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  • 1970-1974  (446)
  • 1970  (446)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (356)
  • Engineering General  (54)
  • Rat  (36)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 131 (1970), S. 236-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cartilage ; Ear, external ; Differentiation ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The differentiation of cartilage in the external ear of the rat proceeds in four steps. Each of them is characterized by a specific biosynthetic activity of the chondroblast resulting in the appearance of a new structural component of the tissue: collagen fibrils, elastin fibers, cartilage ground substance and intracellular fat droplets. As a structurally and developmentally well-defined “subspecies” of cartilage, this tissue might serve as a suitable object for the experimental approach to some essential problems in histodifferentiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 131 (1970), S. 325-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Early development ; Jolk-sac entoderm ; Reichert's membrane ; Trophoblast-cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Rattenkeime des Schwangerschaftstages 7–10 wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Das viscerale einschichtige Dottersackentoderm zeichnet sich durch eine ausgeprägte endocytotische Aktivität aus. Die Zellen des parietalen Blattes dagegen liegen isoliert der Reichertschen Membran innen an und enthalten vorwiegend rauhes endoplasmatisches Reticulum. Die Reichertsche Membran besteht aus einem lockeren Maschengitter feiner Filamente. Im antimesometrialen und lateralen Bereich haften nur wenige Trophoblastenzellen dieser Membran von außen an, dazwischen befinden sich weite Lücken. Zum mütterlichen Gewebe hin wird der Keim mit Ausnahme des mesometrialen Poles von einem bis zu 50 μ breiten periembryonalen Sinus umgeben, der mütterliches Blut enthält. Nach außen wird dieser Raum durch Trophoblasten- und Deciduazellen abgedichtet. Aus diesen Befunden wird geschlossen: 1. Die Reichertsche Membran wird vom parietalen Dottersack-Entoderm gebildet. 2. Mütterliches Blutplasma kann frei das viscerale Dottersack-Entoderm erreichen, da als einzige kontinuierliche Schicht zwischen Blut und Träger nur die weitmaschige Reichertsche Membran vorhanden ist. 3. Durch das endocytotische und lysosomale System des visceralen Dottersackentoderms wird das anströmende mütterliche Plasma aufgenommen, abgebaut und für den wachsenden Keim nutzbar gemacht. 4. Immunbiologisch betrachtet können Antikörper der Mutter den Keim erreichen. 5. Embryonale Antigene dagegen erreichen durch die Errichtung einer Deciduabarriere nicht den mütterlichen Kreislauf. 6. Der periembryonale Sinus stellt einen Blindsack dar, in den zwar mütterliches Blut einströmen kann, ein Ausstrom aber nicht mehr möglich ist.
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscope studies of rat embryos were performed from the 7th to 10th days of pregnancy. The single-layered visceral yolk entoderm is characterized by a marked endocytotic activity. The cells of the parietal layer lie separately adjacent to the Reichert's membrane and they contain mainly rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Reichert's membrane consists of a loose network of fine filaments. In the antimesometrial and lateral sites only few trophoblast cells are seen to be attached to the membrane. Between them we find large gaps. With the exception of the mesometrial pole, the embryo is surrounded by a periembryonal sinus, 10–50 μ wide, which contains maternal blood. This sinus space is sealed tightly (zonulae occludentes) by trophoblast and decidual cells. From these findings it was concluded: 1. Reichert's membrane is formed from the parietal jolk sac entoderm. 2. The porous Reichert's membrane permits the maternal plasma to reach freely the visceral jolk sac entoderm. This membrane is the only continuous layer between blood and egg cylinder. 3. By the endocytotic and lysosomal system, the visceral jolk sac entoderm absorbs the plasma coming from the mother. This plasma is degraded and used for the growing embryo. 4. From the immunobiological point of view the antibodies from the mother can reach the embryo freely, 5. The embryonal antigens cannot reach the maternal circulation because of the presence of a decidual barrier, 6. The perimebryonal sinuses are blind sacs into which the maternal blood can flood but it cannot return.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Ependyma ; Thiobarbiturate ; Rat ; Hypothalamus ; III. Ventricle ; Narcosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung An 14 männlichen Ratten wurde nach langdauernder intraperitonealer Narkose mit Thiobarbiturat Veränderungen des Ependyms im III. Ventrikel festgestellt. In der Gegend über dem Nucleus ventromedialis und Nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami lassen sich zwei Formen des Ependyms unterschieden: 1. ein einschichtiges hohes Ependym mit runden großen Zellkernen, 2. ein mehrreihiges flaches Ependym mit schmalen, ovalen Zellkernen. Das flache Ependym zeigt folgende Veränderungen: Farbdichte und die Menge des färbbaren Materials im Kern nehmen zu, die Kernmembran ist gefaltet, der Kern zeigt Zeichen der Schrumpfung und Pyknose. Die Kontrollgruppe wurde mit Curare behandelt. Eine statistische Sicherung erbrachte einen signifikanten Unterschied mit einer Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit von 0,5‰.
    Notizen: Summary Alterations in the ependyma of the third ventricle were caused by continuous intraperitoneal thiobarbiturate narcosis in14 male rats. In the region of the nucleus dorsomedialis and ventromedialis hypothalami two kinds of ependyma can be distinguished, 1. a simple cuboidal ependyma with a large rounded nucleus, and 2. a stratified squamous ependyma with a slender oval nucleus. The squamous ependyma shows the following changes. The depth of staining and the chromatin material of the nucleus increases, the membrane of the nucleus is folded, the nucleus shows the signs of shrinkage and pyknosos. The control group was treatened with Curare. The significant difference of the results encloses 0.5‰ probability of error.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 93-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Auditory evoked potentials ; Sleep ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Click-evoked potentials were recorded from the rat's auditory cortex (AC), medial geniculate body (MGB), reticular formation (RF), and hippocampus (HIPP) during natural sleep and waking. Various amplitude measurements made on sliding averages by a computer provided essentially continuous measurement of evoked responses in long experiments. Changes in AC responses were simplest in potentials recorded from a depth of 1.0–1.5 mm, all components of the average waveform being larger during slow-wave sleep (SS) than in waking (W) and low-voltage fast sleep (LVFS). More complex changes in cortical surface responses included increases in the first positive wave, in a second positive deflection, and in a late negative wave during drowsiness (D) and SS. The second positive wave remained large during LVFS, while the late negativity changed form and peaked earlier. Early components of both surface and deep responses were not consistently different in W and LVFS. The only clear change in MGB responses was a reduction in amplitude during LVFS. Late positive waves in RF and HIPP responses were large during SS and small during W and LVFS. In general, increases in the very late components of responses at all sites distinguished periods of cortical synchrony from periods of cortical activation. The first negative deflection and a succeeding positive wave in the HIPP response were markedly increased during arousal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 392-410 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Subcellular fractionation ; Axons ; Synaptosomes ; Whole brain ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Subfractionation of a standard “synaptosome” fraction from whole brain has yielded two lighter layers rich in axonal segments devoid of synaptosomes similar to those obtained from cerebellar homogenates. The heavier layers were found to contain both synaptosomes and axonal segments plus a significant population of synaptosomes with axons attached. Quantitative studies of the percent perimeter of external membrane contributed by the various elements within the subfractions showed that the major constituents in decreasing order were axonal segments, synaptosomes, membranes of undetermined origin and free mitochondria. These findings have revealed that “synaptosome” preparations are more heterogeneous than previously reported and at the same time have indicated the possibility of future studies on axonal preparations from whole brain. Correlated biochemical data strongly suggest chemical differences in fractions rich in axonal segments in contrast to those enriched in synaptosomes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 425-441 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Intestinal Blood Flow ; Water Absorption ; Solute Absorption ; Jejunum ; Rat ; Darmdurchblutung ; Wasserresorption ; Salzresorption ; Jejunum ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The lumen of jejunal loops in rats anaesthetised with urethane were perfused with hypo-, iso- and hypertonic ringer, mannitol or glucose ringer solution. The blood flow (venous outflow), water, solute and glucose net flux were measured in the loop. 2. Lowering the blood flow from 1 ml/min/g wet tissue to 0.2–0.3 ml/min/g caused the solute and glucose net flux to decrease; the water net flux (positive or negative) was also decreased if non-isotonie solutions were used, but remained unchanged when isotonic solutions were perfused. 3. When the blood flow was raised from 0.2–0.3 ml/min/g to 1 ml/min/g the net flux of glucose, solute and water usually remained low. Using hypotonic solutions the water net flux changed to negative values, that is, fluid was passing into the lumen. 4. The influenee of intestinal blood flow on water, solute and glueose absorption can be referred to 3 factors: a) drainage by blood, b) inhibition of active transport mechanisms by anoxia during low blood flow, and c) damage to the villi as a result of insufficient blood flow.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 474-475 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Trifluoroacetic Acid ; Trifluoroacetate ; Rat ; Liver Weight ; TrifluoressigsÄure ; Trifluoroacetat ; Ratte ; Lebergewicht
