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  • 1980-1984  (1,893)
  • 1965-1969  (1,941)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (2,062)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,519)
  • Bone
  • Insulin
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone remodeling due to continuously applied loads (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Remodeling ; Bone ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has long been known that the stress history of bone tissue influences its structure; however, the nature of this relationship remains largely uncharacterized. The objective of this work was to induce a quantifiable change in the stress history ofin vivo bone tissue and examine subsequent changes in structural and material properties that might occur. Continuous compressive loads were applied to the diaphysis of adult mongrel dogs for 2 months. The loads, ranging from 12–130 N, were superposed on the normal activity of the animals by implanting spring loading devices on the diaphysis of the femur. After the animals were sacrificed, mid-diaphysial specimens were subjected to compression testing to determine a structural bulk stiffness. The cross-sectional areas of original bone tissue and new bone deposition were then determined. The ash weights of selected specimens were also determined. The results indicate that a positive correlation between the increase in cross-sectional area and the superposed stress does exist. The new bone apposition was found almost entirely on the periosteal surface. Very little evidence of internal remodeling or endosteal movement was observed. The new tissue was found to have a lower ash weight and appeared to have a disorganized microstructure. Mechanical testing also suggests that the newly deposited tissue is far less stiff than the mature original bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406130
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on acute glucose-induced aldosterone suppression: Role of renin-angiotensin system (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Potassium ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Cortisol ; Captopril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucose loading is known to cause acute suppression of plasma aldosterone and stimulation of plasma renin activity. The relative contribution of variations in circulating angiotensin II to the regulation of aldosterone secretion following glucose loading was assessed in ten normal subjects. The effects of a standard oral glucose loading test (100 g) on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, potassium, aldosterone, renin activity and cortisol were studied (a) under basal conditions, and (b) after inhibition of angiotensin II with the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (50 mg t.i.d. during 3 days). Under basal conditions the acute increase in plasma glucose and insulin after glucose loading was accompanied by a significant decrease (P〈0.01) in plasma cortisol and aldosterone and by a significant increase in plasma renin activity (P〈0.01); plasma potassium was decreased slightly but not significantly. Following captopril treatment preloading plasma renin activity was increased significantly, most probably reflecting an effective reduction of angiotensin II. Glucose loading caused a similar suppression of plasma aldosterone, as observed under basal conditions. This observation suggests that renin activation does not substantially contribute to the acute regulation of plasma aldosterone after an oral glucose load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01721046
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotensin — Was ist gesichert über seine Rolle als Hormon im Magen-Darmtrakt? (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 523-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Neurotensin ; Gastrointestinal hormones ; Gastric secretion ; Pancreatic secretion ; Motility ; Insulin ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurotensin is a tridecapeptide originally isolated and characterized from bovine hypothalamus and later, in identical form, from bovine and human intestine. In the rat about 85% of immunoreactive neurotensin is found in the gut and about 10% in the brain. When an antibody specific for the amino terminal region of neurotensin was used the highest concentrations were found in the mucosa of the ileum, while an antibody specific for the biologically active region, the carboxyl terminus, also detected large amounts in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract. After a meal neurotensin — as measured by carboxyl terminal antibodies — rises after 5 min, a time in which the chymus has not yet reached the ileum, the main source of whole neurotensin. It is therefore possible that the carboxyl terminal molecules of neurotensin, found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, play an important physiological role. In plasma, neurotensin is rapidly degraded into smaller amino terminal and therefore biologically inactive molecules. Increases of carboxyl terminal neurotensin have been found in plasma in only a very few studies. The nature of this immunoreactive material has not yet been established. Therefore, the physiological role of neurotensin as a circulating hormone is unknown. Potential actions of neurotensin include thermoregulation, regulation of hormone release from brain (pituitary hormones) and gut (glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide), increase of vascular permeability, vasodilatation, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of pancreatic secretion and changes of gut motility from the fasting to the fed type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01727746
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of continuous and oscillatory portal vein insulin infusion upon glucose-induced insulin release in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 184 (1984), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Oscillations ; Insulin ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was designed to determine the effect of low dose continuous and oscillatory intraportal insulin infusions upon subsequent glucose-induced insulin release. In overnight-fasted and anesthetized rats with indwelling catheters in the jugular vein, carotic artery, and mesenteric vein insulin was infused intraportally for 3 h via the mesenteric vein catheter at a continuous rate of 45 µU/kg·min, or the same amount of insulin was administered at alternating high (72 µU/kg·min) and low infusion rates (18 µU/kg·min), respectively, in 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-min cycles (oscillatory infusions). Another group received a continuous infusion of saline. Glucose (0.4 g/kg) was given i.v. 30 min after the end of the insulin or saline infusion. During the 3-h infusion of insulin or saline the peripheral glucose level remained unchanged in all groups. In response to the i.v. glucose load peripheral arterial plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated after preceding oscillatory infusions compared to the continuous insulin infusion. As compared to the group receiving saline the glucose-induced insulin response after continuous insulin infusion was significantly reduced. The plasma glucose responses were not different except for inexplicably elevated glucose levels in the 4-min cycle group. No difference was observed for plasma glucagon levels in all groups. The present data demonstrate an augmented responsiveness of theβ-cell to glucose after a preceding oscillatory infusion of insulin and an impaired responsiveness to glucose after continuous insulin infusion. This indicates that an oscillatory insulin release might be of importance for an adequate regulation ofβ-cell function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852224
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of rate of physical erosion on orientation and density in mineralised tissues (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Airpolishing ; Orientation effects ; Enamel ; Dentine ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone, dentine and enamel samples were treated with a gas-propelled jet of an abrasive, NaHCO3, which is physically much softer than any of these tissues in their fully mineralised condition. It was nevertheless found that they are all eroded by this treatment, which can therefore be used as a new kind of qualitative test of physical properties relating to wear resistance. General correlations were found between both degree of mineralisation and between structure orientation and erosion rate, surface-parallel-feature zones being worn more rapidly. Bone domains with surface-parallel collagen were eroded faster than those with perpendicular lamellae even if they were more densely mineralised. Rates of dentine wear depended on both density and tubule orientation, with peritubular zones and better mineralised incremental layers being more resistant. Enamel tufts wear more rapidly than the surrounding well mineralised regions. Enamel diazones wear less than parazones (areas with surface parallel prisms). At the prism scale, enamel is removed more rapidly near prism boundary discontinuities and in tubular enamel, at tubule walls. As regards the common orientation dependent effects seen in these three tissues, a cohesive explanation would be that structure discontinuities can be better exploited in a wear process if they allow cleavage from the surface; which tendency will increase with parallelism to the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319458
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of contact material on vibration-induced insulin aggregation (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 27 (1984), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; administration and dosage ; therapeutic use ; insulin infusion devices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tendency of insulin to form insoluble aggregates is a major obstacle to the development of implantable insulin infusion systems for treatment of insulin-deficient diabetic patients. A test system was developed to examine the kinetics of insulin aggregation under controlled conditions of temperature, vibration and contact material in an effort to provide design criteria for minimising aggregation. The contact materials tested were all potentially suitable for pump reservoirs on engineering criteria and included metals (stainless steel, titanium and a titanium alloy) and various plastics (polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, Polyvinylchloride, polyamide, cellulose butyrate and silicone elastomer). The rate of insulin aggregation was markedly affected by the nature of the contact material. Hydrophilic materials, particularly polyamide and cellulose butyrate (2% of total insulin aggregated after 96 h vibration), appeared more compatible with insulin stability than did hydrophobic ones, such as polypropylene (16% aggregation) and Polyvinylchloride (37% aggregation). A specially formulated ‘pump’ insulin preparation, stabilised by addition of polyethylenepolypropyleneglycol, was significantly superior (three to five times more stable) to a regular neutral insulin formulation under most, but not all, conditions. Standard clinical syringes (polypropylene) performed poorly with both insulin formulations but especially with the neutral regular insulin (100% aggregation after 96 h vibration). In addition to physical aggregates, significant amounts (5%–30%) of the insulin remaining in solution were no longer detectable by immuno- or receptorassay in all materials tested. Appropriate combinations of insulin formulations and materials can minimise insulin aggregation and denaturation, but since the mechanisms involved are as yet poorly understood, realistic testing of proposed reservoir components and insulin formulations must be a prerequisite in insulin infusion pump planning and design. These testing procedures should be designed to test for denaturation in solution as well as for precipitation of insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304853
