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  • 1985-1989  (169)
  • 1965-1969  (55)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1810-1819
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feline sporotrichosis: A case report (1989)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 108 (1989), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Sporotrichosis ; Sporothrix schenckii ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from a female European cat it is described. The cat showed lengthened alopecic areas, with prominent nodules in the external surface of the thighs and abdomen. A mycological and histopathological studies of the lesions were carried out. The lesions resolved under treatment with 20% potassium iodide in doses of 0'1 ml/kg oral route in a 8 weeks period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436219
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cerebellar nuclear afferent and efferent connections with the lateral reticular nucleus in the cat as studied with retrograde transport of WGA-HRP (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 471-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Retrograde transport of WGA-HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebellar nuclear projection from the lateral reticular nucleus (NRL) was studied in 29 cats by means of retrograde axonal transport after implantation of the crystalline wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) complex in the cerebellar nuclei. It was confirmed that all the cerebellar nuclei receive afferent fibres from the NRL with the strongest termination in the ipsilateral interposed nuclei. In addition, these experiments give evidence of a previously unrecognized topical pattern in the projection to the interposed nuclei, arranged according to the same principle as in the projection to the immediately overlying cerebellar cortex. Thus, the anterior interposed nucleus receives fibres from all parts of the main NRL, its rostral part especially from laterally situated neurons, while subsequent more caudal parts from more medially situated neurons, while the posterior interposed nucleus receives fibres mainly from the dorsomedial part of the main NRL. The cerebellar nuclear projection to the NRL was investigated in 15 cats using retrograde transport after ventral microiontophoretical ejections of the WGA-HRP complex in the main NRL. The contralateral rostral fastigial nucleus was confirmed as the main origin of this projection, but projecting neurons were, in addition, discovered rostrally in the anterior interposed and dentate nuclei on the same side. No topical differences could be observed following ejections in different parts of the NRL; the majority of the projecting neurons were always concentrated along the ventral and lateral borders of the fastigial nucleus and in the adjacent medial part of the anterior interposed nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319590
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurovisceral sphingomyelinosis in a Siamese cat (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 330-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sphingomyelinosis ; Neuropathology ; Histochemistry ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report presents the clinical, morphological and biochemical findings on an 11-month-old female Siamese cat with neurovisceral sphingomyelinosis. Gross pathological features and histochemical findings are compared with the human disease counterpart and the previously described animal models. Hepatomegaly was observed while splenomegaly was not. Although sphingomyelin in liver and spleen was biochemically elevated, histochemical results in this case were slightly different from those previously recorded in human and feline Niemann-Pick disease. These results suggest that this feline case might be a different type of animal Niemann-Pick disease to that reported previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294670
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemical studies of normal feline blood and bone marrow cells (1989)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 58 (1989), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Cytochemistry ; Blood ; Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood and bone marrow cells of ten clinically healthy cats were stained for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), peroxidase (PO), chloroacetate esterase (CAE), alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (NBE), sudanophilia, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. Mature neutrophils in blood and bone marrow were devoid of ALP and NBE, but exhibited modest to strong PO, CAE, sudanophilia, and PAS reaction. In bone marrow, sudanophilia, PO, and CAE were prominent at the promyelocyte stage and diminished with cellular differentiation and maturation, while PAS reactivity increased with cell maturation usually from the myelocyte stage onwards. Myeloblasts were negative for all cytochemical reactions, but some large unidentifiable cells reacted strongly for ALP. Eosinophils were slightly reactive for ALP, CAE, and PAS, but not for PO, sudanophilia, and NBE. Basophil granules stained strongly for CAE, revealed PAS positivity, and stained negatively for PO, NBE, ALP, and sudanophilia. Slight ALP activity was detected in the intergranular cytoplasm of basophils. Lymphocytes and monocytes, with few exceptions, stained negatively. An occasional lymphocyte revealed slight globular NBE activity (NaF-resistant) and diffuse PAS reaction, while an occasional monocyte contained a few PO-positive and sudanophilic granules. Monocytes reacted modestly, whereas bone marrow macrophages reacted strongly for NBE (NaF-sensitive). Cells of the erythroid series stained negatively for all cytochemical reactions, megakaryocytes were PAS-positive, and platelets gave positive reactions for PAS and CAE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320772
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections from the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation to the spinal cord (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 265-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF ; Interstitial nucleus of Cajal ; Spinal cord ; Motoneurons ; Neck muscles ; Axial muscles ; Vertical eye and head movements ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eye and head movements are strongly interconnected, because they both play an important role in accurately determining the direction of the visual field. The rostral brainstem includes two areas which contain neurons that participate in the control of both movement and position of the head and eyes. These regions are the caudal third of Field H of Forel, including the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal with adjacent reticular formation (INC-RF). Lesions in the caudal Field H of Forel in monkey and man result in vertical gaze paralysis. Head tilt to the opposite side and inability to maintain vertical eye position follow lesions in the INC-RF in cat and monkey. Projections from these areas to extraocular motoneurons has previously been observed. We reported a study of the location of neurons in Field H of Forel and INC-RF that project to spinal cord in cat. The distribution of these fiber projections to the spinal cord are described. The results indicate that: 1. Unlike the neurons projecting to the extra-ocular muscle motoneurons, the major portion of the spinally projecting neurons are not located in the riMLF or INC proper but in adjacent areas, i.e. the ventral and lateral parts of the caudal third of the Field H of Forel and in the INCRF. A few neurons were also found in the nucleus of the posterior commissure and ventrally adjoining reticular formation. 2. Neurons in caudal Field H of Forel project, via the ventral part of the ventral funiculus, to the lateral part of the upper cervical ventral horn. This area includes the laterally located motoneuronal cell groups, innervating cleidomastoid, clavotrapezius and splenius motoneurons. At lower cervical levels labeled fibers are distributed to the medial part of the ventral horn. Projections from the caudal Field H of Forel to thoracic or more caudal spinal levels are sparse. 3. Neurons in the INC-RF, together with a few neurons in the area of the nucleus of the posterior commissure, project bilaterally to the medial part of the upper cervical ventral horn, via the dorsal part of the ventral funiculus. This area includes motoneurons innervating prevertebral flexor muscles and some of the motoneurons of the biventer cervicis and complexus muscles. Further caudally, labeled fibers are distributed to the medial part of the ventral horn (laminae VIII and adjoining VII) similar to the projections of Field H of Forel. A few INC-RF projections were observed to low thoracic and lumbosacral levels. It is argued that the neurons in the caudal Field H of Forel, which project to the spinal cord are especially involved in the control of those fast vertical head movements which occur in conjunction with saccadic eye movements. In contrast the INC-RF projections to the spinal cord are responsible for slower, smaller movements controlling the position of the head in the vertical plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247933
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short latency somaesthetic responses in motor cortex, transmitted through the spino-thalamic system, in the cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 639-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Somaesthetic responses ; Spinothalamic system ; Intracellular recording ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence is presented that in the cat, the spinothalamic system contributes to short latency somaesthetic responses in motor cortex efferent cells. Intracellular recordings performed on identified pyramidal tract cells and corticospinal cells show that these cells are still activated and/or inhibited from the periphery after a set of central nervous lesions leaving intact only the ventral half of the spinal cord. The responses were attributed to the spinothalamic system. The ascending system is activated through collaterals of afferent fibres running in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. This peripheral link to the motor cortex might participate in updating the motor command on the basis of information feedback from the periphery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249915
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation bias of cat retinal ganglion cells: a reassessment (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 182-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinal ganglion cells ; Orientation bias ; Receptive field centre ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary For cat retinal ganglion cells whose receptive field centres were distributed in specified sections of the left visual field, the deviations of the major axis from the radial, horizontal, and circumferential directions were determined. The percentage of cells with deviations within ± 20° from the radial, horizontal, and circumferential directions were, respectively, 33%, 68%, 16%. In addition, comparison between values of deviation from the horizontal direction for cells located at eccentricities of 10° and 20° from the area centralis showed a statistically significant trend: the bias for the horizontal increased with eccentricity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253635
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unitary characteristics of presumptive cholinergic tegmental neurons during the sleep-waking cycle in freely moving cats (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pontine tegmentum ; Cholinergic neurons ; Single units ; Sleep-waking states ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 260 neurons were recorded in the rostral pontine tegmentum of freely moving cats during the sleep-waking cycle. Of these, 207 neurons (80%) were located in the dorsal pontine tegmentum containing monoaminergic and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive, or cholinergic neurons. In addition to presumably monoaminergic PS-off cells (n = 51) showing a cessation of discharge during paradoxical sleep (PS) and presumably cholinergic PGO-on cells (n = 40) exhibiting a burst of discharge just prior to and during ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, we observed tonic (n = 108) and phasic (n = 61) neurons exhibiting, respectively, tonic and phasic patterns of discharge during wakefulness and/or paradoxical sleep. Of 87 tonic cells histologically localized in the dorsal pontine tegmentum rich in cholinergic neurons, 46 cells (53%) were identified as giving rise to ascending projections either to the intralaminar thalamic complex (n = 26) or to the ventrolateral posterior hypothalamus (n = 13) or to both (n = 9). Two types of tonic neurons were distinguished: 1) tonic type I neurons (n = 28), showing a tonic pattern and high rates of discharge during both waking and paradoxical sleep as compaired with slow wave sleep; and 2) tonic type II neurons (n = 20), exhibiting a tonic pattern of discharge highly specific to the periods of paradoxical sleep. Tonic type I neurons were further divided into two subclasses on the basis of discharge rates during waking: a) rapid (Type I-R; n = 17); and b) slow (Type I-S; n = 11) units with a discharge frequency of more than 12 spikes/s or less than 5 spikes/s, respectively. Like monoaminergic PS-off and cholinergic PGO-on cells, both tonic type II and type I-S cells were characterized by a long spike duration (median: 3.3 and 3.5 ms), as well as by a slow conduction velocity (median: 1.8 and 1.7 m/s). In the light of these data, we discuss the possible cholinergic nature and functional significance of these ascending tonic neurons in the generation of neocortical electroencephalographic desynchronization occurring during waking and paradoxical sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248908
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cat red nucleus activity preceding movement depends on initiation conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Motor initiation ; Single-unit activity ; Reaction time ; Delayed movement ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of 98 Red Nucleus neurons was recorded in 3 cats operantly conditioned to perform a ballistic forelimb flexion movement triggered after a brief sound in a simple Reaction Time condition, or Delayed after the same sound in the presence of a tone cue. Fifty-eight task related neurons presented changes of activity in either one or both conditions. Forty-four of them were studied quantitatively and classified in 3 categories: 1) only 16% of the units presented similar changes of firing preceding the triggered or delayed movement; 2) most units (55%) presented different changes of activity in the two conditions: in the Delayed condition, the activation occurred earlier before the movement, and/or the change in magnitude was reduced or the pattern of activity was modified; 3) moreover, for 29% of the units, the change of activity observed before movement in the Reaction Time condition was severely reduced or even absent in the Delayed condition. For some of these neurons a building-up of activity was observed very early in the Reaction Time condition, during the preparatory period, well before the occurrence of the conditioned stimulus. These results show that the Red Nucleus activity preceding a movement is clearly dependent on its initiation conditions. The distinct patterns of unit firing observed in the Reaction Time condition and in the Delayed condition are tentatively related to the different preparation and initiation constraints determined by the behavioral conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274984
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of postsynaptic inhibition on the monosynaptic reflex of the cat at different levels of motoneuron pool activity (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 577-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motoneuron pool ; Inhibition ; Monosynaptic reflex ; Recruitment level ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The motoneurons to the Soleus muscle in the decerebrate cat were activated by the crossed extensor reflex, elicited by stimulation of the contralateral common peroneal (CP) nerve. Monosynaptic reflexes were obtained from the Soleus motoneuron pool by stimulation of the cut L7-S1 dorsal roots. The amplitude of the reflex increased approximately linearly with the recruitment level of the motoneuron pool. Tonic postsynaptic inhibition was induced in the Soleus moto-neuron pool by repetitive antidromic stimulation of the Lateral Gastrocnemius (LG) and Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) nerves at a rate of 17–47 stimuli/s. This reduced the size of the monosynaptic reflex at rest by at least 40%. However, when the motoneurons were active, the amplitude of the monosynaptic reflex obtained during repetitive stimulation of the LG-MG nerve increased with the recruitment level along the same curve as the control reflexes. Thus, tonic postsynaptic inhibition of the motoneurons per se cannot control the amplitude of the monosynaptic reflex independently of the recruitment level of the motoneuron pool. These experimental results verify predictions from computer simulations and suggest by exclusion that presynaptic inhibition is needed to control the amplitude of the monosynaptic reflex independently of the recruitment level of the motor pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249610
