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  • 1965-1969  (4,847)
  • Physics  (1,849)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,519)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,448)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 53-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cardiac Glycosides ; Intestinal Absorption ; Rat ; Guinea Pig ; Herzglykoside ; enterale Resorption ; Ratte ; Meerschweinchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Durchtritt und Bindung von 3H-markiertem Ouabain, Digitoxin, Digoxin, Peruvosid und Proscillaridin wurden am isolierten, durchströmten Dünndarm von Ratten und Meerschweinchen in vitro untersucht. 2. Der Durchtritt der Glykoside durch die Darmwand ist proportional der Konzentration. Für die Penetrationsfähigkeit ergibt sich bei der Ratte die Reihenfolge: Digitoxin, Peruvosid, Proscillaridin = Digoxin, Ouabain; für das Meeschweinchen: Proscillaridin, Peruvosid = Digitoxin, Ouabain, Digoxin. 3. Die Bindung von Digitoxin im Darmgewebe ist bei Ratte und Meerschweinchen am größten. Das Verhältnis der Glykosid-Gehalte pro g Gewebe und pro ml Durchströmungsflüssigkeit betrug bei der Ratte für Digitoxin 3,3, für Ouabain 0,18, für Digoxin 0,6, für Peruvosid 1,1 und für Proscillaridin 1,2; beim Meerschweinchen für Digitoxin 4,2, für Ouabain 0,8, für Digoxin 0,16, für Peruvosid 0,9 und für Proscillaridin 1,4. 4. Auch in vivo, an abgebundenen Jejunumschlingen nimmt bei Ratten die resorbierte Menge proportional mit dem Angebot zu. Die Retention hängt vor allem von der mit der Galle ausgeschiedene Menge ab. 5. Es ergab sich kein Anhaltspunkt dafür, daß bei der Resorption der Glykoside ein Prozeß mit begrenzter Kapazität limitierend wird.
    Notes: Summary 1. Penetration and binding of tritiated ouabain, digitoxin, digoxin, peruvosid and proscillaridin were studied on isolated segments of the small intestine of rats and guinea pigs in vitro. 2. Penetration of glycosides through the intestinal wall is proportional to concentration. In rat intestine the penetration rate follows the order: digitoxin, peruvosid, proscillaridin = digoxin, ouabain; in guinea pig intestine: proscillaridin peruvosid = digitoxin, ouabain, digoxin. 3. In intestinal tissue of rats as well as of guinea pigs binding of digitoxin is highest. The relation of the glycoside content per g intestine to the content per ml perfusion fluid in the rat is 3.3 for digitoxin, 0.18 for ouabain, 0.6 for digoxin, 1.1 for peruvosid and 1.2 for proscillaridin; in the guinea pig 4.2 for digitoxin, 0.8 for ouabain, 0.16 for digoxin, 0.9 for peruvosid and 1.4 for proscillaridin. 4. Also in vivo the absorption of glycosides in tied loops of rat intestine is proportional to the amount offered. The retention of glycosides depends mainly on the excretion via the bile. 5. There is no indication that the absorption of glycosides depends on a process of limited capacity.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 55-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Mow ; Intestinal Absorption ; Drugs ; Jejunum ; Rat ; Darmdurchblutung ; Resorption ; Pharmaka ; Jejunum ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Urethan-narkotisierten Ratten wurde eine Jejunumschlinge mit14C-markierten Arzneimitteln in gepufferter isotonischer Kochsalzlösung mit einem pH von 6–8 (Amidopyrin, Anilin, Antipyrin, Benzoesäure, Salicylsäure) und einem pH von 2,2–3,0 (Amidopyrin, Benzoesäure) perfundiert. 2. Wurde die Durchblutung von etwa 1,5 auf 0,2 ml/min · g Feuchtgewicht gesenkt, dann nahm die Resorptionsrate aller Arzneimittel ab. Wurde umgekehrt die Durchblutung von anfänglich niedrigen Werten auf hohe Werte gesteigert, dann stieg die Resorption der nichtionisierten Arzneimittel in entsprechender Weise an, während die Resorption der ionisierten Arzneimittel nicht beeinflußt wurde. Bei gleichbleibender mittlerer Durchblutung (0,6–0,7 ml/min · g) blieb die Resorptionsrate der nichtionisierten Arzneimittel (mit Ausnahme von Amidopyrin) konstant, während sie bei den ionisierten über einen Zeitraum von 60 min um 15–22% abnahm. 3. Das abweichende Verhalten der ionisierten Arzneimittel gegenüber Durchblutungsänderungen wird auf folgenden Mechanismus zurückgeführt: maßgebend für ihre Resorption ist der leicht saure und von der Perfusionslösung weitgehend unabhängige pH-Wert (virtual pH) in einem Bereich unmittelbar an der Mucosaoberfläche (microclimate). Eine verminderte Mucosadurchblutung führt nicht nur zu einer Verringerung der Dränagewirkung (die alle Pharmaka betrifft), sondern auch zu einer hypoxischen Schädigung des Zottenepithels und einer Anderung des virtuellen pH, die nur die Resorption der ionisierten Arzneimittel beeinträchtigt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops were prepared in anaesthetized rats and perfused with14C-labelled drugs in buffered isotonic saline solutions at pH 6–8 (amidopyrine, aniline, antipyrine, benzoic acid, salicylic acid) and at pH 2.2–3.0 (amidopyrine, benzoic acid). The blood flow in the loops and the absorption rate of the drugs were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.5 to O.2 ml/min X g wet tissue diminished the absorption rate of all drugs, whereas an increase of the blood flow from low to high values caused only an increased absorption rate of the unionized but not of the ionized drugs. When the blood flow was held constant (0.6–0.7 ml/ min X g wet tissue), the absorption rate of the unionized drugs (with the exception of amidopyrine) remained constant, whereas the absorption rate of the ionized drugs decreased by 15–22% within 60 min. 3. The different reaction of the ionized drugs to blood flow alterations is assumed to be due to the following mechanism: the absorption of the ionized drugs is substantially favoured by a “virtual pH” near the mucosal border which is slightly acidic and largely independent of the pH within the gut lumen. A period with insufficient mucosal blood flow results not only in a diminished drainage of the mucosa-which affects the absorption rate of all drugs-, but also in a hypoxic impairment of the epithelium and its capability to maintain the “virtual pH”. This failure affects only the absorption rate of the ionized drugs.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1969), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digitoxose ; Metabolism ; Liver Enzymes ; Excretion ; Rat ; Digitoxose ; Stoffwechsel ; Leberenzyme ; Ausscheidung ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An NAD dependent “digitoxose dehydrogenase” has been demonstrated in extracts from rat liver; the Km values of this enzyme have been determined. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis shows that there are at least four different proteins capable of oxidizing digitoxose. After i.p. injections of digitoxose into normal rats 53.3% of the deoxysugar injected are excreted in the animals' urine as digitoxose, digitoxonic acid or digitoxonic-γ-lactone. The corresponding figure for adrenalectomized rats instead of normal animals is 68.3%-“Digitoxose dehydrogenase” of the rat liver seems to be a constitutive enzyme. The increased excretion of digitoxonic-lactone following adrenalectomy can be interpreted as a “permissive effect” of the adrenal hormones upon digitoxose metabolism beyond the stage of the digitoxonic lactone.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 405-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chelating Agents ; Isotopic Dilution ; Radioactive Iron ; Rat ; Chelatbildner ; Isotopische Verdünnung ; Radioeisen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Chelatbildner auf die Verteilung und Ausscheidung von trägerfreiem und isotopisch verdünntem Radioeisen bei der Ratte untersucht. Während bei gleichzeitiger Verabfolgung der Chelatbildner die Retention in allen Geweben herabgesetzt wird, führt die nachträgliche Verabreichung zu einer nur geringfügigen Mobilisierung von Depoteisen aus Leber und Milz. Die Wirksamkeit ist im Falle von isotopisch verdünntem Radioeisen größer. Äthylendi-(α-o-hydroxyphenyl)glycin, 2-(β-Aminoäthoxy)cyclohexylamintetraacetat und Desferrioxamin B erwiesen sich als die wirksamsten Verbindungen, wobei jedoch die hohe Toxicität der ersteren die praktische Verwendung ausschließt.
    Notes: Summary The influence of various chelating agents on the distribution and excretion of radioiron, carrier-free or diluted with stable carrier, was studied in rats. Simultaneous administration of chelating agents lowers the retention of radioactive iron in all tissues whereas after delayed treatment a small fraction of storage iron can be removed from liver and spleen. The efficacy is higher in the case of isotopically diluted radioactive iron. The most effective compounds are ethylenedi-(α-o-hydroxyphenyl)glycine, 2-(β-aminoethoxy)cyclohexylaminetetraacetate, and desferrioxamine B. The practical value of the former chelator, however, is excluded by its high toxicity.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 96-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium metabolism ; Strontium metabolism ; Fracture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La relation entre la résorption du85Sr et du47Ca était mesuré au tibia et fémur des rats 24 heures après l'injection. La différence entre les manches et les bouts était, remarquable, mais pas entre les os séparates; en les tibiae, qui etait fracturé depuis 7 semaines et guéries, la relation etait identique à celui des tibiae manches normals. On a présumé que la découverte était due à des différences qualitatives plustot que quantitatives entre les procédé de minéralisation dans l'os cortical et trabeculair.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis zwischen der Abnahme von85Sr und47Ca wurde von der Tibia und Femur 24 Std nach der Injektion bei Ratten gemessen. Man fand einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Schaften und den Enden, aber nicht zwischen den verschiedenen Knochen. In 7 Wochen alten, verheilten Tibiafrakturen war das Verhältnis genau so wie in einem normalen Tibiaschaft. Das Resultat berechtigte zu der Annahme, daß der Unterschied in dem Mineralisierungsprozeß zwischen corticalen und spongiösen Knochen wahrscheinlich qualitativ und nicht quantitativ ist.
