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  • 1965-1969  (3,196)
  • 1950-1954  (2,076)
  • 1940-1944  (1,512)
  • Organic Chemistry  (6,717)
  • Insulin  (35)
  • Engineering General
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Amiloride ; Insulin ; Glucose Transport ; Leucine Incorporation ; Isolated Adipose Tissue ; Amilorid ; Insulin ; Glucosetransport ; Leucineinbau ; isoliertes Fettgewebe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufnahme von Glucose ins isolierte epididymale Fettgewebe und die Bildung von 14CO2 aus [1-14C]-Glucose wurde als Maß von Transportvorgängen, die Incorporation von [1-14C]-Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein als Maß der Proteinsynthese vor und nach Zusatz von Amilorid in vitro verwendet. 2. Amilorid setzt den Transport durch die Membran sowohl ohne als auch mit Stimulierung durch Insulin halbmaximal in 10−4 M-Konzentration herab. Aus der Kinetik des Transportes kann geschlossen werden, daß Amilorid die maximale Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Vorganges verlangsamt, ohne die Transportkonstante zu verändern. 3. Der Einbau von Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein wird durch Amilorid in 3 · 10−4 M-Konzentration auf ein Zehntel herabgesetzt. Das Verhalten von [1-14C]-α-Aminoisobuttersäure läßt den Schluß zu, daß der Aminosäuretransport durch die Membran des Fettgewebes nicht beeinflußt wird. 4. Die Wirkungen des Amilorids am Fettgewebe entsprechen im Prinzip denjenigen des Triamterens und des 6-Aminonicotinsäureamids. Ebenso ist allen gemeinsam, daß sie den renalen Natrium- und Kaliumtransport im distalen Abschnitt des Nephrons hemmen. 5. Es ist möglich, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen den hemmenden Wirkungen dieser Pharmaka auf den Leucin-Einbau in das Fettgewebsprotein und der Störung von Transportvorgängen durch biologische Membranen besteht.
    Notes: Summary 1. The uptake of glucose and the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]-glucose were used as a measure of transport processes, and the incorporation of [1-14C]-leucine into the protein of adipose tissue served as a measure of protein synthesis before and after the addition of amiloride to the isolated epididymal adipose tissue of the rat in vitro. 2. In a concentration of 10−4 M, amiloride decreases the glucose transport through tissue membranes by 50% with and without stimulation by insulin. It can be deduced from the kinetics of the transport that amiloride slows down the maximal velocity of the complete process without influencing the transport constant. 3. The incorporation of leucine into adipose tissue protein was diminished to 10% by amiloride in a concentration of 3 × 10−4 M. Experiments with [1-14C]-α-aminoisobutyric acid allow the conclusion that the amino acid transport through the membrane of the adipose tissue remains uninfluenced. 4. The effects of amiloride on the adipose tissue are similar to those of triamterene and of 6-aminonicotinamide. In addition, they all inhibit renal sodium and potassium transport in the distal part of the nephron. 5. It is possible, that there is a connection between the inhibiting effects of these drugs on the incorporation of leucine into the protein of adipose tissue and the disturbance of transport processes through biological membranes.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; islets of Langerhans ; mouse ; collagenase ; glucose ; mannoheptulose ; glucagon ; adrenaline ; phentolamine ; theophylline ; tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La libération de l'insuline pendant l'incubation des îlots de Langerhans de la souris, isolés après digestion du pancréas par la collagénase, a été étudiée, et l'influence de divers facteurs sur la vitesse de libération a été recherchée. Le glucose à 3.0 mg/ml (glucose élevé) stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais n'avait pas d'effet à 0.6 mg/ml (taux bas). Le mannoheptulose bloquait la stimulation provoquée par du glucose élevé, comme le faisait l'adrénaline. L'effet de l'adrénaline était aboli par la phentolamine, un agent bloquant alpha adrénergique. Le glucagon seul, ainsi qu'en pre'sence d'un taux de glucose bas, stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais non de façon constante avec un taux de glucose élevé. L'adrénaline abolissait la stimulation provoquée par le glucagon. La théophylline stimulait la libération lorsque le glucose était bas, mais beaucoup moins lorsque le glucose était élevé et pas du tout avec le glucagon, quelle que soit la concentration de glucose. Le tolbutamide stimulait la libération d'insuline avec une faible concentration de glucose et cet effet n'était pas inhibé par l'adrénaline. La convenance de cette préparation pour des études sur le métabolisme des cellules insulaires et sa relation avec la sécrét ion d'insuline est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Insulinausschüttung aus Langerhans'schen Inseln von Mäusen, die durch Kollagenase-Behandlung des Pankreas gewonnen worden waren, untersucht und der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf die Freisetzungsgeschwindigkeit überprüft. Eine hohe Glucose-Konzentration von 3.0 mg/ml förderte die Insulin-Ausschüttung, während die niedrige Konzentration von 0.6 mg/ml keine Wirkung ergab. Mannoheptulose und Adrenalin blockierten die Stimulation durch die hohe Glucosekonzentration. Der AdrenalinEffekt konnte durch Phentolamin, eine alpha-Rezeptoren blockierende Substanz, wieder aufgehoben werden. Glucagon führte allein und in Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer verstärkten Insulininkretion: dies war jedoch bei Kombination mit der hohen Glucosekonzentration nicht konstant der Fall. Adrenalin hob die Stimulierung durch Glucagon auf. Theophyllin führte bei Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer gesteigerten Ausschüttung, dieser Effekt trat unter der höheren Glucosekonzentration in wesentlich geringerem Umfang und bei Zusatz von Glucagon und einer der beiden verwandten Glucosekonzentrationen überhaupt nicht auf. Bei niedriger Glucosekonzentration stimulierte Tolbutamid die Insulinfreisetzung; dieser Effekt ließ sich durch Adrenalin nicht aufheben. Die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Präparates für Untersuchungen des Inselzell-Stoffwechsels und seiner Beziehungen zur Insulininkretion wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The release of insulin during incubation of mouse islets of Langerhans, isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase, has been studied, and the influence of various factors on the rate of release investigated. Glucose at 3.0 mg/ml (high glucose) stimulated insulin release, but had no effect at 0.6 mg/ml (low glucose). Mannoheptulose blocked the stimulation by high glucose, as did adrenaline. The adrenaline effect was abolished by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Glucagon alone, stimulated insulin release, and also with low glucose, but not consistently with high glucose. Adrenaline abolished the stimulation by glucagon. Theophylline stimulated release with low glucose, much less so with high glucose and not at all with glucagon at either glucose concentration. Tolbutamide stimulated release with low glucose, and this effect was not inhibited by adrenaline. The suitability of this preparation for studies of islet cell metabolism and its relationship to secretion of insulin is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; bile ; rabbit ; 125I-insulin ; glucose ; galactose ; fructose ; tolbutamide ; phenformin ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On trouve de l'insuline immunoréactive dans la bile hépatique de lapins normaux. Moins de 1% d'une dose injectée d'insuline bovine atteint la bile. Quand de l'insuline bovine 125I, seule ou liée à l'anticorps, est administrée par voie intraveineuse, seulement 40% de la radioactivité retrouvée dans la bile est précipitable avec l'acide trichloracétique et moins de 10% réagit avec le sérum anti-insuline de cobaye. Le glucose, le fructose le galactose, le tolbutamide et la phenformine provoquent tous une élévation de l'insuline dans la bile, qui atteint son maximum 40 à 50 min après l'injection. L'alloxane atténue ou abolie ces réponses.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Immunoreaktives Insulin wird in der Leber-Galle normaler Kaninchen gefunden. Weniger als 1% einer injizierten Dosis von Rinder-Insulin erreicht die Galle. Wenn man reines oder an Antikörper gebundenes 125I-Rinderinsulin intravenös verabreicht, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Trichloressigsäure nur 40% der Radioaktivität ausfällen, die in der Galle gefunden wird, und weniger als 10% reagieren mit Meerschweinchen-Anti-Insulinserum. Glucose, Fructose, Galaktose, Tolbutamide und Phenformin verursachen ein Ansteigen von Insulin in der Galle, welches ein Maximum innerhalb von 40 bis 50 Min. nach der Injektion erreicht. Alloxan vermindert oder hebt diese Effekte auf.