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note on the tonotopic organization in the cat medial geniculate body: influence of sampling of units (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 220-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Medial geniculate body ; Hearing ; Tonotopic organization ; Single unit recording
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tonotopic organization observed in the present study for the pars lateralis (LV) of the medial geniculate body (MGB) in nitrous oxide anesthetized cats is generally consistent with that previously reported under barbiturate anesthesia. The present data, however, provide evidence for local deviations in characteristic frequency (CF) using appropriate sampling procedures of single units. Although the majority of pairs of units recorded simultaneously with the same microelectrode showed comparable CFs, a few pairs of such neighbouring units displayed CF disparities of up to 1.5 octaves. In addition, some units characterized by an elevated threshold had a CF deviating significantly from the general CF progression observed for the majority of units having low thresholds. This study points out the influence of the sampling procedure on the quality of the tonotopic organization observed in the MGB in addition to a possible effect of the level of anesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248295
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axis of preferred motion is a function of bar length in visual cortical receptive fields (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Moving stimuli ; Orientation specificity ; Preferred axes ; Spot-response-axis ; Striate cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The responses of 82 simple cells and 41 complex cells in area 17 of anesthetized and paralysed cats were examined with light bars of different length. For 84% of the simple cells and 66% of the complex cells the preferred axis of orientation of a stationary flashing long bar (orientational selectivity) and the preferred axis of movement of a small spot were parallel. As a consequence, the axis of maximal response to a moving light spot was mostly orthogonal to the optimal axis of a moving bar. Thus, a single cell responds to two perpendicular axes of preferred movement one for a long bar and one for a light spot, respectively. For both axes independent direction preferences could be distinguished. Additional preferred axes of movement between the two orthogonal extremes could be found with moving bars of intermediate lengths. This can be explained by the fact that cells with a pronounced response to a moving spot showed a strong tendency for intermediate bar length to elicit responses consisting of a superposition of both components. Therefore, decreasing bar length resulted in a gradual rotation of the preferred direction of movement from orthogonal to parallel with respect to the orientational axis, rather than to a mere widening of the tuning curve. Accordingly, the change in orientation selectivity with decreasing bar length is a regular transition from the orientation dependent response to a response type that depends only on the movement axis of the spot. Thus, in a simple model, the resulting response characteristic can be interpreted as an average of both components weighted according to the length of the stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247890
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eye movements evoked by microstimulations in the brainstem of the alert cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 94-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye movement ; Brainstem ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study maps the eye movements evoked by microstimulations in the medulla of 9 alert cats. Trains of square waves (20 μA amplitude, 0.2 msec duration, 200 Hz) were delivered through glass-covered tungsten microelectrodes (0.5–1 MΩ). Movements of both eyes were recorded by the magnetic field/eye coil technique. Stimulation of the prepositus hypoglossi nucleus (PH) evoked nystagmus with ipsilaterally-directed slow phases followed by after-nystagmus with contralaterally-directed slow phases. Stimulation of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) induced nystagmus whose slow phases were more often ipsilaterally-directed but at time contralaterally-directed. At nearly all sites where we stimulated the reticular formation underlying prepositus and vestibular nuclei (from P4.5 to P12), we recorded versional conjugate movements. They were most often ipsilaterally-directed. Some microstimulations in the region of the medial longitudinal fasciculus evoked recentering eye movements: regardless of the initial position of the gaze (to the left as well as to the right), microstimulations given at the same place induced a movement of both eyes toward their neutral position. The amplitude of this movement was proportional to the eccentricity of the pre-stimulation position of the gaze.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250571
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central distributions of the efferent and afferent components of the pharyngeal branches of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves: an HRP study in the cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pharyngeal vagus nerve ; Pharyngeal glossopharyngeal nerve ; Nucleus ambiguus ; Retrofacial nucleus ; Lateral reticular formation ; Nucleus of solitary tract ; Alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central distributions of efferent and afferent components of the pharyngeal branches of the vagus (PH-X) and glossopharyngeal (PH-IX) nerves in the cat were studied by soaking their central cut ends in a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution. HRP-labelled PH-X neurones were distributed ipsilaterally in the rostral part of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and the retrofacial nucleus (RFN); HRP-labelled PH-IX neurones were found in the ipsilateral RFN and the bulbopontine lateral reticular formation (RF). Vagal pharyngeal neurones constituted a large population of brainstem motoneurones. The population of HRP-labelled glossopharyngeal neurones was divided into two components. Indeed, on the basis of their location and somal morphology, the most ventral cells were identified as cranial motoneurones and those scattered in the lateral RF as parasympathetic preganglionic neurones. Application of HRP to the PH-IX nerve resulted also in the labelling of fibres and terminals in the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The afferent fibres entered the lateral medulla with the glossopharyngeal roots, ran dorsomedially, then turned caudally toward the NTS and the caudal part of the alaminar spinal trigeminal motor (V) nucleus. In the NTS, labelled fibres ran mainly along the solitary tract, projecting to terminals in the dorsal and dorsolateral nuclei of the NTS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228904
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response to rates of luminance change of sustained and transient cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus and optic tract (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 116-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Optic tract ; Sustained cells ; Transient cells ; Temporal luminance modulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We recorded the response of sustained (X) and transient (Y) cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and optic tract to a stationary spot while the spot luminance was increased and decreased with a constant rate (linear luminance functions), or modulated sinusoidally. The spot filled the receptive field center, and was surrounded by an annulus of fixed luminance. The LGN X cells seemed to perform a differentiation-like operation in the time domain at slow temporal modulations, giving information about rate of luminance change. To the linear luminance functions the cells responded with a constant firing rate. The on-center cells were activated during increasing luminance, the off-center cells during decreasing luminance. This firing rate increased monotonically with rate of luminance change. To low-frequency sinusoidal modulations the cells had a marked negative phase shift. The response of the LGN Y cells had a transient component shortly after the luminance started to increase (on-center cells) or decrease (off-center cells), followed by a secondary, gradually changing component. The peak of the transient component occurred on average when the response of the X cells increased most rapidly. To low-frequency sinusoidal modulation the average negative phase shift of this peak was twice the average of the X cells. The Y system could accordingly provide information about rate of change in the response of the X system. In the optic tract the X fiber response resembled the LGN X cell response in most respects. The Y fibers had only a weak transient response component, so this component was accentuated in the thalamic relay. Also the sensitivity for rate of luminance change was increased in LGN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248285
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitatory interactions between phrenic motoneurons: intracellular study in the cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Phrenic motoneurons ; Intracellular recording ; Interactions ; Recurrent EPSPs ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recordings were made from 220 Phrenic Motoneurons (PM) in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats, deafferented from C3 to C7, in order to look for somatic events related to the Recurrent Responses (RR) evoked in PM axons by repetitive stimulation of the phrenic nerve. RR appear sporadically at a constant latency, originate from a spinal nicotinic mechanism and can be evoked in a PM without the presence of an antidromic volley in its axon (Khatib et al. 1986). 2. Using stimuli effective for eliciting RR in axons, we failed to observe intracellularly somatic events corresponding to RR after the occurence of an antidromic action potential. RR were observed extracellularly in two cases, but in both cases the recording originated from axons. 3. We attempted to elicit somatic RR without a preceding antidromic action potential, using either parathreshold stimulation of the impaled PM, or suprathreshold stimulation of a phrenic strand which excluded the axon of the impaled PM. In both cases, RR-like events, with very stable latencies, appeared sporadically in 4/142 and 2/15 PMs respectively. 4. Parathreshold stimuli or stimulation of a strand were coupled with averaging of the synaptic noise in order to look for small events temporally related to the stimuli. Short latency small depolarizations, looking-like recurrent EPSPs, were revealed in 22/142 and 5/15 PMs respectively. 5. These results confirm the existence of interrelations between PMs, providing for re-excitation and coupling within the phrenic pool, in addition to centrally imposed synchronization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248286
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binocular depth perception, visual acuity and visual fields in cats following neonatal section of the optic chiasm (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 272-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Corpus callosum ; Optic chiasm ; Stereoacuity ; Visual acuity ; Visual fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the role of the transcallosal pathway in stereopsis by measuring binocular and monocular depth perception in two cats that had undergone section of the optic chiasm at the age of 21 d. To ensure that the surgery did not impair vision to the extent that depth perception could not be evaluated, visual acuity and visual fields were also measured. In both of the chiasm-sectioned animals the visual fields were reduced and the visual acuity was substantially lower than in normal cats, with a maximum of about 2 cyc deg-1. Binocular depth thresholds of the chiasm-sectioned cats were worse than those of the normal cat but were better than their own monocular thresholds. These results suggest that the chiasm-sectioned animals were still able to use binocular cues to judge depth and indicate that the indirect pathway through the corpus callosum is sufficient to mediate binocular depth perception.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248860
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of axonal branching of fibres from certain precerebellar nuclei to the cerebellar cortex and nuclei: a retrograde fluorescent double-labelling study in the cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 15-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Precerebellar nuclei ; Cerebellar cortex and nuclei ; Fluoro-Gold ; Rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate (RITC) ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projections from certain brain stem precerebellar nuclei to the cerebellar cortex and nuclei have been examined in the cat by using the retrograde fluorescent double-labelling technique. Crystalline Fluoro-Gold was implanted into the left cerebellar nuclei from the contralateral side and rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate was injected into the overlying cerebellar cortex. The inferior olive, the lateral reticular nucleus, and the reticular tegmental pontine nucleus all contained double- as well as single-labelled neurons, and it was concluded that these nuclei have a high number of neurons whose axons branch to both the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The neurons in the paramedian reticular nucleus and the pontine nuclei proper appear to project only to the cerebellar cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248525
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of short latency cutaneous excitation in flexor and extensor motoneurons during fictive locomotion in the cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous EPSPs ; Fictive locomotion ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined modulation of transmission in short-latency, distal hindlimb cutaneous reflex pathways during fictive locomotion in 19 decerebrate cats. Fictive stepping was produced either by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) or by administration of Nialamide and 1-DOPA to acutely spinalized animals. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) produced by electrical stimulation of low threshold afferents (〈 2.5 times threshold) in the superficial peroneal (SP), sural, saphenous or medial plantar nerves were recorded intracellularly from various extensor (n = 28) and flexor (n = 24) motoneurons and averaged throughout the step cycle, together with voltage responses to intrasomatic constant current pulses (in order to monitor relative cell input resistance). Each motoneuron studied displayed rhythmic background oscillations in membrane potential and correlated variations in input resistance. The average input resistance of extensor motoneurons was lowest during mid-flexion, when the cells were relatively hyperpolarized and silent. Conversely, average input resistance of flexor motoneurons was highest during mid-flexion, when they were depolarized and active. The amplitude of the minimum-latency excitatory components of PSPs produced by cutaneous nerve stimulation were measured from computer averaged records representing six subdivisions of the fictive step cycle. Oligosynaptic EPSP components were consistently modulated only in the superficial peroneal responses in flexor motoneurons, which exhibited enhanced amplitude during the flexion phase. With the other skin nerves tested (sural, saphenous, and plantar), no consistent patterns of modulation were observed during fictive locomotion. We conclude that transmission through some, but not all, oligosynaptic excitatory cutaneous pathways is enhanced by premotoneuronal mechanisms during the flexion phase of fictive stepping in several cat hindlimb motor nuclei. The present results suggest that the patterns of interaction between the locomotor central pattern generator and excitatory cutaneous reflex pathways depend on the source of afferent input and on the identity of the target motoneuron population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250567
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharyngeal motoneurones: respiratory-related activity and responses to laryngeal afferents in the decerebrate cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 336-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vagal pharyngeal nerve ; Glossopharyngeal nerve ; Single fibre recordings ; Respiratory-related units ; Superior laryngeal nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In decerebrate, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats, we recorded the discharge of 64 motor axons supplying the pharyngeal muscles. Filaments containing motor axons, with discharges related to the respiratory cycle (phrenic nerve activity), were teased from the pharyngeal branches of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Most units (n = 41) fired only during expiration and exhibited a steady, a decreasing or a late augmenting discharge pattern. These units were found only in vagal filaments. Twenty three units discharged during inspiration and exhibited a steady, a late augmenting or a tonic discharge pattern. The inspiratory-related units were present in both the vagus (n=13) and glossopharyngeal (n=10) nerves. Nineteen of 20 pharyngeal inspiratoryrelated units tested were activated at short latency (range 3.4 to 8.0 ms) by stimulation of afferents in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). In 13 of these, such stimulation also suppressed their spontaneous activity. SLN stimulation elicited in all 17 pharyngeal expiratory-related units tested a short latency (range 0 to 8 ms) reduction of activity, followed in 7 units by an increase in activity. SLN stimulation occasionally evoked single or rhythmic multifibre bursts in the vagal pharyngeal filaments. These bursts, involving expiratory-related units, likely correspond to the buccopharyngeal stage of swallowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228905