    Notes: Abstract The ratio between the uptake of85Sr and47Ca was measured in the tibiae and femora of rats 24 h after injection of the tracers. There was a significant difference between shafts and ends but not between the different bones; in healed tibial fractures, 7 weeks old, the ratio was identical to that of normal tibial shafts. The findings were interpreted to be related to qualitative rather than quantitative differences in mineralization between cortical and trabecular bone.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 129 (1969), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system ; Sexual differentiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenetic development of the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat was examined from the 16th post-coital day to adult age in both sexes, which were determined separately. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The hypothalamus is visible already before the 16th day of gestation. 2. The walls of the third ventricle are first composed of primitive cell layers, from which the migration of neurons proceeds on the 15th or 16th day. At this stage the differentiation of the wall of the third ventricle occurs: the germinal-, mantle-and marginal layers appear. 3. The differentiation of the nuclei starts, with some exceptions, before the 19th day of gestation. 4. Nn. suprachiasmaticus, supraopticus, periventricularis anterior, arcuatus and one part of paraventricularis differentiate from the lateral border of the germinal layer. Nn. ventromedialis, dorsomedialis, hypothalamicus anterior, praeoptici, praemamillaris ventralis, praemamillaris dorsalis, mamillaris medialis, mamillaris lateralis and the greater part of paraventricullaris differentiate from the mantle layer. Lateral nuclei, of which only nucleus tuberomamillarius has been described, differentiate from the marginal layer. 5. Some nuclei which belong to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal area have a peak in their differentiation during the critical period when the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis also starts. 6. It is stated that the development of the nuclei in the rat hypothalamus compared to that of the other mammals is similar only to that of the mouse. It takes place quite slowly before and after birth. 7. Sexual differences are not to be seen in the development of the nuclei.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; experimental diabetes ; hydrochlorothiazide ; N-monomethyl-acetamide ; discrepancy between serum immunoreactive insulin and suppressible insulin-like activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aucun effet diabétogène ni hyperglycémiant aigu de l'hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) n'a été décelé par des déterminations de la glycémie à jeun (avant et 2–8 h après l'administration d'HCT) et de la tolérance au glucose effectuées chez des rats normaux et des rats sensibilisés à un effet diabétogène par une pancréatectomie subtotale ou par l'injection d'une dose subdiabétogène d'alloxane, au cours d'un traitement de 6 semaines par des doses de 50–200 mg/kg · jour d'HCT p. o. — De fortes doses (plus de 3 ml/kg) de N-monométhylamide de l'acide acétique (NMMAA), solvant qui fut utilisé dans la préparation d'une solution injectable commerciale d'hydrochlorothiazide, ont par contre exercé des effets diabétogènes très marqués chez le rat. Toute dose léthale de NMMAA a induit chez cet animal un syndrome diabétique, c'est-à-dire une hyperglycémie progressive avec aeido-cétose métabolique, ressemblant au syndrome diabétique aigu induit par l'injection d'une forte dose de sérum anti-insulinique. — Des fractions de doses léthales administrées quotidiennement pendant plusieurs jours ont exercé des effets diabétogènes et léthaux cumulatifs: la substance ou l'un de ses métabolites toxiques apparaît persister longtemps dans l'organisme du rat.-Des doses subléthales de NMMAA ont induit une hyperglycémie réversible d'une durée de quelques jours. Nous avons donc constaté que le diabète produit par le NMMAA était soit transitoire soit léthal. Aucun signe de toxicité ne s'est manifesté au cours d'un traitement de 6–8 mois par des doses inférieures à 0,5 ml/kg · jour. — Chez les rats intoxiqués par une dose léthale de NMMAA, une corrélation positive très significative a été notée entre les valeurs sériques d'insuline immuno-réactive (IRI) et les valeurs de glycémie. Bien qu'ils aient été, à glycémie comparable, supérieurs à ceux constatés dans le sérum de rats normaux après surcharge de glucose, les taux d'IRI se trouvant dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués n'ont pas été en mesure de s'opposer à l'élévation régulière de la glycémie jusqu'à la mort. — L'effet hypoglycémiant d'insuline cristalline porcine est apparu inhibé chez les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA, comparé à l'effet observé chez des rats normaux ou en diabète alloxanique.-Utilisant l'augmentation de l'oxydation du premier atome de carbone du glucose-l-C14 par le tissu adipeux épididymaire du rat, in vitro, comme index métabolique de l'activité insulino ïde du sérum (ILA), nous n'avons pas constaté, dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués et en état de forte hyperglycémie, des taux d'ILA significativement supérieurs à ceux présents dans le sérum de rats témoins à jeun. Alors que, chez des rats normaux, la fraction de l'ILA sérique supprimable par sérum anti-insulinique (SILA) s'élevait fortement, comme l'IRI, au cours de l'hyperglycémie induite par une surcharge de glucose, cette fraction SILA n'est pas apparue en quantités décelables dans le sérum des animaux intoxiqués. L'IRI sérique de ces animaux n'a donc semble-t-il pas exercé d'effet «insulin-like» sur le tissu adipeux isolé de rat normal.-Les faits observés amènent à la conclusion que les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA inactivent et l'insuline endogène et l'insuline exogène. Bien qu'ayant perdu son activité métabolique, l'insuline endogène inactivée reste immunologiquement compétente.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Große Dosen von Hydrochlorothiazid (50–200 mg/kg/Tag, oral) über einen Zeitraum von 5–6 Wochen riefen weder eine Steigerung der Nüchternblutzuckerspiegel, noch eine Herabsetzung der Glucosetoleranz bei normalen Ratten oder Ratten hervor, deren Empfindlichkeit gegenüber diabetogenen Substanzen durch eine subtotale Pankreatektomie oder durch subdiabetogene Dosen von Alloxan erhöht worden war. 8 Std. nach einer Einzeldosis von 50 mg/kg Hydroehlorothiazid fand sich keine Blutzuckererhöhung. Dagegen hatten große Dosen (über 3.5 ml/kg) des Lösungsmittels N-Monomethylacetamid (NMMAA), das vorübergehend zur Herstellung eines injizierbaren Hydrochlorothiazidpräparates gedient hat, deutliche diabetogene Effekte bei Ratten. Letale Dosen von NMMAA führten immer zu einem diabetischen Syndrom, d.h. fortschreitende Hyperglykämie mit Ketonämie und metabolischer Acidose, das mit dem diabetischen Syndrom nach Verabreichung großer Mengen von Anti-Insulin Serum große Ähnlichkeit aufwies. Bruchteile der letalen Dosis, die wiederholt an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gegeben wurden, summierten sich in ihrer diabetogenen und letalen Wirkung : NMMAA oder seine wirksamen Abbauprodukte scheinen längere Zeit im Organismus zu persistieren. Subletale Dosen von NMMAA lösten eine reversible Blutzuckererhöhung für einige Tage aus. Der durch NMMAA hervorgerufene Diabetes war also entweder reversibel oder tödlich. Die Langzeitbehandlung mit Dosen unter 0.8 ml/kg führte auch nach 6–8 Monaten zu keinerlei toxischen Anzeichen. Bei Ratten, die mit letalen Dosen von NMMAA vergiftet wurden, stiegen die Insulin-und Glucose-Spiegel im Blut gleichsinnig an, wobei das Insulin ähnliche Konzentrationen wie bei normalen Ratten erreichte, bei denen orale oder i.v. Glucosezufuhr zu einer entsprechenden Blutzuckersteigerung geführt hatte.-Das während der NMMAA Hyperglykämie sezernierte Insulin bewirkte also keine Blutzuckersenkung. Im Gegensatz zu der glucoseinduzierten Hyperglykämie bei der normalen Ratte stieg die mit Antiinsulin hemmbare insulinähnliche Aktivität während der NMMAAHyperglykämie nicht auf meßbare Werte an, d.h. das IRI der vergifteten Tiere schien auf normales, isoliertes Fettgewebe keinen insulinähnlichen Effekt auszuüben.-Die blutzuckersenkende Wirkung von exogenem SchweineInsulin war bei mit NMMAA vergifteten Ratten niedriger als bei Normaltieren oder Ratten mit Alloxandiabetes.-Diese Befunde veranlassen zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß mit NMMAA vergiftete Ratten exogenes und endogenes Insulin inaktivieren, wobei das inaktivierte endogene Insulin trotz des Verlustes seiner Stoffwechsel-wirkung immunologisch aktiv bleibt.
    Notes: Summary Large doses of hydrochlorothiazide (50-200mg/kg/day p.o.) given for 5 to 6 weeks did not induce any increase in the fasting blood-sugar concentration, nor any decrease of glucose tolerance in normal rats and in rats “sensitized” toward diabetogenic agents by a subtotal pancreatectomy or by a sub-diabetogenic dose of alloxan. No increase in blood sugar was found in the 8 h following a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. —Large doses (〉 3.5 ml/kg) of the solvent N-monomethyl-acetamide (NMMAA), used at one time in the preparation of one brand of hydrochlorothiazide for injection, on the other hand, exerted marked diabetogenic effects in the rat. Lethal doses of NMMAA always induced a diabetic syndrome, i.e. progressive hyperglycaemia with ketonaemia and metabolic acidosis resembling the diabetic syndrome induced by large doses of antiinsulin serum. Fractions of lethal doses given repeatedly on successive days had additive diabetogenic and lethal effects: the drug or its toxic metabolites appeared to persist for a long time in the organism.-Sublethal doses of NMMAA induced a reversible hyperglycaemia of some days' duration. Thus the diabetes induced by NMMAA was either transitory or lethal. Chronic treatment with doses 〈 0.8 ml/kg/day did not induce any signs of toxicity within 6–8 months. In the rats intoxicated with lethal doses of NMMAA, the serum concentration of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increased simultaneously with the glycaemia, and attained the same levels as in normal rats with similar blood glucose concentrations established by oral or i.v. loads with glucose.-The insulin secreted during NMMAA hyperglycaemia, thus, did not lower the blood sugar. During NMMAA hyperglycaemia, in contrast to glucose-induced hyperglycaemia in normal rats, the fraction of the insulin-like-activity of the serum suppressed by anti-insulin serum (SILA) did not rise to detectable levels : i. e. the IRI of the intoxicated animals did not appear to exert an insulin-like effect on normal isolated adipose tissue.-The blood-sugar-lowering effect of exogenous porcine insulin was depressed in rats intoxicated with NMMAA in comparison with normal animals or animals with alloxan-induced diabetes.-The findings lead to the conclusion that rats intoxicated with NMMAA inactivate exogenous as well as endogenous insulin. Although losing its metabolic activity, the inactivated endogenous insulin remains immunologically competent.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ascorbic Acid Excretion ; Hepatic Ascorbic Acid Concentration ; Early Injury ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Rat ; Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung ; Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration ; Frühschädigung ; Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (CCl4) ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von CCl4 auf die Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration in der Leber und die Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung mit dem Harn wurde bei erwachsenen Ratten innerhalb der ersten 22 Std nach der Applikation untersucht. In der Frühphase der CCl4-Wirkung kommt es zum Anstieg der Konzentration in der Leber. Der früheste signifikante Anstieg wurde 30 min nach der Applikation beobachtet. Das Maximum wurde dosisabhängig zwischen 90 und 180 min erreicht. Das Anwachsen der Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration in der Leber wird mit einer Aktivitätssteigerung vorhandener an der Ascorbinsäure-Synthese beteiligter Enzyme erklärt. Der Erhöhung der Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration folgt ein dosisabhängiger Abfall mit einem Minimum 12 Std nach der Applikation, der mit einer gleichfalls dosisabhängigen Erhöhung der Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung verbunden ist. Danach kommt es zu einem im zeitlichen Verlauf dosisabhängigen Wiederanstieg der Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration.
