These kinetics followed closely behind the E2 induction of c-myc mRNA. Egr-1 protein was similarly low in E2-deprived MCF-7 cells and was transiently increased following E2 treatment. Several studies have suggested that kinase activity may play a role in estrogen receptor (ER) activation. While activated v-raf failed to augment ER activation of transcription in transient transfection assays, a dominant negative mutant of raf-1 inhibited E2-induced transcription by 50% primarily as a result of increased baseline levels of E2 independent transcription. The results show that E2 can induce raf-1 kinase activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells associated with the expression of an early growth response gene and modulation of ER signalling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006827015320
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualization of interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse colon by vital staining (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Interstitial cells (Cajal) ; Large intestine ; Fluorescent dyes ; Vital staining ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse (BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are believed to be a major element in generating the spontaneous rhythm of the gastrointestinal tract. A prominent problem in the study of these cells has been the difficulty in observing them in intact tissues. We used the lipophilic dye DiI to stain ICCs in the submucosal-circular muscle border of freshly dissected mouse colon. The placement of small DiI crystals in this area resulted in the labeling of ICC-like cells. Two main morphological cell types, viz., bipolar and multipolar, were noted. Bipolar cells had two primary processes emerging from the poles of an elongated soma. The mean length of these processes was 78.7 μm. These cells constituted 42.3% of the sample (n=105). Multipolar cells (54.3% of total) had a less elongated soma and extended 3–6 main processes whose mean length was 56.3 μm. These processes showed no preferred direction. The length of the primary processes of bipolar cells was 40% greater than that of multipolar cells (P〈0.02). Three cells (2.9%) had only one primary process. The DiI stain could be converted into a stable electron-opaque product. Electron-microscopic observations showed that these cells had the typical appearance of ICCs reported in previous studies. This staining method should be useful for physiological investigations of ICCs in gastrointestinal tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051058
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cutaneous glands of male and female impalas (Aepyceros melampus): seasonal activity changes and secretory mechanisms (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 377-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Cutaneous scent glands ; Apocrine glands ; Myoepithelial cells ; Holocrine glands ; Ultrastructure ; Lectins ; Cytokeratins ; Impala ; Aepyceros melampus (Artiodactyla)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The cutaneous glands of the forehead and the metatarsus were studied by histological and histochemical methods and electron microscopy in adult male and female impalas in various seasons of the year. All glandular areas consist of apocrine and holocrine glands, which, however, occur in different proportions. Our findings in the apocrine gland cells suggest (1) the synthesis and exocytosis of a glycoproteinaceous secretory product stored in secretory granules, (2) typical apocrine secretion of the transformed apical cytoplasm, and (3) transepithelial fluid transport. The Golgi apparatus and apical membrane have binding sites for several lectins (PNA, HPA, RCA I, WGA). Cytokeratins 7, 14 and 19 are expressed at various intracellular localizations, suggesting an active role in the secretory mechanisms. The glands of the male forehead show marked seasonal changes in activity that are correlated with the main phases of the reproductive cycle, with the highest cellular activity occurring during the rut in April/May. The female forehead glands are only moderately developed and do not undergo seasonal changes. The metatarsal glands are of equal size in males and females and show no seasonal changes in activity. This study supports the hypothesis that (1) forehead glands in the male have a signaling role in the rut and (2) the metatarsal glands have a more general, probably social role maintaining and restoring contact between herd members.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051068
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental muscle fiber lesions after repetitive eccentric contractions (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Muscle injury ; Cytoskeleton ; Sarcomere organisation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Rabbit (New Zealand White)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic techniques were used to analyze the extensor digitorum longus muscles of New Zealand White rabbits 1 h, 1 day, 3, 7, and 28 days after repetitive eccentric contractions. Loss of the cytoskeletal protein desmin was the earliest manifestation of injury. Apart from 1 h post-exercise, all desmin-negative fibers stained positively with antibody to plasma fibronectin, indicating loss of cellular integrity accompanying cytoskeletal disruption. Fiber sizes were significantly increased from 1–7 days after exercise. The large (hyaline) fibers found in histological sections after repetitive eccentric contractions resulted from segmental hypercontraction of the fiber. This phenomenon occurred proximally and distally to plasma membrane lesions of the muscle fiber and necrosis and manifested itself as very short sarcomere lengths. Thus, in serial sections, staining characteristics, sizes and shapes of one and the same fiber often varied dramatically. We conclude that the following sequence of events occurs: cytoskeletal disruptions, loss of myofibrillar registry, i.e., Z-disk streaming and A-band disorganization, and loss of cell integrity as manifested by intracellular plasma fibronectin stain, hypercontracted regions, and invasion of cells. When a fiber is disrupted, the remaining intact fibers apparently take up the tension put on the muscle and later fewer fibers are subjected to eccentric contractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051108
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-immunocytochemical localization of P2X1 receptors in the rat cerebellum (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words P2X1 receptor ; Ultrastructure ; Cerebellum ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of the P2X1 subtype of purinoceptors associated with the extracellular activities of ATP was studied in the rat cerebellum at the electron-microscope level. Receptors were labelled with peroxidase-antiperoxidase and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex for immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactivity to P2X1 receptors was localized in subpopulations of synapses between varicosities of parallel fibres of granule cells and dendritic spines of Purkinje cells. Unlabelled varicosities of parallel fibres formed asymmetric synapses with labelled dendritic spines, whereas labelled varicosities of parallel fibres formed asymmetric synapses with unlabelled dendritic spines. P2X1 immunoreactivity was also localized in some astrocyte processes. The functional significance of these findings is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051175
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remodeling of neural, glial, and tracheal cell populations in the developing Manduca wing (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 367-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neurons ; Glia ; Tracheae ; Wing ; Ultrastructure ; Moth ; Manduca sp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This ultrastructural examination of sensory nerves of the Manduca wing has revealed that extensive remodeling occurs among insect sensory neurons and their associated glial cells between pupation and adult emergence. Systematic counts of axons in particular wing nerves throughout adult development have shown that a decrease in axon number per nerve occurs after day 6. The neurons and glial cells that die are believed to be cells present at pupation that have no apparent sensory function but that probably function as guidance scaffolding for neurons and glia that are born after pupation. Despite the loss of several axons from each wing nerve, these nerves continue to grow in diameter during the latter half of adult development as some of the surviving axons increase severalfold in diameter. Each growing wing nerve in turn apparently functions as a scaffold for the proximal to distal growth of adult tracheae. A correspondence exists between adult nerve pathways and adult tracheal pathways, with each trachea maintaining intimate contact with a wing nerve along its entire length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051186
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac in the larva of the Japanese red-bellied newt Cynops pyrrhogaster (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 549-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Endolymphatic sac ; Ultrastructure ; Fluid transport ; Otoconia ; Newt ; Cynops pyrrhogaster (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac (ES) of the late stage larva of the Japanese red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster (stage 57), was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The two endolymphatic sacs are located at the dorsal-medial side of the otic vesicle on the dorsal-lateral side of the midbrain in the cranial cavity. The wall of the sac is composed of a layer of cubical epithelial cells with loose, interposed intercellular spaces. The sac contains a large luminal cavity, in which endolymph and numerous otoconia are present. The epithelial cells of different portions of the sac have a similar structure. These cells contain an abundance of cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes, Golgi complexes, and numerous vesicles. Two types of vesicles are found in the epithelial cells: the “floccular” vesicle and the “granular” vesicle. The floccular vesicles are located in the supra- and lateral-nuclear cytoplasm and contain flocccular material. The granular vesicles have a fine granular substance and are usually situated apposed to the apical cell membrane. The granular vesicles are suggested to be secreted into the lumen, while the floccular vesicles are thought to be absorbed from the lumen and conveyed to the intercellular spaces by the epithelial cells. The apical surfaces of the epithelial cells bear numerous microvilli. Apparently floating cells, which bear long microvilli on the free surfaces, are observed in the lumen of the ES. Based on the fine structure, the function of the endolymphatic sac of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051024
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pleated septate junctions in leech photoreceptors: ultrastructure, arrangement of septa, gate and fence functions (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Septate junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Permeability ; Ions ; Epithelium ; Photoreceptor ; Hirudo medicinalis (Hirudinea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The leech photoreceptor forms a unicellular epithelium: every cell surrounds an extracellular “vacuole” that is connected to the remaining extracellular space via narrow clefts containing pleated septate junctions. We analyzed the complete structural layout of all septa within the junctional complex in elastic brightfield stereo electron micrographs of semithin serial sections from photoreceptors infiltrated with colloidal lanthanum. The septa form tortuous interseptal corridors that are spatially continuous, and open ended basally and apically. Individual septa seem to be impermeable to lanthanum; interseptal corridors form the only diffusional pathway for this ion. The junctions form no diffusion barrier for the electron-dense tracer Ba2+, but they hinder the diffusion of various hydrophilic fluorescent dyes as demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of live cells. Even those dyes that penetrate gap junctions do not diffuse beyond the septate junctions. The aqueous diffusion pathway within the septal corridors is, therefore, less permeable than the gap-junctional pore. Our morphological results combined with published electrophysiological data suggest that the septa themselves are not completely tight for small physiologically relevant ions. We also examined, by CLSM, whether the septate junctions create a permeability barrier for the lateral diffusion of fluorescent lipophilic dyes incorporated into the peripheral membrane domain. AFC16, claimed to remain in the outer membrane leaflet, does not diffuse beyond the junctional region, whereas DiIC16, claimed to flip-flop, does. Thus, pleated septate junctions, like vertebrate tight junctions, contribute to the maintenance of cell polarity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051117
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Internal division of capillaries in rat skeletal muscle in response to chronic vasodilator treatment with α1-antagonist prazosin (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Angiogenesis ; Capillary growth ; Prazosin ; Shear stress ; Skeletal muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chronic vasodilatation represents a stimulus for capillary growth associated with increased luminal shear stress. We have examined the ultrastructure of more than 2000 capillaries to establish whether the sequence of angiogenesis in response to this stimulus is similar to that described during development and under pathological circumstances. Administration of the α1-blocker prazosin to rats for 2 weeks led to a greater capillary length density in extensor hallucis proprius muscles without any change in capillary tortuosity: J v(c,f)=262±54 compared with 350±17 mm–2, control compared with prazosin (P〈0.002). There were obvious signs of endothelial cell (EC) activation after prazosin treatment, including an increased proportion of capillaries with rough endoplasmic reticulum, large cytoplasmic vacuoles, thickened endothelium and an irregular luminal surface. Capillaries from control muscles had a maximum of three ECs in cross section, whereas four ECs were noted in 0.8+0.5% of capillaries after 1 week (n.s.) and 2.5±0.9% after 2 weeks (P〈0.01) of treatment. This could be due to elongation and/or migration of ECs, as cell proliferation has not been described at these time points. There was also an increase in the proportion of capillaries having a narrow, slit-like lumen (1.7±0.8% of controls; 7.1±1.9% at 1 week; 8.8±2.5% at 2 weeks; P〈0.02), some of which were smaller in size (less than 2 μm diameter) than in controls (3–5 μm) and/or “seamless”, i.e. lacking EC junctions. These may represent newly formed vessels. Focal discontinuity of the basement membrane and abluminal EC processes were rarely seen, and capillary growth by abluminal sprouting appeared to be very infrequent (less than 0.001% of profiles). Of more importance was growth starting from the luminal side. Significantly more thin cytoplasmic processes were observed protruding into the lumen of capillaries after 1 week (47.5±6.2%, P〈0.001) and 2 weeks of prazosin (34.2±5.5%, P〈0.05) than in control vessels (16.7±3.9%). Some of these traversed the entire lumen and connected with endothelium of the opposite side, probably involving membrane fusion, resulting in the appearance of a double lumen. Individual capillaries with a complete double lumen were observed after 2 weeks’ prazosin but comparatively rarely, in only four out of six muscles. These findings indicate a pattern of luminal growth which is completely different from intussusceptive growth previously described during development, and from the abluminal capillary sprouting seen under pathological circumstances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051121
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teliospores of smut fungi general aspects of teliospore walls and sporogenesis (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 155-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Spores ; Ultrastructure ; Entorrhiza ; Microbotryum ; Tilletia ; Ustilago