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors governing the human immune response to injected insulin (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 266-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; immunogenicity ; immune response genes ; haemocyanin ; HLA ; DR7 ; C2 ; C4 ; factor B ; Gm ; C-peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventy-nine patients were observed prospectively during their initial period of treatment with conventional bovine insulins. Insulin antibody levels 6 months after starting insulin therapy did not correlate with age, gender or β cell function at onset of treatment. Patients who required soluble insulin in addition to isophane insulin developed higher levels of insulin antibody. Patients bearing the HLA-B8, DR3 and C4AQO alleles had lower levels of insulin antibody, whereas those bearing DR7 produced significantly higher levels. Other alleles at the C4A, C4B, C2, factor B or Gm loci did not appear to have a significant effect on insulin antibody production. The hyporesponsiveness of B8/DR3/C4AQO-positive individuals probably reflects a non-specific abnormality of immunity whereas the enhanced responsiveness of those positive for DR7 suggests the presence of a specific immune response gene for insulin
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283648
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of co-ingestion of fat on the metabolic responses to slowly and rapidly absorbed carbohydrates (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 50-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; gastric inhibitory polypeptide ; insulin sensitivity ; glucose tolerance ; diabetes ; diet ; fat ; rate of carbohydrate digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study examined the acute effects of coingestion of fat (37.5 g) on the post-prandial metabolic responses to 75 g of carbohydrate which was either slowly absorbed (lentils) or rapidly absorbed (potatoes). Co-ingestion of fat resulted in a significant flattening of the post-prandial glucose curves, the effect being more pronounced for the rapidly absorbed potatoes. This was probably due to delayed gastric emptying. However, the post-prandial insulin responses to either carbohydrate were not significantly reduced by fat, suggesting that the insulin response to a given glucose concentration was potentiated in the presence of fat. The gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) responses to both carbohydrates were greatly increased in the presence of fat. To investigate further the possible roles of GIP in the entero-insular axis, a 5-g bolus of glucose was injected intravenously 1 h after lentils ± fat. This was sufficient to raise the glucose levels above the threshold reported for GIP to potentiate insulin secretion. However, despite the large differences in circulating GIP levels, the insulin response to glucose was not affected by the presence of fat. These results suggest that (1) the rate of absorption of carbohydrate is a major determinant of post-prandial metabolic responses even in the presence of fat, (2) fat-stimulated GIP secretion does not potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion, and (3) the potentiation of the insulin response to glucose when carbohydrate is co-ingested with fat is consistent with the well-documented insulin resistance associated with high fat diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252263
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation by insulin of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and sterol synthesis in human mononuclear leucocytes (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 366-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A ; sterol synthesis ; human mononuclear leucocytes ; post-transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Incubation of freshly isolated human mononuclear leucocytes in lipid-depleted serum for 4 h resulted in a two-fold increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. Insulin, when added to the incubation medium at concentrations of 10 and 100 nmol/l at zero time, caused additional increases in the enzyme activity of 30% and 37%, respectively. The hormone action was not immediate because no effect was observed when insulin was added at 4 h and activity examined thereafter. Under these conditions sterol synthesis from 14C-acetate and tritiated water was strictly proportional to the activity of HMG-CoA reductase. Cycloheximide (20 μg/ml), a translational inhibitor of protein synthesis, prevented the insulin-mediated increase in the enzyme activity and the incorporation of 14C-acetate into sterols. Cordycepin (50 μg/ml) inhibited messenger RNA synthesis by 〉 50%, but had no inhibitory effect on the induction of HMG-CoA reductase and sterol synthesis. Low density lipoprotein (80 μg protein/ml) and complete serum blocked the induction of the enzyme and sterol synthesis from 14C-acetate caused by lipid-depleted serum. The insulin-effect, however, remained unchanged. The results suggest that insulin may regulate the de novo synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase and accordingly sterol synthesis at a post-transcriptional level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266038
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical loading histories and cortical bone remodeling (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Remodeling ; Microdamage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A conceptual framework is presented for understanding and investigating structural adaptation of cortical bone. The magnitudes, orientations, and sense (tension or compression) of the physiologically incurred cyclic principal strains vary markedly throughout the skeleton. It is probable, therefore, that the strain/remodeling response of bone is site specific. Furthermore, there is some indication that immature bone is more responsive to alterations of cyclic strains than mature bone. Animal experimental studies and complementary stress and strain analyses suggest that the structural adaptation due to changes in cyclic strain fields may be a very nonlinear response. Bone loss in mature animals due to immobilization is sensitive to even small changes in the cyclic bone strains. Under normal conditions, however, there appears to be a broad range of physical activity in which bone is relatively unresponsive to changes in loading history. With severe repeated loading, bone hypertrophy can be pronounced. These observations open the possibility that bone atrophy and hypertrophy are controlled by different mechanisms. Therefore, two (or more) complementary control systems may be involved in the regulation of bone mass by bone cyclic strain histories. It is probable that bone mechanical microdamage is one control stimulus for affecting an increase in bone mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406129
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exacerbation of rickets and osteomalacia by maize: A study of bone histomorphometry and composition in young baboons (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 370-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Maize ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Bone ; Rickets ; Osteomalacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three groups of young baboons were fed for 16 months on one of three diets. The first group was given a well-tried semisynthetic formula, the second group the same diet save that vitamin D had been omitted, and the third group was given the vitamin D-free diet in which maize replaced the dextrin normally used. Although both groups fed the vitamin D-free diets developed rickets and osteomalacia, the group receiving maize did so far more rapidly and to a much greater degree of severity, as evidenced by clinical, radiological, biochemical, and histological signs. The mechanism by which maize acts remains unclear, but this report serves to emphasize the extremely detrimental effects that might be expected in populations who are deficient in vitamin D and who have predominantly cereal diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405348
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can strains give adequate information for adaptive bone remodeling? (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strain ; Remodeling ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary For bone to remodel adaptively, the cells responsible should follow some algorithm. Nine different loading situations and structures are discussed. It seems that either algorithm must be extremely complex, or cells in different structures must follow different algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406144
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure to detect an amorphous calcium-phosphate solid phase in bone mineral: A radial distribution function study (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Amorphous calcium phosphate ; X-ray diffraction ; Radial distribution function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary X-ray diffraction radial distribution function analysis was used to determine if a significant amount of an amorphous solid phase of calcium phosphate exists in bone, and if so, whether the amount varies as a function of age and maturation. Unfractionated cortical bone from embryonic and posthatch chicks of various ages and a low-density fraction of embryonic bone were studied. No evidence was found for the presence of an amorphous solid phase of calcium phosphate in any of the samples studied, including the recently deposited bone mineral of the low density fraction of embryonic bone. As little as 12.5% of synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) added to bone was readily detected by the radial distribution function technique used. The results clearly indicate that the concept that ACP is the initial solid mineral phase deposited in bone, and the major mineral constituent of young bone is no longer tenable. The concept does not provide an accurate description of the nature of the initial bone mineral deposited, or the changes that occur with maturation, nor can it acount for the compositional and X-ray diffraction changes that the mineral component undergoes during maturation and aging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405333
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypervitaminosis D in the chick embryo: Comparative study on the activity of various vitamin D3 metabolites (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 392-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Chick embryo ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick embryos were injected in the yolk sac at various ages with various doses of different vitamin D3 metabolites. Serum concentrations of total calcium and inorganic phosphate were determined 24 h after the injection and histological and electron microscopic studies of the tibiae were conducted 3–6 days after. Confirming previous results, the injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to produce significant hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The dose required to produce these effects decreased with age: 100 ng on the 9th day, 50 ng on the 11th, and 10 ng on the 15th. This finding is interpreted as resulting from the fact that the specialized cells in the chorionic epithelium which are considered to be involved in mineral resorption from the shell differentiate between the 11th and 13th days. Although no bone changes were observed in embryos injected before the 11th day, a rim of unmineralized trabeculae (osteoid) was observed at the periphery of the cortex of the tibial diaphysis in the embryos which had been injected after that age. Thus, in embryos injected on the 11th day with 100 ng 1,25(OH)2D3, the trabeculae formed between the 11th and 14th day remained unmineralized until the 15th or 16th day at which time they completed their mineralization. In the embryos injected on the 14th day, the alterations were more severe and could be produced with doses 10 times smaller than those required when the injections were made on the 11th day. At all ages, the doses that produced an osteoid rim also induced hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The electron microscopical study of the osteoid trabeculae showed that osteoblasts and osteocytes had normal cytological characteristics and that the bone matrix did not present changes other than the reduction in mineral deposition. While the above findings do not exclude a direct action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone cells as the mechanism of osteoid formation, they do underline the importance of the humoral changes at least as partial determinants of this phenomenon. The activities of various vitamin D metabolites were compared using as parameter the threshold-dose required to produce a rim of unmineralized trabeculae in the tibia of 14–15 days embryos (T-D). The most active metabolite appeared to be 1,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 10 ng); it was followed by 1,24,25(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng) and 1,25,26(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng). Vitamin D3 itself (T-D: 100 µg), 25(OH)D3 (T-D: 2.5µg) and 24,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 5 µg) produced similar responses but only when administered in much larger doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405351