    Notes: Summary The effects of carbon tetrachloride on the concentration of ascorbic acid in the liver and on ascorbic acid excretion in the urine of adult rats were studied over a period of 22 hours after intraperitonal application. During the initial phase of the carbon tetrachloride effect, there results an increase in the concentration of ascorbic acid in the liver. The earliest significant rise was observed 30 minutes after application. The maximal rise came between 90 and 180 minutes, depending on the dose. The increase in the ascorbic acid concentration in the liver is explained by an increase in activity of those enzymes present which participate in ascorbic acid synthesis. The enhancement of hepatic ascorbic acid concentration is followed by a dose-related decrease which reaches a minimum 12 hours after application and which is accompanied by a silmultaneous increase in ascorbic acid excretion. Thereafter in the course of time, there results a renewed dose-dependant increase in the ascorbic acid concentration in liver.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve terminals ; Cortex cerebelli ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The monoamine innervation of the cerebellum of the rat has been studied by both in vivo and in vitro techniques using the histochernical fluorescence method for the demonstration of catecholamines (CA) and certain tryptamines. By way of a pharmacological approach using inter alia protriptyline, which acts mainly by blocking the membrane pump of the noradrenaline (NA) neurons, evidence was obtained that CA nerve terminals in the cerebellum mainly represent NA nerve terminals. These were found to innervate practically all parts of the cerebellar cortex with a patchy innervation pattern and with an innervation of especially the anterior and posterior lobes. The terminals mainly seem to make axodendritic contacts in the molecular and granular layers without any strict localization of the terminal plexus to any special plane of the cerebellar folia. The fibers enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle and run in the white matter of the cortex cerebelli. Incubation studies with 6-hydroxytryptamine indicate that there exists also a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) innervation of the cortex cerebelli, although not as pronounced as the NA innervation. The 5-HT nerve terminals are very fine, varicose fibers and innervate mainly the molecular layer, especially of the anterior lobe. The terminals run mainly in the transverse plane of the folium parallel to the surface. Thus, the pattern of innervation of these 5-HT afferents is different from that of the NA nerve terminals. In the uvula, structures which may represent the “rosettes” of the mossy fibers or golgi axon terminals in the granular layer take up and accumulate monoamines after incubation with amine in vitro. The exact nature of these structures remains to be elucidated.The cerebellar nuclei receive a very low to low degree of innervation of NA and 5-HT nerve terminals.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1969), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Metrazol ; Memory ; Discrimination Learning ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the first experiment rats were trained in black-white discrimination, then injected with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) or saline. Injections were given immediately or 15 min following training. The animals were retested 24 hours later. Improved performance was observed for drug groups, but the extent of improvement was a joint function of the amount of drug and the time at which it was given. Animals given 10 mg/kg showed greater retention when injection was delayed. In a second experiment animals were given spaced trials in a position discrimination task, extending over a period of several days. Following each day's, session, animals were injected with pentylenetetrazol or saline at intervals of 0, 5 or 10 min. A maximum facilitation effect was obtained at the 10-min interval.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 306 (1969), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: (Na+K+)-ATPase ; (Mg++)-ATPase ; Rat ; Nephron ; Quantitative Histochemistry ; (Na+K+)-ATPase ; (Mg++)-ATPase ; Ratte ; Nephron ; Quantitative Histochemie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 17 male Wistar rats in antidiuresis 10 different nephron segments and arteries are identified with the aid of Lowry's technique, dissected and total-and (Mg++)-adenosintriphosphatase (=ATPase) determined. (Na+K+)-activated ATPase in the distal tubule is four to five times (max. eight times) more active than in the proximal segment. This difference of activity may speak for a high pump mechanism mediated by the way of a (Na+K+)-activated enzyme system in the distal nephron and for a partially passive reabsorption of sodium from the proximal convolution.
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  • 12
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 212 (1969), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: 3-Acetylpyridine ; Cortical and Subcortical Leads ; Rat ; 3-Acetylpyridin ; Corticale und subcorticale Ableitungen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von zahlreichen neurochemischen und neuropathologischen Veröffentlichungen über die 3-Acetylpyridin (3-AP)-Vergiftung der Ratte wurde die bioelektrische Aktivität im Cortex und in subcorticalen Gebieten bei 15 3-AP-vergifteten Ratten studiert. Bei den künstlich beatmeten Tieren wurden mit Hilfe eines stereotaktischen Gerätes rostfreie Stahlelektroden im Hippocampus, Mandelkern, in der Formatio reticularis, im N. septi lateralis und N. caudatus sowie Silberelektroden im Cortex implantiert. Während der akuten 3-AP-Vergiftung konnten weder corticale noch subcorticale bioelektrische Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Vor und während der 3-AP-Vergiftung wurde die Formatio reticularis und der N. caudatus gereizt. Auch hierbei ergaben sich keine Unterschiede. Am Ende der Versuche wurde Cardiazol i.p. injiziert und regelmäßig eine diffuse Krampfaktivität provoziert. Die Befunde werden mit den elektrophysiologischen, neuropathologischen, neurologischen und neurochemischen Beobachtungen anderer Autoren diskutiert mit dem Ergebnis, daß die sog. Rollkrämpfe nach 3-AP-Vergiftung wahrscheinlich in der Hauptsache auf Läsionen der unteren Oliven zurückgeführt werden müssen.
    Notes: Summary Numerous neurochemical and neuropathologioal experimental studies concerning the 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) poisoning of the rat have been previously published. In this paper the results of experiments on the bioelectrical activity in the cortex and in subcortical areas are presented on 15 rats poisoned with 3-AP. Stainless steel electrodes were implanted stereotactically in the hippocampus, nucleus amygdalae, formatio reticularis, nucleus septi lateralis and nucleus caudatus, and silver electrodes on the cortex of the artificially respirated animals. During the acute 3-AP poisoning neither cortical nor subcortical bioelectrical changes could be observed. The effect of stimulation on the formatio reticularis and the nucleus caudatus was not altered by the 3-AP intoxication. At the end of the experiments metrazol was injected intraperitoneally and in all cases diffuse convulsive discharges could be evoked. The findings are discussed and compared with the observations of other authors. The findings are comparible with the hypothesis that the so called “Rollkrämpfe” after 3-AP poisoning are caused by lesions in the oliva inferior.
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  • 13
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 150 (1969), S. 354-360 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Chelating agents ; Toxicology ; Intestine ; Rat ; Chelatbildner ; Toxikologie ; Darm ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die s. c. Verabfolgung von Na2 [Ca-ÄDTA] und Na3 [Ca-DTPA] in unterschiedlichen Dosen führt zu einer Degeneration der Mucosa des Dünndarms, wobei sich eine sehr gute quantitative sowie qualitative Korrelation zwischen chelat- bzw. dosisabhängiger Schädigung und Letalität zeigt.
    Notes: Summary Subcutaneous administration of different doses of Na2 [Ca-EDTA] und Na3 [Ca-DTPA] leads to a severe damage of the mucosa of the small intestine. This lesion shows a close qualitative and quantitative relation to the lethal effects of the chelators.
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  • 14
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 64-73 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Tourniquet-shock ; Kinins ; Postischemic edema ; Protease inhibitor ; Rat ; Tourniquet-Schock ; Kinine ; Postischämisches Ödem ; Proteinaseninhibitor ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im doppelseitigen Tourniquet-Schock mit vierstündiger Ischämie und 28°C Umgebungstemperatur starben die Kontrolltiere nach rund 2 Std unter Entwicklung eines postischämischen Ödems. Mit dem Proteinaseninhibitor Trasylol konnte sowohl das Ödem vermindert als auch das Überleben verlängert werden. Als günstigste Dosis erwies sich eine Gabe von 25000 KIE/kg kurz vor Tourniquet-Lösen. Danach überlebten von 20 Tieren 13 (65%) die vierfache Zeit von Kontrollen, während sich 7 (35%) völlig erholten. Durch intravenöse Applikation vor Anlegen der Tourniquets konnte zwar die lokale Ödementwicklung gehemmt, die Überlebenszeit aber nicht verbessert werden. Daraus wird auf mindestens zwei Angriffspunkte der Trasylolwirkung geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary In experiments with tourniquet application on both hind legs for 4 h at a temperature of 28°C throughout the experiments the controls succumbed about 2 h after tourniquet release, developing postischemic edema. The development of the edema could be diminished by the protease inhibitor Trasylol as well as the survival time could be prolonged. The optimal effect was seen with the injection of 25000 KIE per kg body-weight i.v. just prior to tourniquet release. In this group of 20 animals 13 (65%) survived four times the time of the controls and 7 (35%) recovered completely. By intravenous injection just prior to the application of the tourniquets the local edema could also be diminished but the survival time could not be prolonged. It is concluded that the Trasylol effect must be brought about by at least two modes of action.