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The concept and nomenclature for the elements of teliospore walls in smut fungi are presented and a survey of teliosporogenesis is given, as seen by light and transmission electron microscopy. Four developmental types are distinguished: the Ustilago, Microbotryum, Tilletia, and Entorrhiza type. In the Ustilago type, sporogenous hyphae are completely segmented into teliospore initials which are embedded in a hyaline matrix formed by gelatinised hyphal walls (found in species ofAnthracoidea, Cintractia, Heterotolyposporium, Kuntzeomyces, Macalpinomyces, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, Testicularia, Tolyposporium junci, Trichocintractia, and species ofUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae). In the Microbotryum type, septate sporogenous hyphae are also completely segmented into teliospore initials, however, they are not surrounded by a hyaline matrix (Microbotryum, Sphacelotheca, Ustilago spp. infecting dicotyledons). A yeast-like budding of teliosporogenic cells is observed for some species ofMicrobotryum, Sphacelotheca, andUstilago infecting dicotyledons. In the Tilletia type, teliospores differentiate locally in the sporogenous hyphae, in an apical or intercalary position, without a hyaline matrix (Conidiosporomyces, Doassinga, Entyloma, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria, Rhamphospora, Tilletia). In all these types, the teliospore initials first develop a hyaline sheath under which the ornamentation, the exosporium, sometimes a middle layer, and the endosporium are successively deposited by the fungal cell. In the Entorrhiza type, the teliospores develop inside vital host cells with the wall of the sporogenous hypha included into the teliospore wall. The fungus develops a middle layer and an electron-transparent endosporium inside the hyphal wall while a layer forming the ornamentation is deposited onto the hyphal wall, probably by vesicles of dictyosomes of the host cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280322
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Megagametophytes of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis) in culture: Multiplication of neck cells and the formation of binucleate cells (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Neck cell proliferation ; Binucleate ; Douglas fir ; Conifers ; Genetic instability ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To study the effect of culturing on megagametophytes of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis), cones were collected at the time of fertilization and the megagametophytes were removed, then placed on medium. We used a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5% lactose and 10% polyethylene glycol 4000. A variety of cell types proliferated including prothallial, neck, and jacket cells. Some of these multiplying cells showed a binucleate condition. The prothallial cells of the apex divided and expanded. The neck cells formed clusters composed of more cells than normally found in situ; though otherwise they showed ultrastructural similarity to neck cells in situ. These neck cells had large numbers of active Golgi complexes, numerous large and small vacuoles, coated vesicles, smooth vesicles, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, and thickened cell walls. These are the first reports of neck cell multiplication and induction of a binucleate state for gymnosperm megagametophyte cells in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280325
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Callose deposition at plasmodesmata (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 201 (1998), S. 30-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell-to-cell communication ; Plasmodesmata ; Ultrastructure ; Wounding ; 2-Deoxy-D-glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transport of ions and metabolites through plasmodesmata has been thought to be controlled at the neck region where the cytoplasmic annulus is constricted and where callose has also been localised. In order to determine the possible structural and functional effects of callose, its deposition was inhibited through incubation of the plant tissue with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DDG) for 1 h prior to fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The inhibition of callose formation was monitored through aniline blue-induced fluorescence of callose. The neck region of the plasmodesmata fromAllium cepa L. roots treated with DDG exhibited a funnel-shaped configuration. This is in contrast to the plasmodesmata from tissue not incubated with DDG, which exhibited constricted necks similar to those previously reported. Both initial dissection and glutaraldehyde fixation induced neck constriction in plasmodesmata, however, dissection of tissue increased the frequency of constrictions. The inhibition of callose formation by chemical means showed that the neck constrictions and raised collars in this area are artefacts due to physical wounding and glutaraldehyde fixation. The external electron-dense material observed when tannic acid is included in the primary fixative appears to be unrelated to the deposition of callose at the neck region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280708
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological, structural, and immunological characterization of leaf and chloroplast development in cotton (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 202 (1998), S. 23-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chloroplast development ; Cotton ; Fluorescence induction kinetics ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many of the studies of chloroplast ontogeny in higher plants have utilized suboptimal conditions of light and growth to assess development. In this study, we utilized structural, immunological, and physiological techniques to examine the development of the chloroplast in fieldgrown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. “MD 51 ne”). Our youngest leaf sample developmentally was completely folded upon itself and about 0.5 cm in length; leaves of this same plastochron were followed for three weeks to the fully expanded leaf. The chloroplasts at the earliest stage monitored had almost all of the lamellae in small, relatively electron-opaque grana, with relatively few thylakoids which were not appressed on at least one surface. During the development of the thylakoids, the membranes increase in complexity, with considerable stroma lamellae development and an increase in the number of thylakoids per granum. Besides the increase in complexity, both the size and numbers of the chloroplast increase during the development of the leaf. Developmental changes in six thylakoid proteins, five stromal proteins, and one peroxisomal protein were monitored by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Even at the earliest stages of development, the plastids are equipped with the proteins required to carry out both light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. Several of the proteins follow three phases of accumulation: a relatively high density at early stages, a linear increase to keep step with chloroplast growth, and a final accumulation in the mature chloroplast. Photosystem-II(PS II)-related proteins are present at their highest densities early in development, with an accumulation of other parts of the photosynthetic apparatus at a latter stage. The early accumulation of PS-II-related proteins correlates with the much lower ratio of chlorophylla tob in the younger leaves and with the changes in fluorescence transients. These data indicate that some of the conclusions on chloroplast development based upon studies of intercalary meristems of monocots or the greening of etiolated plants may not be adequate to explain development of chloroplasts in leaves from apical meristems grown under natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280872
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual pattern of mitosis in the free-living flagellateDimastigella mimosa (Kinetoplastida) (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 201 (1998), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Kinetochore ; Kinetoplastida ; Intranuclear microtubules ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructural organization of the mitotic apparatus ofDimastigella mimosa was studied by computer-aided, serial-section reconstruction. The nuclear envelope remains intact during nuclear division. During mitosis, chromosomes do not condense, whereas intranuclear microtubules are found in close association with six pairs of kinetochores. No discrete microtubule-organizing centers, except kinetochore pairs, could be found within the nucleus. The intranuclear microtubules form six separate bundles oriented at different angles to each other. Each bundle contains up to 8 tightly packed microtubules which push the daughter kinetochores apart. At late anaphase only, midzones of these bundles align along an extended interzonal spindle within the narrow isthmus between segregating progeny nuclei. The nuclear division inD. mimosa can be described as closed intranuclear mitosis with acentric and separate microtubular bundles and weakly condensed chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280716
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Development and characterization of new immortalized human breast cell lines (1998)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 26 (1998), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: breast cancer ; breast cell lines ; drugscreen target ; immortalized cell lines ; serum-free medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract New human breast cell lines were developed from metastatic breast cancer tissues and normal breast tissues. Primary cultures were initiated from cellular outgrowths of explanted tissues or from mechanically isolated cells in two serum-free media. Cell cultures derived from both cancer and normal tissues were immortalized with pRSV-T plasmid to generate permanent breast cell lines that exhibited an epithelial morphology. Cell lines generated in this study were characterized with respect to morphology, growth rate, karyotype, presence of specific genes, and the expression of epithelial and breast markers. The cell lines expressed the epithelial cell markers, cytokeratins 8 and 18, and retained the capacity to produce human milk fat globulin. They also express the BRCA-1, erbB2, and EGF receptor genes and possess the H-ras, K-ras, and p53 genes. Preliminary data showed that one of the new cancer cell lines was highly sensitive to the cytotoxic action of taxol. It is envisioned that the new breast cell lines will be useful as targets for identification of therapeutic agents against breast cancer and as models for carcinogenesis studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007953429252
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Analysis of Two Mammary Carcinoma Cell Lines at the Transcriptional Level as a Model System for Progression of Breast Cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Clinical & experimental metastasis 16 (1998), S. 129-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7276
    Keywords: breast cancer ; differential gene expression ; new mitochondrial transcript ; new receptor ; tumor progression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As a model system for the identification of genes involved in the progression of human breast cancer, differential gene expression in cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-7ADR was investigated. The latter cell line is derived from the former. Cell line MCF-7 is estrogen receptor-positive, vimentin-negative and uninvasive in the Matrigel outgrowth assay and in the nude mouse, while MCF-7ADR is estrogen receptor-negative, hormone-resistant, vimentin-positive, invasive in the Matrigel outgrowth assay and in the nude mouse and resistant to adriamycin due to overexpression of glycoprotein gp170. We have shown that tumor progression in this model system is mediated by transcriptional regulation of mitochondria-related genes, proteases, transmembrane receptors and cell cycle-related gene proteins. Among the genes differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in the cell lines MCF-7 and MCP-7ADR are a new mitochondrial transcript, mitochondrial creatine kinase, matrix metalloproteinase-1, stromelysin-3, urokinase and its receptor, tissue factor, E-cadherin, epidermal growth factor receptor, transmembrane proteins Mat-8 and progression associated protein (PAP), cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase-2 and cell cycle inhibitory proteins p16, p21 and p27.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021941203905
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of tissue-degrading factors and in vitro invasiveness in progression of breast cancer cells (1998)
    Springer
    Clinical & experimental metastasis 16 (1998), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7276
    Keywords: breast cancer ; in vitro invasiveness ; metalloproteinase system ; urokinase system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hormone-independent growth and invasiveness represent phenotypic properties acquired during early progression of breast cancer. We compared human mammary adenocarcinoma cells, MCF-7, which are estrogen-dependent and poorly metastatic, with the estrogen-independent and highly metastatic subline, MCF7/LCC1, with regard to expression of tissue-degrading factors of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-and urokinase (uPA)-dependent degradative pathways, as well as for their in vitro invasive properties. Both cell lines showed low constitutive mRNA expression of the MMP inhibitor TIMP-1. Baseline expression of TIMP-2 mRNA was also very low in MCF-7 cells, whereas the MCF7/LCC1 level was much higher (~10- fold). Furthermore, both cell lines revealed low constitutive capacity to migrate in an in vitro invasion assay. Treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 100 nM) induced the mRNAs for TIMP-1 as well as for MMP-1, MMP-9, the uPA receptor, and the uPA inhibitor PAI-1, am ongst which only the responses of MMP-9 and PAI-1 were cell-specific. The mRNA levels of MMP-9 and PAI-1 were ~10-fold and ~15-fold higher in MCF7/LCC1 cells compared to MCF-7 cells. The secretion of immuno-reactive PAI-1 was considerably elevated (. 20-fold) in TPA-treated MCF7/LCC1 cells, whereas the TPA-dependent level of 92-kDa MMP-9 was only ~2-fold higher in MCF7/LCC1 cells than in MCF-7 cells. In both cell lines treatment with TPA was associated with an increase (~10-fold) in in vitro migration, which in the MCF7/LCC1 cells was significantly attenuated by a reconstituted basement membrane extract (Matrigel). These data suggest that TPA-responsive in vitro invasive properties that are probably associ-ated with PAI-1 expression may co-vary with progression from hormone-dependent to -independent breast cancer. © Rapid Science 1998
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006584624061
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast cancer in Australian women under the age of 40 (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Age of onset ; Australia ; breast cancer ; family history ; height ; oral contraceptives ; parity ; weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: A case-control-family study of breast cancer in women under the age of 40 was carried out in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, from 1992 to 1995 to determine the risk factors for these women. Subjects included 467 incident cases identified by state cancer registries and 408 population-based controls. Methods: All participants completed a structured risk-factor questionnaire and family pedigree during an in-person interview. Where possible, cancers in first- and second-degree relatives were verified. Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the strongest risk factor for breast cancer was a family history of the disease - having at least one affected first-degree relative trebled the risk (relative risk [RR] = 3.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-5.8). Risk increased with height by three percent (standard error [SE] of one percent) per cm, and after adjusting for height, there was evidence for a decreased risk in women weighing 73 kg or more. There was an increased risk of breast cancer after the first full-term birth (RR = 1.8, CI = 1.0-3.5) but this risk fell by 30 percent (SE = 11 percent) with each subsequent livebirth. Conclusions: The effects of other reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use, although not nominally significant, were in accord with published findings from similar studies in young women. This study of Australian women has indicated that some risk factors for breast cancer in women under age 40 differ from those reported for older women either in direction (e.g., weight) or relative importance (e.g., family history).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008886328352