    Notes: Summary Immuno-reactive insulin is found in the hepatic bile of normal rabbits. Less than 1% of an injected dose of bovine insulin reached the bile. When 125I-bovine insulin alone or complexed with antibody was given intravenously, only 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was precipitable with trichloracetic acid, and less than 10% reacted with guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Glucose, fructose, galactose, tolbutamide and phenformin all caused an elevation in bile insulin, which reached a maximum 40 to 50 min after the injection. Alloxan attenuated or abolished these responses.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; blood sugar ; mice ; rats ; pancreatectomy ; nephrectomy ; hepatectomy (partial) alloxan diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les rats et les souris le taux du sucre sanguin est abaissé par une proinsuline obtenue à partir de l'insuline bovine (Schmidt et Arens [6]). Chez les rats alimentés et les souris à jeun, le rapport d'activité proinsuline: insuline est de 1∶4, chez les rats à jeun de 1∶2, dans le cas de dose équimolaire et en mesurant l'abaissement maximum du sucre sanguin. L'abaissement du sucre sanguin évolue de façon plus lente après proinsuline qu'après insuline. La proinsuline, incubée in vitro avec la trypsine, agit quantitativement et au point de vue temps, comme l'insuline. Chez les rats pancréatectomisés, chez les rats néphrectomisés ainsi que chez ceux hépatectomisés aux deux tiers, l'action de la proinsuline est la même que chez les animaux normaux. Les souris rendues diabétiques par l'alloxane répondent également à la proinsuline comme les souris intactes. L'action hypoglycémiante de la proinsuline se manifeste de façon retardée probablement parce que l'insuline active doit tout d'abord se former par un processus protéolytique dépendant du facteur temps. Ceci pourrait être aussi la raison pour laquelle, Rubenstein et coll. [5] signalent l'absence d'effet de la proinsuline dans le test de convulsion chez la souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Ratten und Mäusen wird der Blutzucker durch ein aus Rinderinsulin gewonnenes Proinsulin (Schmidt und Arens [6]) gesenkt. Bei gefütterten Ratten und nüchternen Mäusen ist das WirkungsVerhältnis Proinsulin: Insulin = 1∶4, bei nüchternen Ratten 1∶2, wenn äquiznolar dosiert und das Maximum der Blutzuckersenkung gewertet wird. Die Blutzuckersenkung verläuft nach Proinsulin protrahierter als nach Insulin. Proinsulin, welches in vitro mit Trypsin inkubiert wurde, wirkt quantitativ und zeitlich wie Insulin. Bei pankreatektomierten, bei nephrektomierten und bei zweidrittelhepatektomierten Ratten wirkt Proinsulin ebenso wie an Normaltieren. Auch alloxandidbetische Mäuse sprechen auf Proinsulin wie intakte Mäuse an. Die hypoglykämische Wirkung des Proinsulins tritt wahrscheinlich deshalb verzögert ein, weil das aktive Insulin in einem zeitabhängigen proteolytischen Prozeß erst entstehen muß. Dies könnte auch die Ursache für eine von Rubenstein et al. [5] zitierte, fehlende Wirkung von Proinsulin im Mäusekrampftest sein.
    Notes: Summary Proinsulin obtained from bovine insulin (Schmidt and Arens [6]) lowered the blood sugar level of rats and mice. The activity ratio proinsulin: insulin was 1∶4 in fed rats and fasted mice, and 1∶2 in fasted rats, based on an equimolar dosage and measuring the effect in terms of maximum lowering of the blood sugar value. After proinsulin the decrease of the blood sugar was more protracted than after insulin. Proinsulin which was incubated with trypsin in vitro, resembled insulin in degree and onset of action. In pancreatectomized, nephrectomized and two-thirds hepatectomized rats proinsulin acted as in normal animals. Alloxan-diabetic mice responded to proinsulin like intact mice. The reason why the onset of the hypoglycaemic action of proinsulin was delayed is probably due to the fact that the active insulin must first be produced by a time-dependent proteolytic process. This may also be the cause of the ineffectiveness of proinsulin in the mouse convulsion test which was quoted by Rubenstein et al. [5].
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; mouse tissues ; kidney fluorescence microscopy ; microscopy ; autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La localisation d'insuline marquée avec I125 ou avec de l'isothiocyanate de fluorescéine a été étudiée au moyen d'autohistoradiographie au microscope optique, au microscope électronique et au moyen de microscopie à fluorescence dans les tissus de souris à jeun et de souris alimentées normalement. L'hormone fluorescente a été trouvée dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein de souris à jeun seulement, tandis que l'hormone radioactive a été repérée aussi dans le rein de souris alimentées, bien qu'en quantité inférieure à celle trouvée chez les souris à jeun. Au microscope électronique la radioactivité est présente dans le rein dans la bordure en brosse, les vacuoles et les mitochondries apicales et le noyau, mais pas dans l'appareil de Golgi ou dans les lysosomes. —L'hormone radioactive est aussi présente dans les autres tissus mais sans différence quantitative entre les souris à jeun et les souris alimentées. Les auteurs concluent que le procédé de ré-absorption de l'insuline par les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein est spécifique: l'hormone n'est pas dégradée de la même façon que les autres protéines mais probablement stockée afin de contrôler les processus métaboliques relevant des organelles subcellulaires dans lesquelles elle se trouve.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gefütterte und fastende Mäuse erhielten fluoreszierendes oder mit125J markiertes Insulin i.v. Die Lokalisation des Insulins in den Geweben wurde untersucht. Nur bei Tieren im Hungerzustand fand sich das fluoreszierende Hormon in den Nieren, während sich das radioaktive Insulin bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren in den proximalen Tubulusschlingen der Nieren nachweisen ließ. Die fastenden Tiere schienen dabei mehr Radioaktivität aufzuweisen. Wurden die Nieren unter Verwendung von Techniken mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen untersucht, so fand sich die Radioaktivität im Bürstensaum, in den apikalen Vakuolen und Mitochondrien und dem Kern, jedoch nicht im Golgi-Apparat oder den Lysosomen. Alle anderen Gewebe enthielten Hormon-Radioaktivität, aber weder ihre Menge noch ihre Lokalisation unterschieden sich bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Prozeß der Insulinabsorption durch die Zellen der proximalen Tubulusschlingen spezifisch ist und daß das Hormon nicht in ähnlicher Weise wie andere Eiweißkörper abgebaut wird. Wahrscheinlich kommt es über eine Speicherung zu einer Steuerung der entsprechenden Stoffwechselprozesse in den subzellulären Organellen, in denen das Hormon sich befindet.