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  • 15
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 150 (1969), S. 70-75 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; Man ; Rat ; Stickstoffbilanz ; Mensch ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselbilanzversuche unter dem Kriterium des minimalen Stickstoffumsatzes bei Bilanzausgleich werden am Menschen wie an der Laboratoriumsratte mit der gleichen analytischen Genauigkeit ausgeführt. Versuche an Ratten haben — im Gegensatz zu früher ermittelten Resultaten an Menschen — ergeben: 1. Der Ersatz von Eiprotein-N durch Ammonium-N führt in jedem Mischungsverhältnis zu einer Erhöhung des Stickstoffumsatzes. 2. Methioninzulagen zu Ei/NH4 +-Gemischen bleiben ohne Einfluß auf die Stickstoffumsatzgröße. 3. Eine allgemeine Möglichkeit zur Übertragung von Ergebnissen der Rattenversuche auf den Bedarf des Menschen an Stickstoffträgern besteht für die Bilanzmethode nicht.
    Notes: Summary Metabolism trials under conditions of minimum nitrogen input and nitrogen equilibrium yield the same analytical accuracy (reproducibility of results within a standard deviation of ±1.5%) with men and with rats. In contrast to results with men published formerly, experiments with rats show the following: 1. Replacement of egg protein by non-essential nitrogen (diammoniumcitrate) in any proportions leads to increased nitrogen requirements. 2. Addition of methionine to mixtures of egg protein and ammonia is of no influence on the dimension of nitrogen requirements. 3. A possibility for deducing men's nitrogen requirements from minimum balance results with rats (or vice versa) thus apparently does not exist.
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  • 16
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Postischemic edema ; Protease inhibitor ; Trasylol ; Diminishing effect on edema ; Rat ; Postischämisches Ödem ; Proteinaseninhibitor ; Trasylol ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Intravenöse Trasylolgabe kann die Entwicklung eines postischämischen Ödems in proportionaler Dosisabhängigkeit zwischen 10000 und 35000 KIE pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht hemmen. Die intensivste, gegenüber einer Dosis von 35000 KIE//kg KG aber nicht viel stärkere Hemmwirkung, wird mit 50000 KIE/kg KG bei intravenöser Injektion kurz vor Tourniquet-Lösen erreicht. Gaben bis zu 2 1/2 Stdvor und 1 Stdnach Lösen des Tourniquets zeigen ebenfalls noch einen gewissen Effekt. Eine deutliche Wirkung ist auch dann zu erzielen, wenn Trasylol vor Abschnüren der Extremität gegeben wird. Dabei ist der Wirkungsmechanismus nicht eindeutig. In Frage kommt, daß die Entstehung gefäßaktiver Peptide verhindert wird oder daß Trasylol direkt permeabilitätsmindernd auf die Gefäße wirkt.
    Notes: Summary Intravenous injection of Trasylol can stop the development of postischemic edema in a proportional dose response relationship between 10000 and 35000 KIE per kg body weight. The most intensive effect was seen with 50000 KIE per kg injected just prior to the release of the tourniquet, but this effect was not much stronger than with 35000 KIE. An effect could still be demonstrated when Trasylol was given until 2 1/2 h prior to or 1 h after tourniquet release. A marked effect could be obtained even if Trasylol was given prior to tourniquet application. So far the mode of action is not clear. It might be possible, that the development of vasoactive peptides is hindered or that Trasylol has a direct diminishing effect on the permeability of the vessels.
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  • 17
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 90-99 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This investigation considers a hypothetical three-phase ordered composite to permit the design of a new material both stiffer and tougher than the matrix phase alone. The required elastic solution is greatly simplified and was based on a single layered inclusion in an otherwise infinite matrix under uniaxial tension. The solution presented is exact and generalized to accommodate any number of concentric layers of different thickness and composition.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts to use low-cycle fatigue techniques derived from the work of Coffin and Manson to predict the fatigue performance of six diverse structural plastics are discussed. Through an analysis of dynamic property and thermal behavior studies of polymer samples in reversed-tension fatigue, an improved model for the polymer fatigue process has been proposed. Laboratory test data are presented illustrating the relationship between the various models.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 100-104 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is postulated that property gradients exist at the interface forming an “interphase” between the insert and the matrix. Such gradients might be caused by partial solubility and diffusivity of the two phases comprising a composite. For simplicity, the “interphase” is replaced by a shell exhibiting averaged properties (Eshell = 1/2 Einsert + 1/2 Ematrix, etc.). An exact linear elastic solution was employed to evaluate stress fields throughout all regions. The possible effect of the “interphase” and its thickness on several physical properties of the composite are evaluated in terms of the particular stress fields.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the dynamic mechanical properties of several molten polymers was performed using the Maxwell Orthogonal Rheometer. Relaxation spectra derived from experimental data for the terminal region of viscoelastic response indicate that as molecular weight distribution broadens, terminal relaxation phenomena associated with molecular disentanglement and translation extend over a corresponding wider frequency range. The same data indicate that a true maximum relaxation time beyond which no elastic response is observed exists for the materials studied. Moreover, the maximum relaxation time corresponds to the reciprocal of the frequency where the dynamic viscosity deviates from its zero-shear value. Thus an estimate of the time necessary for complete elastic recovery in polymer melts is readily obtained experimentally.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 190-196 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile creep measurements were carried out on a commercial ABS polymer over a temperature range from 40 to 100°C at stress levels from 0.6 to 1.8 × 108 dynes/cm2. Experiments were conducted in a prototype of an apparatus designed to be compatible with digital acquisition systems. Analysis of the data indicated that application of the time-temperature super-position principle was of limited value due to the use of test temperatures near and below the effective glass transition temperature of the acrylonitrile-styrene component of the polymer. A strong stress dependence of the compliance was observed, even at relatively short times after loading. This was analyzed in terms of a model in which the height of the potential energy barrier to motion of the molecular flow unit is lowered by the application of stress. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the compliance at low stress levels indicated that the effective Tg of the acrylonitrile-styrene phase is about 85°C. The temperature dependence of the magnitude of the activation energy is considered as is the stress dependence of the glass transition temperature. Implications of short-time response in creep with regard to response under impact loading are pointed out. Practical application of results to the prediction of dimensional stability of molded parts is discussed as well as the limitations involved in extrapolation of experimental data to long times and high stress levels.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fine structures of several plastic/rubber two -phase polymer systems were studied by means of direct observations of ultrathin sections under the electron microscope using osmium tetroxide staining and a hardening procedure developed recently by Kato. Samples used are several types of both ABS polymers and high -impact polystyrenes, and several PVC/rubber blends and the results were discussed in relation to their dynamic viscoelastic properties. It is suggested that these studies may fruitfully be extended to clarify the structure -to property relationships by use of this method.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 250-254 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to describe a new deformation calorimeter, which is based on differential thermometry and uses a flowing gas stream as a heat transfer medium which allows it to operate under near-isothermal conditions. Also presented are some preliminary test measurements with a crosslinked polyurethane elastomer and crystalline polybutene-1.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antiplasticizers are considered to be diluents which when added to polymers result in mechanical property behavior opposite to that of plasticization. The addition of antiplasticizers to certain polymers such as Bisphenol A polycarbonate, polysulfone, and polyvinyl chloride results in the elimination of the secondary loss transitions of these polymers. As a drop in modulus accompanies these transitions, their elimination results in higher tensile strength and tensile modulus. As secondary transitions are commonly associated with ductility and impact strength, their elimination also results in the observed embrittlement characteristics. The addition of anti-plasticizers to polymers also restricts the diffusion of penetrants resulting from the decrease of molecular flexibility in the polymer matrix.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A useful concept in polymer science is the degree of crystallinity - the fraction of the polymer that exists in a relatively ordered state. Methods of determination of the degree of crystallinity using density, infrared, thermal, N.M.R. and X-ray measurements are examined in light of modern notions of the structure of semi-crystalline polymers.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 28
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The changes occurring when polythene melts are subjected to shear, have been investigated using a rotating bob fitted into a ram extruder. In addition to chain scission, low density polythene exhibits reversible changes in mechanical and viscoelastic properties. The magnitude of the changes is controlled by total shear strain, and is related to molecular weight and long chain branching. The mechanism appears to be one of reversible disentanglement operating mainly on the large highly branched molecules. The work is relevant to various extrusion processes and to other long-branched polymers.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 434-444 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This investigation deals with the fatigue behavior of a group of thermoplastics fortified with discontinuous glass fibers dispersed by an injection molding process. The thermoplastics included nylon, polystyrene and polyethylene reinforced with short (1/8 in.) and long (1/2 in.) glass fibers.Several aspects of the fatigue behavior are included in the study. First, classical S-N curves were generated under fluctuating tension with R = 0.05 to show the loss of strength due to cyclic load application. Next, the extent of progressive fatigue damage was established by measuring the residual strength after cyclic loading. Finally, hypotheses pertaining to the fatigue mechanisms operative in all four materials were made based on microscopic examinations of sections removed from fatiguedamaged specimens.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Twelve polymers and copolymers reinforced with random short glass fibers are used for the study of the strength -composition relationship. Six of these reinforced systems are new and have not been reported elsewhere. The effect of fiber volume fraction on tensile and flexural strengths is related to the Kelly and Tyson equation. For each composition the strengthening factor, F, is calculated and discussed with respect to the structure of the polymer. One factor pertaining to the actual performance of fiber glass, fiber efficiency, K, has been extrapolated for the fiber glass used for this study. The effects of fibers on toughness and the Izod notched impact strength are discussed. It is the impact strength ratio and not the toughness which is used to describe the net result of reinforcement.The deviations between the wet and the dry strengths are used to illustrate the effect of the fiber -matrix interfacial bond. A new parameter, Δθ, is introduced to describe the effect of structure on the fiber -matrix interface. The effect of water at the fiber -matrix interface is further demonstrated through the determination of dielectric constant and dissipation factor of the composite before and after water immersion. The rule of mixtures was found to apply to dry electrical properties of composites.