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative measurements of receptive field changes during antagonism of GABAergic transmission in primary somatosensory cortex of cats (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 514-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Bicuculline ; Inhibition ; Latency ; Receptive field profile ; Somatosensory cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cortical area 3b of cats, responses of 76 single neurons to punctate indentations were recorded before and during iontophoretic administration of bicuculline methiodide (BMI), a GABAergic antagonist, at levels that did not affect spontaneous activity. Constant amplitude indentations were applied to selected sites along distalproximal and radial-ulnar axes that intersected the most sensitive area in the receptive field. Profiles of response magnitudes were used to measure receptive field dimensions before and during antagonism of GABAergic inhibition. Blockade of GABAergic transmission caused receptive field dimensions of 48 rapidly-adapting neurons to increase an average 141%, or nearly 2.5 times their original size. Analysis of the spatial distribution of inhibition indicated that in-field inhibition was larger than surround inhibition. During BMI administration, response latency was significantly longer for response elicited from the expanded territory than for responses elicited from within the original receptive field, suggesting that receptive field expansion might be mediated by multisynaptic intracortical connections. The magnitude of receptive field expansion was independent of receptive field size or peripheral location. In a substantial number of neurons, however, BMI produced asymmetric expansions that extended only in the proximal direction. For 9 slowly-adapting neurons, BMI produced measureable increases in receptive field dimensions, but these changes were significantly smaller than the changes in rapidly-adapting neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230239
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actions of excitatory amino acid antagonists on synaptic potentials of layer II/III neurons of the cat's visual cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 489-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: NMDA receptor ; Visual cortex ; Excitatory amino acid ; Slice ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Actions of excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists on the responses of cells in layers II/III and IV of the cat's visual cortex to stimulation of layer VI and the underlying white matter were studied in slice preparations. Antagonists used were 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), a selective antagonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of EAA receptors, and kynurenate, a broadspectrum antagonist for the three types of EAA receptors. In extracellular recordings it was demonstrated that most of the layer II/III cells were sensitive to APV, while the great majority of the layer IV cells were not, By contrast, kynurenate suppressed the responses completely in both layers. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by stimulation of layer VI and the while matter were recorded intracellularly from layer II/III neurons. To determine whether the EPSPs were elicited mono- or polysynaptically, the synaptic delay for each EPSP was calculated from a pair of onset latencies of EPSPs evoked by stimulation of the two sites. Forty-two percent of the layer II/III cells were classified as having monosynaptic EPSPs. In 60% of these monosynaptic cells, the rising slope of the EPSPs was reduced by APV while in the other 40%, it was not. In the former (APV-sensitive cells), subtraction of the APV-sensitive component from the total EPSP indicated that the onset latency of the NMDA receptor-mediated component was roughly equal to that of the non-NMDA component. In the latter (APV-resistant cells), only the slowly-decaying component was in part mediated by NMDA receptors. The conduction velocities of the afferent fibers innervating APV-resistant cells were slower than those of the APV-sensitive cells, suggesting that both types of cells are innervated by different types of afferents. The polysynaptic EPSPs of almost all layer II/III cells were sensitive to APV. The subtraction method indicated that the NMDA component had about the same magnitude as the non-NMDA components. When the slices were superfused by a Mg2+-free solution, the EPSPs were potentiated dramatically, but this potentiation was reduced to the control level during the administration of APV. Similarly, APV-sensitive components were potentiated during the administration of bicuculline, a selective antagonist for gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors of A type. These results suggest that NMDA receptors participate, at varying degrees, in excitatory synaptic transmission at most layer II/III cells in the cat's visual cortex, and their actions appear to be regulated by intracortical inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230237
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural thermosensitivity after bilateral lesions of the lateral funiculi in the cervical spinal cord of the cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 374-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thermosensitivity ; Spinal cord ; Ascending pathways ; Behaviour ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavioural thermosensitivity of six cats was measured before and after single stage, symmetrical, bilateral, surgical lesions of the cervical spinal cord. The lesions were aimed at an area in the most ventral parts of the dorsal halves of the lateral funiculi. Unilateral lesions of that area have previously been found to cause reproducible, although subtotal, contralateral thermosensory defects, which were attributed to interruption of the thermosensory spinothalamic pathway. The lesions of three of the present cats were found to be incomplete, and those animals showed no postoperative thermosensory deficiency. Two of the cats with complete lesions showed marked post-operative defects, especially immediately after the operations, but the third cat with a complete lesion showed no postoperative thermosensory defect at all. The differences between the last three animals have been compared to the irregularity of previous reports about thermosensitivity after spinal cord lesions in man and animals, and may depend on the testing technique, rather than differences of thermosensitivity per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228909
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of intrinsic cortical axons in area 3b of cat primary somatosensory cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 501-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somatosensory cortex ; Interlaminar ; Corticortical ; SI ; Area 3b ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of single neurons in area 3b of cat primary somatosensory (SI) cortex was examined after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections. Neurons were labeled either by intracellular injection of HRP following intracellular recording or by small extracellular iontophoretic HRP injections. Both pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons were labeled and reconstructed from serial sections. Their axons had local, interlaminar and interareal patterns of termination. Most neurons formed local axonal fields around their cell bodies and dendrites. Pyramidal neurons in cortical layer IV sent axons up into layers II and III, neurons in layers II and III sent axons down to layer V, and layer V neurons sent axons to layer VI as well as back to the upper layers. Layer VI neurons sent axons back to the upper cortical layers in a unique bowl-shaped pattern. The horizontal distribution of axons of pyramidal cells in layer III was extremely widespread. Axons of layer III neurons in area 3b terminated within 3b and area 1, but not in other areas of SI. Layer III neurons in area 1 distributed axon collaterals to all fields of SI as well as projecting a main axon to motor cortex. In general, the axon collaterals of area 3b pyramidal cells outside layer III remained confined to area 3b. Most of the nonpyramidal neurons labeled were basket cells in layers III and VI. These neurons formed dense axonal fields around their cell bodies, and none of their axons could be followed into the underlying white matter. The results of the present study demonstrate that area 3b somatosensory cortical neurons and their axons are vertically organized in a manner similar to that reported for other sensory cortical areas. They also show that widespread horizontal connections are formed by pyramidal neurons of layer III, and that these horizontal axons can travel for great distances in the cortical grey matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230238
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the sensorimotor cortex in postural adjustments accompanying a conditioned paw lift in the standing cat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 588-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Conditioned movement ; Posture ; Balance control ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of the sensorimotor cortex in the postural adjustments associated with conditioned paw lifting movements was investigated in the cat. Cats were trained to stand quietly on four strain gauge equipped platforms and to perform a lift-off movement with one forelimb when a conditioned tone was presented. The parameters recorded were the vertical forces exerted by the paws on each platform, the lateral and antero-posterior displacements of rods implanted on the T2, T12, L5 vertebrae as well as their rotation, and the EMG of triceps and biceps of both forelimbs. Before lesion, the postural adjustment consisted of a “nondiagonal” pattern where the CG was displaced laterally inside the triangle formed by the three remaining supporting limbs. Here a lateral bending of the thoracic column toward the supporting forelimb could be observed. The associated EMG pattern consisted of an early activation of the triceps lateral head in the moving limb which was probably responsible for the body displacement toward the opposite side, and a late biceps activation associated with the lift. In the supporting forelimb, a coactivation of the biceps and triceps was usually present. After contralateral sensorimotor lesion, the conditioned lifting movements were lost for 4–15 days after the lesion, before being subsequently recovered. The same lateral CG displacement and bending of the back was seen after lesion as before, which indicates that the goal of postural adjustment was preserved. However, the means of reaching it were modified. In most of the intact animals, the CG displacement was achieved in one step, whereas in the animals with lesions, the displacement was made either according to a slow ramp mode or in a discontinuous manner involving several steps. The mechanisms responsible for this disturbance are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230246
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of inhibitory processes in the formation of functional properties of neurons in vibrissal projection zone of the cat somatosensory cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 198-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somatosensory cortex ; Directional sensitivity ; GABA inhibition ; Picrotoxin ; Bicuculline ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of intracortical inhibitory processes in the formation of neuronal receptive fields in the vibrissal projection zone of the somatosensory cortex was studied. Iontophoretic application of picrotoxin and bicuculline blocks the inhibition and causes the loss of directional sensitivity in neurons. Activation of inhibition by distant glutamate application gives opposite results — neurons become direction sensitive. A dependence was found between spatial location of activated cells and the pattern of changes of their detector properties. Inhibitory processes caused by natural afferent stimulation lead to similar changes in the functional properties of neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253637
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dark rearing on the development of visual callosal connections (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corpus callosum ; Development ; Vision ; Dark rearing ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is now well established that during normal postnatal development there is a partial elimination of the callosal projections of cortical areas 17 and 18 in the cat and that visual experience early in life can modulate this process. In the present experiments, we quantitatively studied the influence of light, per se, by rearing cats in total darkness. Dark rearing exaggerates the normally occurring partial elimination of immature callosal projections: it causes a significant reduction in the total number of neurons in both the supra-and infragranular layers that send an axon through the corpus callosum and slightly narrows the distribution of these neurons across areas 17 and 18. These data demonstrate that visual stimulation is not necessary either to initiate the partial elimination of immature callosal projections or to stabilize a large fraction of the callosal projections present at birth. However, normal visual stimulation is necessary for the stabilization of the normal complement of callosal projections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230700
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercostal and abdominal muscle afferent influence on caudal medullary expiratory neurons that drive abdominal muscles (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 219-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Control of respiration ; Intercostal muscle afferents ; Phrenic nerve ; Abdominal muscle afferents ; Expiratory neurons ; Abdominal muscle control ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Our objective was to determine if caudal ventral respiratory group (VRG) expiratory (E) neurons that drive abdominal expiratory motoneurons in the lumbar cord respond to intercostal and lumbar nerve afferent stimulation. Results showed that 92% of medullary E-neurons that were antidromically activated from the upper lumbar cord reduced their activity in response to stimulation of external and internal intercostal and lumbar nerve afferents. We conclude that afferent information from intercostal and abdominal muscle tendon organs has an inhibitory effect on caudal VRG E-neurons that drive abdominal expiratory motoneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230702
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic potentials induced by postganglionic stimulations in cat bladder parasympathetic neurones (1989)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 414 (1989), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cat ; Urinary bladder ; Parasympathetic ganglion neurone ; Postganglionic stimulation ; Synaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular recording techniques were used to examine and compare synaptic potentials evoked by stimulating pre- and postganglionic nerve trunks in cat bladder parasympathetic ganglia. In the 76 ganglion cells exammed, two types of responses were recorded on stimulating the postganglionic nerve: an antidromic action potential (type Post NS1;n=30) or a fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (f-EPSP; type PostNS2;n=46) which resulted in an orthodromic-like action potential. In some of the cells exhibiting a PostNS1 response (n=19), a fast depolarization was superimposed on the antidromic spike. This depolarization was due to the synaptic activation of nicotinic receptors. In many of the cells exhibiting either PostNS1 or PostNS2 responses, repetitive stimulation of the postganglionic nerve induced a slow hyperpolarization. Applying nicotinic (hexamethonium, methonium, 0.5–1 mM), muscarinic (atropine, 1 μM), alpha-adrenergic (phentolamine, 1 μM) and purinergic (caffeine, 0.5–1 mM) receptor antagonists completely inhibited the tetanus-induced slow hyperpolarization in some cells (n=5). In other cells (n=15), a slow hyperpolarization persisted in the presence of these antagonists. These results indicate that stimulation of the postganglionic nerve trunk of cat bladder parasympathetic ganglia can elicit not only an antidromic action potential, but also synaptic potentials which are mediated by the activation of cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic), noradrenergic and purinergic receptors, as well as a non-cholinergic, non-alpha-adrenergic and non-purinergic synaptic potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580969