    Notes: Summary Starved and fed mice were injected intravenously with either fluorescent or125I-insulin and the localization of the hormone was investigated in various tissues. The fluorescent hormone was found in the kidney of starved animals only, whereas the radioactive hormone was found in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney of both fed and fasted animals, although the latter group appeared to contain more radioactivity than the first. With high resolution techniques the radioactivity in the kidney was found in the brush border, the apical vacuoles, the apical mitochondria and the nucleus, and never in the Golgi apparatus or the lysosomes. All other tissues contained radioactivity due to the hormone, but no difference in either the amount or the localization was found between fed an starved animals. It is concluded that the process of absorption of insulin by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules is specific and that the hormone is not degraded in a way similar to other proteins, but is likely to be stored and to control cellular metabolic processes from its sites of localization.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 32P incorporation ; adenine nucleotides ; guanine nucleotides ; Na+K+ ATP-ase ; ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de ces investigations a été de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'insuline, en provoquant un turn-over accru du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, en ATP et autres mononucléotides, dans le diaphragme du rat. Pendant l'incubation du diaphragme intact de rat dans un milieu bicarbonaté de Krebs Ringer, sans addition de substrat, on n'a pas observé d'effet de l'insuline sur le contenu en adénine-nucléotides, en guanine-nucléotides, y compris le 3′5′ AMP cyclique et le 3′5′ GMP cyclique. Quand du phosphate inorganique radioactif marqué au32P était présent dans le milieu, l'insuline augmentait l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et provoquait une incorporation accrue du32P dans l'ATP et le GTP. L'effet sur l'ADP était moins prononcé. Il a été montré que ces effets de l'insuline dépendent de la composition ionique du milieu et du transport membranaire des ions. L'augmentation due à l'insuline de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et du marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) était en grande partie inhibée par l'ouabaïne. Pendant l'incubation dans les milieux où le chlorure de sodium a été remplacé isoosmotiquement par le chlorure de potassium ou de choline, les effets de l'insuline décrits ci-dessus étaient abolis. Les résultats indiquent que le marquage accru de l'ATP (et du GTP) provoqué par l'insuline, peut être en premier lieu attribué à des phénomènes survenant au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. L'augmentation de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire en présence d'insuline, peut s'expliquer par une captation accrue du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, à partir du milieu. Apparemment le marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) est une conséquence secondaire. On suggère que cet effet de l'insuline est d'abord en rapport avec un effet sur les enzymes de la membrane, en particulier sur l'ATP-ase activée par Na+, K+ et Mg2+.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der stimulierenden Wirkung von Insulin auf den Einbau von anorganischem32P Phosphat in ATP und andere Mononucleotide im Rattenzwerchfell beizutragen. Während der Inkubation intakter Rattenzwerchfelle in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonat Puffer ohne Substratzusatz konnte kein Insulineffekt auf den Gehalt an Adenonucleotiden und Guaninnucleotiden, sowie von cyclischem 3′,5′ AMP und cyclischem 3′,5′ GMP beobachtet werden. In Gegenwart von anorganischem32P Phosphat steigerte Insulin die spezifische Aktivität von intrazellulärem anorganischen Phosphat und bewirkte einen verstärkten Einbau von32P in ATP und GTP. Die Wirkung auf ADP war weniger ausgeprägt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Insulineffekte von dem IonenGehalt des Mediums und dem Membrantransport der Ionen abhängen. Die Steigerung der spezifischen Aktivität des anorganischen Phosphates und der Markierung von ATP (und GTP) mit32P ließ sich weitgehend durch Ouabain wieder aufheben. Bei Inkubation in Pufferlösungen, die statt NaCl isoosmolare Mengen von KCl oder Cholinchlorid enthielten, waren die oben erwähnten Insulineffekte nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Resultate sprechen dafür, daß die verstärkte Markierung von ATP (und GTP) unter Insulin in erster Linie auf Vorgängen an der Zellmembran beruht. Die erhöhte spezifische Aktivität des intrazellulären anorganischen Phosphates in Gegenwart von Insulin läßt sich durch einen verstärkten Einstrom von32P Phosphat aus dem Medium erklären. Augenscheinlich kommt es dadurch sekundär zu einer gesteigerten32P Markierung von ATP (und GTP). Wir möchten annehmen, daß dieser Insulineffekt vorwiegend über die Membranenzyme erfolgt und sich vor allem auf die Na+, K+ und Mg++ aktivierbare ATPase erstreckt.
    Notes: Summary The aim of these investigations has been to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin in promoting increased turn over of32P inorganic phosphate into ATP and other mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm. During incubation of the intact rat diaphragm in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium without addition of substrate, no effect of insulin on the content of adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides including cyclic 3′,5′ AMP and cyclic 3′,5′ GMP has been observed. When32P radioactive inorganic phosphate was present in the medium, insulin increased the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and promoted an increased incorporation of32P into ATP and GTP. The effect on ADP was less pronounced. It has been shown that these effects of insulin depend upon the ionic composition of the medium and on ion membrane-transport. The insulin-promoted increase of specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and of increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) was to a great extent inhibited by ouabain. During incubation in media where sodium chloride had been iso-osmotically replaced by potassium chloride or choline chloride, the above mentioned effects by insulin were abolished. The results indicate that the increased labelling of ATP (and GTP) promoted by insulin can be primarily attributed to events occuring at the cell membrane. The increased specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate in the presence of insulin can be explained by increased uptake of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium. Apparently the increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) occur as a secondary consequence. It is suggested that this insulin effect is primarily concerned with an effect on membrane enzymes, particularly the Na+, K+, Mg2+ activated ATP-ase.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; galactose ; galactokinase ; deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez deux adultes souffrant d'une déficience en galactokinase la charge orale de galactose a été suivie d'une hypergalactosémie prolongée sans aucune élevation de l'insuline immunoréactive plasmatique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Orale Belastung mit Galactose führte bei zwei Erwachsenen mit Galactokinasemangel zu einer prolongierten Hypergalactosämie, aber nicht zu einem Anstieg des immunoreaktiven Insulins im Plasma.
    Notes: Summary Oral galactose loading in two galactokinase-deficient adults produced the expected high and prolonged rise of galactose in peripheral blood, but no rise of circulating immunoreactive insulin.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Toad Bladder ; Sodium Transport Pool ; Aldosterone ; Insulin ; Vasopressin ; Krötenblase ; Natrium-Transport-Pool ; Aldosteron ; Insulin ; Vasopressin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The size of toad bladder sodium transport pool, defined as that amount of sodium of apical origin and recovered in tissue at equilibrium, was compared with sodium transport rate, derived from short-circuit current read immediately before tissue analysis. Provided certain precautions be taken, the relationship between both variables can be described by a curve starting at the intersect ofX (pool, in μEq) andY (transport, in μEq/hr) axes, with a tendency forX to increase faster thanY. Assuming sodium transport pool forms one compartment, its calculated half-life averages 2–3 min. sodium transport pool measurements are thought to shed light on mechanism of sodium transport by toad bladder because pool size was large with respect to transport rate when tissue was exposed to several inhibitors of sodium transport. Conversely, upon stimulation of activity of (substrate — depleted) preparations by glucose, a relative reduction of pool size was observed. Aldosterone, vasopressin (and adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate) increased sodium pool size and transport rate, proportionately; insulin stimulated sodium transport more than it increased pool size. Thus, insulin presumably exerts its effect at the sodium “pump” while such a site of action need not be postulated for aldosterone and vasopressin: these 2 hormones would instead induce, permeability changes faciliting sodium movement at the apical border of toad bladder epithelial cells.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 371-388 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin assay ; Laboratory technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diurnal variations ; Food intake ; Glucose load ; Insulin ; Tolbutamide test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume On a étudié l'effet de la lumière et de la période d'ingestion des aliments sur l'élimination d'insuline par les urines. On peut démontrer l'existence d'un rythme circadien et la présence de deux facteurs de régulation pour cette élimination. On présente quelques hypothèses concernant ces phénomènes.
    Abstract: Resumen Se estudió el efecto que sobre la eliminación de insulina urinaria ejercen los períodos de luzoscuridad y el horario de administración del alimento. Se demuestra la existencia de un ritmo circadiano de eliminación de dicha hormona, describiéndose dos reguladores del mismo. Se hacen especulaciones fisiopatológicas acerca de su significado.
    Notes: Riassunto E' stato studiato l'effetto della luce e del periodo di ingestione del cibo sull'eliminazione di insulina nelle urine. Si può dimostrare l'esistenza di un ritmo circadiano e la presenza di due fattori di regolazione per questa eliminazione. Vengono presentate alcune ipotesi concernenti questi fenomeni.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Glybenclamide ; Insulin ; Insulin secretion ; Sulfonylureas ; Tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les effets métaboliques de la glybenclamide et de la tolbutamide ont été étudiés chez deux groupes de sujets normaux traités avec des doses comparables des deux sulphanylurées. En rapport aussi à la dose de 1:400, la glybenclamide a démontré une activité insuline-sécrétive bien majeure de celle de la tolbutamide. La réponse insulinique a été suivie par une rapide et prolongée diminution des NEFA sériques et par un moins persistant effet hypoglycémique. Les effets métaboliques de l'HB 419 sont encore évidents 10–12 heures après l'administration du médicament, tandis que l'activité de la tolbutamide est terminée géneralement entre 4–6 heures. Quand l'administration des médicaments a été pratiquée en concomitance avec une charge veineuse de glucose, le coéfficient de Conard était élevé d'une façon significative par toutes les deux sulphanylurées.