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The influence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA) and sodium trifluoroacetate (TFA) on the liver weight to body weight ratio was measured in rats by two methods. When TFA or TFAA were added to the drinking water at a concentrate of 1 Normal, rats became dehydrated and a slight increase in the ratio was noted after ten days. However, when these substances were administered to rats (1 ml per day) by gastric intubation no change in the ratio was noted after eight days.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1970), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Noradrenaline ; Intraventricular Injection ; Rat ; Behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The behavioural effects of NA injected without narcosis into the lateral brain ventricle of the rats were studied with two different techniques. Rats were classified according their normal level of exploratory activity into three groups: high, medium and low. It was shown that NA in a dose of 10 μg increased locomotor activity only in animals of low activity; a dose of 50 μg increased locomotor activity in all the animals; and a dose of 200 μg induced a complete abolition of locomotor activity and a stuporose syndrome lasting 2 hours. The evidence that NA in some experimental conditions increases locomotor activity of rats supports the hypothesis that NA regulates processes in the central nervous system which stimulate behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 198-202 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ; Variable Interval Schedule ; Sidman Avoidance ; Sedative Effects ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) upon the response rates in variable interval and Sidman Avoidance schedules was studied in rats. Bar pressing on the variable interval reinforcement schedule was significantly reduced during the 15 min following the administration of 10 mg/kg i.p. and during the 60 min following the administration of 30 mg/kg NAD. Response rates on the Sidman Avoidance schedule were significantly reduced during the 60 min following the administration of 100 mg/kg NAD.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 18 (1970), S. 300-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Swimming Endurance ; Nicotine ; Tobacco Alkaloids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The swimming endurance of rats in a water tub was measured until the animals submerged for two seconds under the water surface. The total alkaloid fraction extracted from cigarette smoke produced deterioration of performance in doses of 0.05 to 0.2 mg/kg, whereas pure nicotine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), as well as nicotine pretreated analogously to the extraction process of the total alkaloids produced performance improvements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 515-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Following unilateral retinal destruction in rats the existence of a direct retinohypothalamic pathway was investigated using the Nauta and the Fink-Heimer methods. Critical analysis of the Fink-Heimer stained sections of the experimental animals suggests that fibres leaving the optic pathway pass to various hypothalamic nuclei: 1. Fibres from the dorsorostral part of the chiasm pass through the lamina terminalis and appear to end in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei. 2. Fibres leaving the ventrocaudal border of the chiasm and optic tract pass to the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. 3. From the dorsocaudal part of the chiasm fibres pass to the suprachiasmatic and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. 4. From the caudal part of the inferior bundle of the accessory optic tract fibres pass to the premamillary ventral nucleus. The amount of apparently terminal degeneration in the preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, suprachiasmatic and premamillary nuclei was small. Heavier terminal degeneration appears to be present in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 528-538 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Degenerating nerve fibres and boutons were searched with the aid of the electron microscope in the arcuate nucleus of rats 2–7 days after bilateral destruction of the retina. In the arcuate nucleus of the control animals as well as in the operated animals, 4 types of boutons were distinguished on the basis of vesicular contents and glial ensheathment. In the operated animals changes interpreted as degenerating were found in small myelinated axons and boutons of type II (boutons containing both synaptic and granular vesicles). The changes were similar to those described in the literature as the “dark” type of degeneration in experimentally interrupted axons and boutons. Similar changes were not found in the unoperated animals. The conclusion is reached, that a small number of fibres of the optic tract reach the arcuate nucleus to terminate here.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 26 (1970), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Mercury ; Enteral Absorption ; Neutron Activation Analysis ; Rat ; Quecksilber ; enterale Resorption ; Neutronenaktivierungs analyse ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Durch Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse wird nachgewiesen, daß bei der Eatte von symptomlos vertragenem metallischem Quecksilber, oral zugeführt, ein geringer Anteil resorbiert wird, welcher zu einer Erhöhung der Queeksilberwerte in Blut und Niere auf reichlich das 10fache der Norm führt.
    Notizen: Summary It was demonstrated by means of neutron activation analysis that a small portion of orally administered metallic mercury is absorbed by rats. The animals tolerated this without visible symptoms, yet it resulted in a 10-fold or greater increase above normal values of mercury in blood and kidneys.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Renin ; Angiotensin ; Electrolytes ; Kidney Slices ; Rat ; Renin ; Angiotensin ; Elektrolyte ; Nierenschnitte ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Nierenschnitte von Wistarratten wurden in NaCl-Lösungen oder in Ringer-Bicarbonat(bzw. Phosphat-)-Puffern mit 0,1 g Glucose/l für 2 Std bei 37° C aerob inkubiert. 0,1 ml Medium wurde mit 1,9 ml Rinder-Reninsubstratlösung in Anwesenheit von Diisopropylfluorophosphat und EDTA bei pH 5,7 und 37° C für 2 Std inkubiert. Der Angiotensingehalt des Inkubates wurde im Blutdrucktest der Ratte bestimmt. In verschieden konzentrierten NaCl-Lösungen nimmt die Reninabgabe von 150–67 m Val/l (Na+) kontinuierlich ab. Auch in Ringer-Lösungen mit abnehmender NaCl-Konzentration und konstanter Konzentration der übrigen Elektrolyte findet sich zwischen 120 und 50 m Val/l (Na+) ein steiler Abfall der Reninabgabe. Bei Konstanterhaltung der Osmolarität durch zunehmenden Ersatz des NaCl durch Cholinchlorid oder Mannit vermindert sich die Steilheit der (Na+)-Abhängigkeit der Reninabgabe. Ersatz des NaCl im Bicarbonatpuffer durch verschiedene Konzentrationen von NaBr ergibt die gleichen Befunde wie mit NaCl. Bei vollständigem Ersatz des NaCl im Puffer durch verschiedene Konzentrationen von Chlolinchorid oder Mannit ist die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Reninabgabe weniger deutlich, bei Ersatz durch KCl nicht mehr signifikant. Die (Na+)-Abhängigkeit der Reninabgabe aus Nierenschnitten scheint nicht vom aeroben Stoffwechsel abhängig zu sein.
    Notizen: Summary Rat kidney slices were incubated in saline solutions or in Ringer-bicarbonate (resp. phosphate-)-buffers containing 0.1 g/l glucose for 2 hrs at 37° C. Subsequently, 0.1 ml of the medium was incubated with 1.9 ml of ox renin-substrate solution, pH 5.7, for 2 hrs at 37° C in the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate and EDTA. The angiotensin formed was measured by rat blood pressure assay. Renin release from kidney slices decreases markedly in NaCl-solutions between Na+-concentrations of 150 meq/l and 67 meq/l. Renin release decreases likewise in modified Ringer-solutions containing decreasing amounts of NaCl or NaBr (between 120 meq/l and 50 meq/l Na+), when the concentrations of other electrolytes are held constant. The (Na+)-dependence of renin release is less marked when the osmolarity of the medium is held constant by stepwise substitution of NaCl cholinchloride. Complete substitution of NaCl by different concentrations of cholin-chloride or mannitol diminishes the dependence of renin release on the osmolarity of the medium. Variation of KCl-concentration in the absence of NaCl does not influence renin release significantly. The (Na+)-dependence of renin release does not seem to depend on aerobic conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 234-241 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Specific Inhibition of Amine Synthesis ; Brain ; DMI and RO 4-1284 Antagonism ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of α-methyl tyrosine and diethyldithiocarbamate which specifically inhibit noradrenaline synthesis and the influence of p-chlorophenylalanine which inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the brain on the antagonism between desmethylimipramine and RO 4-1284 was studied. It was shown that both substances which inhibit noradrenaline synthesis abolish the behavioural antagonism between DMI and RO 4-1284, and p-chlorophenylalanine is without effect on this antagonism. The evidence shows that DMI antagonises the action of a benzoquinolizine derivative by the participation of adrenergic mechanisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Scopolamine ; Hippocampus ; Activity ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To test the hypothesis that the hippocampus may be an important site of action for anticholinergic drugs, scopolamine was administered to rats with hippocampal lesions produced by aspiration and to appropriate control groups, and their activity measured. The experimental design was a four-way analysis of variance with three lesion groups, three drug levels, eight measurements in a two-hour session, and four weeks. At the two higher drug doses (0.20 and 1.0 mg/kg), rats with hippocampal or cortical lesions had significantly greater activity than the sham operates (p〈0.01 and p〈0.05, respectively). A group of Ss with electrolytic hippocampal lesions tested at 0.20 mg/kg scopolamine had transitory activity increases. Therefore the hippocampus is not necessary for the motor activating effects of the drug nor is its ablation unique in producing increases in drug-induced activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 18 (1970), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Avoidance ; Extinction ; Nicotine ; Tobacco Alkaloids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of nicotine and total alkaloids extracted from smoke on the avoidance behavior of rats under extinction procedure has been measured in an experiment extended over a period of three months. There was no significant difference between the two substances, with both inhibiting the extinction of avoidance response to approximately the same degree. Significance against the control was achieved with all treatments, the effect being significantly greater with the dose of 0.2 mg/kg than with the two doses of 0.1 or 0.05 mg/kg.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 266 (1970), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Testis ; Semen ; Ejaculation ; Pharmacological Tests