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What should bones be designed to do? (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mechanical function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The variety of different mechanical functions required of whole bones is discussed. Often, the design optimizing the structure for one function is not optimal for another function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406127
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Kroc Foundation Conference on Functional Adaptation in Bone Tissue (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Functional adaptation ; Bone ; Conference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this contribution is to serve as an introduction to the papers presented at the Kroc Foundation Conference on Functional Adaptation in Bone Tissue, to outline the objective of the conference, and to summarize the discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406126
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of aluminum and parathyroid hormone on osteoblasts and bone mineralization in chronic renal failure (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Parathyroid hormone ; Bone ; Renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Bone aluminum, quantitative bone histology, and plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) were compared in 29 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Histologic techniques included double tetracycline labeling and histochemical identification of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Bone aluminum was measured chemically by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and histochemically. When measured chemically, the bone aluminum was 67±46 (SD) mg/kg dry weight (normal 2.4±1.2 mg/kg); histochemically, aluminum was present at 2.9±4.4% of trabecular surface. The biochemical and histochemical results agreed well (r=0.80,P〈0.001). No double tetracycline labels were seen at the mineralization front where aluminum was deposited, indicating cessation of mineralization at these sites. The osteoblast surface correlated positively with plasma PTH (r=0.67,P〈0.001) and negatively with bone aluminum level (r=−0.42,P〈0.05). Multiple linear regression showed a correlation of aluminum with osteoblasts additional to that of PTH, consistent with a direct effect of aluminum in depressing osteoblast numbers. Though a relationship between PTH and chemically determined bone aluminum level could not be demonstrated, there was a negative correlation between osteoclast count and aluminum, and the nine patients with severe hyperparathyroid bone disease had lower chemically determined aluminum levels than the other patients. These results suggest that aluminum (a) directly inhibits mineralization, (b) is associated with decreased PTH activity and hence osteoblast numbers, and (c) directly reduces osteoblast numbers. In addition to inducing severe, resistant osteomalacia, aluminum appears to contribute to the mild osteomalacia commonly seen in renal failure, characterized by extensive thin osteoid and low tetracycline and osteoblast surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405308
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inotropic effect of prenalterol in amitriptyline poisoning (1984)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 10 (1984), S. 209-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Amitriptyline ; Hydrocortisone ; Insulin ; Prenalterol ; Cardiac failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of severe amitriptyline poisoning with grade IV coma, seizures, bradycardia and hypotension who did not respond to dopamine was successfully treated with prenalterol, a new cardioselective β-agonist. The case is discussed with respect to plasma concentrations of dopamine, prenalterol and amitriptyline. Prenalterol, hydrocortisone and insulin may be useful as inotropic agents in tricyclic poisoning where dopamine fails to provide an adequate response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259441
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vanadate stimulates the pumped movements of Na in skeletal muscle (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 400 (1984), S. 413-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sodium pump ; Na-K ATPase ; Na fluxes ; Vanadate ; Insulin ; Skeletal muscle ; Ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have measured the effects of concentrations of vanadate ranging between 0.01 and 10 mM on the22Na efflux of frog sartorius muscles. The addition of vanadate had no effects when concentrations lower than 0.5 mM were used; higher concentrations increased Na efflux. The increase was abolished by the addition of ouabain (10−5M). In muscles pretreated with ouabain vanadate did not modify Na efflux. The stimulatory effects of vanadate on Na efflux were also observed in Na-free solutions indicating that the effux of vanadate was not caused mainly either by an increase in the exchange of Na for Na or by an increase in Na entry into the muscle. We also examined the effects of vanadate on muscles immersed in solutions containing 20 mM K+; both vanadate and increased K+ produced stimulations of Na efflux that were additive. Similarly when the effects of vanadate and insulin were measured on the Na efflux of the same muscle, additive effects were found. As the ouabain-sensitive Na efflux in frog muscle is generally agreed to be due to the activity of the Na-K ATPase, our findings suggest that the net effect of vanadate in intact muscle cells is an increase in the activity of the Na pump. Since vanadate affects many enzymes it is quite possible that the stimulatory action is not due to a direct effect on the Na-K ATPase but may be mediated through an intermediary step. Regardless of the specific mechanism, it is evident that, our results as well as other findings in the literature, strongly indicate that Na pumping by intact cells can be increased by vanadate administration. Hence it is not justified to attribute the physiological modifications caused by vanadate administration to blockade of the Na-K ATPase unless the attribution is justified by specific experimental evidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587542
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roentgenographic-pathologic correlation of diffuse sclerosis in Ewing Sarcoma of bone (1984)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 12 (1984), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Ewing sarcoma ; Bone ; Sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Roentgenographic review of the first 210 cases of Ewing sarcoma (ES) in the Intergroup Ewing Sarcoma study revealed that 37.6% of cases had evidence of diffusely increased intraosseous density or diffuse sclerosis (DS). In these cases the sclerosis was usually mixed with various patterns of lysis and/or combined with a periosteal reaction. A radiograph blinded histologic review of selected biopsies showed an 83% incidence of dead bone compared to 23% in those without DS. Ten percent of the cases with DS had appositional new bone formation on dead bone whereas none of the cases without DS showed such reactions. Pathologic explanation of the roentgenographically identified diffuse sclerosis in ES has not been previously well documented in the medical literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00360810
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energetics of active sodium-potassium transport following stimulation with insulin, adrenaline or salbutamol in rat soleus muscle (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 160-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Biological transport ; Insulin ; Energy metabolism ; Epinephrine ; Endocrinology ; Albuterol (salbutamol) ; Active sodium-potassium transport ; Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The total metabolic energy expenditure associated with active Na−K-transport over the first 20 min of stimulation with insulin, adrenaline or salbutamol (ΔHmNa−K) was determined from direct calorimetric and tracer ion flux measurements in isolated muscles at rest. The reversible work performed by the Na−K-pump during the same interval of time (WrevNa−K) was calculated as the product of the ouabain-suppressible Na−K transfers and the mean free energy increase imparted to the two ions as they are transported against their electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane. Comparison of membrane potential and intracellular Na and K concentrations before and after the stimulations indicated that part of WrevNa−K had contributed to increase the ion electrochemical gradients in the preparation (i.e. had not been lost as heat) during the 20 min period. Accordingly, the maximum value of ΔHmNa−K was taken as the sum of the ouabain-suppressible heat production and WrevNa−K. Following stimulation with insulin, adrenaline or salbutamol this maximum corresponded to 10, 10 and 12% respectively, of basal metabolism. Under the same three conditions, the minimum “energetic efficiency” of the active Na−K-transport process, defined as the ratio between WrevNa−K and maximum ΔHmNa−K, was 35, 41 and 38%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583876
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term follow-up of children with craniopharyngioma (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 142 (1984), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Craniopharyngioma ; Growth ; Insulin ; Neurosurgery ; Radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Management of craniopharyngiomas is still controversial. 28 children with this tumor were studied. GH deficiency was present in 22 patients following surgery, 10 of these GH-lacking patients had normal or accelerated growth (usually associated with rapid weight gain) postoperatively. Somatomedin levels were normal in three of six normally growing patients. After craniotomy their basal and TRH-stimulated prolactin levels were in the normal range, but their insulin secretion was markedly increased. Postoperatively there was a significant correlation between peak insulin levels following arginine infusion and growth velocity in all patients. Complete tumor removal could be performed in 28% of our patients. Altogether 36% of all patients had at least one tumor recurrence. Recent literature with the addition of our series showed tumor recurrence in 22% of patients with “total” tumor excision and in 72% of patients with partial tumor removal. Radiotherapy seems to be capable of destroying craniopharyngioma tissue. The recurrence rate was only 26% in patients with subtotal excision plus radiotherapy. Unless radical tumor removal can be attempted with safety, subtotal tumor removal plus radiotherapy appears to be the treatment of choice for craniopharyngioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442445
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Focal hematopoietic hyperplasia of the rib —A form of pseudotumor (1984)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 11 (1984), S. 108-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone marrow ; Hematopoietic hyperplasia ; Pseudotumor ; Rib
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two patients are presented who had a resection of a solitary expansile rib lesion. The radiologic features were nonspecific and the lesions were thought to represent either fibrous dysplasia, myeloma, or metastatic disease. Histologically, the lesion consisted of focal hyperplasia of the bone marrow involving all hematopoietic elements. The marrow expanded the rib, eroded the cortex, and extended into the adjacent soft tissue. Neither patient had any underlying hematologic abnormality. A search of the English language literature failed to discover a description of a similar lesion. From the clinical course and follow-up information, the process appears to be benign. The authors believe the lesion is a form of pseudotumor, and propose that it be designated as “focal hematopoietic hyperplasia of rib” or “hematopoietic pseudotumor.”