    Abstract: Resumen Los efectos metabólicos de la glibenclamida y de la tolbutamida han sido investigados en dos grupos de sujetos normales tratados con dosis comparables de las dos sulfanilúreas. Inclusive en una relación de dosificación de 1:400, la glibenclamida ha demostrado una actividad insulinosecretora mucho mayor de la tolbutamida. La respuesta insulínica ha sido seguida de una disminución pronta y prolongada de los NEFA séricos y de un efecto hipoglucemiante menos persistente. Los efectos metabólicos del HB 419 son aún evidentes a las 10–12 horas después de la administración del medicamento, mientras la actividad de la tolbutamida es anulada por lo general dentro de 4–6 horas. Cuando la suministración de los medicamentos ha sido practicada en coincidencia con una carga venosa de glucosa, el coeficiente de Conard apareció significativamente elevado por ambas sulfanilúreas.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli effetti metabolici della glibenclamide e della tolbutamide sono stati indagati in 2 gruppi di soggetti normali trattati con dosi comparabili delle due sulfaniluree. Anche in un rapporto di dosaggio di 1:400, la glibenclamide ha mostrato un'attività insulino-secretiva assai maggiore di quella della tolbutamide. La risposta insulinica è stata seguita da una pronta e prolungata diminuzione dei NEFA serici e da un meno persistente effetto ipoglicemico. Gli effetti metabolici del-l'HB 419 sono ancora evidenti 10–12 h dopo la somministrazione del farmaco mentre l'attività della tolbutamide si annulla generalmente entro 4–6 h. Quando la somministrazione dei farmaci è stata praticata in coincidenza con un carico venoso di glucosio, il coefficiente di Conard è apparso significativamente innalzato da entrambe le sulfaniluree.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Islets of Langerhans ; Placenta ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Ce travail est la continuation des communications préliminaires sur la résistance insulinique des nouveaux-nés de mères insuline-résistantes. Les recherches ont été conduites sur cobayes et sur sujets humains. Les AA. ont démontré que les anticorps anti-insuline passent dans la circulation fœtale et provoquent l'apparition d'une insuline-résistance passive qui va disparaître dans les premières semaines de la vie. Les anticorps contre l'insuline bovine lient en partie l'insuline endogène des cobayes, ce qui est mis en evidence par l'hyperglycémie élevée des cobayes jeunes nées de mères insuline-résistantes. Les anticorps anti-insuline n'ont aucun effet important sur la structure du pancréas des cobayes dans la période périnatale.
    Abstract: Resumen Este trabajo representa la continuación de las comunicaciones preliminares sobre la resistencia insulínica que presentan las personas nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Las investigaciones han sido efectuadas en cobayas y hombres. Se ha demostrado que los anticuerpos anti-insulina pasan al círculo fetal, provocando la aparición de insulino-resistencia pasiva, que desaparece durante las primeras semanas de vida. Los anticuerpos contra la insulina bovina ligan en parte la insulina endógena de cobayas, como lo demuestra la hiperglucemia elevada de las cobayas jóvenes nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Los anticuerpos anti-insulina no ejercen ningún efecto apreciable sobre la estructura del páncreas de las cobayas durante el período peri-natal.
    Notes: Riassunto Questo lavoro rappresenta la continuazione delle comunicazioni preliminari sulla resistenza insulinica dei nati di madri insulino-resistenti. Le ricerche sono state condotte su cavie e su uomini. E' stato dimostrato che gli anticorpi anti-insulina passano nel circolo fetale inducendovi la comparsa di una insulino-resistenza passiva che scompare nelle prime settimane di vita. Gli anticorpi contro l'insulina bovina legano in parte l'insulina endogena di cavie, come è evidenziato dall'elevata iperglicemia delle cavie giovani nate da madri insulino-resistenti. Gli anticorpi anti-insulina non esercitano alcun effetto di rilievo sulla struttura del pancreas delle cavie nel periodo perinatale.
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  • 14
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    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 796-808 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Desensitization ; Immunoglobulins ; Insensitivity ; Insulin ; Insulin allergy ; Insulin antibodies ; Macroglobulins ; Porcine insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cinq patients atteints d'allergie à l'insuline ont été désensibilisés par de l'insuline de porc selon la méthode d'Urbach et Gotlieb. Le diagnostic d'allergie à l'insuline a été posé sur la base des manifestations cliniques, de la positivité des réactions cutanées et, dans 2 cas, des réactions de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). On a obtenu dans 3 cas une désensibilisation. La présence d'anticorps anti-insuline a été révélée par la méthode immunoautoradiographique en employant de l'insuline131J. Avant la désensibilisation la présence d'anticorps IgG a été enregistrée chez 3 patients tandis que chez 2 on a démontré également des anticorps IgA. Une réaction de P.K. positive a été observée chez des patients dont les sérums contenaient des anticorps IgA. Pendant la désensibilisation on a observé une apparition transitoire de macroglobulines capables de lier l'insuline131J. Après la désensibilisation on a constaté la persistance de la positivité aux réactions cutanées immédiates à l'insuline de porc et de boeuf. En même temps les réactions retardées et la réaction de P.K. à l'insuline de porc étaient interverties, bien que les mêmes réactions à l'insuline bovine restaient positives.
    Abstract: Resumen Cinco pacientes que padecían de alergia a la insulina han sido desensibilizados con insulina porcina según el método de Urbach y Gotlieb. El diagnóstico de alergia a la insulina ha sido puesto teniendo en cuenta las manifestaciones clínicas, el positivismo de las reacciones cutáneas, y, en 2 casos, las reacciones de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). En 3 casos se ha obtenido desensibilización. La presencia de anticuerpos anti-insulina ha sido puesta en evidencia con el método inmunoautoradiográfico, empleando insulina131J. Antes de la desensibilización, la presencia de anticuerpos IgG ha sido hallada en 3 pacientes, mientras que en 2 han sido demostrados también anticuerpos IgA. Una reacción de P.K. positiva ha sido observada en pacientes cuyos sueros contenían anticuerpos IgA. Durante la desensibilización se ha observado aparición transitoria de macroglobulinas capaces de ligar la insulina131J. Al cabo de la desensibilización se ha notado la persistencia del positivismo a las respuestas cutáneas inmediatas a la insulina porcina y bovina. Al mismo tiempo, las respuestas retardadas y la reacción de P.K. a la insulina porcina cstaban invertidas, no obstante que las mismas reacciones a la insulina bovina hubieran quedado positivas.
    Notes: Riassunto Cinque pazienti con allergia all'insulina sono stati desensibilizzati con insulina suina secondo il metodo di Urbach e Gotlieb. La diagnosi di allergia all'insulina è stata posta sulla base delle manifestazioni cliniche, della positività delle reazioni cutanee e, in 2 casi, delle reazioni di Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). In 3 casi si è ottenuta una desensibilizzazione. La presenza di anticorpi anti-insulina è stata rivelata con il metodo immunoautoradiografico impiegando insulina131J. Prima della desensibilizzazione la presenza di anticorpi IgG è stata riscontrata in 3 pazienti mentre in 2 sono stati dimostrati anche anticorpi IgA. Una reazione di P.K. positiva è stata osservata in pazienti i cui sieri contenevano anticorpi IgA. Durante la desensibilizzazione si è osservata una comparsa transitoria di macroglobuline capaci di legare l'insulina131J. Dopo la desensibilizzazione si è riscontrata la persistenza della positività delle risposte cutanee immediate all'insulina suina e bovina. Al tempo stesso le risposte ritardate e la reazione di P.K. all'insulina suina erano invertite, sebbene le stesse reazioni all'insulina bovina rimanessero positive.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 3-28 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element methods can be formulated from the variational principles in solid mechanics by relaxing the continuity requirements along the interelement boundaries. The combination of different variational principles and different boundary continuity conditions yields numerous types of approximate methods. This paper reviews and reinterprets the existing finite element methods and indicates other alternative schemes. Plate bending problems are used to compare the relative merits of the various methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three methods for finding natural frequencies and modes of complex structures composed of beam elements are described and compared. The analysis is extended to include hysteretic damping for the determination of response and transmissibility without a modal analysis. Experimental comparison is given for the response of a simple engineering structure.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 101-122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The derivation of the stiffness matrix for a refined, fully compatible triangular plate bending finite element is presented. The Kirchhoff plate bending theory is assumed. Six parameters or degrees of freedom are introduced at each of the three corner nodes resulting in an 18 degree of freedom element. This refined element is found to give better results for displacements and particularly for internal moments than any plate bending element, regardless of shape, previously reported in the literature.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite difference treatment of two-dimensional problems in elastostatics is usually based on the differential equations for the displacement vector or the Airy stress function, depending on whether boundary conditions are on displacement or stress. In either case, determination of stresses requires numerical differentiation and therefore use of a rather fine grid. Moreover, neither method is suited to the treatment of mixed boundary conditions. The alternative method developed in this paper uses the first derivatives of the displacement components at the grid points as basic variables and hence does not require numerical differentiation in the evaluation of stresses. Appropriate finite difference equations are established, and their use is discussed in connection with a specific example with known explicit solution.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The theory, function generator routine and testing procedures are given for a six-node 18 degree of freedom triangular element. At corner nodes the variables are the displacement and the two slopes. At midside nodes the variables are the displacement, the slope normal to the side, and the rate of change of this along the side - i.e., the rate of torsion. Of two options, one divides the triangle into three and takes different quartic displacements in the three regions, and the other uses displacement functions with singularities at the vertices. According to a test which compares the energies of the two formulations by eigenvalues, the second is the better if the integration is accurate. The same test, together with others based on finite differences and on nodal values, etc. checks the correctness of the routine decisively.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The large deflection problem of a rectangular plate is analysed by using the finite element method and employing the iteration technique. In the present study, the stiffness matrix of a rectangular plate element for bending proposed by Greene is employed, and results of numerical examples duly justifies applicability of the present method.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 75-100 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents first a general formulation of the elasto-plastic matrix for evaluating stress increments from those of stresses for any yield surface with an associated flow rule. A new ‘initial stress’ computational process is proposed which is shown (1) to yield more rapid convergence than alternative approaches (2) to permit large load increments without violating the yield criteria and thus simply to establish lower bound solutions. Several solutions showing stress distribution, strain development and growth of plastic enclaves are given both for the von Mises and for Coulomb (Drucker) type yield surfaces. Load reversal and thermoplastic behaviour are dealt with.