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oro-facial dyskinesia and the sub-commissural part of the globus pallidus in the cat: role of acetylcholine and its interaction with GABA (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oro-facial dyskinesia ; Globus pallidus ; GABA ; Acetylcholine ; Behaviour ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible role of cholinergic mechanisms in the sub-commissural part of the globus pallidus (scGP) in the induction of oro-facial dyskinesia (OFD) was studied in cats. Local injections of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the scGP elicited tongue protrusions in a dose dependent way (100–1000 ng/0.5 μl). The effect elicited by 1000 ng carbachol was selectively antagonized by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (10 μg/0.5 μl); this dose of scopolamine was ineffective when injected alone. The tongue protrusions resulted from both normal and abnormal movements: whereas normal movements simply consisted of protruding the flat tongue, abnormal movements implied a variety of movements, especially curling upwards the lateral side(s) or tip of the tongue inside or outside the oral cavity. The abnormal carbachol-induced tongue protrusions formed part of a syndrome marked by dyskinetic movements of the muscles of the eye, ear and cheek, and were identical to those seen previously after local injections of picrotoxin (250–500 ng). Intra-pallidal injections of the abovementioned dose of scopolamine had no effect on the tongue protrusions induced by local injections of 375 ng picrotoxin. However, local injections of 100 ng muscimol, which was previously found to attenuate significantly the effect of 375 ng picrotoxin and which was ineffective when injected alone, significantly attenuated the tongue protrusions induced by local injections of 1000 ng carbachol. These data suggest that the cholinergic effects are mediated via a GABAergic mechanism, but not vice versa. The results are discussed in view of GABAergic and anticholinergic therapies used in oro-facial dyskinesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445562
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [3H]ICS 205-930 labels 5-HT3 recognition sites in membranes of cat and rabbit vagus nerve and superior cervical ganglion (1989)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 340 (1989), S. 396-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 5-HT3 receptors ; Radioligand binding ; [3H]ICS 205-930 ; Cat ; Rabbit ; Vagus nerve ; Superior cervical ganglion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The binding characteristics of [3H]ICS 205-930, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, were investigated in membranes prepared from cat and rabbit vagus nerve (VN) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG). The autoradiographic localisation of 5-HT3 recognition sites was also assessed using [3H]ICS 205-930 in slices from cat medulla oblongata, nodose ganglion and vagus nerve. [3H]ICS 205-930 bound to a homogeneous population of high affinity recognition sites in cat VN: Bmax = 201 ± 43 fmol/mg protein, pKD = 9.26 ± 0.17 and SCG: Bmax = 291 ± 40 fmol/mg, pKD = 9.35 ± 0.80 (n = 3). Competition experiments performed in membranes from cat VN and SCG with agonists and antagonists suggested the presence of a homogeneous population of [3H]ICS 205-930 recognition sites. Competition curves were steep and monophasic and were best fitted by a 1 receptor site model. The following rank order of affinity for [3H]ICS 205-930 binding sites was observed with antagonists: SDZ 206-830 = ICS 205-930 〉 BRL 43694 〉 SDZ 206–792 〉 quipazine 〉 MDL 72222 〉 metoclopramide 〉 mCPP and agonists: 2-methyl-5-HT = 5-HT 〉 phenylbiguanide. A similar profile was observed for a limited series of compounds in rabbit membranes. Drugs acting at 5-HT1, 5-HT2 and dopamine receptors (domperidone, spiperone and metergoline) showed very low affinities for [3H]ICS 205-930 recognition sites. The sites labelled with [3H]ICS 205-930 in vagus nerve and superior cervical ganglion of both species displayed the pharmacological profile of a 5-HT3 receptor. There was a significant correlation between the rank order of affinity of the tested compounds for [3H]ICS 205-930 recognition sites in cat and rabbit membranes and their rank order of affinity for 5-HT3 receptors from neuroblastoma-glioma NG 108-15 cells. Autoradiographic studies suggest that [3H]ICS 205-930 binding sites are present over and around the nodose ganglion cell somata, along certain fibers of the vagus nerve and in the terminal areas of this nerve in the medullar nucleus of the vagus. The present data demonstrate that [3H]ICS 205-930 identifies 5-HT3 receptors in preparations of cat and rabbit vagus nerve and superior cervical ganglion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167040
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carotid occlusion increases the release of endogenous GABA in the nucleus of the solitary tract (1989)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 340 (1989), S. 764-766 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) ; GABA release ; Carotid occlusion ; Blood pressure ; Push-pull cannula ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats, the nucleus of the solitary tract was bilaterally superfused through push-pull cannulae with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the effect of carotid occlusion on the release of endogenous GABA was investigated. Bilateral carotid occlusion led to a rise in blood pressure which was associated with a very pronounced increase in the release rate of GABA in the nucleus of the solitary tract. The results demonstrate the hypertensive function of GABA in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the importance of GABAergic neurons of this nucleus for the central cardiovascular control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169687
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gap junctions between odontoblasts revealed by transjunctional flux of fluorescent tracers (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 611-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell communication ; Dye-coupling ; Odontoblasts ; Gap junctions ; Dentin sensitivity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell communication between odontoblasts was investigated with the use of fluorescent-dye tracers; Lucifer Yellow CH (molecular weight = 457.3), and dextran-Lucifer Yellow CH (average molecular weight = 10000). Dyes were injected into cell bodies of individual odontoblasts via an intracellular microelectrode or into a group of cells through their processes, and passage to adjacent cells was examined with a fluorescence microscope. Lucifer Yellow CH appeared to diffuse very easily among odontoblasts, while dextran-Lucifer Yellow remained within the injected cell or cells. This efficient migration of Lucifer Yellow CH can be considered a functional manifestation of gap junctions between odontoblasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218874
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NPY-, galanin-, VIP/PHI-, CGRP- and substance P-immunoreactive neuronal subpopulations in cat autonomic and sensory ganglia and their projections (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 259-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic ganglia ; Spinal ganglia ; Sensory neurons ; Neurotransmitters ; Sweat glands ; Blood vessels ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuronal subpopulations in the cat stellate, lower lumbar and sacral sympathetic ganglia were studied with regard to the cellular distribution of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and various neuronal peptides. Coexistence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and galanin (GAL)-like immunoreactivity (LI) was found in a high proportion of the neuronal cell bodies; these cells also contained immunoreactivity to TH, confirming their presumably noradrenergic nature. Some TH- and GAL-immunoreactive principal ganglion cells lacked NPY-LI. Two populations (scattered and clustered) of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI)-positive cell bodies were found in the sympathetic ganglia studied. The scattered VIP/PHI neurons also contained AChE-LI, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-and, following culture, substance P (SP)-LI. The clustered type only contained AChE-LI. In the submandibular and sphenopalatine ganglia, neurons were AChE- and VIP/ PHI-immunoreactive but lacked CGRP- and SP-LI. Many GAL- and occasional TH-positive neurons were found in these ganglia. In the spinal ganglia, single NPY-immunoreactive sensory neuronal cells were observed, in addition to CGRP- and SP-positive neurons. The present results show that there are at least two populations of sympathetic cholinergic neurons in the cat. Retrograde tracing experiments indicate that the scattered type of cholinergic neurons contains four vasodilator peptides (VIP, PHI, CGRP, SP) and provides an important input to sweat glands, whereas the clustered type (containing VIP and PHI) mainly innervates blood vessels in muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218883
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    Electronic Resource
    Nerve-induced secretion of parotid acinar granules in cats (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary secretion ; Parotid gland ; Exocytosis ; Secretory granules ; Autonomic nerve-stimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of cat parotid glands revealed great heterogeneity in the secretory granules of normal unstimulated acinar cells. Electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve to the gland evoked a copious flow of parotid saliva which was accompanied by an extensive depletion of the secretory granules from the acinar cells. Exocytosis was captured as it was occurring by means of perfusion-fixation, and showed that the events occur in a conventional manner. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve caused only a very small flow of saliva, and no acinar degranulation was detected. It can be concluded that the parasympathetic secretomotor axons provide the main drive for parotid acinar degranulation in the cat. This contrasts with the rat in which sympathetic impulses provide the main stimulus for parotid acinar degranulation. These dissimilarities serve to emphasise how extensively species differences may influence autonomic responses in salivary glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221465
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Histologic and physiologic evaluation of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: Considerations for the selection of parameters (1989)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 17 (1989), S. 39-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Electrical stimulation ; Neural damage ; Peripheral nerve electrode ; Peroneal nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Helical electrodes were implanted around the left and right common peroneal nerves of cats. Three weeks after implantation one nerve was stimulated for 4–16 hours using charge-balanced, biphasic, constant current pulses. Compound action potentials (CAP) evoked by the stimulus were recorded from over the cauda equina before, during and after the stimulation. Light and electron microscopy evaluations were conducted at various times following the stimulation. The mere presence of the electrode invariably resulted in thickened epineurium and in some cases increased peripheral endoneurial connective tissue beneath the electrodes. Physiologic changes during stimulation included elevation of the electrical threshold of the large axons in the nerve. This was reversed within one week after stimulation at a frequency of 20 Hz, but often was not reversed following stimulation at 50–100 Hz. Continuous stimulation at 50 Hz for 8–16 hours at 400 μA or more resulted in neural damage characterized by endoneurial edema beginning within 48 hours after stimulation, and early axonal degeneration (EAD) of the large myelinated fibers, beginning by 1 week after stimulation. Neural damage due to electrical stimulation was decreased or abolished by reduction of the duration of stimulation, by stimulating at 20 Hz (vs. 50 Hz) or by use of an intermittent duty cycle. These results demonstrate that axons in peripheral nerves can be irreversely damaged by 8–16 hours of continuous stimulation at 50 Hz. However, the extent to which these axons may subsequently regenerate is uncertain. Therefore, protocols for functional electrical stimulation in human patients probably should be evaluated individually in animal studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02364272
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in cats (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of anesthesia 2 (1988), S. 113-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Sevoflurane ; Minimum alveolar concentration ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight adult cats of either sex were studied. The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for sevoflurane in the cats was found to be 2.58 ± 0.30% (mean ± SD). The ratios of MAC values between sevoflurane and halothane, enflurane and isoflurane in cats were very similar to those ratios found in humans and dogs. This observation suggests that the results of this study are correct and allows us to estimate unknown MAC values for sevoflurane in other species using known MAC values for other anesthetic agents. (Doi M, Yunoki H, Ikeda K: The minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in cats. J Anesth 2: 113–114, 1988)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0054080020113
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental hydrocephalus and hydrosyringomyelia. Computertomographic studies (1988)
    Springer
    Neurosurgical review 11 (1988), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Cat ; CSF ; CT scans ; experimental hydrocephalus ; syringomyelia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two methods were used to induce a model of experimental hydrocephalus and hydrosyringomyelia in the cat: a) injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna and b) closure of the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle with cotton swabs. The pathological changes in the brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord were monitored and documented at regular intervals by computed tomography (CT). The CT method is particularly advantageous for studies of this kind because the animals can be examined frequently without risking disturbances in cerebro-spinal fluid dynamics or tissue damage that would result from introduction of contrast media into the ventricular system. Our results and others reported earlier suggest that the dilated central canal acts as a kind of spontaneous CSF deviation route from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space. In spite of the tendency of the animals to recover in a clinical sense, the internal CSF space continued to expand; in cats the disease is progressive, a fact that is readily evident in follow-up CTs. This characteristic indicates that the spontaneous “shunt system” from the fourth ventricle through the dilated central canal to the spinal CSF spaces does not function well enough. Possible explanations for hydrocephalus compensation and the development of hydrosyringomyelia in experimental animals are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01795699
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern of in vivo release of endogenous histamine in the mamillary body and the amygdala (1988)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 337 (1988), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Endogenous histamine release ; Mamillary body ; Medial amygdaloid nucleus ; Ultradian rhythm ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mamillary body and the medial amygdaloid nucleus of cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were bilaterally and simultaneously superfused through push-pull cannulae with CSF and the release of endogenous histamine was determined in the superfusates. Collection of the superfusates in 10 min time periods revealed that histamine was rhythmically released in the two areas with frequencies of one cycle/90 min (mamillary body) or one cycle/135 min (medial amygdaloid nucleus). Collection of the superfusates in time periods of 2 min revealed the existence of an additional ultradian rhythm with a frequency of approximately one cycle/19 min in both areas. Bilateral lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus did not seem to influence the pattern of histamine release in the mamillary body and the medial amygdaloid nucleus, but the rate of histamine release was decreased in the mamillary body. It is concluded that the ultradian rhythms of histamine release in the mamillary body and the medial amygdaloid nucleus are not dependent on the integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The rate of histamine release in the mamillary body seems to be under the influence of excitatory neurons which originate from the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169476