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 225-241 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of shear stress on the crystallization kinetics and morphology of linear polyethylene and polybutene-1 were studied with the aid of a specially designed apparatus. With this equipment, it was possible to heat a thin polymer sample between glass slides to a melt temperature, quench the sample to a crystallization temperature, and then deform the sample in shear by applying a constant load to one of the glass slides. During the deformation, the crystallization process was observed and photographed under a polarizing microscope. Also, the displacement of the glass slide was simultaneously recorded which made possible a determination of the shear strain as a function of time.The results demonstrate that two phenomena may occur in the initially supercooled polymer samples in response to the applied shear stress. In one case, the sample deformed until it fractured, generally exhibiting no evidene of crystallization; in the other, the sample deformed until an inflection point was reached after which the sample became rigid. This latter phenomenon was attributed to crystallization.At low shear stresses, the inflection point was associated with the growth of spherulites which simply became large enough to bridge the glass slides and prevent further deformation of the sample. This generally occurred prior to the completion of the radial growth of the lamellae.At high shear stresses, however, no evidence of crystallization was seen in the microscope until the inflection point was reached. At this point, birefringence was observed in the sample. The resulting structure generally could not be resolved in the microscope, thereby indicating very profuse nucleation.The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the application of a sufficiently high shear stress to an initially supercooled melt has a substantial effect on the rates of crystallization of both polyethylene and polybutene-1. This was shown most dramatically at temperatures close to the melting point, e.g., both polyethylene at 130°C and polybutene-1 at 113°C, which require over 104 sec to crystallize under quiescent conditions, crystallized at approximately 0.05 seconds.The application of a shear stress to a polymer melt is envisaged as resulting in molecular orientation. In accord with the theories of Flory, and Krigbaum and Roe, the associated decrease in entropy of the melt may be considered to increase the supercooling. Under high stresses at which large increases in supercooling result, crystallization occurs more rapidy at the high temperatures and with polymers of lower molecular weight. At low shear stresses, the influence of temperature and molecular weight on the crystallization kinetics is essentially the same as that obseved under quiescent conditions.Observations through the microscope have shown that the application of a shear stress to a polymer melt leads to large increases in the number of crystalline structures formed and to the formation of oriented morphologies. This latter phenomenon arises due to nucleation lines formed by impurities and spherulites in the deforming melt. The impurities and spherulites apparently cause a disturbance which is thought to result in a local increase in stress of the melt and, hence, a local increase in supercooling. Lamellae then nucleate on these lines and grow out radially.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Detailed crazing behavior in several plastic/rubber twophase polymer systems was studied by means of direct observation of ultrathin sections under the electron microscope by employing osmium tetroxide staining and hardening procedure. Samples used are ABS polymer, high -impact polystyrene and several PVC/rubber blends. All of the systems investigated showed evidence of stress -crazing when under flexural stress. Relationships between the dispersed rubber particles and the crazing behaviors were studied, and the role of rubber particles in the toughening mechanism of plastics was discussed based on these observations.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of temperature and penetrant activity on the sorption kinetics and equilibria of a series of alkanes in glassy, biaxially oriented polystyrene were studied. Normal isomers of pentane, hexane, and heptane cause crazing of polystyrene film samples at high penetrant activities (〉 0.85). Crazing kinetics are identical to the kinetics of Case II transport. Transport of these normal hydrocarbons in glassy polystyrene in the temperature range 25 to 50°C is markedly non-Fickian; limiting Case II transport is observed at activities in exces of 0.6. Sorption appears to be controlled by highly activated relaxation processes including primary bond breakage at these high penetrant activities. Fickian diffusion behavior is approached, however, as penetrant activity is reduced. Sorption of the branched isomers of these compounds does not result in polymer microfailure. The sorption kinetics of the branched isomers, although time dependent, appear to be controlled primarily by thermally activated diffusion rather than large scale polymer relaxations which control Case II transport.
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  • 34
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 35
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some of the thermodynamic and physical properties of crystals of linear polyethylene, formed from dilute solution are discussed. These properties include density, enthalpy of fusion, infrared absorption spectrum, selective oxidation and dynamic mechanical measurements. Despite the fact that electron microscopic examination reveals an apparent geometric regularity to these crystals, all these physical measurements yield a consistent interpretation in that they require about 15-20% of the chain units to be in a non-random conformation, and to form a disordered amorphous overlayer.Detailed studies of the experimentally observed relations between the crystallite thickness, crystallization temperature, and dissolution temperature (melting temperature in a dilute solution) are also presented. A thermodynamic analysis of the dissolution temperature-size relations, based on independently determined equilibrium solubility temperatures, indicates that the interfacial free-energy characteristic of the mature crystallites is significantly different from that involved in nucleation. The interfacial structures of the nucleus and the crystallites must, therefore, also be different. Size control by a nucleation process can be demonstrated from very general theoretical considerations. However, the detailed molecular structure characteristic of the nucleus cannot be specified solely from the fact that this process is size controlling.
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  • 36
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 282-285 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Work at Stanford Research Institute on the deterioration of polymers is based on the assumption that aging in the light is the most serious problem and that it has at least three components that must be separated if we are to understand the overall process. We have started by measuring the production of free radicals on the polymer when pairs of t-butoxy radicals are generated from thermal decomposition of di-t-butylperoxy oxalate (DBPO) in bulk atactic polypropylene at temperatures approximating service conditions, 35-50°C. Our preliminary experiments have brought out experimental difficulties and have raised more theoretical questions than they have answered. Nevertheless, they show that the efficiency of production of polymer radicals is low and sensitive to the mobilities of the polymer chains. They also suggest that two kinetically different oxidation processes, with different dependencies on rates of initiation and with different susceptibilities to inhibitors, are proceeding simultaneously. The implications of these findings for results of some previous work and for design of improved accelerated tests is considered.
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  • 37
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 295-310 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Starting with specific constitutive equations, methods of evaluating material properties from experimental data are outlined and then illustrated for some polymeric materials; these equations have been derived from thermodynamic principles, and are very similar to the Boltzmann superposition integral form of linear theory. The experimental basis for two equations under uniaxial loading and the influence of environmental factors on the properties are first examined. It is then shown that creep and recovery data can be conveiently used to evaluate properties in one equation, while two-step relaxation data serve the same purpose for the second equation. Methods of reducing data to accomplish this characterization and to determine the accuracy of the theory are illustrated using existing data on nitrocellulose film, fiber-reinforced phenolic resin, and polyisobutylene. Finally, a set of three-dimensional constitutive equations is proposed which is consistent with nonlinear behavior of some metals and plastics, and which enables all properties to be evaluated from uniaxial creep and recovery data.
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  • 38
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 360-364 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equations have been derived to convert Brabender flow curves to Instron flow curves for practical application purposes. The technique involved is simple and has been described and discussed in detail. Nine pairs of Brabender and Instron flow curves of three different high polymers, each at three operating temperatures, have been found to fit each other quite well. The converted Brabender flow curves overlap a part of the Instron curves and extend the shear range toward the Newtonian flow region. An important consequence of this work is that the Brabender Plastograph can now be regarded as a formal viscometer while still functioning as a miniature of the Banbury mixers used in industry. More work is being done to take advantage of this consequence.
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  • 39
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 378-382 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Constant stress creep and recovery experiments were performed in the nonlinear range under combined tension and torsion on a tubular specimen of polycarbonate. Nonlinear viscoelasticity theory was employed to describe the test results. It was found that the first three orders of stress terms and a power function of time adequately described the experimental results. The modified superposition principle satisfactorily predicted the recovery following creep. Recovery was almost complete in several days following two hours of creep.
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  • 40
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 400-404 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical optics of iridescent multilayered plastic films are analyzed theoretically relating the layer thickness, layer arrangement, and refractive index difference between layers to the reflection spectra for light at normal incidence. Very vivid iridescent and metallic-appearing films may be made by proper control of layer distribution.
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  • 41
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 356-359 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Salts of polyacrylic acid can be fabricated in heated molds using mixed powders of polyacrylic acid and metal oxides. Because of the strong intermolecular forces in these polyelectrolyte salts, they have elastic moduli several times greater than the moduli of conventional plastics. They also have very low coefficients of expansion and high compression strengths. Composites containing metallic and inorganic fillers have also been made and their mechanical properties measured.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic thermal stability of rigid PVC resin compositions as determined from Brabender torque rheometer tests has a linear relationship of stability time and torque from which a practical measure of processability at a fixed torque can be derived. The stability time at 1500 m-g torque, t1500, has been used to characterize differences between PVC homopolymer and copolymer resins in tin, calcium-zinc, lead, and bariumcadmium stabilizer systems. In every case, the vinyl chloride-propylene copolymers are unique in giving substantial process-ability advantages.The logarithm of stability time at a fixed torque, t1500, is a linear function of intrinsic viscosity, [η], for PVC homopolymers, giving a single line function corresponding to the expression log t1500 = A + B [η]. The constants, A and B, vary with each of the four stabilizer systems, and are related to the effectiveness of the particular formulations used.The ratio of t1500 for copolymers to the basic t1500 value for PVC homopolymers at the same intrinsic viscosity (molecular weight) is a practical measure of relative processability, trel, which is characteristic of PVC resin types and independent of stabilizer systems.
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  • 43
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt flow behavior of straight emulsion-polymerized PVC in a capillary extrusion rheometer has been found to depend upon both the molecular weight and the particle size of the sample. Observations of flow-rate, post-extrusion swell, and extrudate appearance, as functions of extrusion temperature and pressure, suggest that both molecular deformation and particle slippage are involved in the flow mechanism. The relative importance of these two modes of flow varies with extrusion conditions and with the PVC molecular weight and particle size. Particle slippage is favored by large particle size, high molecular weight, and low temperature and by a shear stress above a critical yield value. Apparent melt viscosity, swelling, and roughness are minimized under conditions corresponding to the maximum contribution of particle slippage. In the proper range of temperature and shear rate, straight emulsion PVC yields smooth, low-swell extrudates of excellent physical properties.
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  • 44
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 45
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 86-89 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Re-examination of our work on internal plasticization of polyvinyl chloride leads us to suggest a number of guidelines in the synthesis of internally plasticized PVC with optimum combination of strength and low temperature properties: (1) use of comonomers of solubility parameter around 8.5 or 10.5, (2) use of a high molecular weight (long chain) comonomers in a low molar ratio, and (3) their non-uniform incorporation in the PVC chain.
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  • 46
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of polymers have been “cold” extruded (i.e. at temperatures well below their normal melting temperatures) by the application of relatively high pressures. In all cases extrudates of relatively large cross-sectional area have been produced, and non-circular cross-sections have also been extruded. The extruded products has been evaluated and the results discussed. In general it has been found that whilst extrusion gives an oriented product, the increase in tensile modulus is much less than for a comparably drawn fibre. This phenomenon has been discussed in terms of the changes in crystalline structure produced by extrusion.