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348798
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of prolonged maternal fast on the pancreas of 18–21-day-old foetal rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Foetal pancreas ; β Cells ; Insulin ; Fasting mothers ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After maternal fasting for 72 h the pancreatic β cells of 18-day-old foetal rats show a conspicuous enrichment in secretory material, with an increase of pancreatic insulin concentration and a marked development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The morphometric analysis shows that the intracytoplasmic migration of the secretory granules is inhibited, principally inside the cell web. Consequently the number of secretory granules fused with plasma membrane decreases and this is associated with a decreased foetal plasma insulin. The difference in the ultrastructural aspect of the β cells of foetuses from fasting mothers and of foetuses from fed mothers is less conspicuous at 19 days of gestation and progressively disappears at 20 and 21 days. The modifications in ultrastructural aspect and in functional state are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229213
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a rapid change in muscle glycogen availability on metabolic and hormonal responses during exercise (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 53 (1984), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Muscle glycogen ; Time sequence ; Free fatty acids ; Insulin ; Exercise in humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the metabolic and hormonal adaptations following a rapid change in muscle glycogen availability, 14 subjects had their muscle glycogen content increased in one leg (IG) and decreased in the other (DG). In group A (n=7), subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 70% maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min using the DG leg. Without resting these same subjects exercised another 20 min using the IG leg. Subjects in group B (n=7) followed the same single-leg exercise protocol but in the reverse order. In order to get some information on the time sequence of these possible adaptations, blood samples were collected at rest and at the beginning and the end of each exercise period (min 5, 20, 25, and 40). Results indicated that 5 min after the switch from the DG leg to the IG leg. transient increases in plasma free fatty acids (1.20 to 1.39 meq·l−1) and serum insulin (10.1 to 12 mU·l−1) concentrations occured. Between minute 25 and 40 of exercise, the DG to IG switch was accompanied by a decrease in free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations as well as an increase in lactate levels. An opposite response was observed in the IG to DG condition during the same time span. Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, and serum cortisol concentrations were not significantly affected by the leg change. These results suggest a rapid preferential use of muscle glycogen when available and a time lag in the response of the extramuscular substrate mobilization factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964691
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic and hormonal responses to prolonged physical exercise in dogs after a single fat-enriched meal (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 53 (1984), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Triglycerides ; Free fatty acids ; Glycerol ; Insulin ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Metabolic and hormonal responses to prolonged treadmill exercise in dogs fed a fat-enriched meal 4 h prior to the exercise were compared to those measured 4 h after a mixed meal or in the postabsorptive state. Ingestion of the fat-enriched meal caused significant elevations in the resting values of plasma triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), and glycerol concentrations. A reduction of the plasma TG concentration (from 1.6±0.2 to 1.1±0.10 mmol·l−1,P〈0.005) occurred only in dogs exercising after the fat-enriched meal. No significant changes in this variable were noted in dogs fed a mixed meal, whilst in the postabsorptive state exercise caused an increase in the plasma TG level (from 0.42±0.03 to 0.99±0.11 mmol·l−1,P〈0.01). The exercise-induced elevations in plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were the highest in the dogs given the fat-enriched meal. Plasma glycerol during exercise correlated with the initial values of circulating TG (r=0.73). The plasma FFA-glycerol ratio, at the end of exercise was lowest in the dogs taking the fat-enriched meal (1.39±0.19), suggesting an increased utilization of FFA in comparison with that in the postabsorptive state (3.27±0.37) or after a mixed meal (2.88±0.55). Basal serum insulin (IRI) concentrations were similarly enhanced in dogs fed fat-enriched and mixed meals, and they were reduced to control values within 60 min of exercise. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations correlated with time of exercise (r=0.84 andr=0.96, respectively) and were unaffected by the nutritional modifications. It is concluded that ingestion of a single fat-enriched meal considerably modifies the exercise-induced changes in lipid metabolism. The pattern of changes in plasma TG, FFA, and glycerol concentrations indicates an enhanced hydrolysis of plasma chylomicron-TG, suggesting that this lipid source may contribute markedly to exercise metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00776601
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further increase in high density lipoprotein in trained males after enhanced training (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 52 (1984), S. 426-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Apoproteins ; Lipoproteins ; Insulin ; Blood lactate ; Physical training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight well-trained males were studied before, during and after 6 months of a progressively increased amount of endurance training in order to elucidate the effects on the apoproteins and apo-lipoproteins. Initially high HDL-cholesterol levels were revealed (1.62±0.15 mmol×l−1, mean ± SE.). After a transient but not significant, slight decline at the onset of the increased training program (1.57±0.06 mmol×l−1) HDL-cholesterol increased gradually to the end of the training period (1.92±0.12 mmol×l−1). There was an increased aerobic capacity as judged by maximal oxygen uptake and by lactate concentration during standardized submaximal work. However, at the end of the training period, a levelling off in maximal oxygen uptake was revealed, while HDL-cholesterol was still increasing. The present data demonstrate that HDL can be influenced by training at all levels of aerobic capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00943374
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Porous polyethylene and proplast: Their behavior in a bony implant bed (1984)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 240 (1984), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: PHDPE ; Proplast ; Bone ; Animal experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative animal study showed that, after implantation in skull defects in guinea pigs, porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE) was substantially better anchored in the bone than Proplast, and had greater stability of form and structure. In Proplast, ingrowth of fibrous tissue caused partial structural dilatation and fragmentation, which could limit its suitability for use in reconstructive surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00453468
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of formation of maltose and isomaltose through condensation of glucose by glucoamylase (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model was devised for the hydrolysis and synthesis of maltose and isomaltose by two glucoamylases from Rhizopus niveus and Aspergillus niger, and the validity of the model was verified experimentally at 313 K and pH 5.0. For both enzymes, the formations of maltose and isomaltose from glucose were parallel reversible reactions, and glucosyl transfer between maltose and isomaltose was not observed. The enzymes catalyzed rapid hydrolysis and synthesis of maltose. Isomaltose was hydrolyzed and synthesized more slowly, but the level produced from glucose was much higher than that of maltose. These hydrolysis and condensation reactions were expressed well by the model.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260203
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algal autoflocculation - verification and proposed mechanism (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 142-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass autoflocculation in outdoor algal cultures was found to be associated with increases of culture pH levels, due to CO2 consumption by the algal photosynthetic activity. Under these alkaline conditions, some medium chemical ions precipitated together with the algal biomass. The chemical substances involved with the process and its dependence on pH value were studied by simulation of autoflocculation in laboratory experiments. Proper concentrations of calcium and orthophosphate ions in the medium are important for autoflocculation and, in order to attain it within the pH range 8.5-9.0, the culture should contain 0.1mM-0.2mM orthophosphate and 1.5mM-2.5mM calcium prior to raising the pH level. Calcium phosphate precipitates are considered as the flocculating agent which reacts with the negatively charged surface of the algae and promotes aggregation and flocculation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260206
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saccharification of untreated agrowastes during mycelial growth of mushroom Termitomyces clypeatu on solid beds (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 188-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260211
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced cellulase and β-glucosidase production by a mutant of Alternaria alternata (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 194-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260213
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for sugar production offers advantages of higher conversion, minimal by-product formation, low energy requirements, and mild operating conditions over other chemical conversions. The development of a kinetic model, based on observable, macroscopic properties of the overall system, is helpful in design and economic evaluation of processes for sugar conversion and ethanol production. A kinetic model is presented, incorporating enzyme adsorption, product inhibition, and considers a multiple enzyme and substrate system. This model was capable of simulating saccharification of a lignocellulosic material, rice straw, at high substrate (up to 333 g/L) and enzyme concentrations (up to 9.2 FPU/mL) that are common to proposed process designs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260305
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production of ethanol by yeast “immobilized” in a membrane-contained fermentor (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 252-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dialysate-feed, immobilized-cell dialysis continuous fermentation system was investigated as a method of relieving product inhibition in the conversion of glucose to ethanol by cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. The substrate was fed into a continuous dialysate circuit and then into a batch fermentor circuit via diffusion through the microporous membranes of an intermediate dialyzer. Simultaneously, product was withdrawn from the fermentor circuit through the dialyzer membranes into the dialysate circuit and out in the effluent. Since the fermentor was operated without an effluent, the cells essentially were immobilized and converted substrate to product by maintenance metabolism. Contrary to prior results with this novel system for the continuous fermentation of lactose to lactate by lactobacillus cells, a steady state of yeast cells in the fermentor did not occur initially but was obtained by the depletion of medium nitrogen and the prevention of cell breakage, although the substrate and product concentrations then became unsteady. The inherent advantages of the system was offset in the ethanol fermentation by relatively low productivity, which appeared to be limited by membrane permeability.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260309
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new modeling technique and computer simulation of bacterial growth (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model that describes substrate utilization and cell growth in terms of two potentially rate-limiting enzyme systems has been developed. Consideration of substrate inhibition and enzyme repression have been incorporated. The model provides a rational approach for characterizing non-steady-state phenomena. The model has been used to analyze batch test data to illustrate the effects of inhibition, repression, and concurrent substrate utilization. Its utility lies in the fact that it provides a quantitative framework for describing changes in the activity levels of cells that result from changes in substrate concentration and/or substrate type. The lag phase resulting from exposure to a new substrate can be modeled.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260313
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of immobilized invertase to continuous hydrolysis of concentrated sucrose solutions (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 347-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Invertase immobilized onto corn grits was utilized in the hydrolysis of highly concentrated sucrose solutions producting liquid sugar solutions containing glucose and fructose. Comparisons of conversion efficiencies of this immobilized invertase in a continuous stirredtank reactor and a plug-flow reactor indicated that the plug-flow reactor has an higher efficiency. Continuous sucrose hydrolysis was then performed in 0.1- and 1-L tubular reactors. This tenforld scaling-up was achieved without any noticeable loss in efficiency. This process thus was scaled-up to a 17.6-L pilot reactor set in a cane sugar refinery. This reactor was fed with highly concentrated sucrose solutions [71% (w/w)] to produce invert sugar syrup with the desired inversion degree. It allows a productivity equal to 9.1 kg sucrose hydrolyzed/h in the case of a 69% (w/w) sucrose initial concentration with a 72% conversion rate.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260409
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of 2-keto-gulonic acid and fermentation substrates by HPLC (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 374-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260413