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Afferents to the lateral reticular nucleus from the oculomotor region (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1988), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Oculomotor region ; Retrograde transport of WGA-HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of retrograde transport of the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex, afferent fibres to the lateral reticular nucleus from the oculomotor and accessory oculomotor nuclei were demonstrated in the cat. Small iontophoretic ejections were made into the main part of the lateral reticular nucleus from a ventral approach. Significant numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons were found bilaterally in all parts of the oculomotor nucleus. The majority was of small size and distributed along the dorsal and lateral boundaries of the nucleus. Some labelled neurons were located just outside these boundaries, in the periaqueductal gray and the adjacent mesencephalic reticular formation. Retrogradely labelled neurons were also found in the accessory oculomotor nuclei: The interstitial nucleus of Cajal featured a substantial number of labelled neurons. Some labelled neurons were consistently found also in the nucleus of the posterior commissure, but no labelled neurons were found in the nucleus of Darkschewitch. The labelled neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal were of different sizes and located bilaterally, mainly in its rostral part. Caudal as well as rostral parts of the main lateral reticular nucleus appear to receive the descending afferents from the oculomotor region, but higher numbers of labelled neurons were found subsequent to ejections in the rostral part. The findings are discussed and some comments are made concerning the lateral reticular nucleus as a possible relay nucleus for oculomotor input to the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321138
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The accessory optic system of the rabbit, cat, dog and monkey: a whole-mount HRP study (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1988), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rabbit ; Cat ; Dog Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional fiber pathways of the accessory optic system in the rabbit, cat, dog and monkey were studied in whole-mounted preparations of the diencephalon and the midbrain, without sectioning, by anterograde labeling of retinal axons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP histochemical studies on alternate serial coronal sections were also performed. The rabbit accessory optic system exhibited two fasciculi (the inferior fasciculus, and the superior fasciculus consisting of the anterior fibers and the posterior fibers) and three terminal nuclei (the medial terminal nucleus, and the anterior and posterior porcions of the lateral terminal nucleus), but lacked the dorsal terminal nucleus. In the cat and dog, only the posterior fibers of the superior fasciculus were detected. The inferior fasciculus and the anterior fibers of the superior fasciculus were absent. The medial terminal nucleus and the posterior portion of the lateral terminal nucleus were commonly observed in the cat and dog. The cat accessory optic system possessed the dorsal terminal nucleus, and the dog accessory optic system possessed the anterior portion of the lateral terminal nucleus. The monkey (Macaca fuscata) accessory optic system consisted of the posterior fibers of the superior fasciculus, but blacked the inferior fasciculus and the anterior fibers of the superior fasciculus. Most of the posterior fibers terminated in the well-developed posterior portion of the lateral terminal nucleus located on the upper surface of the cerebral peduncle. A small number of posterior fibers projected to the poorly-developed medial terminal nucleus. Based on these findings, species differences in the mammalian accessory optic system were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315835
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The feline oculomotor nucleus: morphological subdivisions and projection to the cerebellar cortex and nuclei (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 178 (1988), S. 67-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retrograde transport of WGA-HRP ; Oculomotor nucleus ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Cerebellar cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytoarchitecture of the feline oculomotor nucleus was examined in sections stained with thionin and neutral red. Five different subdivisions (caudal central, paramedian, ventral, dorsomedial and dorsolateral divisions) can be identified on each side of the midline. This observation is discussed, and our findings are compared to previous studies of the cytoarchitecture or central muscular representation of the oculomotor nucleus in which different subgroups have been distinguished. Implants or injections of the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex have revealed that all five subdivisions project to different parts of the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. Retrogradely labelled cells were found in the oculomotor nucleus in 18 cases following deposition of tracer in the fastigial and interposed nuclei and certain regions of the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. The projection is bilateral and appears to have its main termination in flocculus. It originates from small neurons, especially from those located along the dorsal border of the oculomotor nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305016
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of infrahyoid motoneurons in the cat: a retrograde horseradish peroxidase study (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1988), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Motoneurons ; Infrahyoid muscles ; Spinal cord ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of cell bodies and the peripheral course of axons of infrahyoid motoneurons were examined in the cat by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method after application of the enzyme to the peripheral nerve branches supplying the infrahyoid muscles. Infrahyoid motoneurons were observed to constitute a slender cell column, which extended from a level of the caudal part of the hypoglossal nucleus usually to the most caudal level of the C1 cord segment, or occasionally to the lower levels of the C2 cord segment. The cell column was located immediately lateral to that of motoneurons of the spinal accessory nerve. In the cell column, thyrohyoid motoneurons were distributed in the medulla oblongata; sternohyoid motoneurons were located somewhat more cranially than sternothyroid motoneurons in the medulla oblongata and cervical cord. However, the level of craniocaudal distribution of thyrohyoid, sternohyoid or sternothyroid motoneurons highly overlapped. The experiments involving severance of the hypoglossal and/or cervical nerves indicated that axons of thyrohyoid and sternohyoid motoneurons passed via the roots of both hypoglossal and C1 nerves, that axons of sternohyoid motoneurons passed via the C1 nerve roots, and that axons of infrahyoid motoneurons innervating the conjugated part of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles passed usually via the C1 nerve roots, or occasionally via the roots of both C1 and C2 nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304742
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebellar cortical and nuclear afferents from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 178 (1988), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retrograde transport of WGA-HRP ; Edinger-Westphal nucleus ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Cerebellar cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebellar projection from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus was studied in the cat by means of retrograde transport of the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex. The present findings give evidence that the flocculus is the main terminal area. However, small tracer implants and injections into various parts of the cerebellar nuclei and cortex revealed projections also to the fastigial and interposed nuclei and to most parts of the anterior and posterior lobe cortices. The projecting neurons are small and located bilaterally throughout the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. No topical differences between the projections to different parts of the cerebellum were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305015
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Routes of entry into the cerebellum of spinocerebellar axons from the lower part of the spinal cord (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 543-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar neurons ; Cerebellar peduncles ; Axonal course ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Among the newly discovered spinocerebellar cell groups, those at lumbar and more caudal levels of the cat's spinal cord were studied with regard to which of the two cerebellar peduncles, the restiform body or the superior cerebellar peduncle, is used by their axons. Bilateral injections with horseradish peroxidase were made into either of the anterior lobe or the posterior cerebellar termination area for spinocerebellar fibers, following unilateral transections of either the superior cerebellar peduncle or the restiform body, combined with low contralateral transections of the lateral and ventral funiculi. Following transection of the superior cerebellar peduncle, labeled neurons were found ipsilateral to the transection in the column of Clarke and in laminae IV–VI at L 3–L 7. Contralaterally, labeled neurons were found in the ventromedial nucleus and lamina VIII of the ventral horn in the sacro-coccygeal segments and in the medial part of lamina VII at L 6 and more caudal levels. All these neurons were regarded as sending their axons through the restiform body. Following transection of the restiform body, labeled neurons were found in the following areas contralateral to the transection: the dorsolateral nucleus of the L 3–L 6 segments, the lateral part of lamina VII at L 3–L 5/6, the medial part of lamina VII in L 6 and more caudal segments, and the ventrolateral nucleus of L 4–L 5. Ipsilaterally, labeled neurons were found in lamina VIII at L 4–L 6. All these neurons were regarded as sending their axons through the superior cerebellar peduncle. In addition to new information about the peduncular routes of spinocerebellar neurons, the study has given confirming evidence as to the crossing conditions for different spinocerebellar cell groups. The findings should be useful in future studies on the organization of the spinocerebellar systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250600
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collateral projections of neurons from the lower part of the spinal cord to anterior and posterior cerebellar termination areas (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 562-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar neurons ; Cerebellar cortex ; Fluorescent tracers ; Double labeling ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The collateral projections of spinocerebellar neurons located in the L 2 to Ca 1 spinal segments in the cat were investigated by retrograde fluorescent double labeling technique. Rhodamine labeled latex microspheres (Rm) and Fast Blue (FB) were used for injections into the cerebellum in 8 cats. Two additional cats, with injections of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with Rm were excluded because lipofuchsin autofluorescence obscured the labeling. After injections with one tracer unilaterally in the paramedian lobule and another tracer bilaterally in the anterior lobe, double labeled neurons were found on the side of the paramedian lobule injection in the column of Clarke at L 2–L 4, laminae IV–VI at L 2–L 5 and the dorsolateral nucleus at L 2–L 6. After bilateral injections of one tracer in lobule VIII B and another in the anterior lobe, double labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the column of Clarke at L 2–L 4, laminae IV–VI at L 2–L 5, the medial part of lamina VII at L 6–L 7 and in certain cell groups at sacro-coccygeal levels. Neurons in the lateral part of lamina VII at L 3–L 5 and the ventrolateral nucleus of L 4–L 5 were labeled exclusively from injections in the anterior lobe. The findings indicate that spinocerebellar neurons at lumbar and more caudal levels of the cat spinal cord have different projection patterns in the cerebellum. A certain number of neurons which project to the anterior lobe have divergent axon collaterals supplying also the posterior vermis and/or the paramedian lobule. Other neurons project to the anterior or to the posterior lobe only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250601
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties and localization of the anterior semicircular canal-activated vestibulocollic neurons in the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Anterior semicircular canal ; Vestibular nuclei ; Vestibulo-collic ; Neck motoneuron ; Unitary EPSP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unit activites of secondary vestibular neurons that selectively responded to stimulation of the anterior semicircular canal nerve (ACN) were recorded extracellularly in the anesthetized cat. Axonal pathways and projections in the spinal cord of the ACN-activated neurons were examined by recording their antidromic responses to stimulation of the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts (LVST and MVST), and the bilateral neck extensor motoneuron pools in the C1segment (C1dorsal rami [DR] motoneuron pools). In order to determine whether the neurons had ascending axon collaterals to the extraocular motoneurons, the contralateral (c-) inferior oblique (IO) motoneuron pool was also stimulated. Twenty-seven neurons sent their axons to the ipsilateral (i-) C1DR motoneuron pool via the LVST without any projection to the extraocular motoneuron pool. All the cells except one were located in the ventral part of the lateral vestibular nucleus. This pathway produced monosynaptic EPSPs with short time-to-peak and short half-width in C1DR motoneurons (16/16 motoneurons). Eight neurons sent axons to the i-C1DR motoneuron pool via the MVST without any to the extraocular motoneuron pool. Cell somata were located in the descending nucleus or in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus. These neurons did not produce postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in any C1DR motoneurons. All thirty-five neurons sending axons to the c-C1DR motoneuron pool have ascending axon collaterals to the c-IO motoneuron pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247494
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    The organization of receptive fields in area 18 neurones of the cat varies with the spatio-temporal characteristics of the visual stimulus (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Area 18 ; Receptive field ; Velocity ; Spatial frequency ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spatial frequency tuning curves of neurones of area 18 depend upon the velocity of the visual stimulus. The higher the velocity the lower the spatial frequencies to which the cell is tuned. Since in area 17 the size of the cell receptive field is inversely related with the optimal spatial frequency to which the cell responds, we have investigated whether the shift of the optimal spatial frequency with the velocity corresponds to a “change” in the receptive field size. We recorded extracellularly from neurones in area 18; for each cell we selected two gratings, one of high spatial frequency drifting at low velocity and another of low spatial frequency drifting at high velocity to which the cell gave comparable responses. The results show that the masking of the cells receptive field which abolishes the response to the high frequency low velocity grating does not prevent the cell from responding to the low frequency high velocity grating. We conclude that the size of the receptive field of neurones in area 18 depends upon the characteristics (spatial frequency and velocity) of the visual stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247517
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Topographic relations between ocular dominance and orientation columns in the cat striate cortex (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 33-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Columns ; Visual cortex ; Orientation ; Ocular dominance ; Maps ; Cat ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the visual cortex of four adult cats ocular dominance and orientation columns were visualized with (3H)proline and (14C)deoxyglucose autoradiography. The two columnar systems were reconstructed from serial horizontal sections or from flat-mount preparations and graphically superimposed. They share a number of characteristic features: In both systems the columns have a tendency to form regularly spaced parallel bands whose main trajectory is perpendicular to the border between areas 17 and 18. These bands frequently bifurcate or terminate in blind endings. The resulting irregularities are much more pronounced in the ocular dominance than in the orientation system. The periodicity of the columnar patterns was assessed along trajectories perpendicular to the main orientation of the bands and differed in the two columnar systems. The spacing of the ocular dominance stripes was significantly narrower than the spacing of orientation bands. The mean periodicity of a particular columnar system was virtually identical in the two hemispheres of the same animal but it differed substantially in different animals. However, the spacing of orientation columns covaried with that of the ocular dominance columns, the ratios of the mean spacings of the two columnar systems being similar in the four cats. The superposition of the two columnar systems revealed no obvious topographic relation between any of the organizational details such as the location of bifurcations, blind endings and intersections. We suggest the following conclusions: 1. The developmental processes generating the two columnar systems seem to obey the same algorithms but they act independently of each other. 2. The space constants of the two systems are rigorously specified and appear to depend on a common variable. 3. The main orientation of the bands in both columnar systems is related to a) the representation of the vertical meridian, b) the anisotropy of the cortical magnification factor, and c) the tangential spread of intracortical connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247520