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The direct Finite Element Analysis which was successfully employed in the solution of dynamic flexural traveling wave problems is extended herein to provide the transient behaviour of finite beams and plates in which shear deformation and rotatory inertia are considered. The particle and angular velocities are exponentially damped so that the static solutions for these problems are obtained with the same analysis which provided the dynamic and transient cases. Three special cases are chosen as examples. In the first, a sinusoidally varying shear force is applied at the tip of a cantilever beam. The resonant characteristics of this beam for both the undamped and damped cases are studied. In the second, a step shear loading is applied to a cantilever beam and its damped dynamic history is studied. Finally, a circular plate whose outer edge is simply supported is impacted at its inner edge by a step moment and its damped transient behaviour is determined. The idea of the methods is potentially applicable to dynamic problems in general.
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 135-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The assumed stress distribution approach is used to derive the stiffness matrix of a plate-bending element of general polygonal shape having any number of nodes. The effect of assuming various numbers of unknown coefficients in the stress distributions is examined and the convergence properties of the resulting elements compared with others derived form assumed displacements.
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for obtaining the Green's functions for Laplace's, Poisson's, and the transient heat diffusion equations is presented. The Green's functions thus obtained are then employed to rapidly obtain numerical solutions of the above equations by matrix multiplication, with subsequent considerable savings in machine time.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of the large numbers of non-linear algebraic equations occurring in analyses of non-linear structural systems using finite differences or finite elements is time consuming even for the fastest computers. This paper presents a method of solution based on a Taylor's expansion technique which is an aid in the solution of such systems of equations.Examples presented show that in the finite element analysis of moderately non-linear structural systems the technique provides sufficiently accurate solutions. For more non-linear systems the technique provides excellent starting values for the Newton-Raphson method.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Deformation functions which, in addition to satisfying the continuity conditions at nodes. Also satisfy. Approximately, the governing differential equation within the element allow system eigenvalues to be found more accurately, with a given number of elements, than is possible with previously published deformation functions. This is illustrated for the case of beams.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a general theory of finite elements. The concept of finite elements is cast in a general topological framework valid for spaces of finite dimension. It is shown that the idea of finite element models can be developed in higher-dimensional spaces, independent of specific co-ordinate systems, for any type of continuous abstract function defined on the space. Generalizations of the familiar Lagrange and Hermite interpolation functions are presented as well as a general statement of the notion of generalized variables and conjugate fields. It is also shown that admissible finite elements can be developed for non-Euclidean spaces of finite dimension. Topological properties of finite element models are examined in Part I of the paper. Part II is devoted to certain applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 224-224 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented based on matrix algebra for the dynamic analysis of a mixed rotating and non-rotating vibration system. Such systems occur in practice when turbo-alternator sets are mounted on flexible steel foundations.The mathematical model considered consists of a rotating non-uniform, bi-symmetric shaft connected via three or more flexible-film bearings to a flexible structure throughout which mass is distributed. The shaft, which is assumed to rotate at constant speed, is heavy, flexible and carries several rigid axi-symmetric discs. Viscous damping is assumed to act in all parts of the system and gravitational effects are ignored.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Surface displacements at the end of a semi-infinite, circular cylinder due to an axisymmetric ring of forces on the end are examined. The solution which has been found may then be used to find surface displacements for general axisymmetric loadings by convolution. The solution, in tabular form, is given as corrections to the counter-part half-space solution.The method of solution involves a three step superposition process. First, the displacement due to a ring of forces on a half-space is found by using the Boussinesq solution. Then, the excess tractions on the half-space, over that of the cylinder, are removed. This is done in two parts. The problem of an infinite cylinder with linearly varying pressure and shear over a short length of the lateral surface is solved by using Fourier integrals. This is used for the removal of the pressure and shear on the lateral surface of the cylinder by convolution. Next, the stresses at the mid-section of the infinite cylinder are removed. This is done by finding a set of boundary conditions for the end which yields zero tractions on the lateral surface. Then a series of these boundary conditions is used to approximate the tractions which must be removed.With the solution thus obtained, two sample problems are shown: 1. an elastic cylinder in contact with a half-space; 2. a rigid punch in contact with an elastic cylinder.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In Part I of the this paper, topological properties of finite element models of functions defined on spaces of finite dimension were examined. In this part, a number of applications of the general theory are presented. These include the generation of finite element models in the time domain and certain problems in wave propagation, kinetic theory of gases, non-linear partial differential equations, non-linear continuum mechanics, and fluid dynamics.
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 261-274 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A presentation is made of a rectangular plate bending element, the use of which corresponds to the finite difference method. The element stiffness matrix is arrived at by approximation of the strain energy of the element by suitably selected finite difference expressions which contain not only values in respect of the deflection, but also values of its first derivatives. On the basis of the connection found between the two methods, some changes are suggested in the finite difference method, which involve a more realistic way of considering the detailed distribution of the loading. The effect of these modifications is illustrated in two applications.
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When calculating complex interconnected systems (electrical, power, water supply, gas systems, etc.) by digital computer, a number of common problems arise, connected both with the mathematically correct formulation of the problem under investigation, and with the algorithms of the solution, the programming of which makes it possible to reduce the computing time, the store capacity and the volume of input data required. The present article is devoted to the solution of these problems. The procedure is illustrated by formulating and manipulating the equations relating to complex interconnected mine ventilation networks.
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  • 40
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Solution of plane elastic problems by piecewise linear approximation is outlined. This method is based upon Galerkin error distribution technique, which leads to simultaneous algebraic equations identical to those associated with the Finite Element Method. In addition, this method permits definition of the discretization error, which can be computed once the displacement components are known. Properties of the interpolation functions are discussed, and a sequence of internally compatible plane elastic elements is defined.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 311-331 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A review is given of some mathematical programming methods suitable for optimization of structures needing matrix methods for analysis. An application is presented for elastic flat grillages made of straight orthogonal beams normally loaded. Empirical relationships are used to relate beam section properties so that each beam element has only one design variable. Optimization results are obtained by methods of stress-ratio, linear programming-cutting plane and usable-feasible gradient directions. A comparison of the efficiency of these methods is given for the grillage designs which are shown to have non-convex stress constraints and numerous relative optima. Instances are given of non-fully stressed global optima and fully stressed designs which are not local optima for cases with only stress constraints. Discussions include locating the global optima for grillage designs and extensions of the methods presented to other structural design problems.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 333-349 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a method for reducing the size of a vibration analysis by generating an inertia matrix referred to a limited set of ‘master’ vibrational freedoms. In designing a computer program to perform this mass condensation process, the emphasis has been on providing a two way interface between structural analysis and vibration analysis programs. The transformation from the full set of degrees of freedom to the master set makes extensive vibration calculations economically feasible giving solutions in terms of the amplitudes of the master freedoms. However, by reversing the transformation after completion of a vibration analysis, it is possible to restore the full set of freedoms, allowing automatic plotting of mode shapes in full detail, and re-entry to the structural analysis program for the purpose of computing dynamic stresses.A worked example is given. This is a realistic machine tool structure rather than the simple plates or beams which are usually used for illustration purposes. Natural frequencies and mode shapes, calculated with various degrees of condensation, are compared with those obtained by using all possible freedoms. A comparison is also made with an intuitive selection of ‘lumped masses’.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of non-linear programming methods for the optimum design of statically indeterminate structures is discussed, with special emphasis on the design of elastic grillages loaded laterally and in plane. Some features of SUMT (sequential unconstrained minimization technique) are demonstrated by means of numerous examples of varying complexity. The Variable Metric method of search is discussed and compared to Powell's Direct Method. It is shown that non-convex sets of design variables are often encountered in structural problems of the grillage type. SUMT may still be used, but the choice of starting value and initial response factor decisively influences the chance of finding the global optimum.It is demonstrated that a fully stressed design may not necessarily correspond to the minimum weight design. Optimum design of grillages which are simultaneously subjected to lateral and in-plane loads may be performed efficiently by means of non-linear programming.