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Each of 12 rats was eleetroejaculated 15 times. The semen plug was liquefied in 1% alpha-chymotrypsin, enabling the spermatozoa to be counted. Spermatozoa counts averaged 7,700,000 per ejaculate with a wide range. In 5 of the animals the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles were surgically removed. After the removal of the glands the rats were electroejaculated 10 times. The still partly coagulated semen was dissolved in 1% alpha-chymotrypsin. The total ejaculate now showed a mean count of 18,600,000 spermatozoa with only a small range. By counting and comparing the number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate in treated and untreated rats with seminal vesicles and coagulating glands removed the effect of drugs on the testes can be examined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle Spindles ; Different types of sensory endings ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In einer Muskelspindel der Ratte, die an einer Serie alternierender Semidünn- und Ultradünnquerschnitte untersucht wurde, wurden zwei benachbart an „nuclear chain“-Fasern gelegene Nervenendformationen unterschiedlicher Bauweise festgestellt. Die beiden Endformationen sind mit ein und derselben Nervenfaser der Gruppe II verbunden und daher als Bestandteile einer sekundären sensorischen Endigung zu betrachten. Die Nervenendformation an einer der beiden „nuclear chain“-Fasern hat anulo-spirale Form. Die Nervenendformation an der anderen „nuclear chain“-Faser weist am Querschnittsbild eine Anzahl von Axonen auf, die zwischen Plasmalemm und Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser eng aneinanderliegen. Nicht alle Axonquerschnitte stehen in direktem Kontakt mit der intrafusalen Faser. Das terminale Axon scheint sieh nach Eintritt unter die Basalmembran der intrafusalen Faser mehrfach in relativ dünne Äste unregelmäßigen Verlaufs zu teilen. Diese Form der Endigung könnte ein Korrelat der sog. „flower spray“-Endigung im Sinne Ruffinis (1898) darstellen. Die beiden morphologisch unterschiedlichen Endformationen innerhalb der sekundären Endigung gleichen einander und den Endformationen der primären Endigung bezüglich folgender Ultrastrukturmerkmale: 1. Es besteht synaptischer Kontakt zwischen Axon und intrafusaler Muskelfaser (synaptischer Spalt durchschnittlich 200 Å) ohne Zwischenlagerung von Basalmembranmaterial; 2. die terminalen Axonabschnitte liegen direkt unter der Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser und sind nicht von Schwannschen Zellen bedeckt; 3. Mangel an synaptischen Bläschen; 4. desmosomenartige Verhaftungen zwischen Zellmembranen von Axon und intrafusaler Faser; 5. dyadenartige Anlagerungen des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums an die Zellmembran der intrafusalen Faser im Bereich des synaptischen Spaltes. Nach unseren derzeitigen Vorstellungen sprechen diese Ultrastrukturmerkmale für eine rezeptorische Natur der beschriebenen Nervenendigungen.
    Notizen: Summary In a rat muscle spindle transversally cut into a series of alternating semithin and ultrathin sections, two different forms of nerve terminations were found on two neighbouring nuclear chain fibres. The two nerve terminations were connected to the same group II nerve fibre and are consequently constituents of one particular secondary sensory ending. The nerve termination on one of the two nuclear chain fibres is of the anulo-spiral type. The nerve termination on the second nuclear chain fibre shows a number of axons lying closely together between plasma membrane and basement membrane of the intrafusal muscle fibre. Not all of these axons are in direct contact with the intrafusal fibre. The terminating nerve fibre seems to be divided into several branches of rather small diameters and irregular courses. It is suggested that this kind of termination could be a correlate of the so-called “flower spray” type of sensory endings in muscle spindles. The two morphologically different nerve terminations in the secondary ending have the following ultrastructural characteristics in common with those of the primary ending: 1) Synaptic contact between axon and intrafusal muscle fibre (synaptic gap about 200 Å) without interposition of basement membrane material; 2) terminal axons located beneath the basement membrane layer of intrafusal muscle fibres without covering by Schwann cells; 3) lack of synaptic vesicles; 4) desmosome-like structures between plasma membranes of axon and intrafusal muscle fibre, and 5) dyads of the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the synaptic cleft. According to present knowledge these features indicate that all of these endings are sensory ones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 357-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Vasopressin release ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse a été examiné sur coupes ultrafines chez 45 rats (24 normaux, 17 déshydratés respectivement 1, 2 et 4 jours, et 4 anesthésiés à l'éther), après fixation au glutaraldéhyde ou selon la méthode de Karnovsky, post-fixation osmiée et double contraste à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb. Des fibres neurosécrétoires sombres et claires sont reconnaissables, mais les données manquent encore pour interpréter cette différence. Des densifications juxta-membranaires sont observées dans les terminaisons neurosécrétoires là où se trouvent des amas de microvésicules. Des fibres neurosécrétoires traversent parfois des pituicytes; il est aussi souvent observé des fibres, chargées de granules, libres dans un espace péricapillaire. Les espaces péricapillaires, ramifiés en tous sens loin des vaisseaux, développent une large surface de contact avec les extrémités nerveuses et les prolongements de pituicytes. Dans des conditions techniques bien contrôlées, la déshydratation n'entraîne pas de modifications appréciables des granules de neurosécrétat après 24 h. Ensuite les granules sont diminués en nombre, de façon très considérable le 4e jour; mais les granules restants ont un contenu dense normal; jamais il n'a été observé d'aspects de ≪granules vides ≫. Après anesthésie prolongée à l'éther, il n'y a aucune modification visible ni du nombre, ni de la densité des granules. Ces observations sont discutées quant au mécanisme de l'excrétion de vasopressine; elles sont en faveur de l'existence de deux pools hormonaux, l'un libre et rapidement disponible, l'autre plus fortement lié et certainement contenu dans les granules jouant le rôle de réserve. Toutefois un mécanisme d'exocytose granulaire ne peut être formellement exclu.
    Notizen: Summary Hypophysial neural lobes of 45 rats (24 controls, 17 dehydrated resp. 1, 2 and 4 days, and 4 ether anesthetized) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or according to Karnovsky and post-fixed in osmium tetroxyde; ultrathin sections were stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Dark and clear neurosecretory fibres were observed, but sufficient data are still lacking for a valuable interpretation of these aspects. Juxta-membraneous densifications are visible in limited areas of neurosecretory terminals where clusters of microvesicles are present. Neurosecretory fibres happen to be completely encircled by pituioyte cytoplasm; fibres loaded with elementary granules are frequently encountered running free in a pericapillary space. Pericapillary spaces stretch out branching far away from vessels, resulting in a widespread contact with nerve terminals and pituicyte processes. In accurately controlled technical conditions, dehydratation does not result in any noticeable change of neurosecretory granules after 24 h. A decrease of the number of granules follows and is extremely conspicuous after 4 days; though, remaining granules keep a normal dense content, and aspects of “empty granules” have never been observed. After prolonged ether anesthesia, no visible change either in number or electron density of granules was observed. These findings are discussed in consideration of the mechanism of vasopressin release; they support the hypothesis of two hormonal pools, one of which would be free and rapidly available for release, the other being more tightly bound and certainly located in granules representing a storage site. Though granular exocytosis cannot be absolutely excluded.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 384-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Heart muscle cells ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative ; Asphyxia ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Normale und hypoxische Herzmuskelzellen aus der Wand des linken Ventrikels der Ratte wurden quantitativ-morphologisch anhand von elektronenmikroskopischen Längsschnitten nach Perfusionsfixierung untersucht. In normalen Zellen waren alle Myofibrillen relaxiert, die mittlere Sarcomerlänge betrug 2,2 μm. Die Schnittfläche wurde zu 55% von Myofibrillen, zu 27% von Mitochondrien und zu 18% von Grundplasma und Reticulum eingenommen. Die zwischen den Myofibrillen liegenden Mitochondrien waren längsoval und im Mittel 2,3mal so lang wie breit. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen subendokardial und subepikardial gelegenen Zellen. 10 min nach Erstickung der Tiere waren in den sonst unauffälligen Muskelzellen die Glycogengranula vermindert. Nach 20 min führte die Hypoxie zu einer Zunahme der relativen Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien um etwa 16% und zu einer beginnenden Kontraktur der Myofibrillen (Sarcomerlänge 2,0 μm). 20 min Hypoxie in Hypothermie (25–30°C intrathorakal) veränderte die normale Zellstruktur dagegen kaum. Wenn die Herzen während der 20 min dauernden Hypoxie in Normothermie mit einer procainhaltigen sauerstoff- und glucosefreien Blutersatzlösung durchspült wurden, waren die Myofibrillen relaxiert, die Schwellung der Mitochondrien dagegen wurde nicht reduziert. 30 min nach Erstickung wurde die Kontraktur stärker (Sarcomerlänge 1,7 μm). Nach 60 min bildeten sich Superkontraktionsknoten, einzelne Myofibrillen waren in Höhe der I-Bänder unterbrochen. Die Cristae der Mitochondrien wichen auseinander, die Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien hatte um 27% zugenommen. Während in Normotherapie eine Asphyxie des Tieres bereits nach 10 min die Herzmuskelzellen funktionell schwer schädigt, ist die Schädigung morphologisch erst nach 20 min eindeutig. Das bedeutet, daß für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation eine Hypoxie von unter 10 min bedeutungslos ist. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Manifestationszeit für die Unterbrechung der Sauerstoffversorgung stimmen unsere Befunde an Herzmuskelzellen gut mit vergleichbaren Angaben an Leberzellen überein.