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein enrichment of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes by mushrooms (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 389-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260417
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Coupling of glucoamylase on alkylamine derivative of titanium (IV) activated controlled pore glass with tannic acid (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 386-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260416
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of growth data with inhibitory carbon sources (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260421
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  • 41
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    Effects of ethanol and other alkanols on the general amino acid permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 403-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260422
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  • 42
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    The hydroxylation of biphenyl by Aspergillus toxicarius: Conditions for a bench scale fermentation process (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 434-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fungi of the Aspergillus sp. can hydroxyate biphenyl to 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, a chemical intermediate used in the plastics industry. The authors studied various batch culture conditions for the production of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, by Aspergillus toxicarius, in 25-mL shake flasks and 2-L fermenter cultures. Conditions investigated included temperature, aeration, carbon and nitrogen sources, biomass content, and time of substrate addition. Under optimum conditions we observed a rate of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl production of 15-20 mg/day/g dry wt mycelia. Such a production rate is probably too low to support a commercial process and possible reasons for the low productivity are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260506
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    Analysis of a continuous, aerobic, fixed-film bioreactor. II. Dynamic behavior (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 468-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic analysis of a continuous, aerobic, fixed-film bioreactor has been performed. Rigorous mathematical models have been developed for a fluidized-bed fermentor with biofilm growth. The transient performance of the reactor is appraised in terms of outlet penicillin concentration for constant, as well as variable carbon substrate feed rates. The effect of the reactor oxygen transfer capacity is elucidated for those cases employing substrate feeding strategies. The results show that penicillin production in a continuous, fixed-film bioreactor reaches a maximum with processing time, but subsequently decreases as cell mass accumulates and substrate deficiencies occur. The maximum production level can be maintained for increased operating times if the substrate supply is continuously increased. The duration of this prolonged production is a direct function of the rate of increase and the operating time at which the increase is initiated. The oxygen transfer capacity of the reactor was found to be important to the effectiveness of a feeding strategy.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260510
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  • 44
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    Competitive adsorption of cellulase components and its significance in a synergistic mechanism (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 488-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some studies on the adsorption of cellulase on cellulose revealed part of the mechanisms involved in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and provided some clues to the synergistic mechanism of cellulase complex. The adsorption of cellulase was significantly affected by the reaction conditions and physical chemical characteristics of cellulose. Endoglucanase consisted of adsorbable and nonadsorbable components. Cellobiohydrolase had the strongest adsorption affinity. Each cellulase component is postulated to have distinctly different adsorption sites on cellulose, corresponding to the active sites in the hydrolysis reaction. Competitive adsorption kinetics between cellulase components were also observed during the adsorption process. The degree of competitive adsorption was most remarkable when the composition of cellulase components was nearly the same as that in the crude cellulase complex. This seems to show the optimal relative composition of cellulase components. The synergism between cellobiohydrolase and endoglucananse could be elucidated more clearly by this competitive adsorption model of the reaction mechanism.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260513
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  • 45
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    A modified matrix perfusion-microcarrier bead cell culture system. I. Adaptation of the matrix perfusion system for growth of human foreskin fibroblasts (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 503-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two strains of human foreskin fibroblast cells were incapable of sustained growth in a matrix perfusion culture system, possibly because of their inability to attach to the fiber surfaces. Addition of microcarrier beads to the extracapillary space allowed attaining high cell densities in excess of 107 cells per culture unit. Microcarrier beads were tested in hollow fiber culture devices containing membranes of 104 or 105 D nominal porosities. Best results were obtained when initial cell densities of at least (2-3) × 106 cells were used in units with 105 D pore size membranes and DEAE-Sephadex or polyacryl-amide microcarrier beads in the extracapillary space. This extension of the matrix perfusion system should be useful for growing other anchorage dependent cells while retaining the advantages of perfusion culture.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260515
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    Acid phosphatase deactivation by a series mechanism (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 518-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acid phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.2.) thermal deactivation at pH 3.77 has been investigated by monitoring the enzyme activity as a function of time in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The experimental curves obtained show a two-slope behavior in a log (activity)versus-time plot, which indicates that deactivation occurs via a complex mechanism. From the dependence of the kinetic parameters on both deactivation and hydrolysis temperatures, it is inferred that the deactivation mechanism involves intermediate, temperature-dependent, less-active forms of the enzyme. This interpretation is confirmed by the results of additional tests in which the temperature was suddenly changed during the deactivation process.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260518
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  • 47
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    Plasmid stability in budding yeast populations: Steady-state growth with selection pressure (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 528-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plasmid gene product accumulation in a cell population depends on the fraction of plasmid-containing cells and the distribution of single-cell plasmid content. These important population properties have been related to plasmid replication regulation and kinetics and to plasmid segregation rules at the single-cell level using population balance mathematical models. Budding yeast populations are considered in detail because of the practical potential of yeast host-vector systems and because of the model complications introduced by the asymmetric division pattern observed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae at all but the largest growth rates. Solutions are presented for several different reasonable models of plasmid replication and segregation. The results offer potential for identification of important qualitative features of yeast plasmid replication and of model parameter values from average and segregated experimental data on yeast populations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260519
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  • 48
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    Preparation of cellodextrins using sulfuric acid (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 557-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260525
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  • 49
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    Enzymatic preparation of 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid with NADP regeneration (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 560-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260526
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  • 50
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    Application of bioenergetics to modelling the microbial conversion of D-xylose to 2,3-butanediol (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 573-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the oxygen limiting growth of Klebsiella oxytoca, the xylose metabolism may be considered as consisting of three components: conversion to 2,3-butanediol by “fermentation,” oxidation to carbon dioxide by respiration, and assimilation to cell mass. The amount of energy required for the assimilation of cell mass is assumed to determine the extent to which the two energy producing reactions occur. The activity of each energy producing pathway is also determined by the availability of oxygen and by the energy yield of each pathway. These relationships can be quantified by equating the ATP required for growth and maintenance to the ATP produced by the energy producing reactions. The resulting equation for butanediol production appears similar to the Luedeking and Piret model where the parameters α and β are related to the maximum cell yield from ATP and the maintenance energy requirement. These parameters were estimated from 14 batch fermentations, and the resulting simulation was used to describe the effects of the oxygen transfer rate and the initial xylose concentration on the yields and rates of the 2,3-butanediol fermentation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260603
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    Interaction of proteins with Triton X-100-substituted sepharose 4B (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 565-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interaction of a number of arbitrarily chosen proteins with Triton X-100-substituted Sepharose 4B has been investigated. Of the proteins examined, bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and pepsin were found immobilized on the adsorbent. Binding of these proteins occurred irrespective of pH and NaCl concentration. Cytochrome c, used as a model protein, was totally immobilized only at low pH. Adsorption of glutamate dehydrogenase and pepsin took place with retention of their catalytic activities. Moreover, glutamate dehydrogenase used as a model allosteric enzyme, was found to retain its native properties upon binding to the adsorbent in the forms of suspension or column. Results are discussed in terms of specific interactions involving the hydrophobic region of Triton X-100 and the apolar patches or crevices present on the surface of protein molecules. Possible potential of the matrix as a method for preparation of biologically active immobilized proteins and its application in continuous operations are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260602
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    A dynamic mathematical model for microbial removal of pyritic sulfur from coal (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 604-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic mathematical model has been developed to describe microbial desulfurization of coal by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The model considers adsorption and desorption of cells on coal particles and microbial oxidation of pyritic sulfur on particle surfaces. The influence of certain parameters, such as microbial growth rate constants, adsorption-descrption constants, pulp density, coal particle size, initial cell and solid phase substrate concentration on the maximum rate of pyritic sulfur removal, have been elucidated. The maximum rate of pyritic sulfur removal was strongly dependent upon the number of attached cells per coal particle. At sufficiently high initial cell concentrations, the surfaces of coal particles are nearly saturated by the cells and the maximum leaching rate is limited either by total external surface area of coal particles or by the concentration of pyritic sulfur in the coal phase. The maximum volumetric rate of pyritic sulfur removal (mg S/h cm3 mixture) increases with the pulp density of coal and reaches a saturation level at high pulp densities (e.g. 45%). The maximum rate also increases with decreasing particle diameter in a hyperbolic form. Increases in adsorption coefficient or decreases in the desorption coefficient also result in considerable improvements in this rate. The model can be applied to other systems consisting of suspended solid substrate particles in liquid medium with microbial oxidation occurring on the particle surfaces (e.g., bacterial ore leaching). The results obtained from this model are in good agreement with published experimental data on microbial desulfurization of coal and bacterial ore leaching.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260608
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    Continuous pH measurement for anaerobic digestion (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 627-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260612
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    Increasing alcohol yield by selected yeast fermentation of sweet sorghum. I. Evaluation of yeast strains for ethanol productionThis is Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article No. 10933. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 632-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260614
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    A miniature palladium-palladium-oxide enzyme electrode for urea determination (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 642-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260617