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Automatic postural responses in the cat: responses of hindlimb muscles to horizontal perturbations of stance in multiple directions (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 93-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Postural reflexes ; Unexpected postural perturbations ; Electromyographic activity ; Muscle synergies ; Motor control ; Hindlimb muscles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the direction of unexpected horizontal perturbations of stance on the organization of automatic postural responses was studied in cats. We recorded EMG activity in eight proximal and distal muscles of the hindlimb along with vertical forces imposed by the limbs in awake behaving cats while they stood on an hydraulic platform. Postural responses to motion of the platform in 16 different horizontal directions were recorded. Vertical force changes were consistent with passive shifts of the center of mass and active correction of stance by the animals. When the perturbation was in the sagittal plane, vertical force changes began about 65 ms following initial platform movement. When the perturbation contained a component in the lateral direction, latency for vertical force changes was about 25 ms and an inflection in the vertical force trace was observed at 65 ms. No EMG responses were observed with latencies that were short enough to account for the early force component and it was concluded that this force change was due to passive shifts of the center of mass. The amplitude of the EMG responses of each muscle recorded varied systematically as perturbation direction changed. The directions for which an individual muscle showed measurable EMG activity were termed the muscle's “angular range of activation.” No angular range of activation was oriented strictly in the A-P or lateral directions. Most muscles displayed angular ranges of activation that encompassed a range of less than 180°. Onset latencies of EMG responses also varied systematically with perturbation direction. The amplitude and latency relationships between muscles, which made up the organization of postural responses, also varied systematically as perturbation direction was changed. This result suggests that direction of perturbation determines organizational makeup of postural responses, and for displacements in the horizontal plane, is considered a continuous variable by the nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247525
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  • 51
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    Spared-root deafferentation of a cat's hindlimb: hierarchical regulation of pathways mediating recovery of motor behavior (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 329-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsal roots ; Locomotion ; Sprouting ; Cat ; Plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies showed that after complete hindlimb deafferentation in cats, the ipsilateral descending pathways mediated recovery of overground, goal-directed locomotion and accurate placement of the deafferented limb. In the present study deafferentations sparing one dorsal root (L6) were performed to see if the descending systems would still be responsible for the recovery. The partially deafferented hindlimb is initially impaired in postural reflexes and accurate placement during locomotion but considerable recovery occurs. A similar pattern of severe impairment and subsequent recovery is observed in cats in which the only lesion is L1 hemisection. When a hemisection is added 6 months later to chronic spared-root deafferentation the recovery (from the latter lesion) is temporarily reversed but the animals recover again in a fashion similar to that after hemisection alone. Since there is no recovery of overground locomotion when hemisection is added to complete deafferentation but there is when deafferentation is incomplete, the descending pathways apparently are not responsible for maintaining the recovery when one dorsal root is spared as they are when all are cut. The results suggest that a competitive or hierarchical control over residual systems may regulate recovery of motor function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248225
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  • 52
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    Axonal trajectories of posterior canal-activated secondary vestibular neurons and their coactivation of extraocular and neck flexor motoneurons in the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 70 (1988), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Axonal branching ; Vestibulo-ocular ; Vestibulo-collic ; Neck motoneurons ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unit activities of 148 secondary vestibular neurons related to the posterior semicircular canal were recorded extracellularly in anesthetized cats. Axonal projections of these neurons were examined by their antidromic responses to stimulation of the excitatory target motoneurons of the contralateral (c-) inferior rectus muscle (IR) and bilateral (bi-) motoneuron pools of longus capitis muscles, neck flexors, in the C1 segment (C1LC). The neurons were classified into 4 groups according to their axonal projections. The first group of neurons, termed vestibulo-oculo-collic (VOC) neurons, sent axon collaterals both to the c-IR motoneuron pool and to the c-C1LC motoneuron pool. The majority of them (72%) were located in the descending nucleus. The second group of neurons were termed vestibuloocular (VO) neurons and sent their axons to the c-IR motoneuron pool but not to the cervical cord. Most of them (86%) were located in the medial nucleus. The third group of neurons, termed vestibulo-collic (contralateral) (VCc) neurons, sent axons to the cC 1LC motoneuron pool via the contralateral ventral funiculus but not to the oculomotor nuclei. They were mostly (75%) found in the descending nucleus. The last group of neurons were vestibulo-collic (ipsilateral) (VCi) neurons, which gave off axons to the ipsilateral (i-) C1LC motoneuron pool via the ipsilateral ventral funiculus but not to the oculomotor nuclei. One of them also sent an axon collateral to the c-C1LC motoneuron pool. The majority of them (74%) were located in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus. It was also observed in some of the VOC and VCi neurons that they produced unitary EPSPs in the c-C1LC and i-C1LC motoneurons, respectively. Their synaptic sites were estimated to be on the cell somata and/or proximal dendrites of the motoneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271859
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  • 53
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    Stimulus contrast and visual cortical lesions (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Ablation ; Orientation discrimination ; Contrast ; Redundancy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intact animals can make fine orientation discriminations over a wide range of contrasts. After ablation of area 17 deficits in orientation discrimination are observed only at low contrast. The relevance of this finding for the design of sensitive ablation experiments is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248515
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  • 54
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    Distribution and projection of single units in the cat preoptic region responding to stimulation of the medial amygdala (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 70 (1988), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic area ; Amygdala ; Medial forebrain bundle ; Medial basal hypothalamus ; LH ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal responses were recorded extracellularly in the preoptic region of 11 male castrate cats following stimulation in the ‘medial’ group of amygdalar nuclei (medial, basomedial, basolateral). The latency of responses varied with the site of stimulation and could be explained if connections to the preoptic region were made through both the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. Projection of 13% of orthodromically excited preoptic units to the medial basal hypothalamus was established by collision tests following stimulation in these regions. The amygdalar excitation was probably exerted through the amygdalofugal pathway. In 5/6 cats the amygdalar stimulation was successfully used to raise plasma LH levels. In one cat no preoptic units projecting to the medial basal hypothalamus were found and in the cat which failed to increase plasma LH in response to amygdala stimulation, 5 such units were found. We conclude the pathway from the amygdala through the preoptic region to the hypothalamus may not be the way in which amygdalar stimulation affects LH release in the cat. Projection of 10% of orthodromically excited preoptic units in the medial forebrain bundle was established by collision tests in 3 cats. These identified units were driven from amygdalar sites thought to project to the preoptic region by ventral amygalofugal pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247592
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine and serotonin in cat retina: electroretinography and histology (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Retinal electrophysiology ; Electroretinogram ; Neurotransmitters ; Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Aminophosphonobutyric acid (APB)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anatomical structures of the cat retina were related to functional changes induced by the application of dopaminergic and serotonergic substances. We report on the contribution of dopaminergic and serotonin accumulating retinal neurones to retinal activity as reflected by the electroretinogram. The effect of dopaminergic neurones was investigated by the application of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) which is known to destroy dopaminergic neurones, and injections of either serotonin (5-HT) or the analogue 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) were used to monitor the effects of indoleamines. In control experiments aminophosphonobutyric acid (APB), an agonist of glutamate transmission, was injected. Conventional immunohistochemical methods identified dopaminergic and serotonin accumulating neurones, and the electrophysiological data obtained from the same animals were related to the anatomical structures influenced by the respective substances. Destruction of dopaminergic amacrine cells by 6-OHDA increased the ERG b-wave amplitude. Accumulation of indoleamines by certain amacrine cells also caused an increase of the ERG b-wave. However, intravitreal injection of APB completely blocked the bwave. The data show that ERG mass responses can be used to monitor transmitter-specific effects on retinal circuitry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247483
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of opiate receptors within visual structures of the cat brain (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 523-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Opiate ; Receptor ; Vision ; Cat ; Mu ; Kappa ; Delta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions of μ, δ, and χ opiate receptors within visual regions in the cat cortex, thalamus and midbrain were determined by in vitro autoradiography. The overall distribution of receptors was examined using [3H]-etorphine, a ligand that nonselectively labels all types of opiate receptors. [3H]-[D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin (DAGO) was used to selectively label μ receptors, [3H]-[D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin (DPDPE) for δ receptors, and [3H]-bremazocine for χ receptors. Each of the areas examined showed clear opiate receptor binding with [3H]-etorphine and a differential distribution of μ, δ, and χ receptors. Compared to other cortical regions, opiate binding in layers 3 and 4 of areas 17 and 18 was sparse. In the adjacent areas a more uniform distribution across layers was observed. The density of χ opiate receptors was greater in cortex than in subcortical structures, whereas the reverse was the case for μ receptors. Nevertheless, all three types of opiate receptors were found in the ventral and dorsal subdivisions of the lateral geniculate (LGN), the pulvinar complex, and the suprageniculate nucleus. In the midbrain, the superficial layers of the superior colliculus were heavily labelled with the μ, receptor ligand, and modestly with the χ ligand. Compared with other midbrain and diencephalic areas, δ binding was low in the superior colliculus. These results suggest that the diverse effects of opiates on visual perception are mediated by the unique distributions of opiate receptor types throughout the visual areas in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406610
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  • 57
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    Binocular interaction in the perigeniculate nucleus of the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 497-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Binocular interaction ; Perigeniculate nucleus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have recorded from single cells in the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) of the cat to determine their response properties. Quantitative tests have been conducted with sinusoidal gratings. Using optimal stimulus parameters, determined monocularly, we explored binocular interaction by varying the relative phase between dichoptically presented gratings. Monocularly, cells exhibit varying degrees of response specificities with respect to stimulus orientation and spatial frequency. Binocularly, we have identified six types of response. The most prominent, type 1, found for half the cells, is phase-specific binocular interaction at the fundamental frequency component of the drifting grating. For these cells, mean response rate is independent of interocular phase. The remaining types of binocular responses involve varying degrees of interaction at different harmonic components. For a quarter of the sample, no binocular interaction was observed. To investigate the role of cortical input to PGN, visual cortex was removed from some cats. Subsequent study of PGN cells indicated that response properties were generally similar to those found in intact animals. We conclude that PGN response properties are determined primarily by subcortical inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247304
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  • 58
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    Relationships between nucleus medialis dorsalis, pericruciate cortex, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens in cat: an electrophysiological study (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 559-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Nucleus medialis dorsalis ; Ventral tegmental area ; Nucleus accumbens ; Pericruciate cortex ; Attentional mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats, single units were recorded from the ventrolateral part of n. medialis dorsalis (MD) of the thalamus. Cells were tested for their ortho- or antidromic short latency responses to single electrical shocks applied to the pericruciate cortex (PCx) and to either the mesencephalic ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the nucleus accumbens (ACC). Some reciprocal direct connections were thus shown to exist between MD and PCx, i.e. a cortical area posterior to the main classical MD “prefrontal” projection zone. Reciprocal direct connections were also identified physiologically between MD and VTA and between MD and ACC. Coupled stimulations showed that some MD cells could serve as a relay for a pathway from VTA to cortex, others for a reciprocal pathway from PCx to VTA, and still others, for a pathway from PCx to ACC. These findings are compared to previous — mostly anatomical — data obtained in other species, mainly rat. Their functional meaning is also discussed, in the light of previous results on the roles of MD, VTA and ACC in the control of immobility during focused attentive behaviour in cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247309