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 379-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A completely numerical method for steady state linear viscoelastic stress analysis is presented by means of the finite element approach. Numerical representations of the measured viscoelastic constitutive relations are used. This method is developed to obtain steady state solutions to mixed boundary value problems in which the character of the boundary conditions at a point changes with time. Such problems cannot be handled by direct application of the correspondence theorem. A numerical example of viscoelastic sheet rolling is presented along with an experimental verification of the solution by photo-viscoelastic observations.
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 395-395 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 47
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 48
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese des geschützten Pentapeptids Boc - Orn(MOA)-Thr - Orn(Z) - Thr - Orn(Z) - OMe [3] beschrieben. Dazu wurden die beiden Dipeptide Boc - Thr - Orn(Z) - OH und Thr - Orn(Z) - OMe nach der Carbodiimid- und Azid-Methode zum Tetrapeptid gekuppelt und dieses mit Boc - Orn(MOA) - ONP zum Pentapeptid umgesetzt.
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  • 49
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 50
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die aus 4-Amino-1,2,4-triazol bzw. 3,5-Dimethyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazol erhältlichen 1-Al-kyl-4-amino- bzw. 1-Alkyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-amino-triazolium-Salze gehen beim Erhitzen mit verdünnter Natronlauge durch Ringspaltung, Wanderung der gebildeten Acylgruppe und erneuten Ringschluß in die entsprechenden 4-Alkylamino-1,2,4-triazole über, deren Struktur bewiesen wird.Die Acylwanderung verläuft intermolekular, wie sich aus dem Kreuzungsexperiment ergibt.
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  • 51
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 15-35 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der elektrophilen Halogenierung von Olefinen in Gegenwart organischer Cyanverbindungen, wie RCN, RSCN, R2NCN, CICN und ROCN werden neben den 1,2-Dihalogenalkanen N-(β-Haloalkyl)-imidhalogenide erhalten, die bei Hydrolyse die entsprechenden Amide ergeben. So sind N-(β-Haloalkyl)-amide, N-(β-Haloalkyl)-thiolurethane, N-(β-Haloalkyl)-N′,N′-dialkylharnstoffe und N-(β-Haloalkyl)-urethane zugänglich.Die primär entstehenden Verbindungen mit Imidhalogenidstruktur sind teils zersetzliche, teils in Substanz isolierbare Verbindungen.
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  • 52
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Amino-3-halogen-pyrazine werden mit Brom in Bromwasserstoffsäure leicht bromiert. Der Eintritt des Broms erfolgt in 5-Stellung. Die Darstellung von 2,3,5-Trihalogen- sowie 2,5-Dihalogen-3-hydroxy-pyrazinen aus 2-Amino-3,5-dihalogen-pyrazinen wird beschrieben.
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  • 53
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 4,6-Diphenyl-2H-thiopyranthion-(2) 1, ist am Thionschwefel zu Thiopyryliumsalzen des Typs 2, alkylierbar und acylierbar. Bei der Umsetzung von Oxalylhalogeniden mit 1, oder 4,6-Diphenyl-2H-thiopyranon-(2) 4 fragmentiert das Acylierungsprodukt A zu den reaktiven 2-Halogen-thiopyryliumsalzen 3.Die Hydrolyse der 3, führt zu Gemischen von 1, und 4,6-Diphenyl-2H-thiopyranon-(2) 4, die Sulfhydrolyse zu reinem 1.1 und 2 sind zu 4 hydrolysierbar, mit primären Aminen bilden 1,2 und 3 die Azomethine 5. Am Stickstoff aliphatisch substituierte 5 werden durch Methyljodid zu 2-Dialkylamino-thiopyrylium-jodiden 6 alkyliert. Aliphatische Amine bewirken bei 4 einen Austausch des Ringschwefels gegen Stickstoff unter Bildung von 4,6-Diphenyl-pyridonen-(2) 9. Kupferbronze reagiert mit 1 unter Bildung von 4,4′,6,6′-Tetraphenyl-2,2′-dithiodipyrylen 10.
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  • 54
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 36-39 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Am cis-4-Phenyl-4-hydroxy-cycloheptanol, cis-1,4-Dimethyl- und cis-1,4-Dibutylcycloheptandiol-(1,4) können infrarotspektroskopisch transanulare H-Brücken nachgewiesen werden. In den entsprechenden trans-Verbindungen findet keine transanulare Assoziation statt.
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  • 55
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Hydrazino-pyridin- bzw. -chinolin-hydrochlorid (1 bzw. 2) reagiert mit 2-Amino-5-aryl-1.3.4-oxdiazolen 3 in Äthanol-Pyridin unter Abspaltung von Ammoniak zu Produkten, denen die Struktur von 3-(Nβ-Aroyl-hydrazino)-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridinen 4 bzw. 1-(Nβ-Aroyl-hydrazino)-s-triazolo[4,3-a]chinolinen 5 zugesprochen wird, da die Verbindungen 4 in einer für dieses Ringsystem typischen Oxydationsreaktion 1.2.4-Triazol ergeben.
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  • 56
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 78-81 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von o-[p-Tosylamino]-benzoylchlorid mit ätherischer Diazomethan-lösung entsteht o-[p-Tosylamino]-ω-diazoacetophenon 5 in guter Ausbeute, aus dem über N-Tosyl-indoxyl 6 Indigo gewonnen werden kann.
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  • 57
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Lösungsmitteln unterschiedlicher Polarität wird die Umsetzung des trans-1-Phenyl-2-cyclohexyl-äthylens mit Brom und Chlor sowie komplexen Halogenierungsmitteln untersucht. Aus der IR-spektroskopischen Produktanalyse der Diastereomerenbildung ergeben sich Schlußfolgerungen über die Natur des Zwischenzustandes bei der elektrophilen Halogenaddition.
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  • 58
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von 2,5-Methylen-1,2,5,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyd 1 bzw. 2,5-Methylenhexahydrobenzaldehyd 2 mit Acetophenonen liefert Chalkone, während Aceton vornehmlich zum Aldol-Additionsprodukt führt. KNOEVENAGEL-Kondensationen mit Malonsäure und ihren Derivaten verlaufen in der bicyclischen Reihe im allgemeinen glatt.
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  • 59
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 45-60 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die charakteristischen UV-S-Absorptionen einiger Aryldithiocarbonsäureester werden mitgeteilt. Die längstwelligen Banden werden auf der Basis der HMO - SC-Übergangsenergien diskutiert. Die ersten intensiven Absorptionsmaxima von Dithiobenzoesäureestern, die in p-Stellung mit Elektronendonatoren substituiert sind, dienen zur Ableitung spektroskopischer Substituentenkonstanten. Diese sind auch für andere Serien brauchbar.Schon die einfache HÜCKELsche MO - LCAO - (kurz HMO-) Methode erlaubt eine Beschreibung der Anregungsenergien der längstwelligen Absorptionsbanden heterocyclischer Schwefelverbindungen im ultravioletten und sichtbaren Spektrabereich [1-5].Diese quantenchemische Methode geht von sinnvollen Annahmen über die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Atome μ und Bindungen μν in den π-Elektronensystemen aus, die als empirische Parameter αμ = αC + hμβCC (COULOMB-Integral) und βμν = kμνβCC (Resonanzintegral) in die Rechnung eingehen (vgl. [6]).In welchem Umfang die bisher verwendeten Schwefelparameter auch für die Berechnung acyclischer Schwefelverbindungen geeignet sind, ist bisher nicht eingehend geprüft worden. Ein anderes offenes Problem ist das Verhältnis der Schwefelparameter zu denen anderer Heteroatome. Dithiocarbonsäureester, deren Präparation und Reduktion Gegenstand einer früheren Veröffentlichung war [7], bieten eine Möglichkeit, diesen Fragenkomplex in Angriff zu nehmen und das experimentelle spektroskopische Material zu systematisieren.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 102-104 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interaction of uranyl nitrate with potassium-molybdocyanide has been investigated spectrophotometrically. The reaction occurs in the molar ratio of 1:1. This is further supported by conductometric titrations performed in aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic media. Formation constant and free energy of formation has been calculated.