    Notizen: Summary In heart muscle cells of the left ventricle of rats the distribution of cell organelles and their reaction to hypoxia were investigated by electron microscopy. In normal hearts fixed by perfusion with aldehydes, the mean sarcomere length was 2.2 μm. 27% of the longitudinal sectional area was occupied by mitochondria, 55% by myofibrils and 18% by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ground plasm. The mitochondria situated in rows between the fibrils were oval and measured 2.3 times more in length than in width. There was no difference between cells from subendocardial and subepicardial regions. 10 min hypoxia (complete occlusion of the trachea) did not affect the appearance of muscle cells but diminished the number of glycogen granules. After 20 minutes the area occupied by mitochondria was increased by 16%, the mitochondria between the myofibrils were more spherical and only 1.5 times longer than wide. The sarcomeres shortened to 2.0 μm. With hypothermia (25–30°C) hypoxia of 20 minutes duration did not affect the cell structure. Perfusion of the heart by a saline solution, which contained procaine but neither oxygen nor glucose, for 20 minutes prevented shortening of the sarcomeres but not swelling of the mitochondria. 30 minutes after occlusion of the trachea the myofibrils shortened to a sarcomere length of 1.7 μm. After 60 minutes irregularly and excessively contracted myofibrils appeared and some sarcomeres were interrupted at the level of the I-bands. In some of the swollen mitochondria the cristae were widely separated. The increase of the area occupied by mitochondria was 27%. Asphyxia affects heart muscle cells severely with respect to function within 10 min, but morphologically it takes 20 min before a definite effect can be noticed. As to the time after which lack of oxygen is manifested morphologically, our results are consistent with findings in liver cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 540-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Rat ; Postnatal differentiation ; Morphology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of layers I and II of the motor cerebral cortex of rat brain has been studied at birth, 4, 7 and 14 days postnatal and in the adult. Compared with the adult, neonatal rat motor cortex exhibited a large extracellular space which decreases with increasing age. At all stages studied the neurons were seen to contain the organelles usually found in adult neurons. Growth cones were present in decreasing numbers up to 14 days old. Synapses were detectable at birth and there was an obvious increase in their number throughout the postnatal development. At the earliest stages studied there was a lack of specialization characteristic of the adult. Many synapses were either avesicular or relatively so and lacked the high degree of modification of adult pre- and postsynaptic membranes. By 7 days after birth many synapses existed which in all morphological respects resembled those of the adult, and by 14 days, the majority were of the adult type. These findings, particularly with reference to the postnatal development of synapses, have been discussed in relation to the known electrophysiological findings.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 251-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): C cells ; Thyroid ; Rat ; Ultimobranchial origin ; Differentiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nos observations confirment l'origine ultimobranchiale des cellules C de la thyroïde du rat. L'évolution des corps ultimobranchiaux (C.U.B.) a été étudiée à partir du 16ème jour de gestation, stade où ils fusionnent avec l'ébauche thyroïdienne. Dès le 17ème jour, les premières cellules C se différencient dans le C.U.B. inclus dans la thyroïde. Au 18ème jour, elles sont plus nombreuses et commencent à se disperser dans les cordons thyroïdiens. La migration des cellules C est particulièrement importante au 19ème jour. A partir du 20ème jour, les signes d'activité sécrétoire s'intensifient très nettement. A la fin de la vie foetale, les cellules C sont comparables aux cellules C adultes. La differenciation des cellules parathyroïdiennes précède nettement celle des cellules C.
    Notizen: Summary Our observations confirm the ultimobranchial origin of the C cells of the rat thyroid. We studied the development of the ultimobranchial body from the 16th day of pregnancy, when there is fusion with the thyroidian anlage, onwards. As early as the 17th day, the first C cells differentiate in the ultimobranchial body which is included into the thyroid. On the 18th day, they are more numerous and start to scatter throughout the thyroidian cords. The migration of the C cells is especially obvious on the 19th day. From the 20th day onwards, there is marked increase in secretory activity. At the end of the foetal life, the C cells resemble those of the adult. The differentiation of the parathyroid cells significantly precedes that of the C cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Trypsin-dissociation ; ACTH stimulation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Electron micrographs of trypsin-dissociated rat adrenal showed predominantly intact rounded cells without internal damage. The population contained cells from the glomerular, intermediary and fascicular zones with cells from the zona fasciculata predominant. The presence or absence of cells from the reticular zone could not be determined. Cells from the medullary zone were absent. The addition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the cellular suspension for 2 hours produced corticosterone. However, these stimulated cells did not display any significant ultrastructural change.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 487-500 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pituitary gland ; Residual lumen ; Epithelial cells ; Fine structure ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Histology, enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy of the epithelium covering the rat pituitary residual lumen was studied. The anterior and posterior epithelium have similar histological and histochemical appearance, although the posterior epithelium shows stronger enzyme reactions for an esterase and many dehydrogenases. Electron microscopic studies reveal that both epithelia form a continuous lining. Anterior epithelium is in immediate contact with the interstitial spaces of the anterior lobe, while the posterior epithelium is separated from the intermediate lobe by a continuous basement lamina. The cytological features of both epithelia are also remarkably similar with scanty rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, inconspicuous Golgi apparatus, round or oval mitochondria, and moderate number of lysosomal bodies. The apical surface of these cells is covered by microvilli and in some, especially posterior epithelial cells, by numerous cilia. Anterior epithelial cells and the apical portions of the posterior epithelial cells contain a number of large vacuoles with material possibly related to the colloid within the residual lumen. Electron microscopic findings suggest that both epithelia are possibly active in transfer and/or disposal of the colloid material rather than being secretory themselves. Enzyme histochemical findings support the hypothesis of an active role of these cells in metabolic processes related to phagocytosis. Based on these observations the colloid seems to be the product of the anterior lobe function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral cortex ; Rat ; Synapses ; Postnatal ; Quantitation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Quantitation of synapses at different postnatal ages has been undertaken in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In this study axial ratios of presynaptic bags, proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags and numbers of synapses per unit volume of cortex have been estimated. Observations on synaptic vesicle packing densities have also been made. Synaptic bags become increasingly spherical up to 7 days of age and become more elongated thereafter. The proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags increases rapidly up to 7 days of age and then at a decelerated rate up to maturity. The number of synapses per unit volume increases slowly over the first four days after which there is a rapid increase to 14 days, followed by a decelerated rate. The average presynaptic bag shows marked changes in volume with increasing age which indicate the probability of two stages of synaptic development. This two stage development is further reflected in the estimates on vesicle packing densities. The implications of the results are discussed in relationship to changes in functional activity of the cortex during postnatal development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 569-587 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Subtotal Pancreatectomy ; Rat ; Islet Regeneration ; Excretory Duct System
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Männliche Ratten wurden bei einem Gewicht von 80–100 g subtotal pankreatektomiert (5% Rest) und zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach der Operation abgetötet. Bei diesen wie bei unbehandelten Kontrolltieren wurde die Neubildung von Inselgewebe aus dem exkretorischen Gangsystem elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. — Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Inselneubildung von Gangzellen ausgeht, welche ein auffallend helles Zytoplasma besitzen und samt ihren Kernen größer und abgerundeter sind als ihre Nachbarzellen. Diese Zellen wandern vom Lumen ab, wobei die entstehende Lücke zum Lumen zu jeweils durch eine seitliche Ausdehnung des Zytoplasmas benachbarter Gangzellen geschlossen wird. Die abgewanderten hellen Zellen, die mit den lichtmikroskopisch beschriebenen „trüben Zellen“ identisch sein dürften, haben die Fähigkeit, sich zu Alpha-oder Beta-Zellen zu differenzieren. Dabei werden sie größer und das Zytoplasma dunkler. Sie behalten aber gleichzeitig einige Besonderheiten, die auf ihre Herkunft hinweisen. Die Regeneration des Inselgewebes, die vorwiegend von den zentroacinären Zellen ausgeht, setzt bald nach der Operation stark ein, schwächt sich dann aber kontinuierlich ab. In den immer ineffektiver werdenden Regenerationsvorgang werden zunehmend größere Gangabschnitte einbezogen. Die weitgehende Erschöpfung der Regenerationsfähigkeit fällt mit dem Auftreten eines manifesten Diabetes zwischen dem 40. und 60. Tag p.op. zusammen.