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  • 56
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    Enzymatic hydrolysis of sodium-hydroxide-pretreated sallow in an ultrafiltration membrane reactor (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 647-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ultrafiltration membrane reactor was used to investigate the recovery of biocatalysts during enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sallow. Product inhibition could be eliminated by continuous removal of products through the ultrafiltration membrane, thus retaining the macromolecular substrate and enzymes. In this way, the degree of conversion was improved from 40% in a batch hydrolysis to 95% (within 20 h), and the initial hydrolysis rate was increased up to seven times. The recovery studies were focused on mechanical deactivation and irreversible adsorption on to the nonconvertible fraction of the substrate. Cellulase deactivation during mechanical agitation was not significant, and the loss of activity was attributed mainly to strong adsorption of the enzymes onto undigested material. This process was studied in semicontinuous hydrolyses, where fresh substrate was added intermittently. The amount of reducing sugars produced in this experiment was 25.7 g/g enzyme, compared to 4.7 g/g enzyme in a batch hydrolysis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260702
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  • 57
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    Continuous growth kinetics of Candida utilis in pineapple cannery effluent (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 748-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida utilis was grown on a pineapple cannery effluent as the sole carbon and energy source in a chemostat at dilution rates between 0.10 and 0.62 h-1 to determine the growth kinetics. The principal sugars in the effluent were sucrose, glucose, and fructose. The cell yield coefficient on carbohydrate varied with dilution rate and a maximum value of 0.63 was observed at a dilution rate of 0.33 h-1. The steady-state concentrations of carbohydrate, reducing sugar, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) appeared to follow Monod saturation kinetics with increasing dilution rate, although none of the measured parameters represented a pure substrate. The maximum specific growth rate and reducing sugar saturation constant were 0.64 h-1 and 0.060 g/L, respectively. A maximum cell mass productivity of 2.3 g/L h was observed at a dilution rate of 0.51 h-1. At this dilution rate, only 68% of the COD was removed. A 95% COD removal was attained at a dilution rate of 0.10 h-1. Optimal yeast productivity and COD reduction occurred at a dilution rate of 0.33 h-1.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260718
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    The HCH-1 model of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 775-780 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solka Floc BW200 was enzymatically hydrolyzed in a batch reactor using a commercial cellulase preparation. A total of 50 different hydrolysis conditions were run within a 10-fold range in enzyme concentration and a 30-fold range in cellulose concentration. The data were evaluated in three ways using five different models. Previous literature models were not as successful in correlating the data as the HCH-1 Model derived in this work.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260723
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    Limitations of the DNS assay for reducing sugars from saccharified lignocellulosics (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 800-802 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260727
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    Sampling thick mycelial suspensions from an air-lift fermenter (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 803-804 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260728
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    Plasmid stability in budding yeast populations: Dynamics following a shift to nonselective medium (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 814-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260732
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    Parameter estimation from batch culture data (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 824-825 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260734
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    State of the art in fermentation air filtration (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 844-847 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents several characteristics of a state-of-the-art fermentation air filter. The filter medium is composed solely of PTFE and has an absolute pore size rating of 0.2 μm. Quantitative bacteria and bacteriophage retention is shown based on live organism challenge tests. A nondestructive filter test, correlated to the microorganism challenge tests and called the Forward Flow Integrity Test, is described. This test has a sensitivity of one part in 1012 and can be performed in situ.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260805
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    Detection of microscopic leaks in fermenter cooling coils (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 857-859 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscopic leaks in fermenter cooling coils were identified as the source of chronic fermentation contaminations. Methods used to identify the problem in production fermenters are described. Recommendations for upgrading quality control criteria for new installations are presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260807
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    A finite representation model for an asynchronous culture of E. coli (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 877-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer model is described which models an asynchronous population of E. coli by using a large, but finite number of representative single cells. Asynchrony generation and maintenance occurs at the single cell level by modulating the activity of an enzyme responsible for septum formation. Such modulation introduces cycle time imprecision and does not require the introduction of any new parameters into the single-cell model. Based on comparisons to experiment, reasonable predictions are possible for changes of cellular dry weight during exponential growth and turbidostat washout, and overall chemostat cell yields and changes in cell number, glucose concentration, and cell size distribution for a chemostat subject to a step change in dilution rate. Additionally, a correlation between cell RNA content and size is predicted as is an inertial effect when chemostat residence time is decreased under conditions of initially high glucose concentrations. Limitations imposed by the model's finite nature and their solutions are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260810
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  • 66
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    Hydrolysis of milk lactose by immobilized β-galactosidase-hen egg white powder (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 901-904 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized β-galactosidase was obtained by crosslinking the enzyme with hen egg white using 2% glutaraldehyde. The gel obtained could be lyophilized to give a dry enzyme powder. The pH optimum of both the soluble and immobilized enzyme was found to be 6.8. The immobilized enzyme showed a higher Km for the substrates. The extent of enzyme inhibition by galactose was reduced upon immobilization. The stability towards inactivation by heat, urea, gamma irradiation, and protease treatment were enhanced. The bound enzyme as tested in a batch reactor could be used repeatedly for the hydrolysis of milk lactose. The possible application of this system for small-scale domestic use has been suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260813
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    Lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, and glucose-6-phosphate determination by enzyme electrode (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 551-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260523
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    Cellulose degradation and monitoring of viscosity decrease in cultures of Cellulomonas uda grown on printed newspaper (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1167-1175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rheological behavior of cultures of Cellulomonas uda with shredded printed newspaper as the carbon source was studied. The initial substrate concentrations ranged from 23 to 60 g/L. The changes in apparent viscosity were followed on-line by applying a commercially available process viscometer and discretely using a rotational viscometer with an anchor impeller. During the time of highest cellulose degradation, the broths exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior which could be explained satisfactorily by the power-law model. At the end of cultivation when cellulose degradation slowed down, the broths became Newtonian in behavior. Endo-1,4-β-glucanase, 1,4-β-xylanase, β-glucosidase, and β-xylosidase activities were also determined during cultivation as well as cellulose degradation and cell mass production. The beginning of endoglucanase formation and the start of the final viscosity decrease of the bacterial paper pulp suspensions could be correlated.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261005
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  • 69
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    Peptide synthesis in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures with α-chymotrypsin immobilized to tresyl chloride-activated agarose (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1146-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: α-Chymotrypsin was immobilized with a high coupling yield (up to 80%) to tresyl chloride activated Sepharose CL-4B.The immobilized enzyme was tested for its ability to synthesize soluble peptides from N-acetylated amino acid esters as acyl donors and amino acid amides as acceptor amines in water-water-miscible organic solvent mixtures. It was found that the yield of peptide increased with increasing concentration of organic cosolvent. Almost complete synthesis (97%) of Ac-Phe-Ala-NH2 was obtained from Ac-Phe-OMe using a sixfold excess of Ala-NH2. The rate of peptide formation in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures was good. Thus, 0.1M peptide was formed in less than 2 h in 50 vol% DMF with 0.1 mg immobilized chymotrypsin/mL reaction mixture. The immobilized enzyme distinguished between the L and D configurations of acceptor amino acid amides even in high concentration of nonaqueous component (90% 1,4-butanediol). The effect of temperature was studied. It was found that both the yield of peptide and the stability of immobilized enzyme increased when the temperature was lowered. Experiments could be performed at subzero temperatures in the aqueous-organic solvent mixtures resulting in very high yield of peptide. After three weeks continuous operation at 4°C in 50% DMF, the immobilized enzyme retained 66%of its original synthetic activity. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was better conserved with a preparation made from agarose with a higher tresyl group content compared to a preparation made from a lower activated agarose, indicating that multiple point of attachment has a favorable effect on the stability of the enzyme in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. The major advantage of using water-miscible instead of water-immiscible organic solvents to promote peptide syntheses appears to be the increased solubility of substrates and products, making continuous operation possible.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261003
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  • 70
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    Studies on on-line bioreactor identification. IV. Utilization of pH measurements for product estimation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1209-1218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relationships between the total rate of biomass growth and the rate of ammonia addition to a fermentor for pH control are presented. These equations make use of the concept of reaction invariants and provide the additional information needed for bioreactor identification. They are especially useful when the RQ measurement is not sufficient for this purpose, such as when sensitivities arise with the measured values of the respiratory quotient or when fermentation products are formed. The cases of batch, fed-batch and continuous fermentations, forming products with or without acidic/basic properties are considered. The derived relationships were successfully tested with nonbiological acid-base continuous flow reaction systems and subsequently applied to the identification of the continuous yeast fermentation of glucose to ethanol. Results of these experimental studies are also presented.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261009
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  • 71
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    Kinetic studies of sepharose-and CH-sepharose-immobilized dihydrofolate reductase (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1227-1232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dihydrofolate reductase, purified to homogeneity from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei, was immobilized by coupling to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose or carbodiimide-activated CH-Sepharose. Coupling yields were determined by amino acid analysis following the hydrolysis of the gel. Enzyme activity was measured by the conventional spectrophotometric procedure, thus permitting the facile characterization of the immobilized enzyme. The pH optimum of the immobilized enzyme was shifted to 5.8 compared with pH 5.5 for the soluble enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained greater than 90%of the initial activity over a six-month period and could be reused as many as ten times without loss of activity. As observed with the soluble enzyme, the activity of immobilized enzyme, which was lost on denaturation with 4M guanidine hydrochloride, was recovered rapidly and completely by washing the gel with buffer. The Kmapp values for dihydrofolate and NADPH for the immobilized enzyme were increased 15-164-fold over the Km values measured for soluble dihydrofolate reductase. Scatchard analysis of the interaction of amethopterin with the immobilized enzyme yielded linear plots and a Kdapp value of 0.56 ×10-8M, and revealed that all of the immobilized enzyme molecules were capable of binding the ligand.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261012