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  • 47
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer pellets are frequently melted on a melting grid. The melting capacity of the gird depends on the force with which the bed of pellets is pressed against the grid bars and on the difference between the temperature of the grid bars and the melt temperature. In this investigation, this dependence has been examined, theortically as well as experimentally, for the case where the pellets melt on the top of the grid. Agreement with the theory was found.
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  • 48
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study was undertaken in order to understand the effect of low molecular weight additives on the visco-elastic properties of polymers and, in particular, Diamond Shamrock Corporation's PVC-40 resin. The viscous response has been reported in Part I of this series (11). This report describes the elastic properties of these mixtures.A new theoretical analysis of elastic response has been formulated. The direct calculation of stored elastic energy from capillary rheometer measurements is now possible.The conclusion drawn from both the viscous and elastic response study is that a change in viscosity is not a necessary nor sufficient condition for improved processability. Increased flow is obtained by lowering the viscous losses, but the melt fracture phenomena may be unchanged. In order to completely characterize the compound, both viscous and elastic response must be measured.
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  • 49
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A previously proposed but further modified theoretical model for melting in plasticating extruders, in the form of a computer program, which predicts the amount of unmelted polymer at any point in the extruder, was used to simulate the effect of geometrical and operating variables on the melting performance of the extruder. The results indicate in increasing screw length required to complete melting with increasing throughput and a decreasing length of melting with increasing frequency of screw rotation. They further indicate the existence of an optimum barrel temperature for a maximum rate of melting, an optimum number of threads for a maximum melting rate, and a significant decrease in the rate of melting with increasing flight clearance. The effect of other geometrical variables and of operating conditions on the rate of melting and power consumption are also discussed.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The validity of the Busen-Roscoe reciprocity law in flash exposed dichromate sensitized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films was investigated. It was found that the flashlamp operating conditions were an important parameter in an exposure system, since a spectral distribution shift of the lamp output could be obtained by changing the pulse duration from 0.3 to 2.0 msec. The apparent reciprocity failure obtained by varying the pulse duration while maintaining the energy stored in the capacitor bank fixed was consistent with the spectral distribution shift in the lamp output. When this shift was accounted for there was only a negligible reciprocity failure found over the range of these flash exposures; however, comparison with a steady mercury are lamp showed that the flash exposure cross-linked the PVA about 200 times more efficiently.
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  • 51
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the viscous flow properties of mixtures of low molecular weight materials, such as lubricants and plasticizer, with PVC has been carried out. In all examples studied the PVC exhibited a discontinuity in flow with increasing temperature. This was interpreted as a phase change in the melt. A diffusion fractionation of the low molecular weight species was used to rationalize the shear rate dependent viscous behavior of these melts.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the room-temperature first-order transition on the plastic yield behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been investigated. Stress-strain curves were measured at different strain rates and temperatures. Tensile creep under constant dead load was also measured as a function of temperature and stress level. The effect of degree of crystallinity was investigated by using both a rapidly quenched and slow-cooled polymer. Observations were extended to large deformations, so that the phenomenon primarily observed was plastic yield rather than linear viscoelastic behavior.The curve of yield stress vs. temperature in the temperature range from -50 to +68°C was found to be almost identical with the curve of elastic modulus vs. temperature; the yield stress shows a marked local decrease at the first-order transition. The yield elongation was almost constant (at about 5%) over this same range, which is in accord with the above result. The more highly crystalline polymer is always more rigid than the less crystalline polymer at small deformations, but above 19°C its stress-strain curve shows a “cross-over” in stress level with the curve of the less crystalline polymer as extension increases. That is, above 19°C the less crystalline polymer shows a more rapid rate of “strain hardening”, even though the strain-hardening effect is pronounced in both polymers. Attempts to apply time-temperature superposition to creep data at different temperatures were partially successful; the lateral shifts required corresponded to an activation energy of approximately 80 kcal.The experimental observations suggest a model of the solid-state structure of PTFE which could be described as an “elastic-plastic network”, in which crystalline domains are connected by elastic amorphous regions, and in which the crystalline domains can flow plastically at sufficiently high stress or temperature.
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  • 53
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rheo-optical techniques for the study of crystalline polymers, developed primarily in the United States and Japan, include dynamic birefringence, X-ray diffraction, dichroism, light scattering, and fluorescence. These permit the characterization of the rates of orientation of crystals, amorphous regions, and crystalline superstructures. The application of these methods has permitted the formulation of a model for the deformation of crystalline polymers.
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  • 55
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue failure of thermoplastics and glass-reinforced thermoplastics is a function of cyclic stress or deflection level, test frequency, viscoelastic polymer parameters and matrix-to-fiber stress transfer. This paper reports an investigation of the modes of high frequency fatigue failure in glass-reinforced and unreinforced thermoplastics. In particular the effects and control of dissipative heating of a working specimen and the role of efficient matrix-to-fiber stress transfer are considered. A test procedure with which the severity of dissipative heating can be continuously followed and controlled during an accelerated fatigue test is described.
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  • 56
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 286-294 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Empirical test data on low-density polyethylenes exposed to the elements for very long times are compared with results on samples of the same materials subjected to artificial “weathering” in a modified carbon arc machine.The test results conform to the expression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ t_a = B + t_n^k $$\end{document} where ta is hours of accelerated weathering, tn years of natural exposure, and the constants B and k have values of 150 and 2.4, respectively, for the materials and test conditions involved.Earlier results are confirmed in that optimum weather resistance is found to depend on good dispersion of a fine-particle black. Protection improves with concentration up to the limit of about 5% by weight imposed by degenerative effects on mechanical properties from higher loadings of the fine channel blacks. Dependence of weatherability on molecular weight (melt index) is noted.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Existing theory of polymer flow has been applied to a definition of shift factors which reduce the widely different melt viscosity/shear rate diagrams of plasticized PVC compounds to well-defined master curves. The master curves are temperature dependent and also define the flow properties of the unplasticized polymer on which a group of plasticized compounds is based. For given plasticizers, the value of the shift factor was found to depend on melt temperature and plasticizer volume fraction. Explicit relationships have been generated for three plasticizer systems; for these, melt viscosity/shear rate data can be precalculated over several decades of shear, and in the temperature range of 150-200°C. Absolute values of the shift factors depend on the type of plasticizer, and a correlation with polymer/diluent interaction parameters has been attempted. Initial results, valid only at high plasticizer volumes and near the reduced melt temperature of a polymer/plasticizer mixture, support the existence of such a correlation.
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  • 58
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 350-355 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This discussion will illustrate some of the factors which go into the design of experiments required to solve problems in the field of plastics. Two quite diverse problems were considered. In the first case a series of experiments was described which provided a very general technique for predicting polyethylene flow behavior as a function of shear rate over a wide range of temperatures from a minimum of new data. In this case the experimentation concerned only the viscous aspect of flow and was not limited by the availability of special samples. In the second case it was desired to learn what the effect of a specific molecular structural variable was on the general melt rheological properties of polyethylene. This required the polymerization of special samples followed by detailed characterization by both solution property and melt rheological techniques.
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  • 59
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 370-377 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Derivative stress-strain curves at constant strain rate for polyacrylonitrile copolymer fibers have been obtained by simple modification of conventional tensile testing apparatus. These derivative curves, considerably more complex and eventful than stress-strain curves, have been interpreted as direct records of changes undergone by the apparent Young's modulus during experiments which extend from infinitesimal strain to failure. Analysis of the data shows that these changes in the apparent Young's modulus cannot be accounted for to any significant extent by viscoelastic time effects and must therefore be consequences of the deformation process itself. In the light of this analysis, it is concluded that polyacrylonitrile fibers “soften” considerably in the strain range 0.5-3% and that they exhibit moderate “hardening” in the strain range which extends from ca 3% to the breaking strain (10%).