    Notizen: Summary Male rats were subtotally pancreatectomized at a weight of 80–100 g according to the method of Foglia (5% of the total pancreas remaining). The animals were killed at different intervals after. In these rats, as well as in healthy controls, the new formation of islets out of the excretory duct system was studied by electron microscopy. Obviously the new formation of islets takes origin from certain cells of the ductular system which show a light cytoplasm and are larger and rounder than their neighbouring cells. The latter goes for their nuclei, too, even to a larger degree. These light cells migrate away from the ductular lumen and the gaps resulting from this are closed by long and thin processes of the cytoplasm of their neighbouring duct cells coming in contact with each other. The cells having migrated away seem to have an ability to differentiate into alphaor beta-cells. Most probably they are identical with the “trübe Zellen” described by light-microscopists. The higher the degree of differentiation in these cells is, the darker becomes their cytoplasm. But they still keep for some time morphological aspects indicating their origin from ductular cells. An intense regeneration of islet tissue starts soon after the operation from the centroacinar cells but it decreases continuously after. As the process of islet regeneration becomes more and more ineffective, an increasing number of larger excretory ducts are involved in it. The exhaustion of the ability for regeneration is correlated exactly in time with the onset of a manifest diabetes between the 40 th and 60 th day after operation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 364-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Oocyte maturation ; in vitro studies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After cultivation in a modified Trowell-system (organ ciilture) oocytes of 12- to 40-day-old rats were studied under the light and electron microscope. The cultivation period was 72 hrs. Egg cells from primary and early secondary follicles which are characterized by the lack of a zona pellucida and by one or at most two very large Golgi's complexes located near the nucleus do not show any alterations. The other egg cells are characterized by membrane packages which can otherwise only be observed in mature egg cells right before or after the ovulation. Meiotic processes or the formation of polar bodies are only seldom to be seen. These egg cells are surrounded by a thick zona pellucida. From these findings the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In organ cultures meiotic processes are prevented by the inhibitory influence of follicle cells (Foote and Thibault, 1969). 2. A cytoplasmic maturation proceeds independently. 3. In-vivo an inhibitory factor influences the cytoplasmic maturation. This inhibition is not observed in the organ culture. Thus we can be sure that it develops outside the ovary. 4. The synthesis of the zona pellucida continues in-vitro.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 572-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Cellular Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The hypothalamus of male and female rats, given 0.3 μg/100 g body weight of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β and killed 1 hour after the injection, was examined by autoradiography in order to 1) localize the areas and the cells involved in the uptake of the hormone, and 2) study the intracellular localization of the labelled material. Only nerve cells contained radioactive material while glial and ependymal cells were not significantly labelled. In the anterior hypothalamus, labelled nerve cells were concentrated in areas corresponding to nucleus preopticus medialis and nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica. The nucleus supraopticus was unlabelled. In the medial basal hypothalamus, neurons corresponding to the nucleus arcuatus and the lateral part of the nucleus ventromedialis showed marked labelling. No significant labelling was observed in the nucleus paraventricularis, pars magnocellularis. Although the individual nerve cells varied in their extent of labelling, the major proportion of the silver grains were consistently concentrated over the nuclei. Castration was not found to influence the results. The findings were essentially the same in male and female rats and appear to suggest that oestradiol exerts a direct effect on nerve cells in certain hypothalamic areas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Anterior hypophysis ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Uptake of 3H-Oestradiol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus of male and female rats given 3H-oestradiol were examined with regard to 1) the kinetics of the uptake of the radioactive material, 2) the chemical nature of the labelled material, and 3) the influence of non-labelled oestradiol-17β, oestradiol-17α and testosterone on the uptake of 3H-oestradiol. The anterior hypophysis was found to concentrate and retain oestradiol in basically the same manner in male and female rats. The pattern of the uptake was similar to that of the uterus and vagina, with a concentration peak 2 hours after the injection. Non-target tissues such as cerebral cortex, liver and blood attained their maximum uptake already 15 minutes after the injection. Thereafter the concentration gradually decreased. The ratio between the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis and brain cortex gradually increased until a peak was reached at 8 hours in both sexes. In the female, the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis was then 106.3 times greater than in the brain cortex, while in the male the ratio was 63.2. In the hypothalamus the uptake followed a pattern similar to that of the brain cortex. However, in the former the concentration of labelled material was consistently greater than in the latter. At maximum uptake, registered 4 hours after the injection, the concentration was about two times greater in the hypothalamus than in the cerebral cortex. The neurohypophysis contained, on an average, 1/6 of the amount of radioactive material registered in the anterior lobe one hour after the injection, but it was about two times greater than in the brain cortex. Isolation and identification of the radioactive material in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus showed that in both sexes nearly all of it was chemically unchanged oestradiol. Graded doses of non-labelled oestradiol-17β were found to decrease the uptake of 3H-oestradiol in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus almost linearly, while the concentration of labelled material in the brain was unaltered. Oestradiol-17α and testosterone were without significant effect on both the pituitary and hypothalamic accumulation of 3H-oestradiol. Therefore, a limited number of binding sites, with a high degree of specificity for oestradiol, appear to exist in both tissues. The results were essentially the same in male and female rats.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Rat ; Deafferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This report concerns a light and electron microscopic investigation of the median eminence and dorsal infundibular stem of the rat following surgical isolation (deafferentation). Using a modification of the Halász technique, the basal hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus and median eminence were surgically isolated from surrounding structures. Special attention was directed to the contact (external) zone of the median eminence and rostral infundibulum where tuberohypophyseal axons as well as ependymal cell processes abut upon the abluminal basement membrane of the portal perivascular space. The results of this study to date suggest that 9, 20, and 40 days following surgical isolation, there is a distinct increase in the population of tuberohypophyseal dense core vesicles. It is suggested that deafferentation abolishes inhibitory and excitatory input that serves to modify the cellular dynamics of tuberohypophyseal neurosecretory elements. Comments are also made on the presence of cistern-like structures in the lateral median eminence; the presence of vesicle-like inclusions in terminal ependymal processes is discussed in relationship to the role that ependyma may play in linking the third ventricle with the adenohypophysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 597-614 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hypophysis ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pituitaries of male and female rats given 0.3 μg of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β per 100 g body weight were examined by autoradiography in order to 1) identify the cells responsible for the uptake of the hormone, 2) determine the intracellular distribution of the hormone and quantify the proportions localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus by silver grain counting, and 3) see if sex differences existed in the cellular and intracellular distribution of the hormone. The animals were killed at intervals varying from 1 minute to 8 hours following intravenous or intramuscular injection. A large proportion of pituitary cells having the morphologic characteristics of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes contained radioactive material. Castration cells and acidophils of gonadectomized and lactating rats showed marked labelling. In male and female rats killed 10 minutes after intravenous injection, 84.4 and 83.6 per cent of the cells were labelled. One hour after intramuscular injection, 86.6 and 76.1 per cent of the cells were labelled in males and females, respectively. Thus, a small proportion of the cells remained unlabelled. Labelled cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei, but the major proportion of the radioactive material was invariably associated with the cell nuclei in all cell types and at all time intervals. About 65 per cent of the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei in animals killed five minutes or one hour after intravenous or intramuscular injection of the hormone. The silver grains appeared to be randomly distributed in both the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. In the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, only sparse labelling with random distribution was observed. At the border between the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, labelling of single cells or clusters of cells similar to those in the adenohypophysis was found. The results, which were essentially the same in male and female rats, appear to indicate a direct effect of oestradiol at the pituitary level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine fluorescence ; Output of pars distalis hormones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the median eminence of foetal, neonatal and adult rats has been studied with the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique in preparations in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were in continuity. In adult rats monoamine fluorescence is present throughout the median eminence, including the anatomical stem. In foetal rats a few sagittally-directed varicose fluorescent fibres are seen in the median eminence. In neonatal rats palisade layer fluorescence in appreciable amounts is first seen on the fourth day in the region of the anatomical stem. By the eighth day it has spread throughout the palisade layer of the entire median eminence, and by the end of the third week it has attained adult intensity. The appearance of monoamines in the median eminence, the development of a functional hypophysial portal system, and a changing pattern of development of function in both the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axes thus all appear to be contemporaneous events. It is suggested that the monoamines of the median eminence represent part of a neural system influencing the output of pars distalis hormones, in particular of ACTH and TSH secretion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 138-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Histochemical pattern
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Makrophagen und entodermale Retikulumzellen samt Ausläufern lassen sich im Thymus der Wistar-Ratte durch den histochemischen Nachweis der sauren Phosphatase und der unspezifischen Esterase selektiv darstellen, während die Lymphozyten nicht reagieren. Häufigkeit und Verteilung der Retikulumzellen und Makrophagen lassen altersabhängige Unterschiede erkennen: Auf Kosten der Retikulumzellen nimmt die Zahl der Makrophagen mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter zu. Bei geschlechtsreifen Tieren bilden sie einen Wall an der Mark-Rinden-Grenze. Die Bedeutung der sauren Phosphatase in entodermalen Retikulumzellen wird unter der Annahme diskutiert, daß es sich um lysosomengebundenes Ferment handelt. Lysosomen sind im involvierenden Thymus wahrscheinlich an autolytischen oder phagozytotischen Prozessen beteiligt. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob Lysosomen in entodermalen Retikulumzellen des Thymus neugeborener Tiere in die Abgabe einer humoral wirksamen Substanz eingreifen können.