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  • 61
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mit einem anisothermen Mischungskalorimeter, das auf dem Prinzip der thermometrischen Titration beruht, und einem Verdampfungskalorimeter, das nach der Inertgas-Durchströmungsmethode arbeitet und die isotherme differentielle Verdampfungswärme zu bestimmen gestattet, wurde das Enthalpie-Konzentrations-Diagramm (MOLLIER-PONCHON-Diagramm) des Systems Nitromethan/Wasser für 50° in einer für technische Zwecke ausreichenden Güte bestimmt. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse konnten mit theoretischen Voraussagen von SCHUBERTH [2] unter Verwendung des zweiseitigen PORTERschen Ansatzes, der für die Beschreibung des Phasengleichgewichtsverhaltens des genannten Systems eine gute Näherung darstellt [3], verglichen werden; die Übereinstimmung war im Rahmen des zu Erwartenden zufriedenstellend.
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  • 62
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 130-134 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde die Nitrierung von 2,3-diarylsubstituierten Indonen 1 mit einer Methyl- bzw. Methoxylgruppe am 3-Phenylrest untersucht. Die anfallenden Nitroprodukte wurden durch Säulenchromatographie an Aluminiumoxid gereinigt und ihre Struktur durch IR-Spektroskopie und oxydativen Abbau ermittelt.
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  • 63
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die N2O4-Oxydation von Thioäthern R1 - S - R2 in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff als Lösungsmittel wurde nach der Methode der Konkurrenzreaktion kinetisch verfolgt. Die relativen RG-Konstanten von 6 kernsubstituierten Thioanisolen genügen der Hammett-Gleichung mit ϱ = -2,71; die relativen RG-Konstanten von 30 aliphatischen Sulfiden genügen der Taft-Gleichung mit ϱ* = -1,68 und δ = 0,85. Zwischen den RG-Konstanten der N2O4-Oxydation und denen der H2O2-Oxydation besteht eine lineare Freie-Energie-Beziehung. Alle Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß bei der untersuchten Reaktion ein nucleophiler Angriff des Sulfid-S-Atoms auf ein O-Atom des N2O4 stattfindet. Da die N2O4-Oxydation nach einem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm RG = k}_{\rm 3} \left[{{\rm Thio}\mathop {\rm a}\limits^{..} {\rm ther}} \right]\left[{{\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 4} } \right]^2 $$\end{document} verläuft, muß ein cyclischer Übergangszustand angenommen werden, der zwei Moleküle N2O4 und ein Molekül Thioäther enthält.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Hydrierungsgeschwindigkeit unverzweigter Δ1-Olefine des Kettenlängenbereiches C6—C17 in Äthanol in Gegenwart von Pt, Pd- und Rh-haltigen Trägerkontakten sinkt mit steigender Kettenlänge des Olefins. Geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist die Reaktion an der Katalysatoroberfläche an Pt-haltigen Trägerkonstanten.
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 141-146 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde gezeigt, daß eine Reinigung des bei der Perjodatoxydation des Dextrans gebildeten Oxydextrans vom Jodat in einfacher Weise mittels Ionenaustauschern auch im präparativen Maßstab erfolgen kann. An Stelle des in der Literatur für analytische Arbeiten zur Abtrennung von Perjodat beschriebenen Austauschers Amberlite IRA - 400 (Acetatform) konnten mit Erfolg Austauscher der DDR-Produktion eingesetzt werden (Wofatit SBW und Wofatit L 150 des VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen). Wofatit L 150 ist wegen seiner höheren Kapazität und seines universelleren Anwendungsbereiches (pH 1 - 14) dem Wofatit SBW vorzuziehen. Die Abtrennung des Oxydextrans vom Jodat gelingt quantitativ bei einer Rückgewinnung des Jodats von 99,0 ± 0,7%. Ist in der zu reinigenden Oxydextranlösung neben Jodat noch Natriumsulfat in größeren Mengen vorhanden, wie es für die Regeneration des Jodats zu Perjodat durch anodische Oxydation erforderlich ist, muß zweistufig adsorbiert/eluiert werden.
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  • 66
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 118-129 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Benzonitriloxid-Addition an die semicyclische CC-Doppelbindung der 2-Methylen-cycloalkanone-(1), der benzokondensierten und bicyclischen α-Methylenketone sowie der α,α′-Dimethylen-cycloalkanone beschrieben. Die erhaltenen Spiro-isoxazoline wurden NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht und daraus die Additionsrichtung festgelegt. Die LiAlH4-Reduktion vom Benzonitriloxid-Addukt des 2-Methylen-cycloheptanons-(1) liefert 1,2-Dihydroxy-2-(β-amino-β-phenyl-äthyl)-cycloheptan.
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  • 67
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Als Testsubstanzen zur Untersuchung der Abbauprodukte von Diacetylen-MANNICH-Basen-methojodiden mit wäßriger Kalilauge wurden die isomeren Octendiine und Nonendiine 1-3 synthetisiert und deren gaschromatographische Identifizierung untersucht.
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  • 68
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 159-161 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 69
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 165-167 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 70
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 168-170 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 71
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 162-164 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 72
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Peroxygenierungsgeschwindigkeiten bei Alkoholen, Essigsäureestern und Methyläthern mit olefinischen und aromatischen Gruppen werden verglichen. Die substituierten Essigsäureester und Methyläther bilden Hydroperoxide, deren Struktur bewiesen wurde. C—H-Bindungen mit benachbarten sauerstoffhaltigen funktionellen Gruppen und olefinischen oder aromatischen Resten reagieren leicht mit molekularem Sauerstoff. Enthält die funktionelle Gruppe Carbonylsauerstoff, so verläuft die Reaktion nach dem α-Methylen-Mechanismus; ist der Sauerstoff Brückenatom, so tritt keine Wanderung der Doppelbindung ein.
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  • 73
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 171-171 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 75
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 174-177 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 76
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 183-186 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 77
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 178-182 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 78
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 187-189 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 79
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 190-192 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird eine Reihe von Theophyllinderivaten beschrieben, welche zu den Diphenylpropylaminen gehören.
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  • 82
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1-Acyl-5-[(3-phenyl)-1.2.4-triazolyl-(5)]-diaminoguanidine sowie 1-Benzoyl-5-[(3-phenyl)-1.2.4-thiodiazolyl-(5)]- und 1-Benzoyl-5-[pyridyl-(4)]-diaminoguanidin cyclisieren in siedender Alkalilauge durch intramolekulare Wasserabspaltung und gleichzeitige Oxydation durch Luftsauerstoff zu in Nβ-Stellung durch Heterocyclen substituierten 3-Aryl(alkyl)-5-azo-1.2.4-triazolen, die durch Zinn (II)-chlorid in saurem oder durch Natrimdithionit in alkalischem Milieu zu den korrespondierenden Hydrazoverbindungen reduziert werden können.
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  • 83
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des endo/exo-Isomerenverhältnisses bei der Umsetzung von Cyclopentadien mit Acrolein wird untersucht; in dieser kinetisch kontrollierten Reaktion fällt der Gehalt an endo-Form von 76% bei 20°C (in Dioxan) auf 71% bei 101°C. Für die Bildung der endo-Form wird bei etwa gleicher Aktivierungsentropie eine geringere Aktivierungsenthalpie benötigt (ΔΔH≠ 650 cal/Mol). Beim Erhitzen von 2,5-Methylen-1,2,5,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyd 1 erfolgt Isomerisierung, wobei der Gleichgewichtswert bei 170°C nach wenigen Stunden erreicht wird; unter 100° bleibt die Ausgangszusammensetzung erhalten.Die Äquilibrierung mit Basen liefert den Gleichgewichtswert bereits nach wenigen Minuten: Kexo/endo = 0,695 (20°C); 0,925 (100°C). Die Basenkonzentration muß niedrig sein. da beim Aldehyd 1 leicht CANNIZZARO-Reaktion eintritt.Äquilibrierungsversuche mit Säuren schlugen infolge Nebenproduktbildung fehl.Durch alkalische Hydrolyse des Enolacetats 5 wird das thermodynamisch, durch saure Spaltung von 5 sowie des Enoläthers 6 oder der Enamine 7 wird das kinetisch bestimmte endo/exo-Verhältnis (∼ 75/25) erhalten.Reaktivitätsunterschiede der beiden Formen des Aldehyds 1 machen sich nicht bemerkbar.