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  • 60
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 393-399 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some properties of multilayered films are summarized in relation to the properties of the component materials. Polymers may be selected for co-extrusion into layered films to obtain various combinations of properties, such as barrier, stiffness, heat sealability, optics, and toughness. Properly chosen combinations of high and low modulus materials exhibit mutual interlayer reinforcement. Permeabilities of multilayer films can be calculated from layer geometry and individual component properties.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spherulitic films of polybutene-1 have been stressed under biaxial tension. Direct microscopic observations indicate that the deformation is localized at the spherulite centers and at the intersections of boundaries in agreement with previous results obtained with linear polyethylene. The results demonstrate an increasing tendency for brittle failure with decreasing molecular weight. Effects of surfactants and solvents are also presented.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 411-422 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscometric behavior of linear polycaprolactam has been studied in the absence of the electroviscous effect in aqueous solvents containing 85% and 64.5% formic acid and in trifluoroethanol, as a function of temperature and also under unperturbed conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the existing theories; in particular, the negative temperature coefficient of the intrinsic viscosity arises only from the variation of the expansion coefficient, the molecule in the unperturbed state being a normal random coil. The absence of aggregation and draining effects in the above solvents has been varified.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymers of poly(N-acyl and N-aroyl aziridines) were studied by x-ray diffraction. All the crystalline polymers studied have a triclinic unit cell with two monomer units per unit cell. The a and c (fiber direction) parameters (4.9 and 6.5 A, respectively) are essentially the same for all the cells. The b parameter for the N-acyl polymers, however, increases steadily by a factor of 2 A per methylene group added to the lateral chains. The densities calculated for the unit cells are in agreement with the experimental values obtained. The most probable structure is one in which the molecules assume a planar configuration with the main chain not fully extended. The lateral groups are tilted from the c axis by an angle of 54° in a parallel configuration and alternate on each side of the main chain. This permits these lateral groups to assume packing similar to that of polyethylene. A brief description of the techniques used in this interpretation is included.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical discussion is presented on the mechanisms by which an isolated pulsating air bubble in a viscoelastic solid dissipates its energy. The analysis is limited to the situation where the amplitude of motion is assumed to be sufficiently small that the stress strain relations may be described by linear equations with convected differentiation replaced by ∂/∂t. The theoretical thermal, radiation, and viscous damping constants are calculated for resonant air bubbles in unvulcanized natural rubber; however, the results are typical of elastomers in general.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 231-240 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The birefringence of several biaxially oriented polypropylene films swollen with a number of fluids has been measured and found to exhibit a minimum when plotted against the fluid refractive index, as predicted by the theory of Wiener. However, a discrepancy in the form birefringence behavior is observed when samples of different degrees of crystallinity but the same total birefringence are compared. These results are interpreted in terms of Bullough's theory and suggest that this discrepancy arises because of different morphologies. A refractometric technique was employed that makes possible the simultaneous determination of birefringence and the volume fraction of fluid.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation of crystallites grown isothermally in several drawn trans-polychloroprene networks is studied as a function of crystallization temperature tx, degree of crystallinity ω, and elongation ratio α. The orientation distribution is particularly simple for this polymer since the crystallographic c axis (chain axis) orients preferentially along the stretching direction, while a and b are randomly arranged about c. Hence the parameter cos2 χc adequately characterizes the distribution, where χc is the angle between the c axis and the fiber axis, and the average is taken over all crystallites. A treatment due to Krigbaum and Roe is utilized to obtain values of v (the number of statistical segments comprising the crystallization nucleus of critical size) through comparison of the average orientation of crystallites and amorphous statistical segments. The behavior observed falls into two categories. First, if the initial amorphous network is well oriented, 〈cos2 χc〉 is independent of crystallinity during both crystallization and melting, and v varies with tz (or the degree of supercooling) as predicted by nucleation theory. If different networks are to have the same crystallite orientation distribution, they must not only be crystallized at the same supercooling, but must also have the same distribution of amorphous segment orientations. Both the relative elongation and the network crosslink density affect the latter distribution. Next, we consider the second category. If the initial amorphous orientation is poor, 〈cos2 χc〉 decreases linearly during crystallization and increases along approximately the same path during melting. Further, 〈cos2 χc〉 for a given tz yields v values which are too large. These two behaviors can be explained if, in the former case, nucleation involves the best oriented statistical segments of all network chains, while in the latter there is a selection according to the chain displacement vector orientation. Thus, if the amorphous orientation is poor, both the orientation and thermodynamic stability of the crystallites decreases with further crystallization. If this decreased stability is reflected in shorter fold lengths, the reversible variation of long period spacing with temperature reported earlier for an oriented polychloroprene network can also be explained as a preferential melting process.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 377-388 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The design of a differential thermal analysis apparatus for use at elevated pressure is described. Experiments on melting and crystallization of folded-chain crystals of polyethylene and poly(ethylene-butene-1) copolymer, and melting of extended-chain polyethylene crystals have been conducted at pressures up to 4200 bars. The precision in transition temperature measurement was ±1°C. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation predicts the melting point increase with pressure at atmospheric pressure to be 32.0°C/kb. The melting point depression due to copolymerization remained constant over the complete pressure range analyzed on the poly(ethylene-butene-1) used in this study. Crystallization of polyethylene is retarded at elevated pressures, and a 50% larger degree of supercooling is necessary at 5000 bars to give a crystallization rate equal to that observed at atmospheric pressure. The difference in melting point between folded-chain and extended-chain polyethylene increases from 8.4°C at 1 bar to 25.6°C at 3000 bars.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 845-853 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conformational energy contribution (ΔUconf) to the heat of solution in polymer-solvent systems is presented and discussed in connection with chain conformational properties. In particular, ΔUconf has been discussed in terms of various possible mechanisms of coil deformation.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 889-896 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that in a filled polymer the thermal stresses resulting from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the filler and the polymer have significant effect on the apparent coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite. A model is constructed to aid the thermal stress analysis, and the results are found to agree well with the experimental data obtained from other sources. An expression for the apparent densities of filled polymers is also obtained but the agreement between the present prediction with an existing test result is found to be only qualitative.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 947-962 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion coefficients and solubilities of methane in polyisobutylene have been measured at four temperatures between 102 and 188°C. in the pressure range 23-341 atm. Diffusion coefficients extrapolated to atmospheric pressure range from 1.72 × 10-6 cm.2/sec. at 102°C. to 1.5 × 10-5 cm.2/sec. at 188°C. corresponding to an activation energy for diffusion of 8.7 ± 0.4 kcal./mole. Solubilities are small, about one molecule of methane for every forty carbon atoms in the polyisobutylene at 300 atm. partial pressure of methane. Solubilities vary little with temperature, but show an apparent minimum between 127 and 188°C. With improved methods of data analysis, diffusion coefficients and solubilities have been recalculated from previously reported studies on nitrogen in branched polyethylene and methane in branched polyethylene, linear polyethylene, and polystyrene. Recalculated diffusion coefficients are essentially the same as those reported previously, but the recalculated solubilities are decreased from 2 to 30%. The solubilities of all five systems show strong deviations from Henry's law, i.e., increases in partial pressure of methane and nitrogen with respect to solubility exceed linearity. The partial pressure (or fugacity) - solubility data may be interpreted in terms of a sorption model in which sorbed molecules are accommodated in widely dispersed, unoccupied volumes or sites in the polymer. An almost equivalent, solution model in which the first sorbed molecules to enter the polymer are accommodated to a large extent in existing volumes in the polymer, with successively sorbed molecules swelling the polymer to a greater extent (i.e., partial molal volume of sorbed molecules, V1, increasing with concentration) can also account for these data.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1116-1118 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 72
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 635-658 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain and rupture data were determined on an unfilled styrene-butadiene vulcanizate at temperatures from -45 to 35°C and at extension rates from 0.0096 to 9.6 min-1. The data were represented by four functions: (1) the well-known temperature function (shift factor) aT; (2) the constant strain rate modulus, F(t,T), reduced to temperature T0 and time t/aT, i.e., T0F(t/aT)/T; (3) the time-dependent maximum extensibility, λm(t/aT); and (4) a function Ω(χ) where χ = (λ - 1)λm0/λm, in which λ is the extension ratio and λm0 is the maximum extensibility under equilibrium conditions. The constant strain rate modulus characterizes the stress-time response to a constant extension rate at small strains, within the range of linear response; λm is a material parameter needed to represent the response at large λ; and Ω(χ) represents the stress-strain curve of the material in a reference state of unit modulus and λm = λm. The shift factor aT was found to be sensibly independent of extension. At all values of t/aT for which the maximum extensibility is time-independent, the relaxation rate was also found to be independent of λ. These observations indicate that the monomeric friction coefficient is strain-independent over the ranges of T and λ covered in the present study. It was found that λm0 = 8.6 and that the largest extension ratio at break, (λb)max, is 7.3. Thus, rupture always occurs before the network is fully extended.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The ultimate properties of an unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber vulcanizate in equal biaxial tension were determined by inflating a circular membrane into a bubble. Tests were made at several extension rates (evaluated at the pole) from about 0.15 to 4 min-1 and at temperatures from -43 to 90°C. The stress in the vicinity of the pole when rupture occurred was evaluated from the pressure, the radius of curvature, and the extension ratio λ, the latter two quantities being obtained from photographic data. Below 70°C, the ultimate extension ratio λb is approximately 5.2 and is essentially independent of extension rate and temperature, in striking contrast to the behavior in simple and constrained biaxial tension (pure shear). Likewise, the rupture stress is manyfold greater than in either simple or constrained biaxial tension. From the extremum points of failure envelopes, the maximum extension ratio (λb)max in equal biaxial tension is 5.7 and in simple tension is 7.2. An examination of ruptured membranes showed that, except at 70 and 90°C, rupture began away from the pole in a region where the stress state is unequal biaxial tension. Hence, values of the ultimate properties in truly equal biaxial tension are no doubt somewhat greater than those obtained from the membrane tests. However, it is shown that (λb)max in truly equal biaxial tension must be lower than that in simple tension by at least 10%. A consideration of rupture data in simple, constrained biaxial, and equal biaxial tension leads to the conclusion that no simple failure criterion is applicable for interrelating data obtained under the several states of combined stress. The rupture patterns and factors that affect the site of rupture initiation and the mode of crack growth are also discussed.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 735-742 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that, at the yield stress, glassy polymers exhibit viscous flow which is in agreement with the generalized theory of Eyring. The study of the yield stress over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates provides evidence on the secondary transitions found by other methods. From our measurements we conclude that every secondary transition corresponds to the liberation of one of the degrees of freedom of a segment of the main chain.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 751-751 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 795-807 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical properties determined with a torsion pendulum were used to ascertain the glass transition temperature Tg of poly-ε-caprolactone. By measurements on compatible blends of poly-ε-caprolactone and poly(vinyl chloride), the Tg of amorphous poly-ε-caprolactone was shown to be 202°K at about 1 cps. This is 16°K lower than the Tg of annealed, crystalline polymer. The blend transition data were well fitted by both the Fox and the Gordon-Taylor expressions. The Fox expression was also used to describe the decrease from 233°K of the secondary low-temperature relaxation due to poly(vinyl chloride) by assuming the low temperature relaxation of poly-ε-caprolactone, 138°K, was responsible for the decrease in the blends. The 138°K relaxation due to poly-ε-caprolactone was decreased when more than 50% poly(vinyl chloride) was present.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 829-844 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) sheet was oriented by hot drawing. The yield behavior of the oriented sheet was then investigated under uniaxial tension at room temperature as a function of the angle between the tensile axis and the molecular alignment direction. The onset of yield was localized in deformation bands. The variation of yield stress with direction and the direction in which the deformation bands formed were found to be satisfactorily accounted for in terms of a yield criterion based on that of von Mises, provided that a term representing internal compressive stress in the molecular alignment direction was included. The internal stress was found to increase from zero with increasing draw ratio of the prior hot drawing. It is pointed out that other workers have found polymers to obey the yield criterion of Coulomb rather than that of von Mises.