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a nicotinic component to the actions of acetylcholine in cat visual cortex (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 553-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Visual cortex ; Acetylcholine ; Nicotinic receptors ; Iontophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Radioligand binding assays, receptor autoradiography and iontophoresis have been used to look for evidence of a nicotinic component to the actions of acetylcholine in cat visual cortex. [3H]Nicotine bound to a uniform population of high affinity binding sites in cat primary visual cortex. This binding was inhibited by nicotine agonists and antagonists but not muscarinic antagonists. The concentration of nicotinic binding sites was about 10% of that of muscarinic binding sites measured with [3H]N-methylscopolamine. The muscarinic sites were resolved into M1 and M2 subtypes. Quantitative receptor autoradiography showed that there were muscarinic sites in all layers, although they were least abundant in layer IV of area 17. In contrast, the nicotinic sites were most concentrated in layer IV in area 17. The concentration of this labelling was reduced at the 17/18 border and also at the 18/19 border. Layer I of the cingulate and suprasylvian gyri were also labelled. Electrolytic lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) led to a loss of nicotinic binding sites in layer IV of area 17, indicating that these sites are most likely located on the LGN terminals. Iontophoresis of mecamylamine, a nicotinic antagonist, decreased evoked responses in visual cortex, providing evidence that the [3H]nicotine binding sites are functional receptors and suggesting that the release of acetylcholine onto these receptors on the LGN terminals facilitates the input of visual information into visual cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406614
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  • 60
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    Vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation in cats before and after depletion of norepinephrine (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 509-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Cat ; Norepinephrine ; Neuronal adaptation ; 6-hydroxydopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) operates to stabilize the eyes in space during movements of the head. The system has been described as having a gain of approximately -1 since stimulation of the semi-circular canals brought about by head movements will have the effect of causing the eyes to rotate an equal amount in the opposite direction. Change in the gain of the VOR has been put forth as a model to study plasticity in the central nervous system. Since numerous studies have implicated norepinephrine (NE) in neuroplasticity and modifiability of neural circuits, we attempted to determine the effect of NE depletion (via 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) intra-cisternal injection) on the modifiability of the VOR. We have found that cats increase the gain of their VOR over a four hour period when rotated in the horizontal plane in a manner equal but opposite to the rotation of a surrounding opto-kinetic drum. The entire group of animals manifests a statistically significant decrement in their ability to increase VOR gain when central stores of norepinephrine are depleted via intra-cisternal injection of 6-OHDA. Individual animals manifest a wide variety of gain changes (0.98 to 1.62). We have found that there were two groups of cats — high and low gain modifiers. The greatest reduction in VOR gain increase after NE depletion was observed in the high gain modifiers. No difference was observed in the low gain modifiers. These same animals tested for VOR modification after amphetamine injection, produced similar results. Alertness during the VOR modification task, as estimated by saccadic eye movement counts, was unchanged after NE depletion. NE levels, measured by HPLC-EC, after depletion were reduced to the greatest extent in the cerebellum. There was also a substantial reduction of NE in the visual cortex with less of a reduction in the brain stem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247305
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    Voiced calls evoked by hypothalamic stimulation in the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Voiced vocalization ; Hypothalamic stimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Voiced vocalizations evoked by hypothalamic stimulation were studied in a series of six awake adult cats. Electrical stimulation was found to evoke vocalizations at numerous sites within the hypothalamus, ranging from A+8 to A+16. Regions showing the largest number of responsive sites were the preoptic region, the ventromedial area, the perifornical region, the lateral and the dorso-medial hypothalamus. The form of the evoked calls was generally similar to the spontaneous calls of the same animal. Call latency, duration, and intensity were not significantly affected by changes in stimulus intensity or duration but all three of these call parameters were significantly affected by changes in stimulus frequency. In general, call latency was longest at sites in the rostral hypothalamus and shortest at sites in the caudal hypothalamus. This study is the first to investigate systematically voiced call producing areas in the hypothalamus of awake cats and to document similarities between these calls and spontaneously produced voiced calls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247519
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  • 62
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    Effects of convergent strabismus on spatio-temporal response properties of neurons in cat area 18 (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 264-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Convergent strabismus ; Cat ; Area 18 ; Temporal properties ; Contrast sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single-cell recording experiments were carried out to determine whether rearing kittens with surgically induced convergent strabismus (esotropia) alters the development of receptive field (RF) properties of neurons in area 18. In agreement with previous work on kittens with divergent strabismus (exotropia), there was a marked loss of binocularly driven cells in area 18 of esotropic cats. In contrast to the striate cortex of strabismic cats, the spatial properties of area 18 neurons, including receptive-field size and spatial frequency tuning, did not differ from those in normal controls. On the other hand, we found that contrast thresholds, measured at an optimal spatial frequency, were significantly elevated, and that the contrast gain in many cells was reduced in strabismic cats. These deficits were observed in both eyes, though the cells dominated by the deviating eye had a lower response amplitude at all contrasts. Furthermore, temporal frequency tuning curves were abnormal in strabismic cats in that the optimal frequencies and temporal resolutions were shifted to lower values. These effects were also bilateral. Velocity tuning, measured with a high-contrast bar stimulus, revealed that area 18 neurons in strabismic cats were unable to respond to very high velocities compared to normals. This reduced response was more severe when measured with the deviating eye in spite of the bilateral nature of the deficit. Finally, latencies to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm or the optic radiation were significantly longer in strabismic cats. The magnitude of these effects was virtually the same for both eyes. From these observations, we conclude that the temporal properties of area 18 neurons, particularly the cells abilities to follow fast temporal modulations, are affected by raising kittens with surgically induced convergent strabismus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250249
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    Neural site of strabismic amblyopia in cats: X-cell acuities in the LGN (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 503-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Strabismic amblyopia ; Cat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Acuity ; X-cell ; VEP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acuities of X-cells from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were measured in five cats raised with a convergent strabismus, surgically induced by tenotomy. The acuities of cells driven by the strabismic eye were not significantly different from the acuities of cells driven by the non-deviating eye over the range of eccentricities in the visual field studied (from the area centralis to over 20°). The data were also similar to X-cell acuities in the LGN of 3 normal cats. Lowered acuities of LGN X-cells driven by the deviating eye of an esotropic cat in which the strabismus was created by myectomy confirm a previous finding of a retinal locus of amblyopia associated with that preparation. In contrast, the results here implicate the visual cortex as the initial site of the deficit in spatial processing in amblyopia arising from tenotomy strabismus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250595
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  • 64
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    The contribution of the horizontal semicircular canals to the response to off-vertical-axis rotation in the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye movements ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Otoliths ; Off-vertical-axis rotation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response to off-vertical-axis rotation (OVAR) was measured in cats under circumstances in which the signals from the horizontal semicircular canals and otoliths were opposed. Opposition was achieved by sudden acceleration or deceleration during constant velocity OVAR. The degree of opposition was expressed as a canal/otolith ratio where a ratio of unity indicated agreement. For a canal/otolith ratio of 1, the OVAR gain (eye velocity/ stimulus velocity) was 0.73 (±0.13). The steady-state OVAR response was, however, reduced if the canals and otoliths were opposed. The reduction depended on the degree of opposition with a fall-off of 0.15 gain/(unit of canal/otolith ratio). These findings are discussed with respect to the central velocity store and the mechanism underlying the generation of the OVAR response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247529
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    Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in cat hypoglossal motoneurons during swallowing (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 262-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Swallowing ; Synaptic potential ; Hypoglossal motoneuron ; Extrinsic tongue muscle ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postsynaptic potentials produced in cat genioglossus and styloglossus motoneurons (GG- and SG-Mns) during swallowing were studied. During swallowing elicited by placing water on the dorsum of the tongue, the GG-muscle discharged for 80–210 ms (mean±S. D. 123±31 ms, N=59) and was abruptly suppressed, and the SG-muscle began discharging in synchrony with the GG-muscle and discharged for 200–360 ms (mean+ S. D. 247±36 ms, N=59). The GG and the SG-Mns were identified if unitary muscle activity followed the induced spike of the motoneuron one-for-one. During swallowing, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked in the SG-Mns regardless of the respiratory drive on the SG-Mns, and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) or EPSP-IPSP was evoked on the GG-Mns regardless of the respiratory drive on the GG-Mns. By increasing the intracellular concentration of chloride ions, the IPSP elicited in the GG-Mn during swallowing was turned into a depolarizing potential. In immobilized cats, a depolarizing potential and a depolarizing-hyperpolarizing potential sequence was evoked successively on a tongue retractor motoneuron and a tongue protruder motoneuron by repetitive electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247486
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    Nystagmus induced by off-vertical rotation axis in the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 78-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Otoliths ; Nystagmus ; Labyrinth ; Eye movements ; Velocity storage mechanism ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1) In the alert cat, nystagmus induced by off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) was recorded following steps in head velocity or ramps of velocity at constant acceleration below canal threshold. Dependence of nystagmus characteristics on tilt angle of rotation axis and head velocity was studied. Similar results were obtained with both types of stimulation. 2) Mean and modulation amplitude of horizontal eye velocity increased with tilt angle in the range 0–30 degrees. 3) Both variables increased also with head velocity, but with different trends, probably because they are set by different mechanisms. When head rotational velocity was increased above 80°/s, mean eye velocity progressively decreased to zero. 4) In spite of variations from one animal to another, some regularity was observed in the phase of eye velocity modulation. In several cases, a reduction in phase lead of eye velocity with respect to conventional origin of phases (nose-down position) was observed when head velocity increased. 5) Time constant of post-OVAR nystagmus decreased with the tilt angle of the rotation axis from gravity, but not with the orientation of the head with respect to rotation axis. 6) The results could be accounted for by a general equation describing the vestibulo-ocular reflex, provided that estimates of kinematic variables of head movement (head rotational and translational velocities), and visual target distance could be computed by the Central Nervous System.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279663
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    Effects of the dopamine antagonists haloperidol and domperidone on the normoxic ventilatory response to CO2 in cats (1988)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 411 (1988), S. 278-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Peripheral chemoreceptors ; Central chemoreceptors ; Control of respiration ; Dopamine ; Haloperidol ; Domperidone ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the effects of the dopamine antagonists haloperidol and domperidone on the ventilatory response following square-wave changes in end-tidal CO2 during normoxia in chloralose-urethane anaesthetized cats. In 7 cats these responses were measured before (control, 28 runs) and after the administration of 1 mg/kg haloperidol i.v. (26 runs) and in 8 other cats before (39 runs) and after 0.5 mg/kg domperidone i.v. (34 runs). Each response was separated into a slow central and a fast peripheral part by fitting two exponential functions to the measured ventilation. These functions have as parameters a CO2 sensitivity, a time constant, a time delay and an apnoeic threshold B (extrapolated PETCO2 of the steady-state response curve at zero ventilation). Haloperidol significantly diminished the peripheral (Sp) and the central (Sc) ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 and the B-value (P〈0.001). The ratio Sp/Sc, the time constants and the time delays were not significantly changed. Domperidone only diminished the B-value significantly (P〈0.001). Since domperidone does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, its effect was a CO2 independent increase of the ventilation mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors. Haloperidol exhibited, besides the peripheral stimulatory effect a depressant central effect due to an action on the central integrative structure, resulting in a proportional decrease of Sp and Sc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585115
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    Apomorphine-induced limb flicks in cats: the role of dopamine receptors located outside the blood-brain barrier (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 268-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aminotetralin ; Apomorphine ; Cat ; Emesis ; Limb flicks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apomorphine-induced limb flicks in cats have been ascribed to a central dopamino-mimetic action of the drug. In these experiments we investigated the role of receptors located outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the induction of limb flicking. Domperidone, a dopamine-receptor blocker which does not readily pass through the BBB, antagonised the induction of limb-flicks induced by apomorphine. This suggests that limb flicking behaviour may involve interactions with receptors located before the BBB. In contrast, 6-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2-naphtalenediol HBr (6-ATN), a dopamine-agonist which does not penetrate the BBB, did not induce limb flicks, indicating that receptor stimulation outside the BBB alone is not sufficient to induce limb flicks. We suggest that limb flicks in cats is a behaviour which can be elicited by combined activation of centrally located dopamine receptors and dopamine receptors in the area postrema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174522