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    Electronic Resource
    Physical activity and breast cancer risk in the College Alumni Health Study (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 433-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Body mass ; breast cancer ; menopause ; physical activity ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: It is unclear whether physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Some studies also suggest different effects between pre- and postmenopausal women, and lean and heavy women. Methods: We followed 1,566 University of Pennsylvania alumnae (mean age, 45.5 years), initially free of breast cancer, from 1962 until 1993. Physical activity at baseline was assessed by asking women about stairs climbed, blocks walked, and sports played. We estimated energy expenditure and categorized women into approximate thirds (〈 500, 500-999, 1,000+ kcal/wk). We identified 109 breast cancer cases during 35,365 person-years from follow-up questionnaires or from death certificates. Results: After adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), the relative risk (RR) of breast cancer was 0.92 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.58-1.45) among women expending 500-999 kcal/wk and 0.73 (CI=0.46-1.14) for those expending 1,000+ kcal/wk, compared with women expending 〈 500 kcal/wk (P trend=0.17). This association was modified by menopausal status, but not BMI. For postmenopausal women, corresponding RRs were 0.95 (CI=0.58-1.57) and 0.49 (CI=0.28-0.86), respectively (P trend=0.015). Increased physical activity in premenopausal women was not significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. Conclusions: These data support an inverse association between physical activity and breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Causes and Control 1998, 9, 433–439
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008827903302
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Cytomorphological characters supporting the taxonomic validity ofCyanothece (Cyanoprokaryota) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 210 (1998), S. 25-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cyanophyta ; Cyanobacteria ; Cyanothece ; Synechococcus ; Cyanobium ; Ultrastructure ; nucleoids ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure of the type species of the genusCyanothece Komárek 1976,C. aeruginosa, is described and compared with the main cytological characteristics of morphologically related members of the generaCyanobium, Cyanobacterium andSynechococcus. Several morphological features, such as cell walls with thick outer layers containing a special type of vesicles, position of thylakoids, “keritomy” (net-like appearance of protoplast caused by arrangement of thylakoids, net-like nucleoids and/or by tendency to form intrathylakoidal spaces) and a special structure of mucilaginous envelopes were found to be characteristic of this genus, supporting its separate position among coccal cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacteria, cyanophytes). The taxonomic significance of ultrastructural features in all mentioned genera is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984725
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teliospores of smut fungi teliospore connections, appendages, and germ pores studied by electron microscopy; phylogenetic discussion of characteristics of teliospores (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 202-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Spore balls ; Germ areas ; Ultrastructure ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Special features of teliospores in smut fungi are described, including teliospore connections, appendages, and germ pores. Balls of teliospores in species of many different genera cohere by remnants of hyphal walls, sheaths, and sometimes interlocking ornamentation. Teliospores are connected in pairs in species ofMycosyrinx andGeminago by special local structures. Appendages can be formed locally by persistent material from the sheath (Cintractia, Anthracoidea, Sphacelotheca), thickened parts of the spore wall (e.g.,Georgefischeria, Jamesdicksonia, Rhamphospora, Tolyposporella), or persistent walls of sporogenous hyphae (Rhamphospora, genera of the Tilletia relationship). Species ofGeorgefischeria, Jamesdicksonia, andTolyposporella have teliospore walls composed of more than three layers of different electron density. “Germ areas” corresponding to thinner parts of the spore wall are known, e.g., for species ofAnthracoidea, Cintractia, andUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae, while distinct germ pores, one per teliospore, are found in some species ofThecaphora, “Tolyposporium”, andSporisorium. Teliospores ofMycosyrinx cissi have a germination ring. Characteristics of teliospores are used to discuss the phylogeny of smut fungi. A phylogenetic tree in accordance with teliospore characteristics is compared to those obtained from ultrastructural characteristics of host-parasite interaction, of septal pores, and from sequence data. Aspects of teliospore development help to define taxa at a high systematic level (Entorrhizales, Ustilaginales, Tilletiales/Entylomatales, Microbotryaceae), while details of ornamentation ontogeny delimit groups of genera (e.g., genera related toUstilago on members of the Poaceae andSporisorium, Cintractia andAnthracoidea, Tilletia) or single genera (e.g.,Melanopsichium, Dermatosorus, Mycosyrinx, Doassinga, Rhamphospora). Types of ornamentation (warty, reticulate), middle layers, teliospore balls, and germ pores evolved repeatedly by convergence. The smut teliospore itself probably evolved independently at least twice, or perhaps three (or more) times, in the Microbotryales, in the Entorrhizales, and in a common ancestor of the remainder of the Ustilaginomycetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280324
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Teliospores of smut fungi teliospore walls and the development of ornamentation studied by electron microscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 170-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Spores ; Ultrastructure ; Microbotryum ; Tilletia ; Tolyposporium ; Ustilago
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The walls of mature teliospores and the development of ornamentation, as seen by transmission electron microscopy, are described for 37 genera of smut fungi, based on observations of ca. 120 species and on literature. Structural diversity of mature teliospore walls is due to differences in spore wall layers forming the spore wall (endosporium, middle layer, exosporium, ornamentation) and to different elements forming the ornamentation (exosporium, ornaments, sheath, hyphal wall, adjacent fungal cells, material of the host). During teliosporogenesis the outer layers are usually deposited first. At the beginning of the formation of the ornamentation the plasma membrane may be smooth or undulated carrying the developing ornaments on its tips or in its depressions. The ornamentation of some genera appears similar when seen by scanning electron microscopy, but can be the product of different developmental patterns (e.g., warts of species ofFarysia, Tilletia, andUstilago), however, warty and reticulate ornamentation can both be produced by similar developmental processes (shown, e.g., for species ofCintractia andTilletia). Typical structures of the mature teliospore wall and developmental patterns based on homologous similarities are described for the following groups of genera or species:Macalpinomyces, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, andUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae;Kuntzeomyces, Testicularia, andTrichocintractia; Anthracoidea, Cintractia, Heterotolyposporium piluliforme, andTolyposporium junci; Glomosporium, Sorosporium, andThecaphora; Conidiosporomyces, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria, andTilletia; Entyloma, and genera of the Doassansia group;Liroa, Microbotryum, Sphacelotheca, Ustilago infecting dicotyledons, andZundeliomyces; Aurantiosporium, Fulvisporium, andUstilentyloma. Special characteristics of the teliospore wall were observed for the generaDermatosorus, Doassinga, Entorrhha, Farysia, Mycosyrinx, Rhamphospora, and some species ofTolyposporium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280323
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Soluble CD44 v5 and v6 in serum of patients with breast cancer. Correlation with expression of CD44 v5 and v6 variants in primary tumors and location of distant metastasis (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; CD44 transmembrane receptor variants ; soluble CD44 v5 and v6 ; CD44 v5 and v6 expression ; metastatic disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary breast cancers were shown to overexpress CD44 v5 and v6 at the plasma membrane. However, the clinical significance of this overexpression remains unclear. Overexpression of CD44 v5 and v6 in primary breast cancers was found to correlate with metastasis and poor prognosis by some investigators, yet this correlation could not be confirmed by others using different antibodies. In this study the influence of metastatic disease, the site of metastasis, and the amount of CD44 v5 and v6 expression in the primary tumor on serum levels of the soluble forms of CD44 v5 and v6 (sCD44 v5 and v6) in breast cancer patients was investigated. Soluble CD44 v5 and v6 serum levels were measured by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay in a group of breast cancer patients who developed metastases in various organs and in another group of patients with single organ metastasis. For control, sCD44 v5 and v6 levels were measured in breast cancer patients who remained free of metastasis and in healthy blood donors. Expression of plasma membrane bound CD44 v5 and v6 in the primary tumors of the patients with metastasis in various organs was correlated to sCD44 v5 and v6 levels in serum. Furthermore the size of sCD44 v6 was analyzed by immunoblot using a monoclonal antibody directed against CD44 v6. When metastases were detected, sCD44 v5 and v6 serum levels were increased as compared to levels measured one month after tumor surgery in patients free of metastases (p = 0.0025 and p = 0.0004). Six of 19 and 6 of 20 patients had sCD44 v5 and v6 serum levels above a cut-off level of 85 and 275 ng/mL, respectively. In these cases expression of CD44 v5 and v6 in the primary cancers was also elevated. Low sCD44 v5 and v6 serum levels were associated with weak expression of CD44 v5 and v6 in the respective primary cancers. As shown by statistical analysis of sCD44 v5 and v6 levels in 57 patients with single organ metastases, elevated sCD44 v6 levels but not sCD44 v5 levels were associated with metastases in liver or bone (p = 0.0025). Immunoblot analysis of soluble CD44 proteins in serum revealed two CD44 v6 specific signals of approximately 120 and 170 kDa. Increased sCD44 v5 and v6 serum levels in patients with breast cancer were influenced by the amount of CD44 v5 and v6 expression in the primary tumor by the site of metastasis. Elevated sCD44 v6 serum levels were preferentially found in patients with metastases in liver or bone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005913514376
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  • 58
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    Electronic Resource
    Establishment and characterization of a new mammary adenocarcinoma cell line derived from MMTV neu transgenic mice (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: mammary adenocarcinoma cell line ; MG 1361 ; MMTV-neu transgenic mice ; breast cancer ; hormone responsiveness ; apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new murine cell line, named MG1361, was established from mammary adenocarcinomas arising in a MMTV-neu transgenic mouse lineage where breast tumors develop in 100% of females, due to the over-expression of the activated rat neu oncogene in the mammary gland. The MG1361 cell line shows an epithelial-like morphology, has a poor plating efficiency, low clonogenic capacity, and a doubling time of 23.8 hours. Karyotype and flow cytometry analysis revealed a hypotetraploid number of chromosomes, whereas cell cycle analysis showed 31.2% of cells to be in the G1 phase, 21.4% in S and 47.4% in G2 + M. This cell line maintains a high level of neu expression in vitro. The MG1361 cell line was tumorigenic when inoculated in immunodeficient (nude) mice and the derived tumors showed the same histological features as the primary tumors from which they were isolated. MG1361 cells were positive for specific ER and PgR binding which was competed by tamoxifen, making this cell line useful for the evaluation of endocrine therapy. Moreover, they were sensitive to etoposide treatment, suggesting that they could be a model for the study of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. As the tumors arising in MMTV-neu transgenic mice have many features in common with human mammary adenocarcinomas (Sacco et al., Gene Therapy 1995; 2: 493–497), this cell line can be utilized to perform basic studies on the role of the neu oncogene in the maintenance of the transformed phenotype, and to test novel protocols of therapeutic strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005988715285
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    The insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer — revisited (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 197-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; insulin-like growth factor system ; IGF-I receptor ; IGF-II receptor ; binding proteins ; prognosis ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 1992, a special issue of Breast Cancer Research and Treatment was devoted to the insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer. In that issue, identification of the key components of the IGF system was reviewed and their potential role in breast cancer growth was described. In this issue, we revisit the IGF system with particular attention to data that further supports their role in the growth regulation of breast cancer. Several new facets of the IGF system are described, and several laboratories have more clearly defined how each individual component of the IGF system may influence breast cancer biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005938615798
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  • 60
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    Electronic Resource
    Changes in hormone receptors and proliferation markers in tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients and the relationship with response (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; tamoxifen ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor ; Ki67 ; S-phase fraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aim: To determine the effects of tamoxifen on the levels of hormone receptors and proliferation markers in the early phase of treatment and the relationship of the changes with tumor response in patients with primary breast cancer. Methods: Twenty-one women with primary, operable breast carcinomas were treated with tamoxifen 20 mg daily. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was used to obtain samples prior to the start and at 14 days and 8-weeks post-treatment. From these samples estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and Ki67 levels were determined using immunocytochemistry and ploidy and S-phase fraction (SPF) using flow cytometry. Tumor response was measured clinically according to UICC criteria. Results: There were 12 responders (2 CR, 10 PR) and 9 non-responders (2 NC, 7 PD). Responders were more likely to be ER + (p=0.002), PgR + (p=0.006), and low SPF (p=0.06). At 14 days post-tamoxifen, the median decrease in Ki67 (% cells staining) for responders was − 4.8 and for non-responders − 0.15 (p=0.005). This decrease was seen predominantly in ER + tumours. The difference in SPF was not significant. A decrease in ER was seen in 3/15 patients all of whom were responders. A rise in PgR was seen in 7/17 patients and all but one were responders. Similar changes for ER and PgR were seen at 8-weeks post-tamoxifen, although the reductions in Ki67 and SPF at that time point were not related to response. Conclusion: We have observed a decrease in Ki67 and ER and a rise in PgR after 14 days of treatment with tamoxifen that was related to subsequent response. This is the first study in which an early decrease in a proliferation marker has been shown to relate to subsequent clinical response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005973529921