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 879-887 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Fickian diffusion coefficient of methylene chloride in a glassy epoxy polymer is calculated with the use of Crank's model of discontinuous change of D with concentration C. The diffusion constant is obtained as 1.93 × 10-6 cm2/sec. The swollen layer behind the advancing solvent front is essentially in the rubbery state of the same polymer. The case II swelling by benzene is discussed in terms of a convective transport arising from the partial stress (internal) tensor of the penetrant. The superposition of Fickian and case II diffusion found with mixtures of methylene chloride and benzene is also discussed briefly.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 929-945 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: “Regular” sequence copolymers having the structure {[—CH2—C(CH3)(C6H5)—]m(CH2—CH2)n}p with relatively small values of m and n were prepared by means of “living” polymerization techniques. The intrinsic viscosities of fractions of these copolymers were obtained in various solvents including a theta solvent. The molecular weights of these fractions were determined by the Archibald ultracentrifugal method. The results show that the intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relations of the regular sequence copolymers are affected not only by the average composition of the copolymer, but also by the sequence length in the copolymer molecule. It is suggested that the effective conformation of a chain element in the copolymer is not always the same as that in the homopolymer.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 993-1003 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of ultraviolet radiation on dilute aqueous solutions of poly(acrylic acid) and of other polyelectrolytes were studied by viscosity measurements in connection with the effects of ionizing radiation. It was found that ultraviolet light of wavelength below about 2300 Å brought about degradation of polymer chains mainly by indirect action via water, while light of wavelength above 2300 Å caused degradation by direct action in some polymers. It was deduced from the experiments that the protective effect of NaCl could be largely attributed to a decrease in the indirect action. It was also found that a low concentration of methanol was effective in preventing degradation by direct action, although methanol promoted degradation when present in high concentration. Since the promotive effect was not observed when light of wavelength below 3700 Å was eliminated by a filter, this effect was attributed to active products of the irradiation of methanol.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1075-1084 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Raman spectra have been obtained for a typical poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) of low crystallinity and for a highly crystalline sample of syndiotactic PVC obtained by irradiation of a urea-canal complex. Raman measurements have been made on the three different ordered chain structures possible for ordinary PVC. Extended and folded conformations for the syndiotactic structure and a helical structure for the isotactic molecule obey different selection rules and have different dichroic properties in the infrared and Raman spectra. The observed Raman spectrum is consistent with the model of the extended syndiotactic conformation for crystalline PVC. With the new Raman data some additional assignments can be made in the vibrational spectra of PVC.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1101-1109 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinylpyridine of molecular weight 0.77 × 106 was crosslinked by 2.5, 5, and 10% BrCH2C6H4CO(CH2)8COC6H4CH2Br and by 10% ClCH2C6H4CH2Cl; quaternization of the gel was completed with n-butyl bromide. Swelling ratios in aqueous solutions of lithium, sodium, and 4-isopropyl-N-n-butylpyridinium bromide and in methanolic lithium bromide were determined. Selectivity increased in the sequence Li+ 〈Na+ 〈PrN+-C5H5. The Flory parameter χ1, which measures interaction between solvent and polymer, decreased from 1.5 kT to nearly zero with increasing density of crosslinks in the aqueous solutions, and from 3 kT to 0.5 kT in the methanol solutions. The inverse proportionality of q2/3 (q = swelling ratio) to the crosslinking density was approximately verified for swelling of the resins in water, methanol, and dimethylformamide.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1111-1115 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 84
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1187-1195 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Extensive studies of the kinetics of spherulitic crystallization have been made on fractionated samples of TMPS. An analysis of these results reveals that a two-dimensional growth rate mechanism is a more likely mode of growth than a three-dimensional one. This conclusion is substantiated by experimental evidence from optical microscopy and light scattering from within spherulites. The crystallite end surface energy is found to increase as the molecular weight is raised.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1275-1278 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 86
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1883-1894 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data existing in the literature for the spherulitic growth rate of molecular weight fractions of linear polyethylene, poly-(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene)siloxane, and trans-1,4-polyisoprene have been analyzed according to nucleation theory on taking into account the influence of chain length on the free energy of fusion. All three polymers display very similar behavior in that the interfacial free energy reaches an asymptotic value at high molecular weights, decreases as the molecular weight is lowered, and appears to also reach an asymptotic value at low molecular weights. Although the changes in the interfacial energy with molecular weight are quite distinct, the relative change is much less than has been previously reported when a molecular crystal analysis is used. The same general behavior observed points out the dominating influence of the chain-like character of the molecules in governing the growth rate.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1919-1935 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Batch polymerizations of vinyl acetate were conducted at 60°C and 72°C, and rate constants for branching were established from the variation of M̄n and M̄w with extent of conversion. The calculated branching densities (branch points per polymer molecule) are slightly higher at 72°C for all conversions. Selected samples were saponified and reacetylated to determine the amount of branching through the acetate group. Changes in M̄n, M̄w, and [η] indicate 63%, 75%, and 70%, respectively, of saponificable branches. These percentages are independent of branching density in the original polymer. Molecular weights extrapolated to zero conversion appear to be unchanged by saponification and reacetylation, showing that short chain branching through the acetate group is absent, or at least very infrequent.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2073-2089 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dilatometric melting experiments were performed on an extended-chain crystalline polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution and on four samples crystallized from fractionated polyethylenes. The melting curves were compared with computer calculations based on the assumption of eutectic separation. For the fraction of lowest molecular weight, agreement between experiment and calculation was achieved. The melting behavior of all other samples indicated that only for molecular weights up to 10,000-12,000 did eutectic separation occur. The higher molecular weight portion of each sample crystallized in the form of mixed crystals. Of the experimental maximum melting-point lowering of these mixed crystals, 0.1-0.9°C is due to the lower molecular weight diluents. Another 2-3°C lowering in melting point is due to the fact that the phase diagram of polyethylene mixed crystals has a minimum.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1585-1594 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A comparison is made between the experimentally obtained molecular weight distributions of nitric acid-oxidized polyethylene with a wide range of initial morphologies and the predictions of a random attack model. Deviations from the theoretical expectations are explained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2144-2144 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1755-1760 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rates of crystallization of polyethylene fractions have been studied at high undercoolings by differential calorimetry to demonstrate the utility of this technique for fast crystallization analysis. It has been shown that there is continuity in the crystallization kinetics from low to high undercoolings. On the other hand, the influence of molecular weight on the crystallization rates, as the undercooling increases, is very moderate, as would be expected.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1745-1754 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The yield-stress behavior of two glassy polymers is studied through the glass transition region over a wide range of strain rates. For temperatures below the glass transition temperature, the yield stress behavior could be described as a non-Newtonian flow in agreement with Eyring's theory, if one excepts a narrow range relating to the slowest strain rates. For temperatures above Tg, the yield-stress behavior is still nonlinear but fits the relations based on the concept of free volume.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1937-1954 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The distribution of molecular weights in realistic free-radical polymerizations with branching was analyzed theoretically. Series solutions were obtained for the fraction of molecules with r repeating units and the number of branch points contained in molecules with r repeating units. Branching by transfer processes was found to increase the proportion of both high and low molecular weight components in the system. The apportioning of branch points among r-mer molecules was shown to be somewhat narrower than a Poisson distribution. The major difference between the calculated distributions and previous model distributions for branched systems was the absence of discontinuities in the moments at all levels of branching.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1983-1986 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2005-2018 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The problem of the structural theory of macromolecular networks is formulated and discussed in general terms. The conditions required for a system to become a homogeneous macromolecular network are defined and discussed. Networks are divided according to the nature of their junctions into three classes: energetic (with chemical or quasi-chemical crosslinks), topological (with entangled chains), and contact (with frictional interactions). The main features of these three classes are discussed. A distribution density function ψ describing the configurations of macromolecules in network systems is introduced. The phase space of variables is 4(N + 1)-dimensional and includes the coordinates of (N + 1) vectors hi joining the adjacent network junctions and (N + 1) contour lengths li of the network chains. The system of simultaneous equations required for the determination of the function ψ includes the equation of continuity, kinematic equations for the deformation velocity of the individual junctions, the force balance equation needed for the determination of sliding rates li, kinetic equations for the processes of junction breakage and reformation, and the equilibrium distribution of network junctions defining the initial conditions for the distribution function ψ.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2061-2072 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Extended-chain crystals of high molecular weight polymethylene, a polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution, and three fractions of polyethylene were grown from the melt under elevated pressure. Comparison of the crystal size distribution in the molecular chain direction (measured on fracture surfaces by electron microscopy) with the molecular weight distribution (measured by gel-permeation chromatography) gave the following results. Up to molecular weight 10,000 all samples showed eutectic separation into fully extended chain crystals of narrow molecular weight distribution. Above molecular weight 10,000 mixed crystals were formed. Under the chosen crystallization conditions larger chain extension was achieved with higher molecular weights. However, an increase in molecular weight by a factor of 1000 led only to a tenfold increase in chain extension. These facts are discussed in the light of a proposed mechanism of crystal growth.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2115-2138 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Kuhn-Grün theory for the birefringence and dichroism of rubbery polymers is extended to the case of copolymers consisting of two or more statistical segments of differing lengths. It is shown that the previous equations are applicable provided that the anisotropy of polarizabilities and absorptions are replaced with suitable averages in which the segment anisotropies are weighted by the squares of their segment lengths. This indicates that the stress-optical coefficient will not generally vary linearly with composition. The orientation measured from the dichroism of bands arising from different segments will be different.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method of determining the distribution of branching in polydisperse polymer samples is proposed. This method uses data from concurrent gel permeation chromatography and sedimentation-velocity experiments. Tedious fractionation, which must precede other methods of determining long-chain branching, is eliminated. An example of use of the method on the data of a sample of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer is given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous nucleation and crystallization of FEP Teflon and nylon 6 melts against high energy surfaces (i.e., gold) produce an interfacial region, in these polymers, of high mechanical strength. Dissolution of the metal substrate rather than removal by mechanical means results in a polymer surface which is amenable to conventional structural adhesive bonding. Nucleation and crystallization of the polymer melts in contact with phases of low surface energy (e.g., vapor) result in the generation of weak boundary layers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To clarify the deformation mechanism in polyblends of polypropylene with ethylene-propylene rubber having different compositions, simultaneous measurements of the infrared dichroism with stress and strain under a constant rate of strain of 1.64%/min have been carried out. The orientation function of the crystallographic c axis of polypropylene in the blends has been obtained as a function of strain ranging from 0 to 20% and of polypropylene content ranging from 0.3 to 1.0. These results have been compared with the temperature dependences of the dynamic Young's modulus and of the loss modulus, as well as of stress-strain curves for the same blends. The modulus data analyzed by Kerner's equation reveal the occurrence of phase inversion at polypropylene contents higher than about 0.5, and this is supported by the infrared dichroism data. The strong effect of quenching on crystalline structure and mechanical properties of pure polypropylene has also been elucidated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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