    Notizen: Summary Macrophages and entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of Wistar rats contrast by their rich contents of acid phosphatase and unspecific esterase activity with the negativ reacting lymphocytes. Frequency and distribution of the cells vary according to different stages of age: at cost of the entodermal reticular cells the number of macrophages increases with progressive age. In sexually mature animals they form a typical layer at the corticomedullary junction. The functional meaning of acid phosphatase in the entodermal reticulum cells is discussed under the assumption that this enzyme is lysosomebound. In the involuting thymus lysosomes are involved in autolytic or phagocytic processes. The question arises wether lysosomes in entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of newborn animals can take part in the control of an humoral function of the thymus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 5-32 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The program given here assembles and solves symmetric positive-definite equations as met in finite element applications. The technique is more involved than the standard band-matrix algorithms, but it is more efficient in the important case when two-dimensional or three-dimensional elements have other than corner nodes. Artifices are included to improve efficiency when there are many right hand sides, as in automated design. The organization of the program is described with reference to diagrams, full notation, specimen input data and supplementary comments on the ASA FORTRAN print-out.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 33-43 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: In the design of a guyed mast the design specification often imposes limits on the allowable deflection of the mast under wind and other lateral loads. While the deflected form of a mast depends on many different design parameters, the guy erection tensions form one of the simplest means of controlling the lateral displacements. The paper describes a procedure for calculating these tensions in the case of a mast required to have a specified set of displacements under a given set of lateral loads. It also discusses the case where specified deflections are not to be exceeded under a number of different loading conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 45-59 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper is concerned with the development of a computational algorithm for the solution of the uncoupled, quasi-static boundary value problem for a linear viscoelastic solid undergoing thermal and mechanical deformation. The method evolves from a finite element discretization of a stationary value problem, leading to the solution of a system of linear integral equations determining the motion of the solid. An illustrative example is included.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The transient field problem of the type encountered in heat conduction problems is formulated in terms of the finite element process using the Galerkin approach. Curved two-dimensional and three-dimensional, isoparametric elements are used in a time-stepping solution and their advantages illustrated by means of several examples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The proposed finite element model is based on separate assumptions of interior and interelement displacements and on the assumed boundary tractions of each individual element. The associated variational functional for this model is presented. This method has the same merits of the assumed stress method (References 3 and 4) in that a compatible displacement function at the interelement boundary can be easily constructed, while it can easily be used for shells with distributed loads.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A numerical method for the analysis of field problems is described. The algorithm is based upon the generalized Betti-Maxwell theorem. Using a set of known solutions to problems with similar boundary conditions produces a set of ‘integral’ equations for the required solution. Using any convenient numerical integration formula reduces the problem to the solution of a set of simultaneous algebraic equations. The accuracy of the solution depends upon the accuracy of the integration formula as applied to the problem under consideration and is independent of the known auxiliary solutions. The method is described in detail as applied to harmonic problems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Considerable attention has been devoted in the literature on numerical methods towards securing energy convergence of solutions for, say, linearly elastic plate bending problems. Although energy convergence is necessary it by no means follows that the derived bending moments and shearing forces converge uniformly at a given point and it is this kind of feature which the engineer is really seeking.This question is examined in the context of a problem which is of particular interest to the civil engineering field and concerns the bending of a square plate under uniformly distributed load; the plate has simply supported edges and contains a central square hole with free edges. The solution to this multiply connected and mixed boundary value problem is obtained through a recently developed modification to the Rayleigh-Ritz method which has very general application and renders the solution mathematically valid up to the internal corner points where the bending moments are singular. Use is made of triangular equilibrium finite elements in conjunction with continuous eigenfunctions. Although it is already known that the order (i.e. the eigenvalue) of the singularity at the internal corners is available by inspection, it is an interesting feature of the present solution that a good approximation to the amplitude is also obtained by an inspection of the finite element results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 99-116 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The convergence rates of eigenvalue solutions using two finite plate bending elements are studied. The elements considered are the well-known 12 degree of freedom, non-conforming rectangular element and the 16 degree of freedom, conforming rectangular element. Three problems are analysed, a square plate simply supported on two opposite sides with the other two sides clamped, simply supported, or free. Closed form, finite element solutions for these problems are obtained by using shifting E-operators.With few exceptions, eigenvalue solutions found with the non-conforming element converge from below the exact answers at an asymptotic rate of n-2, where n is the number of elements on a side. However, since the array size needed for such convergence is very large, little can be said about the convergence rates for practical arrays. The conforming element solutions converge from above at an asymptotic rate of n-4. A comparison of the errors involved in using these two elements shows that the conforming element is far superior to the non-conforming element.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper presents a labour-saving method of discretizing irregular and inhomogeneous two-dimensional continua into triangular elements. The method uses a magnetic pen to record node point data and a computer program to generate element data. This technique eliminates the tedium in the manual generation of data and the delay due to mistakes which would otherwise arise frequently for a complex mesh.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A finite element formulation which includes the piezoelectric or electroelastic effect is given. A strong analogy is exhibited between electric and elastic variables, and a ‘stiffness’ finite element method is deduced. The dynamical matrix equation of electroelasticity is formulated and found to be reducible in form to the well-known equation of structural dynamics, A tetrahedral finite element is presented, implementing the theorem for application to problems of three-dimensional electroelasticity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A numerical method is presented for the solution of the radially symmetric heat conduction problem in a melting sphere. The method employs the embedding technique; this permits the solution to be written in the form of an ordinary integro-differential equation which is readily solved numerically by means of a forward integration scheme. The accuracy of the method is briefly discussed and numerical results for both constant and variable heat inputs are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 159-174 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper is concerned with the development of general discrete models for the analysis of boundary-value problems in the first strain-gradient theory of elasticity. Extensions of the finite element method are constructed for this purpose, and general equations of motion are derived for finite elements of a class of micro-polar materials which are characterized by strain energy functions involving strains and second gradients of strains or displacements. The notion of generalized nodal doublets is introduced. The problem of a composite consisting of a strain-gradient sensitive microlayer embedded between semi-infinite bodies is examined as an example problem. Some of the results are compared with available exact solutions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Methods for the analysis of complex, highly redundant structures subjected to intermittent loads causing biaxial membrane stress and stress reversal into the plastic range are presented. The Bauschinger effect in multi-axial stress is taken into account by the use of Ziegler's modification of Pragers kinematic hardening theory. The implementation of this plasticity theory in the discrete element methods involves the application of the loading in small increments. A linear relationship between increments of plastic strain and of stress, arising out of the theory, is used in conjunction with a linear matrix equation that governs the elastic behaviour of the structure. In the latter equation, plastic strains are interpreted as initial strains. A solution to the linear matrix equation, expressed in terms either of stress or of total strain, may be obtained by utilizing one of two alternative procedures. The methods are capable of treating materials which exhibit elastic-plastic behaviour involving ideal plasticity, linear or non-linear strain hardening, or limited strain hardening. Application is made to several representative structures. Comparison of some of the results with existing test data for both monotonic and reversed loading shows good correlation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A general digital computer method based on a Sturm sequence procedure is described for determining the natural frequencies and associated modes of undamped free vibration of frames and other structures whose stiffness and mass matrices are of band form. A program which uses the method for the analysis of plane multi-storey building frames is outlined, and numerical results are presented for a simple test case and for a 19-storey frame.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 207-219 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A newly developed numerical Laplace transform inversion technique is described. A derivation of the method, termed the ‘multidata method’, is presented along with a description of a similar collocation method. Similarities and differences between the two numerical methods are described and discussed. Results of parameter studies of both methods are presented which demonstrate the sensitivity to error displayed by the collocation method and the magnitude of the improvement in accuracy obtainable with the multidata method as compared with the collocation method, especially when errors exist in the function to be inverted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: In this study, finite element solution procedures are developed for an elastica problem of inextensible beams. The element stiffness matrices are obtained by using Galerkin's method. Results of a numerical example compare reasonably well with those obtained by using the elliptical integral.Extensions of this research are currently being made to include membrane effects of beams and to develop plate element stiffness matrices for elastica problems of plate structures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 243-252 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This report summarizes an experimental application of the finite element approach to two-dimensional inviscid fluid flow.The method results in a matrix equation relating the vector of velocities at the nodal points with the vector of singularities. The singularities, which are concentrated at the nodes, consist of a source and a vortex.On solution of this equation (defining the flow in the region), boundary conditions must te stipulated. This usually involves setting the internal singularities to zero and making certain modifications ro those lying on the boundary of the region.Some results of the application to a particular problem are included in the paper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Some typical results of an extensive series of evaluations of parallelogram-shaped plate bending elements with increasing levels of sophistication are presented. It is shown that, contrary to experience in other fields of stress analysis, this sophistication does not lead to striking improvements in accuracy in the solution of simple rectangular and skew plate problems. A computational procedure is described whereby stiffness matrices may be automatically generated from the minimum of input data specifying the displacement modes prescribed for the element.