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  • 61
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    Electronic Resource
    Prostate-specific antigen induction by a steroid hormone in T47D cells growing in SCID mice (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; LNCaP ; PSA ; SCID mice ; steroid hormones ; T47D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies revealed that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is present in 〉 30% of human breast tumor cytosols. Survival analysis showed that patients with PSA-producing tumors have a reduced risk for relapse, suggesting PSA to be an independent favorable prognostic marker for a large subset of breast cancer patients. The present investigation established an in vivo model for the induction of PSA in human breast cancer tumors growing as xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The human mammary cancer cell-line T47D was grown i.m. in female mice. When the tumor and leg diameter reached 10 mm, the mice were stimulated daily with norgestrel for either 5 or 7 days to produce PSA, and sacrificed on day 8. The prostate cancer cell-line LNCaP was grown in male mice and functioned as a positive control for PSA production. After T47D and LNCaP mice were sacrificed, a highly sensitive immunofluorometric assay was used to analyze the PSA concentration in the tumor, muscle, liver, and kidney cytosols. Norgestrel-stimulated T47D mice showed significantly more PSA in the tumors compared to tumors of the control mice. However, PSA levels in tumors of the stimulated mice were significantly lower than those in the LNCaP xenografts. No PSA levels above background were present in the blood and normal tissue of the norgestrel-stimulated or control T47D xenografts. This mouse model will be a valuable tool for investigating and screening new therapies for a subgroup of breast cancer patients who have significant PSA concentrations in their tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005947024666
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  • 62
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    Electronic Resource
    Tumor oxygenation correlates with molecular growth determinants in breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; oxygen partial pressure ; molecular markers ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hypoxic tumor cells may represent a fraction of cells that are not susceptible to radiation or chemotherapy. Intratumoral oxygen partial pressure (pO2) is the result of oxygen delivery and consumption. Cell proliferation is one factor to effect oxygen consumption and we therefore studied the correlation between tumor pO2 and histological parameters. Patients and methods: In 36 women and one man (age range 29–80 years) with suspected breast cancer. Before tumor resection, intralesional pO2 was determined with a polarographic needle electrode. Under ultrasound control, 200 tumor measurements were obtained; Hb levels, Hk, arterial blood gas parameters, and tissue temperature were determined. The median of pO2 values and the percentage of hypoxic areas (pO2 〈 10 mmHg) were calculated and correlated with the histological type, grading, ER, PR, and the expression of Ki-67, p53, EGFR, pS2, and c-erb-B2. Results: The overall median pO2 was 44 mmHg, and 1024 measurements (13.8%) represented hypoxic areas. Ductal and lobular invasive cancers showed median pO2 of 41 mmHg. The mean pO2 of G1 tumors was 59 mmHg and the hypoxic fraction 8%, in contrast to G2 tumors with 43 mmHg and 17%, and G3 tumors with 36 mmHg and 20.4% (p 〈 0.01). We observed a correlation with tumor size and an increased rate of hypoxic areas in T3–4 lesions (p 〈 0.02). Also tumors with negative nodes or positive ER had significantly higher pO2 values, as did tumors with an overexpression of c-erb-B2, p53, and cathepsin D. Conclusion: Oxygenation of human breast cancers can safely be measured in patients prior to surgical therapy. pO2 values correlate both with prognostic markers examined histologically and with molecular growth factors. As the efficacy of preoperative or adjuvant treatment in individuals may depend on oxygen partial pressure, efforts to manipulate tumor pO2 for therapeutic purpose could be promising.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005921513083
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  • 63
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    Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 as detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization is a recurrent finding in primary and metastatic breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: aneuploidy ; breast cancer ; FISH ; interphase cytogenetics ; metastasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated aneuploidy for several chromosomes by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in a high proportion of breast cancer specimens. In the literature, only limited data are available concerning chromosome 8 anomalies in breast cancer. To determine chromosome 8 ploidy status in primary and metastatic specimens from 81 breast cancer patients, FISH analysis with a DNA probe recognizing chromosome 8 centromeres was performed. In all primary tumor specimens (n=30), significant proportions of cells were aneuploid exhibiting gain of chromosome 8 copy numbers; in 75% of effusion specimens previously classified as malignant by cytology and/or FISH for various chromosomes (n=40), cell populations aneuploid for chromosome 8 were detected; effusions previously classified non-malignant (n=11) were diploid in 10 cases, whereas one specimen contained rare hyperdiploid cells. Among these cells complex chromosomal aneuploidy could be demonstrated by two-color FISH, suggesting malignancy. Trisomic and tetrasomic clones were predominant in the majority of samples, but a marked intratumor cytogenetic heterogeneity was observed in most cases. Primary tumors and corresponding positive axillary lymph nodes revealed similar distributions of chromosome 8 copy numbers, analogous to previous findings with other chromosomes. This implies that, by using suitable FISH probes after examination of the respective primary tumor, an efficient search for (micro)metastasis might be feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005937305102
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  • 64
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    Prevention of development of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in the rat by the new nonsteroidal antiestrogen EM-800 (SCH57050) (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; antiestrogen ; estrogen-sensitive ; bone mineral density ; lipids ; BMD ; cholesterol ; triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of EM-800, a new non-steroidal antiestrogen having pure antiestrogenic activity, was studied on chemical carcinogenesis induced by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as well as on serum lipids and bone mass in the rat. Treatment with EM-800 orally, once daily, for 282 days (9 months), starting 3 days before DMBA administration, decreased the incidence of tumors from 95% in control animals to 60% (p 〈 0.01), 38% (p 〈 0.01), and 28% (p 〈 0.01) at the daily doses of 25 μg, 75 μg, and 250 μg, respectively. The average number of tumors per animal decreased from 4.5 ± 0.5 tumors in the control group to 0.9 ± 0.2 (p 〈 0.01), 0.5 ± 0.2 (p 〈 0.01), and 0.3 ± 0.1 (p 〈 0.01) tumors in the rats treated with the above-indicated doses of the antiestrogen. In addition, treatment with the increasing doses of EM-800 reduced serum cholesterol levels to 64%, 56%, and 48% of control, while serum triglycerides decreased to 31%, 28%, and 30% of control. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of total skeleton, femur, and lumbar spine were not significantly affected following 282 days of treatment with EM-800. However, treatment with EM-800 inhibited the urinary ratio of hydroxyproline to creatinine (HP/Cr) from 14.0 ± 3.90 μmol/mmol in controls to 7.6 ± 0.8 (p 〈 0.05), 6.8 ± 0.8 (p 〈 0.01), and 6.8 ± 1.1 (p 〈 0.01) μmol/mmol, respectively, while the same treatment had no effect on serum total alkaline phosphatase (tALP) activity or urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. The 25 μg, 75 μg, and 250 μg daily doses of EM-800 inhibited uterine weight by 35% (p 〈 0.01), 62% (p 〈 0.01), and 66% (p 〈 0.01), while vaginal weight was reduced by 8% (p 〈 0.05), 30% (p 〈 0.01), and 38% (p 〈 0.01), respectively. In agreement with the 27% increment (p 〈 0.05) in ovarian weight at the highest antiestrogen dose used, serum androstenedione (p 〈 0.05), androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (p 〈 0.01), testosterone (p 〈 0.05), and estradiol (p 〈 0.01) levels were increased. The present data show that EM-800 prevents the development of DMBA-induced mammary tumors while simultaneously inhibiting uterine and vaginal weight, reducing serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and having no adverse effect on bone mass following 9 months of treatment in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005928814521
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  • 65
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    The intracellular histamine antagonist, N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy] ethanamine.HCl, may potentiate doxorubicin in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: Results of a pilot study (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: doxorubicin ; breast cancer ; potentiation ; DPPE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy] ethanamine.HCl (DPPE) is a diphenylmethane analog of tamoxifen that antagonizes the intracellular binding of histamine to growth-regulatory sites, a proportion of which represents P450 enzymes, in microsomes and nuclei. We previously reported increased response rates and decreased myelotoxicity in patients with prostate and other cancers who received an intensive dose/schedule of DPPE plus single-agent chemotherapy. We now report the results of a study of DPPE combined with a standard dose/schedule of doxorubicin in twenty-three patients with metastatic breast cancer, sixteen of whom had received prior non-anthracycline chemotherapy. DPPE (6 mg/kg) was infused intravenously (IV) over 80 minutes. Doxorubicin (60 mg/m2) was administered IV over the last 20 minutes of the DPPE infusion. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks (maximum, 7 cycles). Patients achieving complete response (CR) were followed off treatment until relapse. All patients were evaluable for toxicities and efficacy. Sixteen patients (69%; 95% C.I. = 47–87%) responded (7 CR and 9 PR). Eleven responders, including 6 with CR, had prior chemotherapy. Five responders (2CR, 3PR) had a poor (ECOG 3/4) performance status pre-treatment. Median CR duration was 11 (range 5–18) months. Hematological toxicity was low; GI toxicity (nausea/vomiting/dyspepsia) appeared somewhat higher than historical experience, but responded well to anti-emetics, ranitidine, and/or dexamethasone in most patients; a mean absolute drop in left ventricular ejection fraction of 8% occurred in 17 patients who received ⩾ 300 mg/m2 doxorubicin. The observed response rate in DPPE/doxorubicin-treated patients appeared to be higher than historically reported for doxorubicin alone in this setting, suggesting a chemopotentiating effect of DPPE. A multi-centre trial of this regimen in an additional 32 patients with early metastatic breast cancer has been conducted by the Clinical Trials Group, National Cancer Institute of Canada, and a phase 3 study is planned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005909808529
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  • 66
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    Electronic Resource
    Outcome of treatment for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence in early-stage breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence ; prognosis ; uncontrolled local disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Introduction: The aims of the study were to assess the outcome among patients with early breast cancer operated on with wide local excision who developed a subsequent ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence, and to identify risk factors for uncontrolled local disease. Uncontrolled local disease (ULD) was defined as the appearance of clinically manifest invasive adenocarcinoma in the remaining breast or on the ipsilateral chest wall which could not be eradicated with salvage treatment during the period of follow-up (2–18 years). Patients and methods: Eighty-five patients in a cohort of 759 patients, treated for invasive Stage I–II breast cancer with breast-conserving surgery 1976–1985 in Stockholm, with a subsequent ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) were reviewed retrospectively. The majority of the patients were premenopausal (58%), node negative (72%), and had received postoperative radiotherapy (79%). Median follow-up time following breast-conserving surgery was 13 (9–19) years. Multivariate Cox's hazard regression was used in the statistical analysis to identify prognostic factors for ULD. Results: The majority (n = 61) of the IBTR's were located in the original tumor quadrant and showed the same histopathological features as the primary tumor. Salvage mastectomy (n = 65) or reexcision (n = 14) were performed in 79 (93%) of the patients. Twenty-one patients developed ULD. Five years following the diagnosis of IBTR the disease-free survival was 59%, the cumulative incidence for ULD was 24%, and for death in breast cancer 34%. In the cohort of 759 patients, patients who received radiotherapy following the primary breast-conserving surgery had 1% cumulative incidence of ULD following the diagnosis of IBTR compared to 4% among patients that received no postoperative radiotherapy. The cumulative incidence at 5 years of ULD following salvage mastectomy was 12% compared to 33% after salvage reexcision. Patients operated on with breast-conserving surgery with an original tumor size 〈 15 mm, who were treated with salvage mastectomy for IBTR, had in multivariate analysis the lowest relative risk for ULD. Adjuvant chemotherapy following IBTR treatment did not seem to improve local tumor control. Following the diagnosis of IBTR, 78% (n = 21) of the patients with ULD and/or regional recurrence (n = 27), died of a disseminated breast cancer in contrast to 10% (n = 6) among the remaining 58 patients. Conclusion: Uncontrolled local disease is an important outcome measure following breast-conserving surgery. In this cohort, salvage mastectomy provided a superior local control rate compared to salvage reexcision. A higher although not statistically significant rate of ULD was also seen in patients who had not received postoperative radiotherapy as part of their primary treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005934513072
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    The incidence of microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in fibroadenoma of the breast (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; fibroadenoma ; loss of heterozygosity ; microsatellite instability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A majority of studies have shown an increase in the risk of breast cancer among women previously diagnosed with fibroadenoma (FA). At present there is conflicting evidence whether some of the chromosome abnormalities frequently found in breast carcinoma, such as loss of heterozygosity (LOH), are already present in FAs and other types of benign breast disease and, if present, whether such abnormalities are associated with the observed increase in risk. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is also recognised as a marker of genetic damage and is thought to occur when there has been damage to the cell's mismatch repair (MMR) system. We have analysed 39 cases of FA obtained from paraffin-embedded tissue for the presence of MSI and LOH at 11 loci to determine if these types of genetic alterations occur in FA. The incidence of MSI and LOH found were 4 of 395 (1.0%) and 5 of 271 (1.8%) informative loci tested respectively. Approximately 8% of cases were positive for MSI and 10% were positive for LOH, with one specimen having multiple occurences of both MSI and LOH. We conclude that these forms of genetic alteration do occur in FAs but that the incidence is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005930429002