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  • 72
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    The heterotrophic and autotrophic growth of A. eutrophus: responses to biomass gasification impurities (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1258-1260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261017
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  • 73
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    Cybernetic modeling of microbial growth on multiple substrates (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1272-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The internal regulatory processes, which underlie a variety of behavior in microbial growth on multiple substrates, are viewed as a manifestation of an invariant strategy to optimize some goal of the cells. A goal-seeking or cybernetic model is proposed here, with the optimization obased on a short-term perspective of response to the environment. The model parameters are determined from the growth data on single substrates. The model predicts the entire range of microbial growth behavior on multiple substrates from simultaneous utilization of all sugars to sequential utilization with pronounced diauxic lags. It is shown to predict the many variations of the diauxic phenomenon in different growth conditions. The transients in continuous culture growth on mixed substrates caused by varying the feed strategies are easily simulated by this model. The framework of this model can be applied to batch or continuous culture growth of many bacteria on different combinations of substrates.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261103
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  • 74
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    Physical and chemical conditions for microbial oil degradation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1294-1305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oil residues arising from the Christos-Bitas spillage were found to contain 28% of oil extractable by carbon tetrachloride; the remainder comprised water and undefined solids. When incubated in 8-L rectangular tanks with a mixed population of mainly bacteria to which diammonium hydrogen phosphate was added, ca. 97% of the Christos-Bitas oil fraction was degraded. When the same substrate was degraded by only three isolated Pseudomonas strains in 1-L cylindrical tanks, degradation was only ca. 56%. Raising the temperature from 20 to 50°C brought about a visible loss in cell viability with only ca. 38% of the substrate degraded. Oil degradation proceeded in direct proportion to increases in cell attachment to the dispersed oil. The aliphatic fraction of Kuwait crude oil up to nC25 measured by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was oxidized within 48 h. Using this substrate the three pseudomonads together brought about a more complete degradation (87%) than a single Bacillus isolate. The Bacillusstrain was capable of deggrading between 50 and 65% of the crude, depending on whether diammonium hydrogen phosphate supplemented a peptone-based medium. The preferential biodgradability of fractions was the following aliphatics 〉 aromatics 〉 asphalts, as has been widely reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261106
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  • 75
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    Bacterial removal of mercury from sewage (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1330-1333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mercury-resistant bacteria, which are able to reduce mercuric ion (Hg2+) to metallic mercury (Hg0), were examined for their ability to remove mercury from waste-water aerobically. Growth studies in artificial medium indicated that mercury increases the lag phase, but does not effect the growth rate of these bacteria. Further studies demonstrated that growth was minimal during a phase of rapid mercury removal, after which growth resumed. Small but significant amounts of carbohydrates are required for the mercuric ion reduction. Prolonged periods of bacterial growth under nonsterile conditions was accomplished without the loss of the mercuric reducing ability of the culture. A continuous culture of the resistant organism was maintained on raw sewage for two weeks, during which time relatively high concentrations of mercury (70 mg/L) were removed from the sewage at a rate of 2.5 mg/L h and at efficiencies exceeding 98%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261110
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    Pilot-and production-scale containment of cytotoxic and oncogenic fermentation processesPresented at the 184 th American Chemical Society National Meeting Division of Microbial and Biochemical Technology. Kansas City, Missouri, September, 1982. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 860-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Proper design of fermentation facilities and equipment modification can control the risks associated with largescale production and purification of microbially produced cytotoxic agents and oncogenic viruses. The primary biohazard risks to operators and the environment are generation of aerosols and accidental spills. Fermentation and recovery facilities can be constructed to contain these agents by installing fermentation equipment within a HEPA-filter-exhausted biological barrier. Within this barrier system, large-scale processing that generates potentially hazaradous areosols (filtration, centrifugation of transformed cells or crystal slurries, and banding of viruses) should be isolated from other operations. Isolation of equipment is often required, with provision for both chemical and biological decontamination of process wastes. Failsafe fermentor over-pressure sensors, parallel exhaust gas filtration, welded transfer lines, and modified sampling systems for elimination of aerosols can be installed on most fermentation equipment. Aerosol and spill containment by proper equipment design, coupled with appropriate personnel protective equipment and medical monitoring, make possible safe production of experimental growth factors and viruses from large-scale culture of transformed mammalian cells and production of cytotoxic antitumor antibiotics.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260808
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  • 77
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    Immobilization of enzymes in porous supports: Effects of support-enzyme solution contacting (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 892-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Proteins have been immobilized in porous support particles held in a fixed-bed reactor through which protein solution is continuously circulated. Changing the recirculation flow rate alters the observed immobilization kinetics and the maximum enzyme loading which can be achieved for glucose oxidase and glucoamylase on carbodiimide-treated activated carbon and for glucoamylase immobilized on CNBr-Sepharose 4B. Direct microscopic examination of FITC-labelled protein in sectioned Sepharose particles and indirect activity-loading studies with activated carbon-enzyme conjugates all indicate that immobilized enzyme is increasingly localized near the outer surface of the support particles at larger recirculation flow rates. Restricted diffusion of enzymes may be implicated in this phenomenon. These contacting effects may be significant considerations in the scaleup of processes for protein impregnation in porous supports, since apparent activity and stability of the final preparation depend on internal protein distribution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260812
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  • 78
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    Cholinesterase-catalyzed resolution of D,L-carnitine (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 911-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzymatic method for the preparative resolution of racemic carnitine (whose L-isomer and its acyl-derivatives have numerous therapeutical applications) has been developed. It is based on our finding that electriceel acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes the D- but not the L-isomer of acetylcarnitine. (Another cholinesterase tested, horse serum butyrylcholinesterase, is also stereospecific and hydrolyzes only the L-isomer of butyrylcarnitine.) Acetylcholinesterase, covalently attached to alumina, was employed for the resolution of D,L-carnitine; the latter was first chemically acetylated, then stereoselectively hydrolyzed with the immobilized enzyme, and finally the acetyl-L-carnitine and D-carnitine produced were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Gram quantities of D,L-carnitine were thereby resolved.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260815
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    The kinetics and physiology of stipitatic acid and gluconate production by carbon sufficient cultures of Penicillium stipitatum growing in continuous culture (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1455-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yield from glucose of ammonia-grown carbon-limited continuous cultures of Penicillium stipitatum was ca. 20% higher than that of nitrate-grown cultures at all growth rates examined. However, the yield from oxygen was similar during growth on both nitrogen sources. Under phosphate limitation the specific rate of gluconic acid and stipitatic acid production increased with growth rate, but the former product accounted for virtually 100% of the excreted carbon. Stipitatic acid was not produced under nitrogen limitation, and glucose supplied to the culture in excess of that required for growth was virtually quantatively converted into gluconic acid. Productivities of 11.4 g gluconic acid/L/h were stably maintained in continuous culture. Under conditions of glucose excess the enzyme glucose oxidase was excreted into the culture. The specific activity of this extracellular enzyme increased when the input glucose concentration to the culture was progressively increased. The excretion of a protein under nitrogen limitation suggests that this enzyme plays an important role under these conditions. Indeed, it was demonstrated that nitrogen-limited cultures did not overmetabolize gluconate at either pH 6.5 or 3.5, although up to 29 g/L gluconate was present in the culture. The Ygluconate and YO2 of C- and N-limited gluconate-grown cultures were similar indicating that the rapid conversion of glucose to gluconate probably affords a means of regulating carbon flow in this organism. Nitrogen-limited cultures of P. stipitatum overmetabolized glucose to a much greater extent than acetate, fructose, or gluconate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261210
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    Continuous ethanol fermentation using immobilized yeast cellsThis work was performed as part of the Biomass Utilization Project of the Research Association for Pertroleum Alternatives Development in Japan. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 992-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads were employed in fluidizedbed reactors for continuous ethanol fermentation from cane molasses and other sugar sources. Some improvements were made in order to avoid microbial contamination and keep cell viability for stable long run operations. Notably, entrapment of sterol and unsaturated fatty acid into immobilized gel beads enhanced ethanol productivity more than 50 g ethanol/L gel h and prolonged life stability for more than one-half year. Cell concentration in the carrier was estimated over 250 g dry cell/L gel. A pilot plant with a total column volume of 4 kL was constructed and has been operated since 1982. As a result, it was confirmed that 8-10%(v/v)ethanol-containing broth was continuously produced from nonsterilized diluted cane molasses for over one-half year. The productivity of ethanol was calculated as 0.6 kL ethanol/kL reactor volume day with a 95% conversion yield versus the maximum theoretical yield for the case of 8.5% (v/v) ethanol broth.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260826
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  • 81
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    Enzyme immobilization in porous solid supports - penetration of immobilized enzyme (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1032-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process of enzyme immobilization under the diffusion-controlled regime (i.e., fast attachment of enzyme compared to its diffusion) is modeled and theoretically solved in this article. Simple and compact solutions for the penetration depth of immobilized enzyme and the bulk enzyme concentration versus time are presented. Furthermore, the conditions for the validity of our solutions are also given in this article so that researchers can discover when the theoretical solutions can be applied to their systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260904
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  • 82
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    Effects of temperature on plasmid stability and penicillinase productivity in a transformant of Bacillus stearothermophilus (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1026-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: After transforming host cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus CU21 with a recombinant plasmid pLP11 that harbored constitutive penicillinase genes of B. licheniformis CO1, both the stability of the plasmid and specific rate of penicillinase production were studied. The temperature at which the plasmid could be kept in a stable fashion in the transformant of B. stearothermophilus CU21 (pLP11) ranged nearly from 44 to 50°C, irrespective of batch and continuous cultures. Continuous and steady-state cultures of the transformant could only be realized within this narrower temperature range. Indeed, the approximate temperature ranges of growth for the host and transformant were from 40 to 70°C and from 40 to 63°C, respectively. Clearly, the upper limit for the growth temperature of host cells decreased when they were transformed. Kinetic patterns of penicillinase production in continuous culture of the transformant (with plasmid) from 44 to 50°C differed remarkably from that of B. licheniformis CO1 (without plasmid) at 37°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260903
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  • 83