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  • 84
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis, some dyeing, and fastness properties of several new dispersed and acid dyes derived from the amino-benzotriazoles 1 & 3 and the aminobenzimidazoles 2a, 2b & 4 are described. The suitability of the amino derivatives 1, 2a, 2b, 3 & 4 as bases for azoic dyeing has also been studied. Several interesting observations between the properties of some synthesised dyes and the corresponding benzene or naphthalene analogues are cited.
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  • 85
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 228-230 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Auswertung der IR-Spektren einiger substituierter Schwefelsäurediamide konnten für die SO2-Gruppe dieser Amide folgende Moleküldaten nach GILLESPIE berechnet werden: Bindungsabstand, Bindungswinkel, Kraftkonstante sowie Bindungsabstand.
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  • 86
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzylhydrazin reagiert analog dem Phenylhydrazin und im Gegensatz zu aliphatischen Hydrazinen mit in 5-Stellung substituierten 2-Amino-1,3,4-oxdiazolen zu Diamino-guanidinen, die sich zu 1,2,4-Triazolen cyclisieren lassen.
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  • 87
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 256-259 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden neue Methoden zur Herstellung von phosphororganischen Isocyanaten durch Umsetzung von phosphororganischen Amidsalzen mit Phosgen oder Oxalylchlorid und aus N-Diphenyl-phosphinsäureureiden mit Phosgen beschrieben. Phosphonsäurediureide liefern mit Phosgen Dioxo-triazaphosphorinane.
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  • 88
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 260-265 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Drei in 2,6-Stellung des aromatischen Kernes disubstituierte β-Methylstyrole wurden mit NOCl/HCl in α-Chloroxime überführt; diese lieferten mit Triäthylamin in Äther relativ stabile monomere Nitrosoolefine, die durch ihre Spektren sowie durch ihre Reaktion mit Piperidin zu α-Piperidinooximen charakterisiert wurden.
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  • 89
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 238-255 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Additionen von Jodthiocyanat (JSCN), 2,4-Dinitrobenzolsulfenylchlorid (ArSCl) und Nitrosylchlorid (NOCl) an Olefine verschiedener Strukturtypen wurden teils durch maßanalytische Verfolgung der Konzentrationen, teils durch gaschromatographische Auswertung von Konkurrenzreaktionen kinetisch untersucht. Die Reaktionen sind untereinander und mit der Brom-Addition verwandt. Die Additionsgeschwindigkeiten von JSCN, ArSCl und NOCl an kernsubstituierte Styrole geben eine gute Korrelation mit der HAMMETT-Gleichung, die Additionsgeschwindigkeiten an offenkettige aliphatische Olefine folgen der TAFT-Gleichung befriedigend. Die relativen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten von cis/trans-isomeren Olefinen sowie die von Cycloolefinen werden diskutiert. Offenbar läßt sich aus kinetischen Daten allein nicht sicher ableiten, ob der Übergangszustand elektrophiler Olefin-Additionen einem offenkettigen Carbeniumion, einem verbrückten. Ion oder einem Vierring ähnlich ist. Die Additionsgeschwindigkeiten von Quecksilberacetat (Hg(OAc)2) an Olefine zeigen eine völlig andere Abhängigkeit von der Struktur des Substrats als die Additionsgeschwindigkeiten von Br2, JSCN, ArSCl und NOCl.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 266-270 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of glutaric anhydride with benzene and toluene has been thoroughly studied. 4,4-Diphenyl-pent-4-enoic acid and 1,3-dibenzoyl propane were isolated as by-products of the reaction with benzene. The mechanism of formation of the by-products has been proved. In case of toluene no by-products were detected.
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  • 91
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung der beiden Tripeptid-Derivate Boc - Gly - Ile - Cys(Bzl) - Azid und Ser - Leu - Tyr - OMe [3] wird das geschützte Hexapeptid Boc - Gly - Ile - Cys(Bzl) - Ser - Leu - Tyr - OMe erhalten. Dieses Peptid entspricht der Aminosäuresequenz 9-14 der A-Kette des Pferdeinsulins.
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  • 92
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 278-285 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese des vollständig geschützten Pentapeptid-Derivates Boc - Dab(Z) - D - Leu - Ile - Dab(Z) - Dab(Z) - NHNH2 [2] beschrieben. Es entspricht einer Teilsequenz der bisher für das Circulin B angenommenen Struktur. Der Aufbau erfolgte stufenweise vom Carboxylende her unter Benutzung der Nitrophenylester und der gemischten Anhydride.
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  • 93
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 296-301 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An 12 Alkylcycloheptanonen wurde die Verschiebung der Protonensignale im Kernresonanzspektrum beim Übergang vom Lösungsmittel CDCl3 zu C6H6 untersucht. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen sich zur Konformation der Cycloheptanone in Beziehung setzen und weisen auf das Vorliegen dieser Verbindungen als axialsymmetrische Sesselkonformation hin.
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  • 94
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 286-295 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das neuerdings leicht zugängliche 3-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-methy1-pyridazin 1 [1] erschließt einen neuen Zugang zu Derivaten des Pyridazins. Die Umsetzung mit salpetriger Säure liefert in verdünnter Schwefelsäure 3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-pyridazin 3, in konz. Salzsäure dagegen 3-Chlor-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridazin 2. Das Chloratom in 2 ist leicht nucleophil ersetzbar unter Bildung der 3-Hydroxy-, 3-Amino- bzw. 3-Phenylthio-Verbindungen 3, 7a-i. Noch leichter reagieren die entsprechenden 4-Methoxyverbindungen, so daß auch die interessanten3-Arylsulfonylamino-4-methoxy-Derivate 8k, l gut zugänglich sind.Mit Phosphoroxidchlorid liefert 2 das 3,4-Dichlor-6-methyl-pyridazin 10, das - ebenso wie 2 - in Gegenwart von Palladium reduktiv enthalogeniert werden kann, wobei 3-Methyl-pyridazin 11 bzw. das bisher unbekannte 4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridazin 9 entstehen. Die Umsetzung des 3-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridazins 1 mit Dimethylsulfat führt nur zum 4-Methoxy-Derivat 4. In gleicher Weise reagieren die 4-Hydroxy-6-methylpyridazine 7a-i und 2. Die Struktur der dargestellten Verbindungen wird gesichert. Die Verbindungen mit 4-Hydroxygruppe zeichnen sich durch hohe Schmelzpunkte, relativ geringe Löslichkeiten in Wasser und damit zusammenhängend sehr stark assoziierte IR-Banden der OH-Gruppe aus.
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  • 95
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 328-335 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preliminary studies on the different chelates of PGR and BPGR with a number of metal ions have been made. Different conditions under which these chelates are formed have been evaluated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 302-327 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nickel cyanide-ammonia forms clathrate compounds with a variety of organic molecules such as aniline, benzene, pyridine, pyrrole, and thiophene. The present results suggest that there is a definite indication of captured molecules and the absorption characteristics of molecules in their environment in nickel cyanide-ammonia cage are similar to those of the molecules in liquid state. In accepting the guest molecules, the nickel cyanide-ammonia structure is not changed, since apart from the appearance of bands due to the trapped molecules, the bands due to pure nickel cyanide-ammonia remain virtually unchanged. The infrared spectra of nickel cyanide-ammonia clathrates in the 100-4000 cm-1 region are described in this investigation.
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  • 97
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 336-349 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 98
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 350-352 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von 3-Methylpyrazol-5-carbonsäureäthylester mit Dialkylaminoalkylhalogeniden entstehen Isomerengemische der 1,3- und 1,5-dialkylierten Ester. Bei der α-Aminomethylierung erhält man ausschließlich den 1,5-dialkylierten Ester.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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