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A conforming plate bending solution using simple polynomial deflection functions of third-degree inside each triangular element is presented. In order to avoid normal slope discontinuities along the sides of the elements, the plate displacement parameters are subjected to ‘slope continuity conditions’ acting as constraints to the minimum potential energy problem. This is then solved by the classical method of Lagrange introducing multipliers as new auxiliary variables. If a special variational formulation of the problem is used, it can be shown that the Lagrangean multipliers are generalized stress parameters. The suggested solution is therefore basically a ‘mixed’ solution, the unknown variables of the problem being both displacement and stress parameters. Several numerical results are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Approximate formulations of non-uniform beam element stiffness matrices for dynamic and elastic instability analysis are derived. Displacement functions for the uniform beam segment are employed in this development. Moment of inertia and area of the element are prescribed by arbitrary powers of the axial co-ordinate. Numerical results are obtained and compared with both analytical solutions and numerical solutions based upon stepped representations using uniform section elements. The significance of the inclusion of taper considerations within individual elements upon solution accuracy and convergence characteristics is also examined. This subject problem and solution approach demonstrates that the upper bound character of minimum energy solutions may be difficult to exploit under practical circumstances.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This article describes-a new method, suitable for use on a digital computer, for evaluating the singular double integral of Hayes which determines the transonic wave drag of a slender body. Comparison with known exact results and with an earlier computer program described by Eminton shows the present method to be accurate as well as economic in computer time.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 283-293 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The complementary variational principle has been used to derive the differential equations and the associated boundary conditions of the vibrating plate in terms of bending moments. It is shown that in this formulation, the plate possesses an infinite number of zero frequency modes in which the plate remains in a state of constant strain under a set of self-equilibrating bending moments. In applying the Rayleigh Ritz procedure for the non-zero frequency modes of the plate, it is shown that it the assumed functions are orthogonal to only a finite number of zero frequency modes, then one may obtain frequencies which are lower than the true frequencies of the plate. An iliustrative example is given in the paper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 299-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Convergence of a finite element procedure for the solution of the fourth-order equations is proved. A generalization of this result is mentioned and some remarks concerning the numerical results obtained at the Computing Centre of the Technical University in Brno are given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 311-333 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Digital filters are finding wide applications in signal processing aspects of such fields as engineering, geophysics and biosignal analysis. The design of a digital filter and its realization with near minima computer word length are two problems which can be solved by computer-aided design techniques In this paper, the automated design of the initial filter (recursive type) only is considered. Both of the basic design methods - the direct and indirect approaches - have been analysed, and compute programs have been written to implement the various design techniques. The present program are limited to the design of flat loss type filters specified by their gain rather than their phase character istics. although provision has been made to allow for other types of design in the indirect approach Design examples are given, and the results analysed with a view to the suitability and limitations of the different design techniques.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper demonstrates the applicability of general non-linear programming methods to the solution of buckling problems. The minimum energy formulation of the buckling condition is shown to yield an unconstrained non-linear programming problem, for which several numerical methods of solution are readily available. Some of these methods are discussed and numerical results are presented for stiffened plates with in-plane as well as lateral loads.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 335-352 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Stiffness matrices are formulated for the torsional and lateral stability analysis of structures composed of flexural members by the matrix displacement method. The formulations are based upon approximate displacement fields which represent the action of the element in simple flexure. Example problems, for which exact solutions are known, illustrate the accuracy and convergence characteristics of the derived formulations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 363-385 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A solution has been formulated, which allows one to analyse all the major performance characteristics in a chain of impacting elastic ‘rods’. By allowing one end of the elastic chain to impact against a surface which resists penetration according to a specified penetration law it is possible to analyse the impact system of a variety of mechanical devices such as percussive tools and squeeze film dampers. Virtually, unlimited variety in the number and geometry of the impacting rods, and virtually unlimited complexity in the form of the reaction of the terminal face is permitted. A computer program for treating one or two elastic rods has been developed. The program prints out all important stresses as well as the stress history at several selected points. It also prints out the depth of penetration, the energy transferred from rod to rod, the overall energy transfer into the receiver, rebound velocities and times of separation between rods and between rod and 4receiver. Agreement with exact solutions and experiments is demonstrated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 387-395 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A technique of differential displacements is presented whereby problems involving elastic contact are solved by the finite element method. The technique is applied to axisymmetric situations in which statically indeterminate conditions occur and is shown to provide a means for resolving these conditions in terms of contact stresses. Three typical engineering problems are analysed to demonstrate the technique in cases where body forces, thermal gradients and external applied forces are acting.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 415-418 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Recent advances in finite element techniques have enabled full three-dimensional stress analyses to be undertaken. Economy and accuracy can only be achieved simultaneously if the characteristics of the element are understood. Preparatory work is described in which suitable pitching and disposition of brick-type elements are established for the analysis of cylinders.The information derived is put to use in the analysis of a cylinder-cylinder intersection. A favourable comparison is made with an independently computed solution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 397-414 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The velocity field of a semi-contained turbulent jet, as constructed by Abramovich, is used to arrive at the temperature distributions in the initial region of a turbulent flow film cooling situation taking into account both the development of the jet boundary layer and the wall boundary layer. After suitable profiles of eddy thermal conductivity are established, a finite difference form of the thermal energy equation is derived, shown to be unconditionally stable, and solved numerically with the aid of an IBM System 360 computer to yield the temperature distributions. Wieghardt's parameter for collapsing the temperature profiles onto a single curve in film cooling situations, when suitably modified, also collapse the analytical results to essentially a single curve even as near as 2·7 slot heights from the injection point, thus verifying the temperature similarity in film cooling which has been experimentally observed even very near the injection point. Results in graphical form are presented which allows one to construct the actual temperature profile for a fairly wide range of the relevant parameters.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 453-454 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 419-451 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A general formulation for the curved, arbitrary shape of thick shell finite elements is presented in this paper along with a simplified form for axisymmetric situations. A number of examples ranging from thin to thick shell applications are given, which include a cooling tower, water tanks, an idealized arch dam and an actual arch dam with deformable foundation.A new process using curved, thick shell finite elements is developed overcoming the previous approximations to the geometry of the structure and the neglect of shear deformation.A general formulation for a curved, arbitrary shape of shell is developed as well as a simplified form suitable for axisymmetric situations.Several illustrated examples ranging from thin to thick shell applications are given to assess the accuracy of solution attainable. These examples include a cooling tower, tanks, and an idealized dam for which many alternative solutions were used.The usefulness of the development in the context of arch dams, where a ‘thick shell’ situation exists, leads in practice to a fuller discussion of problems of foundation deformation, etc., so that practical application becomes possible and economical.
    Zusätzliches Material: 25 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 459-476 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The stiffness equation is derived for curved elements of orthotropic axi-symmetric thin shells, and equivalent applied loads are found for shells subjected to initial strains, applied surface loads and body forces. The Lure approximation of thin shells and displacement field approximation by polynomials of arbitrary degree are included in the formulae derived.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 477-494 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A computational procedure based on gradient iterative techniques is proposed for the solution of large problems to which the finite element method is applicable. In linear problems the procedure can be used either for solving the set of algebraic equations or for the complete inversion of the matrix of coefficients. Special attention is focused on the practical aspects of the procedure concerning its realization on the digital computer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 495-507 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A finite element method to determine unsteady aerodynamic influence coefficients, consistent with the stiffness and inertia properties of a lifting surface in supersonic flow, is described. This is basically a kinematic method, which reduces the dynamical equations of a non-conservative system to a simple and elegant form. It is illustrated by application to a delta wing using triangular elements to calculate steady and unsteady lift and moment coefficients. Throughout the calculations only a coarse grid system has been employed and the answers have been compared with available results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 509-522 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A simple program carrying out various vector operations in two- or three-dimensional spaces is presented. The listings are given in A.S.A. FORTRAN IV. The program is of particular application in various forms of three-dimensional and shell analysis as it can create and transform locally orthogonal co-ordinates, etc. While these applications motivated its design, it is of very general use one such application is illustrated by applying the program to general perspective projection.