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  • 68
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    Galectin-3 and L1 retrotransposons in human breast carcinomas (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; galectin-3 ; Line 1 retrotransposon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Galectin-3 is a galactoside binding protein found at elevated levels in a wide variety of neoplastic cells and thought to be involved in cognitive cellular interactions during transformation and metastasis. Previously, we have shown that introduction of human galectin-3 (Mr 31,000) cDNA into the human breast cancer cells BT-549 which are galectin-3 null and non-tumorigenic in nude mice resulted in the establishment of four galectin-3 expressing clones. Three of them acquired tumorigenicity when inoculated in the mammary fat pad of nude mice. Here, we questioned what is the molecular difference between the nude mouse tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic galectin-3 expressing BT-549 cell clones. Differential display analysis and Northern blotting revealed that, unlike the tumorigenic clones, neither the parental cells nor the non-tumorigenic clone expressed a 6.5 Kb transcript. A 607 bp PCR (polymerase chain reaction) product from the differentially displayed mRNA revealed a 93% sequence homology with the human L1 retrotransposon previously suggested to play a role in the pathobiology of some breast cancers. In addition, we show that the two gene products, i.e., galectin-3 and L1, are co-expressed in breast carcinoma specimens and in other nude mouse tumorigenic cell lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005913810250
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  • 69
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    Electronic Resource
    Fractal analysis of mammographic lesions: A prospective, blinded trial (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 245-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; fibroadenoma ; fibrocystic disease ; fractal analysis ; mammography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mammography has become the mainstay of breast cancer screening. However, widespread mammography has led to an increase of the number of breast biopsies done for benign disease. Therefore, a method to better discriminate benign from malignant lesions is needed. Fractal analysis is a mathematical method which can quantify complex shapes. It has been previously shown retrospectively that the composite fractal dimensions, D, of malignant mammographic masses is higher than for benign lesions. A prospective study of 75 patients who were recommended to undergo needle localized breast biopsy by independent radiologists had the composite D calculated. Fractal analysis was done without knowledge of the biopsy results. The mean composite D of malignant lesions was higher than benign lesions, 2.545 ± 0.067 vs. 1.936 ± 0.144 (p=0.00004). Calculation of a receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that a cutoff value of 2.067 had a 100% sensitivity and 63% specificity (i.e., false positive rate of 37%). Mean D for fibroadenomas was 2.087 ± 0.054, fibrocystic disease was 1.877 ± 0.167, DCIS was 2.261 ± 0.069, and invasive cancer was 2.634 ± 0.039 (1-way ANOVA, p=0.00007). These data imply that fractal analysis may be beneficial in discriminating between benign and malignant lesions. However, further study in a larger number of patients with a variety of lesions is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006093309091
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  • 70
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    Fibrotic focus in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast: A significant histopathological prognostic parameter for predicting the long-term survival of the patients (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: infiltrating ductal carcinoma ; breast cancer ; histology ; fibrotic focus ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence of fibratic fows (FF) in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) has been shown to be an important histological factor associated with high tumor aggressiveness, or early tumor recurrence or death. However, the clinicopathological significance of FF for predicting the long-term survival of the patients with IDC has not been fully investigated. In order to elucidate this aspect, we divided 140 IDCs with at least 10 years of follow up into tumors with FF and those without. IDC with FF showed significantly higher histologic grade (P=0.02), higher frequency of tumor necrosis (P=0.02), higher frequency of cases with more than three positive lymph node metastases (P=0.04), higher T classification (P=0.009), and higher pathological stage (P=0.0002) than those without FF. Relative risk (RR) of tumor recurrence and death was significantly higher in tumors with FF than in those without (RR=4.5, P 〈 0.00001 and RR=5.6, P 〈 0.00001, respectively). In cases of early stage cancer (stages I, IIA, and IIB), or in those with less than four lymph node metastases, IDCs with FF demonstrated a significantly higher risk than those without. Multivariate adjustments for other pathological factors did not change the RRs significantly. These results indicate that in long-term follow up the presence of FF is a significant prognostic parameter for IDC, and therefore strongly suggest that IDCs must be divided into those with and without FF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006067513634
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  • 71
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    Predictive value of SRC-1 for tamoxifen response of recurrent breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; SRC-1 ; RT-PCR ; response ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tamoxifen causes an objective response in about one-third of metastatic breast cancer and in only half of the breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors. Steroid-receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) appears to be a general coactivator for steroid receptors and rate limiting factor necessary for efficient ER transactivation. We aimed to evaluate whether SRC-1 expression is an additional factor for prediction of response to first-line tamoxifen therapy in patients who developed recurrent disease. Here for the first time, we report on SRC-1 expression using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR in 21 primary breast tumors, seven mammary tumor cell-lines, 12 fibroblast cultures, and six normal breast tissues. The highest levels of SRC-1 were observed in normal tissues, intermediate levels in tumor tissues, and the lowest levels in breast tumor cell-lines. There was no relationship between the levels of SRC-1 in these primary tumors and the proportion of tumor cells within the surgical samples, nor with ER status. The median SRC-1 level was, however, lower in tumors from patients that did not respond to tamoxifen. Our findings suggest that high levels of SRC-1 indicate a favorable response to tamoxifen of patients with recurrent breast cancer. Abbreviations: PgR, progesterone receptor; ER, estrogen receptor; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; TR, thyroid hormone receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor; SRC-1, steroid-receptor coactivator-1; EGF, epidermal growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; IGF, insulin like growth factor; UPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005903226483
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  • 72
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    Effect of retinoid analogues on mammary cancer in transgenic mice with c-neu breast cancer oncogene (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; c-neu transgenic mice ; N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide ; arotinoid Ro 40-8757 ; retinoid analogues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and is a leading cause of mortality in women. The TG.NK transgenic mouse line expresses the c-neu breast cancer oncogene under the control of an MMTV promoter and appears to be a useful animal model for evaluation of intervention strategies to delay/prevent breast cancer. Fiber-rich nonpurified diet (NTP-2000), as compared to a purified diet (AIN-76A), has previously been shown to significantly delay the development of mammary cancer in the TG.NK model. Four-week old hemizygous TG.NK female mice with MMTV/c-neu oncogene were fed NTP-2000 diet containing the retinoid analogue 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide (4-HPR) at 5 mM/kg or an arotinoid Ro 40-8757 at 2 and 3 mmol/kg for 26 weeks. The 4-HPR at 5 mmol/kg diet delayed the development of palpable tumors up to 24 weeks, but by 26 weeks, the incidence was not significantly different from the NTP-2000 diet control group. However, the 4-HPR diet markedly decreased the average weight of the tumors at 26 weeks. The 4-HPR diet also caused a significant increase in body weight without an increase in food consumption. Arotinoid Ro-40-8757 at both doses inhibited the development of mammary tumors for the duration of the study. However, the Ro 40-8757 at 3 mmol/kg appeared to be toxic as indicated by a significant depression of the average body weight with alopecia and skin scaling in some mice. Our observations with TG.NK transgenic mouse and fiber-rich diet (NTP-2000) indicate that the arotinoid Ro 40-8757 has a markedly higher inhibitory effect on the development of mammary cancer than 4-HPR. Studies to evaluate genetic changes and expression of hormonal receptors and growth factors associated with the inhibition of mammary cancer development by the retinoid analogues are in progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005957620881
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  • 73
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    Therapeutic potential of recombinant p53 overexpression in breast cancer cells expressing endogenous wild-type p53 (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 273-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adenoviral vectors ; apoptosis ; breast cancer ; gene therapy ; p53
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reconstitution of the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway by gene transfer of a recombinant wild-type p53 minigene leads to rapid apoptotic cell death in breast and other cancer cell types expressing null or mutant p53. Tumour cells expressing wild-type p53 have been reported to be more resistant to this treatment strategy, presumably as a result of mutations in downstream regulators of p53-dependent apoptotic signalling. The MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is representative of this class of tumour cell. Our recent observation of a p53-dependent apoptotic response following adenovirus-mediated HSV thymidine kinase gene transfer and gancyclovir treatment led us to reexamine recombinant p53 cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. Infection with a recombinant adenovirus expressing wild-type p53 resulted in a dramatic increase in p53 protein levels and was accompanied by an increase in p21WAF 1/CIP1 protein levels and G1 arrest within 24 hours post-infection. A significant decrease in MCF-7 cell viability was first observed at 5 days post-infection and coincided with the appearance of morphological and biochemical changes consistent with apoptotic cell death. By day 7 post-treatment, cell viability decreased to 45% and clonogenic survival was reduced to 12% of controls. The results demonstrate that persistent, high level expression of recombinant p53 can induce programmed cell death in MCF-7 cells. While the mechanism by which p53 overexpression overcomes the defect in downstream apoptotic signalling is not clear, our data suggests that this treatment strategy may be beneficial for the class of tumour cells represented by the MCF-7 cell line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005961705860
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  • 74
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    Physiological and pathological changes of plasma urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels in healthy females and breast cancer patients (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: uPA ; PAI-1 ; uPAR ; plasma ; menstruation ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The plasma urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) levels were measured in healthy volunteers and breast cancer patients. In pre-menopause healthy females, blood was sampled weekly during one menstruation cycle and menstruation phases (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) were determined by FSH/LH levels. uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR levels were at the nadir during ovulatory phase. uPA level was highest at follicular phase while PAI-1 level was highest at luteal phase. In comparison between pre- and post-menopause states, uPA and uPAR levels were higher in post-menopause state while PAI-1 level was higher in pre-menopause state. In breast cancer patients, uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR positive rates were low when we use the menopause-state-unmatched cut-off points. As we adjusted the cut-off points by menopause states, the PAI-1 positivity increased mainly in post-menopause cancer patients. These findings suggest that there is a minor but possible sequential change of these molecules during menstruation cycle which might blur the pathological positivity in pre-menopause cancer patients. The pathological elevation of PAI-1 was well detected in post-menopause cancer patients, but this elevation did not correlate with tumor burden such as number of metastatic sites or metastatic location. In conclusion, adjustment of physiological changes of uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR is required in determining pathological elevation of the plasma levels in cancer patients, especially in females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005997421733
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  • 75
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    Direct comparisons of adjuvant endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and chemoendocrine therapy for operable breast cancer patients stratified by estrogen receptor and menopausal status (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; adjuvant therapy ; endocrine therapy ; chemotherapy ; chemoendocrine therapy ; randomized trial ; estrogen receptors ; menopause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Based on estrogen receptor (ER) and menopausal status, operable breast cancer (UICC stage I, II, III-a) patients were randomized for adjuvant endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and chemoendocrine therapy, and the effects on the relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared. Tamoxifen (TAM) 20 mg/day was administered orally for 2 years after mastectomy as an adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal patients. In premenopausal patients, oophorectomy (OVEX) was performed before TAM administration. In the chemotherapy arm (CHEM), patients were given 0.06 mg/kg of body weight of mitomycin C (MMC) intravenously, followed by an oral administration of cyclophosphamide (CPA) 100 mg/day in an administration of a 3-month period and a 3-month intermission. This 6-month schedule was repeated 4 times in 2 years. The chemoendocrine arm (CHEM + TAM) was composed of TAM with MMC + CPA chemotherapy. The patients were randomized according to ER and menopausal status. ER-positive patients were randomized to three arms: OVEX ± TAM, CHEM, and CHEM + TAM. For ER-negative patients there were two arms: CHEM and CHEM + TAM. 1579 patients entered the trial between September 1978 and December 1991, with median follow-up of 8.2 years. In ER-positive, premenopausal patients, there were no significant differences in RFS or OS among OVEX ± TAM, MMC + CPA, TAM + MMC + CPA arms. On the contrary, in ER-positive, postmenopausal patients, the chemoendocrine therapy showed a significantly higher RFS (p = 0.0400) and OS (p=0.0187) as compared with TAM to chemotherapy alone. There were no significant differences in RFS or OS by addition of TAM on the chemotherapy, in both pre- and post-menopausal ER-negative patients. It was concluded that in ER-positive premenopausal breast cancer, endocrine therapy alone may be equivalent in prolonging RFS and OS to chemotherapy or chemoendocrine therapy, and that ER-positive postmenopausal breast cancer may be better controlled with the combination of TAM and chemotherapy, as compared to TAM or chemotherapy alone. The importance of stratification of operable breast cancer by ER and menopausal status, as well as the direct comparisons of different treatments, were stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005901622642