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    Covalent immobilization of FAD and glucose oxidase on carbon electrodes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1066-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effectiveness of attaching flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) via a C bridge to Teflon-bonded carbon black (CB), and the subsequent immobilization of glucose oxidase on the FAD-modified electrodes has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. When FAD alone is bound to the electrode, it undergoes reduction and oxidation at -0.62 and -0.5 V, respectively - values similar to those obtained with free FAD. Compared to the free enzyme, the reduction of FAD as part of the immobilized enzyme is 200 mV more cathodic, while the oxidation potential remains the same in both cases.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260908
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  • 84
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    Studies on cellulase production by a mutant - penicillium funiculosum uv-49 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1079-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In search of hypercellulolytic microorganisms, ultraviolet irradiation carried out with Penicillium funiculosum has yielded a superior mutant. The investigations reported in this article are shake flask studies on some important nutritional requirements of the mutant, namely, nitrogen source, carbon source, and inducers. The mutant shows an ability to metabolize inorganic nitrogen sources like urea and sodium nitrate both for growth and enzyme production. A comparison of the long-term saccharification ability and the utilization efficiency of the mutant enzyme with those reported in the literature is also carried out, showing the superior performance of the mutant enzyme.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260910
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    Reassessment of the dynamic KL a method (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1131-1133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260919
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  • 86
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    The effect of temperature on KL a in thermophilic cultivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1136-1138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260921
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  • 87
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    Computer model for glucose-limited growth of a single cell of Escherichia coli B/r-A (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1140-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260925
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261001
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  • 89
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    Studies on on-line bioreactor identification. II. Numerical and experimental results (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1189-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The on-line bioreactor identification methodology of the preceding article (Part I) was tested with a series of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Results of these studies presented herein confirm the superior characteristics of the proposed estimator and its applicability to modelling studies, or on-line bioreactor control. The sensitivity of the estimation scheme with respect to the respiratory quotient measurement is discussed, and suggestions to bypass these problems are offered.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261007
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Invertase immobilization via its carbohydrate moiety (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1223-1226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: After periodate oxidation of its glycosidic component, invertase was covalently bound onto three types of modified solid supports: glycidyl methacrylate, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, and bead cellulose. Direct reaction of the invertase aldehyde groups that were formed with amino groups of the support and use of the modified Ugi reaction have been employed as immobilization procedures. Apart from binding methods, the important effects of the buffer, support, conditions of periodate oxidation, and the length of the spacer on the activity of the enzyme conjugate have been investigated. Superior conjugate activity was obtained, via modified Ugi reaction, by the immobilization of a suitably oxidized invertase to a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer having free amino groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261011
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Ease of removal of barnacles from various polymeric materials (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1245-1251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The forces required to remove living, fully attached barnacles from the surface of a number of polymeric solids were measured. The forces were related to the surface energy components of the materials. The results indicate a positive correlation between polymer surface energy and force required for barnacle removal. The nonpolar component of the surface energy was more closely related to the removal force than the polar component, although the polar component is significant. Adherence to some composite materials was greater than was consistent with the correlation for noncomposites.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261015
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetically structured models forlac promoter-operator function in the Escherichia coli chromosome and in multicopy plasmids: Lac operator function (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1372-1382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on known molecular interactions has been formulated to describe quantitatively regulation of expression of the lactose (lac) operon in the Escherichia coli chromosome and in multicopy plasmids. This model is genetically structured such that a nucleotide sequence change affecting transcription initiation at the lac promoter-operator influences one or very few directly corresponding model parameters. The model simulates chromosomal lac operon function in good agreement with previous experimental measurements for many lacl and lacO mutant systems as well as for diploid cells which carry F'lac episomes. Simulation results clearly show the loss of cloned lac operator regulation as the plasmid copy number increases, in agreement with experimental trends. The importance of this class of models in designing DNAs, organisms, and reactors for precise regulation of cloned gene expression is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261115
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double-substrate-limited growth of escherichia coli (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1398-1401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261120
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  • 94
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    Estimation of yield, maintenance, and product formation kinetic parameters in anaerobic fermentations (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1436-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In many anaerobic fermentation processes, high energy bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are produced when available electrons are converted from organic substrate into extracellular organic products such as ethanol. The true growth yield and maintenance parameters are directly related to the product formation kinetic parameters for these anaerobic processes. Methods are presented which allow all of the experimental measurements to be used simultaneously to estimate these parameters. Results are presented for several different anaerobic fermentations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260261207
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260101
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of air supplement on the performance of continuous ethanol fermentation system (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 12-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the purpose of improving ethanol productivity, the effect of air supplement on the performance of continuous ethanol fermentation system was studied. The effect of oxygen supplement on yeast concentration, cell yield, cell viability, extracellular ethanol concentration, ethanol yield, maintenance coefficient, specific rates of glucose assimilation, ethanol production, and ethanol productivity have been evaluated, using a high alcohol tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae STV89 strain and employing a continuous fermentor equipped with an accurate air metering system in the flow rate range 0-11 mL air/L/h. It was found that, when a small amount of oxygen up to about 80μ mol oxygen/L/h was supplied, the ethanol productivity was significantly enhanced as compared to the productivity of the culture without any air supplement. It was also found that the oxygen supplement improved cell viability considerably as well as the ethanol tolerance level of yeast. As the air supply rate was increased, from 0 to 11 mL air/L/h while maintaining a constant dilution rate at about 0.06 h-1, the cell concentration increased from 2.3 to 8.2 g/L and the ethanol productivity increased from 1.7 to 4.1 g ethanol/L/h, although the specific ethanol production rate decreased slightly from 0.75 to 0.5 g ethanol/g cell/h. The ethanol yield was slightly improved also with an increase in air supply rate, from about 0.37 to 0.45 ethanol/g glucose. The maintenance coefficient increased by only a small amount with the air supplement. This kind of air supplement technique may very well prove to be of practical importance to a development of a highly productive ethanol fermentation process system especially as a combined system with a high density cell culture technique.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260104
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  • 97
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    A rapid and simplified procedure for purification of a cellulase from Fusarium liniThis is NCL communication No. 3067. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) was obtained in high yields in purified form a culture filtrate of Fusarium lini by an extremely simple method. The method consists of precipitation of the culture filtrate with ammonium sulphate (290 g/L), followed by chromatography of the precipitated fraction on Biogel P-150. The purification is based on the unusual property of the enzyme being eluted after cytochrome C, even though it molecular weight is 2.8 × 104 (by SDS PAGE). The yield of pure enzyme was 6.8 mg/L culture broth. The homogeneity of the enzyme was established by ultracentrifugation, isoelectric focusing, and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing SDS. The enzyme was isoelectric at pH 8.3 and contained 2.9% carbohydrate. The Km value for carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose was 11.6 mg/mL. The enzyme showed high viscosity reducing activity towards CM cellulose but very low activity with Walseth cellulose and crystalline celluloses such as Avicel and cotton. The purified enzyme has activity towards xylan. The amino acid analysis showed a predominance of acidic and neutral amino acids and low contents of histidine, arginine, and methionine. One-half of the cysteine content was 11 residues/mol enzyme, and no free-SH group was detectable.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260109
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulase production from immobilized growing cell composites prepared by radiation polymerization (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cellulase production from immobilized Trichoderma reesei composites prepared by radiation polymerization at low temperature was studied. The production of cellulase from the cells irradiated by radiation was slightly retarded at the initial stage of the culture, but was immediately recovered. The production of cellulase resulting from the growth of the immobilized cells proceeds efficiently in the composite having a porous polymer matrix, in which the productivity of cellulase varied with the hydrophilicity, the shape of the composite, monomer, and cell concentration. It was found that cellulase produced by immobilized growing cell composites effectively hydrolyzed cellulosic wastes such as newspaper and chaff which are pretreated by irradiation and crushing.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260105
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the pretreatment of biomass with gaseous ozone (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Treatment of a wide variety of lignocellulosic biomass with gaseous ozone results in greatly enhanced susceptibility to cellulase enzyme hydrolysis and to digestion by rumen microorganisms so that it can be used as ruminant animal feed or for the production of glucose via enzymatic hydrolysis. By use of appropriate reaction conditions a useful degree of such pretreatment may be obtained in 1-2 h contact time with an ozone consumption of ca. 4-6% of the dry weight of the biomass.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260112
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Proline excretion by Escherichia coli K12A preliminary report of this research was made at the Fourth International Symposium on the Genetics of Industrial Microoganisms in Kyoto, Japan, June, 1982. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 74-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Proline excretion from proline overproducing strains of E. coli K12 has been studied as a model chemical production system. We have isolated proline overproducing mutants of E. coli and have shown that uncontrolled synthesis is not sufficient to cause excretion of this amino acid. An episomal mutation causing proline over production has been introduced into a series of otherwise isogenic strains that bear well defined, chromosomal lesions affecting the active uptake and catabolism of L-proline. A syntropism test reveals that L-proline is excreted by overproducing strains only if transport and/or catabolism are impaired. Dansyl derivatization and chromatographic analysis of culture supernatants shows that proline is the only amino acid excreted. Batch cultures of an excreting strain in an amino acid production medium yield culture supernatants containing 1 g proline/L, whereas no proline is detectable in supernatants derived from cultures of an overproducing strain with normal transport and catabolic activities. These data reveal that genetic lesions eliminating active uptake can be used to specifically enhance metabolite excretion.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260114
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