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 523-533 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A procedure is presented for the automatic renumbering of network type equations prior to solution by sparse matrix techniques. The method takes an arbitrary input sequence and creates an order which makes possible solution of complex network systems by reducing demand for computer storage and time.Examples are presented to demonstrate the procedure in action and show that, even in cases where the system has been carefully numbered, considerable improvement can be achieved. The procedure is also applicable to band matrix solution techniques.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 579-595 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The feasibility of achieving a preassigned stress state by changing the stiffness of determinate and indeterminate pin connected structures is presented. A new force method with all element forces (or stresses or areas) as independent variables is developed. The possibility but futility of getting the element areas by inverting and pre-multiplying the coefficient matrix with the external load vector when areas are chosen as variables is shown. The relationship existing between the compatibility equations and the plastic strength of pin connected structures is illustrated. Possible design methods for trusses under single or multiplicity of load conditions, the design of truss geometry and the relations between fully stressed and minimum weight structures are examined and illustrated through several examples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 563-577 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper deals with solving two-dimensional variational problems of second- and third-order by the finite element method. To each meshpoint are associated three or six basic functions of class C1 or C2. The expression of the admissible functions on a triangular and rectangular element are given here in a general form which is specially suitable for computation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 535-549 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The eigenvalue method is well-known as an aid to the solution of a wide range of engineering problems. In power system analysis it has relevance to travelling wave phenomena,1 sensitivity and dynamic stability in synchronous multimachine2 systems, critical speed calculation, vibration of structures and other related topics. The method of numerical solution of eigenvalues depends on the size and nature of the problem and often where large matrices are involved presents great difficulties.This paper describes in detail the application of the escalator method and diakoptics to large eigenvalue problems. The escalator method is a well-established one which consists of a systematic way of escalating from a 2 × 2 matrix up to any desired order in steps of one row and column at a time. The diakoptical method reduces computer storage, calculation time and improves accuracy. This results in the more economical solution of large and complicated problems which cannot be conveniently solved by any orthodox method. The paper deals with problems of degeneracy and means of overcoming these by simple routine processes. It concludes by indicating the particular advantages of the method and its usefulness for a wide variety of general engineering problems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 551-561 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A novel integral equation technique is employed for the analysis of dynamic stability problems. The governing equation of the linearized parametric resonance problem is transformed into an integral equation. The kernel of the integral equation is computed as the influence function for the deflection and/or bending moment of a corresponding beam.The highest derivative of the governing function (in our case fourth derivative of the displacement function) is chosen as the basic unknown. Using the formal analogy with the differential equation of the beam flexure this highest derivative is comprehended as some unknown transverse ‘load’. The distribution of this ‘load’ is a priori assumed to be polygonal. Using elementary methods of structural analysis, the displacements due to the assumed ‘load’ are determined. These displacements, arrayed into a square matrix, approximate the kernel of the governing integral equation.The subsequent procedure via Hill's determinant is a conventional one. The results prove to be accurate enough even for a very modest number of points of integration. This reflects the fact that the method is based on numerical integration rather than on numerical differentiation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 (1970), S. 597-600 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: In any mesh, rules exist that interrelate the number of internal and external sides, vertices, etc. and the total number of elements. These are given explicitly for plane meshes of triangles and quadrilaterals, and for solid meshes of tetrahedra and cuboidal elements. The method is quite general and discovers all such independent rules that exist. Thus, for a plane mesh of T elements having Vi internal and Vb boundary vertices and Si internal and Sb boundary sides, then \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{l} T = \frac{1}{3}\left({S_b + 2S_i} \right) = V_b + 2V_i + 2H - 2\quad{\rm (for\,triangular\,elements)}\\ T = \frac{1}{4}\left({S_b + 2S_i} \right) = \frac{1}{2}\left({V_b + 2V_i} \right) + H - 1\quad{\rm (for\,quadrilateral\,elements)} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where H is the number of internal boundaries (holes) there might be. For solid meshes, these two-dimensional equations relating elements to sides generalize to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} T = \frac{1}{6}\left({F_b + 2Fi} \right){\rm\quad (for\,cuboid\,elements)} \\ T = \frac{1}{4}\left({F_b + 2Fi} \right){\rm\quad (for\,tetrahedral\,elements)} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where there are Fb boundary and Fi internal faces. Unfortunately, there is no direct generalization of the two-dimensional equations relating vertices and elements: it is only possible to do this by including the Ei internal and Eb boundary edges: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} T = \frac{1}{8}E_b + \frac{1}{2}\left({E_i - V_i + H - h - 1} \right){\rm\quad (for\,cuboid\,elements)} \\ T = \frac{1}{3}E_b + E_i - V_i + H - H - 1{\rm\quad (for\,tetrahedral\,elements)} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where there are H through holes and h cavities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 152 (1970), S. 244-250 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Schlagwort(e): Hepatic microcirculation ; Intravital microscopy ; Haemorrhagic hypotension ; Rat ; Mikrozirkulation der Leber ; Intravitalmikroskopie ; hämorrhagische Hypotension ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen eines massiven Blutverlustes auf die Blutströmung in den Sinusoiden der Leber bis zum Zusammenbruch der Mikrozirkulation sind fÜr das Ausmaß und die Reversibilität der akuten Blutungsfolgen wesentlich. Während kontrollierten Entblutens wurde bei der Ratte an einem vorgelagerten Leberlappen die Mikrozirkulation intravitalmikroskopisch im Durchlicht beobachtet. Durch die Anwendung einer Modifikation vorliegender Methoden waren gleichzeitige Druckmessungen in der Vena portae und in einer Arteria carotis möglich. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse bestätigen die Brauchbarkeit der Versuchsanordnung. Zu einem vollkommenen Strömungsstillstand in allen sichtbaren Sinusoiden kommt es nach langsamem Entbluten von durchschnittlich 30% des Blutvolumens. Der Druck in der Arteria carotis ist dabei von 89,25 auf 21,4 mm Hg, der portale Druck von 92,3 auf 31,4 mm H2O abgefallen. Die Korrelation zwischen dem arteriellen und dem portalen Druck bleibt während dieses Abfallens erhalten.
    Notizen: Summary The sequels of a massive haemorrhage on the blood flow in the sinusoids of the liver until the microcirculation breaks finally down, are essential for the degree and the reversibility of acute complications of the haemorrhage. The microcirculation of the exposed rat liver has been observed by intravital microscopy by means of transillumination during controlled desanguination. A modification of methods previously used made it possible to measure simultaneously systemic and portal blood pressure by portal and carotic arterial catheters. The results obtained proved the reliability of the method. A complete flowstop in all visible sinusoids has been observed after slow drainage of 30% of the blood volume. At this stage the blood pressure in the carotic artery has decreased from 89.25 to 21.4 mm Hg and the portal pressure from 92.3 to 31.4 mm water. The correlation between the arterial and the portal blood pressure remained unchanged during this decrease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 152 (1970), S. 352-355 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Schlagwort(e): Aurothiomalate ; Penicillamine ; Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate ; Rat ; Aurothiomalat ; Penicillamin ; Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß der D- und L-Isomeren von Penicillamin sowie von Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat auf die Organverteilung von Gold bei der Ratte untersucht. Während Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat sich als unwirksam erwies, wird Gold durch Penicillamin in nur geringem Maße mobilisiert. Der klinische Wert von Penicillamin als mögliches Antidot bei der Chrysotherapie erscheint somit fraglich.
    Notizen: Summary The influence of the D- and L-isomeres of penicillamine as well as of diethylenetriaminepentaacetate on the distribution of gold in the organs of the rat was studied. Whereas diethylenetriaminepentaacetate proved to be ineffective, penicillamine brings about a marginal mobilization of gold only. The clinical value of penicillamine as possible antidote in chrysotherapy, therefore, is doubtful.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970), S. 51-51 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970), S. 59-63 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Am Beispiel der Isomerisierung von Dikaliumphthalat zu Dikaliumterephthalat wird die Entwicklung eines diskontinuierlich arbeitenden Reaktors und am Beispiel der Disproportionierung von Kaliumbenzoat zu Dikaliumterephthalat und Benzol die eines kontinuierlich betriebenen Reaktors beschrieben. Trotz der Phasenumwandlungen während der Umsetzungen ermöglichen beide Reaktortypen durch geeignete Einbauten und Auslegungen einen wirtschaftlichen Chargenbetrieb bzw. eine kontinuierliche Arbeitsweise, wobei das Endprodukt als freifließendes Pulver anfällt und das Reaktorinnere frei von agglomerierten und angebackenen Feststoffteilchen bleibt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Bei der Berechnung des isothermen Trocknungsverlaufs hygroskopischer, nicht poröser Kunststoffe muß berücksichtigt werden, daß der Diffusionskoeffizient von der Feuchte abhängt. Da eine numerische Lösung keinen Überblick über den Einfluß der verschiedenen Größen auf den Trocknungsverlauf gibt, wurde nach einer allgemeinen Darstellung des Trocknungsverlaufs hygroskopischer Kunststoffkörper gesucht. Es zeigt sich, daß der isotherme Trocknungsverlauf solcher Körper von nur zwei Kennzahlen abhängt, wenn der Einfluß der Feuchte auf den Diffusionskoeffizienten in Abhängigkeit von der angestrebten Restfeuchte dargestellt wird und wenn weiterhin für die analytische Wiedergabe dieser Abhängigkeit nur zwei Konstanten gebraucht werden. Die allgemeinen Lösungen für die unendlich ausgedehnte planparallele Platte, die Kugel und den unendlich langen Zylinder werden angegeben, wobei zugrunde gelegt wird, daß der Diffusionskoeffizient sich mit der Feuchte linear ändert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970), S. 52-52 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Die bekannten Verfahrensprinzipien zur Herstellung von Acetylen aus leichten Kohlenwasserstoffen wurden auf die Synthese von Cyanwasserstoff aus leichten Kohlenwasserstoffen und Ammoniak übertragen. Die Cyanwasserstoff-Bildung erfordert reaktive Zwischenprodukte, die nur bei der partiellen Oxidation von Kohlenwasserstoff/Ammoniak-Gemischen in ausreichender Konzentration entstehen. Ein Zweistufenprozeß (Pyrolyse) scheidet daher aus. Der Einstufeprozeß (partielle Oxidation) kann dadurch günstig beeinflußt werden, daß man das Reaktionsgemisch als Strahlflammen in einer Umgebung von Hilfsgasen abbrennen läßt. Hilfsgase können die Reaktionskomponente Ammoniak sowie an der Synthesereaktion nicht unmittelbar beteiligte Gase wie Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid sein.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970), S. 99-101 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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