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  • 76
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    Electronic Resource
    Tamoxifen aziridine binding to cytosolic proteins from human breast specimens is negatively associated with estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, pS2, and cathepsin-D (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 50 (1998), S. 155-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptors ; progesterone receptor ; pS2 ; cathepsin-D ; native receptor ; tamoxifen aziridine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract [3H]Tamoxifen Aziridine ([3H]TAZ) is a derivative of the antiestrogen tamoxifen that covalently labels the Estrogen Receptor (ER), and perhaps other uncharacterized proteins. In a previous article we described that [3H]TAZ binds to a cytosolic protein from human uterine tissues that shares some, but not all, the ER properties. Here we have extended these studies to [3H]TAZ binding to cytosol proteins from human breast cancer specimens, and studied its quantitative association with other molecular markers and clinico-pathological variables. Cytosols were obtained in hypotonic buffer containing 20 mM molybdate and protease inhibitors, incubated with [3H]TAZ, and subjected to Sucrose Gradient Analysis (SGA). A [3H]TAZ labeled peak that consistently migrated with the 4S fractions was found in most of the assayed cytosols (range of 0 to 1278 fmol/mg p.). The 4S peak of [3H]TAZ was partially inhibited by both estrogens and antiestrogens. When [3H]E2 was used instead of [3H]TAZ, only an 8S peak was detected. [3H]TAZ was covalently bound to a protein with an apparent MW of 65 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. The mean of [3H]TAZ binding was significantly higher in the subgroups of samples classified as ER-, PR-, pS2- or cathepsin D-, than in the respective positive subgroups (P 〈 0.01 in all the cases). [3H]TAZ binding was not associated with clinico-pathological variables, except that its mean was significantly larger in tumors larger than 5 cm than in smaller tumors. These results, and those previously reported, suggest that: 1) [3H]TAZ labels a cytosolic protein present in human breast cancers and uterine tissues that does not share all the ER properties, and 2) the [3H]TAZ binding by breast cancer cytosols is negatively associated with markers of estrogenic dependency, and its quantification may provide valuable information on antiestrogen responsiveness of a given tumor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006062510883
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suspected spinal cord compression in breast cancer patients: A multidisciplinary risk assessment (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 51 (1998), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; metastases ; models ; retrospective studies ; risk ; spinal cord compression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cause of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (SCC) in women, and this condition results in significant neurologic dysfunction and morbidity. Prior studies of patients with suspected SCC did not employ multivariate analysis techniques, often included persons with a wide variety of malignancies, and generally focused on identifying associated neurologic and radiologic features. We therefore conducted a study examining a more comprehensive set of potential clinical risk factors in breast cancer patients with suspected SCC. We retrospectively analysed 123 episodes of suspected SCC among 93 breast cancer patients evaluated by spine computed tomography (CT) scanning. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent predictors of SCC. Clinically significant metastatic epidural cancer was defined as thecal sac compression (TSC), which occurred in 33 episodes (27%). Four independent predictors of TSC were identified and included oncologic features (known bone metastases ≥ 2 years, metastatic disease at initial diagnosis) in addition to neurologic and radiologic features (objective weakness, vertebral compression fracture on spine radiograph). These four predictors stratified episodes into subgroups with widely varying risks of TSC, ranging from 12% (0 risk factors) to 85% (≥ 3 risk factors). These results suggest that the evaluation of breast cancer patients with suspected SCC should include clinical information about their disease course in addition to neurologic examination and prior imaging studies. If confirmed, these predictors may help clinicians assess risk in this patient population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006002823626
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  • 78
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    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic factors for patients with breast cancers 1cm and smaller (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 51 (1998), S. 209-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; prognosis ; tumor size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The widespread use of mammography has resulted in the detection of an increasing number of small invasive breast cancers,i.e. those that are 1cm and smaller. Patients with these small cancers generally have a low incidence of axillary lymph node metastases, and this has led to some to question the routine use of axillary dissection in these patients. In addition, the prognosis of these patients is generally favorable, and the routine use of adjuvant systemic therapy is difficult to justify. Nonetheless, some patients with these small invasive cancers will have axillary nodal involvement and/or develop metastatic disease. The identification of this prognostically unfavorable subset of patients within this otherwise favorable group is an important goal of clinical research. In this article, we review the available literature on prognostic factors for patients with breast cancers 1cm and smaller to help determine which of these features might be of value in the identification of patients at risk for axillary lymph node involvement and/or metastatic disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006130911110
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  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatase expression in the human breast (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. S85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: aromatase ; breast cancer ; normal breast immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The plasma levels of free estradiol are very low in postmenopausal women. However, concentrations of estrogens within breast tissue have been reported to be higher than in plasma and similar to plasma concentrations in premenopausal women. One mechanism by which this may occur is for breast cells to synthesize estrogens themselves and produce high concentrations locally. Thus, tumor aromatase may be a significant source of estrogen which stimulates tumor growth. To address the question of the importance of this pathway, we have investigated the expression of aromatase within the normal breast and breast cancers. Because conventional biochemical assays for measuring aromatase activity require relatively large amounts of tissue, we developed an immunocytochemical method using a monoclonal antibody to determine the expression of aromatase. The method can be applied to sections of tumors embedded in paraffin blocks as routinely prepared for pathology. Since we have previously shown that mRNA for aromatase (P450 arom) and the protein are expressed in the same cells of the human placenta, we used in situ hybridization of sequence specific probes to P450 arom mRNA in breast tissue as one method to verify the specificity of the immunocytochemical detection of the enzyme. Both immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization identified aromatase enzyme and mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the terminal ductal lobula units (TDLU) and surrounding stromal cells of the normal human breast, and in the tumor epithelial cells and stromal cells of breast cancers. In addition, evidence for the functional significance of tumor aromatase was indicated by a correlation between aromatase activity and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the tumor, and by increased thymidine incorporation into DNA in response to testosterone in tumors in histoculture which had high aromatase activity but not in those with low activity. The findings suggests that estrogen produced locally is important in enhancing proliferation of the tumor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006029612990
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    Metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 113-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: MMP ; TIMP ; breast cancer ; angiogenesis ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Because the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix is required for invasion and metastasis, it would appear that the important family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) might be prognostic indicators of the invasive potential of a breast tumor. Nevertheless, there are few data demonstrating an independent prognostic value of any individual MMPs or TIMPs in primary breast cancer patients. It is possible, however, that the balance among levels of certain MMPs and their inhibitors will be more informative, since MMPs are clearly involved in paracrine tumor-stromal interactions and are associated with angiogenesis, which does appear to be prognostic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006167202856
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  • 81
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    The cell death response to γ-radiation in MCF-7 cells is enhanced by a neuroleptic drug, pimozide (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 51 (1998), S. 83-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cell death ; gamma radiation ; pimozide ; sigma sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuroleptic drugs that bind sigma sites were tested for their ability to inhibit growth and radiosensitize MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Inhibition of growth by ∼ 50% occurred in cells exposed to pimozide (0.6 μM), haloperidol (10 μM), and the sigma ligand DTG (1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine, 20 μM), but no growth inhibition occurred in cells exposed to clozapine, a neuroleptic drug lacking sigma binding activity, or dextromethorphan, a selective sigma 1 binding ligand. Pimozide (2.5 μM), but not haloperidol (3.6 μM), enhanced the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to γ radiation in clonogenic survival assays. Pimozide significantly decreased MCF-7 clonogenic survival following a 5 or 8 Gy dose of γ radiation, and the dose of radiation required for 1% survival (survival enhancement ratio, SER) was decreased by a factor of 2. Exposure of normal WI-38 human embryonic lung cells to pimozide did not increase their sensitivity to γ radiation. Pimozide (2.5 μM) activated early apoptotic changes in MCF-7 cells that were detected by the uptake of Hoechst 33342 dye, and 10 μM pimozide activated a complete apoptotic pathway resulting in the death of 〉 90% of the cells within 24 hours. MCF-7 cells exposed to γ radiation alone (8 Gy) showed giant cell formation, mitotic arrest, and a limited degree of apoptosis and necrosis. Within 50 hours of treatment with a combination of radiation and pimozide, cell numbers were sharply reduced compared with cultures exposed to either radiation or pimozide alone. We conclude that pimozide augmented the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to radiation-induced cell killing through a mechanism not shared by haloperidol, but suggest that concentration of pimozide in MCF-7 cells as a result of an enrichment of sigma 2 sites might target the radiosensitization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006046604062
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  • 82
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    Electronic Resource
    c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, CEA, and CA 15.3 in patients with breast cancer: prognostic value (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 51 (1998), S. 109-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: tumor markers ; c-erbB-2 ; CEA ; CA 15.3 ; breast cancer ; tumor-associated antigens ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The diagnostic value of a new tumor marker, c-erbB-2, was studied in the sera of 50 healthy subjects, 58 patients with benign breast diseases, and 413 patients with breast cancer (186 locoregional, 185 with advanced disease, and 42 with no evidence of disease). Using 15 U/ml as the cut-off, no healthy subjects or patients with benign diseases and only 2.4% of no evidence of disease patients had elevated serum levels. Abnormal c-erbB-2 levels were found in 29% (101/370) of the patients with breast carcinoma (locoregional 9%, metastases 45.4%). CEA (cut-off 5 U/ml) and CA 15.3 (cut-off 35 U/ml) sensitivity was 18% and 16% in patients with locoregional disease and 61% and 70% in those patients with advanced disease, respectively. A trend toward higher serum levels of all three tumor markers in patients with nodal involvement or greater tumor size was found, but was statistically significant only with CEA (p 〈 0.01). By contrast, c-erbB-2 was related to steroid receptors, in both locoregional and metastatic tumors. When the prognostic value of these markers was evaluated, patients with abnormally high presurgical CEA and c-erbB-2 had a worse prognosis than those patients with normal values, in both node-negative (p 〈 0.05 and p 〈 0.001, respectively) and node-positive patients (p 〈 0.556 and p 〈 0.001, respectively). By contrast, no relationship was found between CA 15.3 values and prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed that CEA and c-erbB-2 were also prognostic factors. The correlation between serum and tissue levels of c-erbB-2 was studied in the tumors of 161 patients. Significantly higher c-erbB-2 serum levels were found in patients with overexpression in tissue by immunohistochemistry, in both locoregional and advanced disease (p=0.0001). Serum concentrations in patients with advanced disease were related to the site of recurrence, with significantly higher values in patients with metastases (mainly in those with liver metastases) than in those with locoregional recurrence. In summary, c-erbB-2 serum levels seem to be a useful tumor marker in the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. Using all three tumor markers, sensitivity was 35% in patients with locoregional breast cancer and 88% in patients with recurrence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005734429304
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  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and distribution of doxorubicin in hormone-manipulated human breast cancer cells in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 51 (1998), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogenic recruitment ; doxorubicin uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Kinetic resistance to cytotoxic drugs may account for the moderate responsiveness of breast cancer to chemotherapy. In the present study the in vitro effects of estradiol-mediated DNA stimulation on the cellular uptake of the DNA intercalating drug doxorubicin (DOX) were examined in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Methods: Using the fluorescent properties of the drug, the cellular uptake was investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and by flow cytometry. Results: The uptake of DOX (0.01–2 μg/ml) by MCF-7 cells in suspension, incubated for 1 and 6 h, showed a strong correlation between the incubation concentration of DOX and the cellular uptake of the drug as measured by HPLC and flow cytometry. Simultaneous exposure of MCF-7 cells, in monolayer culture, to DOX (0.04–0.2 μg/ml) and estradiol (1 nM) for 1–24 h showed no significant difference in uptake of the drug compared to control cultures exposed to DOX in the absence of estradiol. Neither was there a significant difference in uptake of DOX when MCF-7 cells were pretreated with estradiol (1 nM) for 16–24 h followed by a 0.5, 1, 6, and 21/23 h incubation with DOX (0.01–2 μg/ml). Pretreatment with estradiol did not affect the retention of DOX as measured 24 h after a 0.5 h incubation with DOX (2 μg/ml). Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy revealed no difference in the cellular DOX distribution pattern of estradiol-stimulated MCF-7 cultures compared to unstimulated cultures. Conclusion: From this study we can conclude that, for the human MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, the uptake, retention, and cellular distribution of DOX are not influenced by estrogenic manipulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006026015448
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Routinely available indicators of prognosis in breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 51 (1998), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; prognosis ; histology ; tumor type ; tumor grade ; pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diagnosis coupled with prognostication is the challenge for and charge of the pathologist. In this time of rapidly developing basic knowledge and increasing sophistication in the evaluation of prognostic information, there has also been an important re- evaluation of the validity, reliability, and relevance of classic histopathology. Also, the precision of and criteria for evaluating tumor size and status of regional lymph nodes is under study. Our emphasis in this review is tissue pathology and further, its practical relevance to patient management. Histopathology remains the basis of diagnosis universally; the addition of other elements will increase precision of prediction, particularly of responsiveness to individual therapies. Histologic grade may be integrated to substratify high and low stage cases into prognostically more useful subsets. Histologic types also interact with size and nodal status to predict patients with excellent prognosis. Further refinement of these parameters may occur by analysis within clinical, pathologic, or therapeutic subsets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006122716137
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  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclin D1 in Breast Cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: cyclin D1 ; estrogen receptor ; p27 ; breast cancer ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclin D1 protein plays an important part in regulating the progress of the cell during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The cyclin D1 gene, CCND1, is amplified in approximately 20% of mammary carcinomas, and the protein is over- expressed in approximately 50% of cases. This has led to intensive study to ascertain whether cyclin D1 is a biological marker in breast cancer; however, the clinical work has produced unexpected results. Work in cell lines and in transgenic mice indicate that CCND1 is a weak oncogene and it was expected that, like c- erbB-2, over-expression of cyclin D1 protein would be associated with a poor prognosis. Early immunohistochemical prognostic studies produced equivocal results but we, and others, have recently shown that strong staining for cyclin D1 is more likely to be seen in well differentiated, estrogen receptor positive carcinomas. Furthermore, we have found that over-expression of cyclin D1 is actually associated with a good outcome, both in terms of prognosis and response to endocrine treatment. Cyclin D1 is frequently over- expressed in ductal carcinoma in situ but not in benign breast disease, including atypical ductal hyperplasia; hence its expression appears to be closely linked with carcinogenesis. In order to help explain the apparent beneficial effects of cyclin D1 over- expression, a number of closely associated cell cycle proteins have also been evaluated, including the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27, which blocks the activating effects of cyclin D1. Initial reports show that high levels of p27 are associated with a good prognosis and we have shown a positive association between p27 and cyclin D1 expression. These clinical results of cyclin D1 are an example of how information obtained from basic cell biology studies needs to be complemented by clinical studies to ascertain the true worth of a prognostic marker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006103831990
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  • 86
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    Assessment of intratumoral vascularization (angiogenesis) in breast cancer prognosis (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: angiogenesis ; age ; breast cancer ; immunohistochemistry ; neovascularization ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The search for prognostic markers is important both to identify those patients with occult metastases and also to spare chemotherapy in those patients whose tumors have not developed the capacity for distant spread. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is necessary for breast cancer growth and metastasis. Good correlation has been demonstrated between intratumoral vascularization and outcome in patients with breast cancer. Intratumoral vascularization in human breast cancer can be measured by using standard immunohistochemical methods. Strict guidelines for scoring need to be followed. Although attempts are being made to automate the reading, visual scoring remains superior. We studied a population of women with small node-negative breast cancer who received no adjuvant therapy and have a median follow-up of 15 years. We have found intratumoral vascularization, as measured by microvessel count, to be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival. Low microvessel count identifies a group of patients with a 20 year disease free survival of 93%. The proportion of women with low microvessel count decreases with increase in tumor size and increases with patient age. But even in mammographically detected nonpalpable breast cancer, that is, the smallest breast cancer we currently detect, the majority already have high microvessel count. Intratumoral vascularization appears to be an early event that is necessary but not sufficient for metastatic progression. Microvessel count seems to be an excellent marker to identify patients with good prognosis because those with low microvessel count have a 93% disease-free survival irrespective of size, grade, or estrogen receptor status, but is less good at predicting those at high risk since the 20-year disease-free survival is still 67-70% in those with high microvessel count. Thus, the higher risk group needs to be further stratified using additional prognostic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006123520603
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  • 87
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    Circulating tumor markers in breast cancer: Accepted utilities and novel prospects (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 239-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: tumor markers ; tumor-associated antigens ; serum markers ; breast cancer ; metastatic disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Detecting and/or monitoring changes in circulating tumor markers might assist in evaluating cancer risk, diagnosis, prognosis, or response to treatment. Several categories of circulating tumor markers have been investigated in breast cancer. These categories include classical tumor-associated antigens, such as CEA and CA 15-3, markers of tumor biology, including markers of angiogenesis, adhesion, and invasion, and antibody response to tumor-associated antigens such as HER2/neu and p53. We used a recently proposed Tumor Marker Utility Grading System to evaluate the use of several circulating tumor markers for different clinical utilities in breast cancer. While there are no tumor markers with established clinical utilities for most uses, tumor-associated antigens can be used for monitoring patients with metastatic disease. In addition, markers of tumor biology such as the circulating extracellular domain of HER2/neu might be useful in determining not only prognosis, but also response to specific treatments. However, further investigations are required to further assess the utility of individual tumor markers for specific clinical uses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006137619153
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  • 88
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    Prognostic variables in node-negative and node-positive breast cancer - editorial (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 321-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: predictive factors ; prognostic factors ; serum markers ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006102021879
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  • 89
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    Assessing the clinical impact of prognostic factors: When is "statistically significant" clinically useful? (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 305-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: tumor markers ; prognostic factors ; predictive factors ; breast cancer ; patient management ; treatment decisions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Very few tumor markers have been recommended for routine clinical care of patients with breast cancer [1]. A framework to determine the clinical utility of tumor markers is required. In a previous publication, a "Tumor Marker Utility Grading System" (TMUGS) was proposed [2]. TMUGS included a semi-quantitative grading scale (0-3+) which can be used to assign a score to a given tumor marker for a given outcome. Only those markers that are felt to be sufficiently strong to influence a therapeutic decision that results in improved clinical outcome for the patient are recommended. The studies from which data are used to assign a TMUGS grade can be placed into one of five Levels of Evidence (LOE). An extension of TMUGS ("TMUGS-Plus") is now proposed in which the relative strength of a prognostic or predictive factor can be estimated and expressed in terms of a risk ratio (RR) for prognostic factors or benefit ratio (BR) for predictive factors. Three categories of prognostic factors and three categories of predictive factors are proposed (strong, moderate, and weak). It is recommended that only LOE type I studies (prospective, highly powered studies of the tumor marker, or meta-analysis of LOE II or III datasets), be used to estimate the RR or BR of a given factor. Finally, a matrix, based on assumptions of acceptable absolute benefits relative to risks, is proposed in which any given tumor marker can be assessed for its clinical utility. TMUGS-Plus should aid in the assessment of published data regarding clinical utility of tumor markers. Perhaps more important, clinical investigators can use TMUGS-Plus to design tumor marker studies that will fulfill criteria for clinical utility, resulting in more rapid acceptance of tumor markers for routine clinical use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006197805041
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic and predictive value of p53 and p21 in breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 79-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: p53 gene ; p53 protein ; breast cancer ; prognosis ; p21 ; WAF-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The prognostic and predictive value of p53 has been extensively studied in breast cancer. p53 serves a multifunctional role as a transcriptional regulator, genomic stabilizer, inhibitor of cell cycle progression, facilitator of apoptosis, and also perhaps an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Abrogation of its function should therefore lead to a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype and a worse clinical outcome, and indeed the preponderance of studies confirm this, with the risk of recurrence and death increasing by 50% or more if p53 is abnormal. Lack of unanimity of results may be due to differences in technique, study design, or population, as well as the subjectivity inherent in some approaches; however, the complexity and random nature of genomic change present in cancer cells may well also contribute to the lack of unanimity. Because many anticancer agents may exert a therapeutic effect through genomic damage and subsequent triggering of apoptosis, and because p53 can respond to genomic damage and facilitate apoptosis, it can be hypothesized that an intact p53 would predict sensitivity to therapy. Present data in breast cancer, however, does not clearly indicate that this is the case. There are several potential explanations. Study designs to accurately test the predictive value of a molecular marker are more exacting and difficult to achieve than prognostic studies. There may also be multiple alternative pathways, not involving p53, that play a part in determining the therapeutic effect of a treatment. The prognostic value of a downstream effector of p53 has also been assessed, though less extensively. p21 is transcriptionally upregulated by p53 and is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and thus of cell cycle progression. Higher levels of p21 might indicate a more indolent type of breast cancer. However, data from a number of clinical studies is very conflicting, and at present p21 is not a promising prognostic factor in breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006163101948
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical significance of angiogenic factors in breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 159-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: angiogenesis ; angiogenic factors ; breast cancer ; prediction ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Growth, progression, and metastasis of breast cancer, as well as of most of the other tumors, are angiogenesis-dependent processes. Several pro-angiogenic growth factors and endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis have been identified and sequenced, and experimental studies suggest that angiogenic activity of a tumor may result from down-regulation of inhibitors of angiogenesis or up-regulation of endothelial growth factors. The mechanisms leading to the alteration of the balance between positive and negative modulators of angiogenesis are only partially known. We are at the beginning of research to identify the more active angiogenic factors in human breast cancer, and little information is presently available on their clinical significance. Preliminary results suggest that among the known angiogenic peptides, both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor / thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) have promising prognostic and, perhaps, predictive value. No data are available on the clinical value of co-determination of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis to look at the angiogenic balance of each single tumor. Only a few studies have assessed the role of endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis in human breast cancer, with results available only on thrombospondin-1 and -2 (TSP-1, -2). Finally, the determination of some integrins such as α6 and αvβ3 and of some other endothelial-adhesion molecules seems to be of potential prognostic value. Recognizing which are the more biologically active positive and negative angiogenic factors is the key for the identification not only of new prognostic markers but also of targets for antiangiogenic therapy in human breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006175504673
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependence of hazard ratios for prognostic factors in primary breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; Cox models ; nonproportional hazards ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Some prognostic factors, such as steroid receptors, appear strongly related to outcome in early studies with short follow-up, but as follow-up matures the relationships appear to weaken. We investigated this phenomenon for several factors (tumor size, axillary lymph nodes, S-phase fraction, estrogen receptor (ER) status, and adjuvant therapy) in a large sample of breast cancer cases (N=2,873) with up to 17 years of follow-up for disease-free survival (DFS). Subjects in the study were identified from patients who had hormone receptor assays performed in our laboratory. Analysis of DFS included fitting a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, testing for nonproportionality, and examining diagnostic plots. The assumption of proportional hazards was violated for several factors including ER, tumor size, and S-phase fraction. For ER, the hazard ratio was initially less than 1.0, indicating a good effect on prognosis, but increased at later times to values greater than 1.0, indicating a bad effect on prognosis. In contrast, the hazard ratios for tumor size and S-phase were initially high and decreased asymptotically toward 1.0 over time. Analysis of p53 expression in a subset of cases yielded qualitatively similar results. We conclude that several standard prognostic factors (ER, tumor size, S-phase fraction) and possibly other investigational factors have important but nonproportional effects on hazard. It is likely that violation of proportional hazards is common and not limited to breast cancer. Failure to recognize violations of proportional hazards can lead to both over- and under-estimation of the effects of important prognostic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006133418245
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angiosarcoma of the breast after conservation therapy for invasive cancer, the incidence and outcome. An unforeseen sequela (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; conservative therapy ; radiation therapy ; angiosarcoma ; surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In the past 15 years breast conserving therapy (BCT) has become an important treatment option for primary breast cancer. Thirty three angiosarcomas (AS) after BCT have been described in a total of 20 published reports. Limited follow-up data and the lack of information on incidence of AS prompted the authors to review the comprehensive experience in the Netherlands. Methods. Between 1987 and 1995 twenty-one patients with BCT-associated AS were diagnosed in the Netherlands. Follow-up after diagnosis of AS ranged from 6 to 82 months with a median of 24 months. Information on the total number of patients treated with BCT and on the numbers of angiosarcoma in the breast was obtained. Results. The median interval between BCT and AS was 74 months (range: 29–106) and appeared to decrease with higher age. Detection of skin changes followed by incisional biopsy provided the diagnosis. Two year overall (OS) and disease free survivals were 72% (s.e. 10.9) and 35% (s.e. 10.7), respectively. Two year OS after initial complete surgical resection was 86% (s.e. 9.3) compared to 0% after incomplete resection of the AS (P=0.04). The estimated incidence of AS after BCT is 0.16%. Conclusions. BCT-associated AS arises after a relatively short interval. Although the incidence of AS is low, the absolute number of patients at risk is increasing. This calls for vigilance concerning skin changes occurring after BCT. An incisional biopsy provides the only reliable diagnosis. The prognosis appears to be related to the completeness of surgical resection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005997017102
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor function in breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 255-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; IGF-I receptor ; IRS-1 ; SHC ; adhesion ; apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experimental evidence suggests an important role of the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR) in breast cancer development. Breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines express the IGF-IR. IGF-IR levels are higher in cancer cells than in normal breast tissue or in benign mammary tumors. The ligands of the IGF-IR are potent mitogens promoting monolayer and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells. Interference with IGF-IR activation, expression, or signaling inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In addition, recent studies established the involvement of the IGF-IR in the regulation of breast cancer cell motility and adhesion. We have demonstrated that in MCF-7 cells, overexpression of the IGF-IR promotes E-cadherin-dependent cell aggregation, which is associated with enhanced cell proliferation and prolonged survival in three-dimensional culture. The expression or function of the IGF-IR in breast cancer cells is modulated by different humoral factors, such as estrogen, progesterone, IGF-II, and interleukin-1. The IGF-IR and the estrogen receptor (ER) are usually co-expressed and the two signaling systems are engaged in a complex functional cross-talk controlling cell proliferation. Despite the convincing experimental evidence, the role of the IGF-IR in breast cancer etiology, especially in metastatic progression, is still not clear. The view emerging from cellular and animal studies is that abnormally high levels of IGF-IRs may contribute to the increase of tumor mass and/or aid tumor recurrence, by promoting proliferation, cell survival, and cell-cell interactions. However, in breast cancer, except for the well established correlation with ER status, the associations of the IGF-IR with other prognostic parameters are still insufficiently documented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005907101686
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The prognostic contribution of estrogen and progesterone receptor status to a modified version of the Nottingham Prognostic Index (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 48 (1998), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor status ; interaction effects ; progesterone receptor status ; prognostic index ; time-dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to test the prognostic contribution of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptor status to an index consisting of the number of positive lymph nodes, the mean nuclear area of the breast cancer cells (MNA), and tumour diameter. This index is compared with a Danish index, which includes the same factors but uses histological grade instead of MNA. The Danish index has been developed from the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI). In the present study of 1629 breast cancer patients the Cox proportional hazard method is used to examine the time-dependency of the index, and to test for interaction between the index and the hormone receptors. The index sorts the patients into groups with low, intermediate, and high risk of dying. Logistic regression analysis is used to report the sensitivity and specificity of the index with and without ER and PgR. Our index gave information comparable to that of the Danish group. However, the information given by our index is time-dependent, its strength being weaker after 5-year of follow-up. PgR and ER add information to high risk patients, but only in the first 5-year period. High risk patients with positive hormone receptors have a prognosis similar to intermediate risk ones. PgR increases the ability of the index to predict breast cancer deaths correctly by 5 percent in high risk patients. In conclusion, PgR and ER act differently in groups of patients with different risk levels when time-dependency is considered. This indicates biological differences in subgroups as defined by the index.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005945000264
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Color-coded and spectral Doppler flow in breast carcinomas – Relationship with the tumor microvasculature (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: angiogenesis ; breast cancer ; blood flow ; Doppler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phenomenon of tumor angiogenesis is an important aspect of understanding tumor biology. Studies in breast carcinoma have shown microvessel density (MVD) assessed by immunohistochemistry to be of prognostic importance in primary breast cancer. On the other hand, recently developed highly sensitive color-coded Doppler techniques offer a noninvasive method to examine neovascularisation in breast tumors. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Doppler flow parameters and microvessel count assessed by immunohistochemistry. Fifty-three patients with primary breast cancer were examined preoperatively with color-coded Doppler ultrasound. The obtained Doppler frequency spectra were analyzed for peak systolic flow velocity (Vmax). Following surgery, paraffin-embedded microsections were immunohistochemically stained for factor VIII-related antigen. Tumor angiogenesis was assessed by microvessel count under light microscopy. Undifferentiated tumors correlated with high MVD (p=0.009) whereas other clinicopathological parameters were not associated with MVD. Color Doppler signals were detected in 50 out of 53 breast tumors. Evaluation of tumor flow velocity with various clinicopathological parameters showed a significant correlation with tumor size (p=0.0001) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.02). However, there was no significant correlation between MVD and intratumoral blood flow velocity assessed by color-coded Doppler. Our findings showed that Doppler flow measurement did not correlate with the extent of tumor angiogenesis of breast cancer. The present data give circumstantial evidence that microvessel count assessed by immunohistochemistry reflects the microvascular network, whereas tumor vasculature documented by Doppler ultrasound supplies information on the macrovasculature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005992916193
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Posttraumatic distress symptoms in operable breast cancer III: (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; posttraumatic distress ; predictors ; psychosocial function ; surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and six patients with operable breast cancer were studied at intervals one day before surgery, and at six weeks and one year post-operatively by means of taped clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires (Impact of Event Scale (IES) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28)). A year after surgery, 9%reported a high level of intrusive symptoms and 10% of avoidance symptoms compared to 18% and 14% after six weeks, respectively. Based on questionnaire data, a year after surgery, thirteen patients (12%) were estimated to have a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to fifteen patients (14%) after six weeks. Severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after one year was significantly associated with impaired psychosocial functioning over the last year previous to surgery (p 〈 0.05), negative life events during the year before surgery (p 〈 0.05), health problems during the previous ten years (p 〈 0.01), and a personality trait characterized by high emotional reactivity (p 〈 0.001). Crisis support in the acute situation, type of surgery, axillary-node metastases, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy did not predict subsequent PTSS. Premorbid health variables, personality, and level of distress six weeks after surgery were most important risk factors for persistent PTSS in our patients with operable breast cancer stage I and II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005957302990
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paracrine/autocrine regulation of breast cancer by the insulin-like growth factors (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen ; insulin-like growth factors ; mannose 6-phosphate/IGF2 receptor ; paracrine factors ; stromal cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Local environmental signals regulate the growth and development of both normal and malignant breast epithelium. Members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family likely influence both of these processes. The localization of IGF2 to stroma specifically surrounding malignant breast epithelium indicates that this growth factor may play a critical role in the genesis or maintenance of this transformed phenotype. Recent studies have sought to understand the mechanism by which IGF2 expressing fibroblasts are localized to the periphery of malignant breast cancer cells. In addition, the consequences of the expression of IGF-signaling components likely expand beyond their direct effects on mitogenesis. Indirect effects predominantly associated with the IGF2 receptor could also influence the invasive potential of breast tumor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005903000777
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Igf system components as prognostic markers in breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 47 (1998), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: IGF ; breast cancer ; prognosis ; IGFBP ; treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family of ligands, receptors, and binding proteins can regulate breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro, and interruption of these pathways inhibits IGF-mediated cell proliferation. If the IGF family members are key regulators of breast cancer growth and progression in vivo, we would expect their expression to be an indicator of the prognosis of the disease. Thus, measurement of IGF expression may provide an indicator of the growth effect within a tumor, and provide new targets for treatment of the disease. In this review we will summarize the data generated thus far indicating that IGF family members are indicators of prognosis of breast cancer, and that measurement of the whole IGF family in concert may provide useful information for treatment strategies of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005915420341
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of tissue estradiol levels and biologic responsiveness in breast tumors (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 49 (1998), S. S1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogens ; uptake ; hypersensitivity ; in situ synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Estradiol stimulates the growth of breast tumor cells in both pre- and post menopausal women. Following the menopause, the levels of estradiol in breast tumor tissues are similar to those from tumors obtained prior to cessation of ovarian function, even though plasma estrogen levels are 10–50 fold lower in post- than in premenopausal women. These observations suggested the possibility of enhanced estradiol uptake from plasma or in situ synthesis in post-menopausal women. We systematically studied these possibilities in a series of model systems. Initially we demonstrated a very high affinity estradiol binding site in tissues from castrated rats. Enhanced uptake occurred under conditions of low plasma estrogen levels when compared to animals with higher estradiol levels. In situ synthesis also occurred both through the sulfatase and aromatase pathways. In further studies, we compared uptake from plasma with in situ synthesis via aromatase in a nude mouse model. Under the conditions utilized, in situ synthesis resulted in much higher tissue estradiol levels and tumor growth rates than did uptake from plasma. During these studies we demonstrated that tumors deprived of estradiol developed mechanisms rendering them more sensitive to estrogen. This involved the ability of cells to adapt to estradiol deprivation to allow them to be responsive to four log lower amounts of estrogen than when studied under wild type conditions. In addition, cells adapted by increasing their level of aromatase and thus developing the capability to become more sensitive to estrogen precursors. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that breast cancer tissue is highly plastic and can adapt to conditions of estrogen deprivation via a variety of mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006026732129
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