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    Neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity in feline dental pulp: its distribution, origin and coexistence with substance P-like immunoreactivity (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 565-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurokinin A ; Substance P ; Dental pulp ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and origin of neurokinin A (NKA)-like immunoreactivity were investigated in feline dental pulp by an indirect immunofluorescence method. NKA-containing nerve fibres with varicosities, which entered the dental pulp via apical foramen, were distributed throughout this tissue. Many NKA-containing nerve fibres were localized around blood vessels, but some were observed apart therefrom. At the odontoblastic layer, thin NKA-containing nerve fibres were observed running straight toward the pulp-predentinal border between odontoblasts. After inferior alveolar nerve section, all NKA-containing nerve fibres disappeared in the dental pulp, while the removal of the superior cervial ganglion resulted in no change in the distribution of these fibres. The correlation of NKA-like immunoreactivity and substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity was also investigated by double-immunofluorescence technique. The distribution of NKA-containing nerve fibres was very similar to that of SP-containing nerve fibres; it appeared that all NKA-containing nerve fibres contained SP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214004
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    Immunocytochemical analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in Merkel cells and cutaneous free nerve endings of cats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 429-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Merkel cells ; Free nerve endings ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactivity were observed to coexist in Merkel cells of cats. No differences in peptide content were found between Merkel cells located in epithelia of the hard palate, in hairy and glabrous skin of the upper lip, and in vibrissae follicles. CGRP-and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were also found near CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive Merkel cells. In the vibrissae follicles some CGRP-and VIP-immunoreactive nerve terminals end abutting on the glassy membrane. Other CGRP immunoreactive nerve fibres penetrate the epithelium of the skin and end within it. Electron microscopy of vibrissae follicles revealed that Merkel cell neuntes are not immunostained and that immunostained nerve fibres form unmyelinated bundles before ending freely. Thus, CGRP-and VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres in cat skin do not end as Merkel cell neuntes but as different kinds of free nerve endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225816
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  • 71
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    Localization of CRF-immunoreactive neurons in the cat medulla oblongata: their presence in the inferior olive (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ; Medulla oblongata ; Inferior olive ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya, visualized by the indirect immunoperoxidase method in colchicine-pretreated cats, were localized in many discrete regions of the medulla oblongata. They were found mainly in the dorsal aspect and midline of the medulla oblongata, and more rostrally in the ventrolateral portion. Our results also demonstrated CRF-IR neurons in the rostrocaudal extent of the inferior olive, probably projecting to the cerebellar cortex via thick axons visualized along the lateral edge of the medulla. CRF-IR olivary cells were also found in the pontine cat from which the forebrain was removed, but neither in hypophysectomized nor adrenalectomized cats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215458
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  • 72
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    Neuropeptide distribution in the cervico-thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the cat with particular reference to calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Regulatory peptides ; Paravertebral ganglia ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paraffin sections of cervical and upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the cat were investigated by immunohistochemistry using antisera directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The relationships of CGRP-immunoreactive structures to those exhibiting immunoreactivity to antisera against other regulatory peptides and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), respectively, were studied in consecutive sections. Singly scattered CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were observed in the superior and middle cervical ganglia as well as in the stellate ganglion. These neurons also displayed immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and some additionally exhibited faint substance-P immunoreactivity. DBH- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive ganglion cells were not identical with CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies. According to the immunoreactive properties of varicosities, which abut on CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive perikarya, three types of CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive ganglion cells could be distinguished: (1) CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive neurons being surrounded by somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers, (2) neurons being approached by both DBH- and met-enkephalin-immunoreactive varicosities, and (3) neurons receiving both DBH- and neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers. The stellate and upper thoracic ganglia harbored clusters of intensely VIP-immunoreactive somata, which lacked CGRP-immunoreactivity. Fine somatostatin-immunoreactive and coarse CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were distributed within these clusters, whereas patches of neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers were complementarily arranged. At all segmental levels investigated, a few postganglionic neurons were approached by both CGRP-immunoreactive and substance P-immunoreactive varicosities, but lacked a VIP-immunoreactive innervation. Therefore, CGRP/substance P-immunoreactive fiber baskets appeared rather to be of extraganglionic origin than to emerge from intraganglionic CGRP/VIP/SP neurons. CGRP-immunoreactive cell bodies or fibers were absent in clusters of small paraganglionic cells, but some of the solitary paraganglionic cells displayed CGRP-immunoreactivity. Our findings establish the presence of CGRP-immunoreactivity in a population of sympathetic neurons in the cat. A highly differentiated, segment-dependent organizational pattern of neuropeptides in cervico-thoracic paravertebral ganglia was demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214390
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    A re-evaluation of the cytology of cat Pacinian corpuscles (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 83-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscle ; Axonal spines ; Inner core lamella ; Inner core cleft ; Elastica ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cat mesenteric Pacinian corpuscles in cross and longitudinal sections has been examined. The terminal ends of lamellar cells of the inner core have been identified in longitudinal sections through the proximal portion of the inner core. These terminal bulbous expansions contain characteristic concentric membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum and in some cases masses of oval membranous inclusions. The central axon as seen in cross section is oval in profile, having X-(short) and Y-(long) axes, and each axonal face is characterized by specializations of the axolemma. At the X-axis, the inner lamellae of the inner core tightly abut a smooth axolemma, with no intervening connective tissue matrix, in a manner reminiscent of a neuroepithelium. The axolemma of the Y-axis has numerous axonal spines (microspikes) that project into the cleft in the inner core. The extent of the axolemma having axonal spines can only be appreciated in longitudinal sections. The clefts contain a specialized connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibrils. The connective tissue compartment of fibers and matrix separating individual inner core lamellae is unique, in that it contains extremely thin collagen fibrils measuring approximately 15 nm in diameter. The diameter of collagen fibrils increases as the cleft is approached. Here the fibrils resemble typical endoneural collagen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221743
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    A re-evaluation of the cytology of cat Pacinian corpuscles (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscle ; Axonal spines ; Axonal extreme tip ; Inner core lamella ; Basal lamina-like material ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present report is the second of two studies re-evaluating the cytological characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles. The extreme tip of the axon of a Pacinian corpuscle has been identified and is quite different from the previously described ultraterminal region. The latter is the site where the inner core lamellae begin to terminate and is characterized by a smooth axolemma. The extreme tip lacks inner core lamellae directly abutting the axolemma and is instead characterized by the presence of many axonal spines projecting into a matrix of basal lamina-like material. The extreme tip of the axon thus resembles the organization of the axolemma facing the clefts of the inner core. The axonal spines at the cleft and extreme tip are proposed as a site of restricted current flow due to the tight apposition of inner core lamellae to the axolemma of X-axis. The hemiinner cores thus could restrict current flow to the cleft. These anatomical specializations could represent both a source and a sink for K+ ions during mechano-electric transduction and account in part for the exquisite sensitivity of Pacinian corpuscles to complex pressure waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221744
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  • 75
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    The influence of middle ear pressure on the otolith system in cats (1988)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 245 (1988), S. 321-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Otoliths ; Middle ear pressure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of varying middle ear pressure on the otolith system was investigated in anesthetized cats. Extra-axonal recordings of action potentials were performed in the vestibular nerve fibers and in the neurons in the lateral vestibular nucleus that responded to lateral or anteroposterior steadystate tilt. Positive or negative pressure was applied to the ipsilateral middle ear during the recordings. Seventy-three percent of the fibers and 63% of the neurons responded to changes in the middle ear pressure. These response rates were higher than those previously reported on the units innervating semicircular canals. Findings suggest that the otolith organs are more sensitive to changes in the middle ear pressure than are the semicircular canals. The units responding to lateral tilt were more sensitive to middle ear pressure than those that responded to anteroposterior tilt. Displacement of endolymph caused by pressure changes in the middle ear was considered to have affected the activities of hair cells in otolith organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464641
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    Nonlinear measurement and classification of receptive fields in cat retinal ganglion cells (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 16 (1988), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Receptive field ; Ganglion cells ; Nonlinear analysis ; X-Cells ; Y-Cells ; Wiener kernel ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Originally, modeling of ganglion-cell responses in cat was based mainly on linear analysis. This is satisfactory for those cells in which spatial summation of excitation is approximately linear (X-cells) but it fails for Y-cells, where summation has strong nonlinear components. Others have shown the utility of using sinusoidal analysis to study harmonic and intermodulation nonlinearities in the temporal frequency domain. We have used Wiener-kernel analysis to obtain directly both temporal and spatial impulse responses and their nonlinear interactions. From these, we were able to predict accurately the responses that a counterphase modulated grating elicited in both X-cells and Y-cells. In addition, we show that the first-order responses can measure the two-dimensional spatial features of the receptive field with high resolution. Thus, nonlinear analysis of responses to white-noise stimuli may be sufficient to both classify and measure the receptive fields of many different types of ganglion cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367381
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  • 77
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    Prenatal development of the cat thyroid: immunohistochemical demonstration of calcitonin in the “C” cells (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 51-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Development ; Thyroid “C” cell ; Cat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Calcitonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of calcitonin in the cat thyroid was studied immunohistochemically in a series of gland development. the first positive cells are to be found on the 38th day of gestation, i.e. 1–2 days after level nine of ontogenetic development has been reached. The cytoplasm of these cells form only a narrow border round the nucleus. With advancing development the bumber of calcitonin-positive and its amount increases. From approximately the 50th day of prenatal development, the initially diffusely scattered, solitary calcitonin-positive cells are gradually replaced by groups of cells, which begin to occupy a characteristic position in relation to the follicular epithelium. The largest quantity of calcitonin-positive cells is found in foetuses about to be born. In non-pregnant adult cats, the incidence of immunohistochemically calcitonin-reactive cell is more sporadic and their distribution in the lobes of the thyroid is uneven.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325289
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    An investigation of pulp capillaries and tight junctions between odontoblasts in cats (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Tooth pulp ; Tight junctions ; Odontoblasts ; Ultrastructure ; Mineralisation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative roles of capillaries and odontoblasts in the process of dentinogenesis and in pulp reactions to trauma and pathology are not clear. Contributing to the problem is the paucity of information on odontoblast —capillary relationships and tight junctions between odontoblasts. Using light microscopy the capillaries have now been examined in semithin transverse sections of perfusion fixed teeth at different positions in the long axis from the apical foramina to the pulp horns. Odontoblastic capillaries were prominent in the coronal and middle regions of canines and present at the same levels of incisors. In the pulp horns and just coronal to the pulp horns capillaries were all subodontoblastic but near the apex there were also a few odontoblastic capillary profiles. Transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections revealed that a high proportion of middle and coronal odontoblastic capillary profiles were fenestrated but subodontoblastic profiles coronal to the pulp horns were the most fenestrated. In a search for tight junctions in ultrathin sections some typical strands were observed between odontoblasts. The difficult of obtaining the latter evidence was explained by the cellular arrangement of the odontoblasts which differed markedly from an ideal parallel, apically coplanar arrangement. The results question the possibility that there is a direct exchange of materials between pulp capillaries and dentine in teeth of limited growth and provide a baseline for future experiments to test the permeability of the odontoblast layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572537
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    Structural alterations in the spinal cord during progressive communicating syringomyelia. An experimental study in the cat (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 72 (1987), S. 248-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental communicating syringomyelia ; Ependyma ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Scanning electron microscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A hydrocephalic-hydromyelic condition was induced in adult cats by causing the closure of the lateral apertures with intracisternal injections of kaolin. After displaying the symptoms characteristic of increased intracranial pressure, which lasted about 10–14 days but varied somewhat in intensity from animal to animal, the cats recovered. From approximately the 2nd post-operative week onward, a distended central canal was revealed by ventriculography; subsequently cavities developed in the tissue of the cord that communicated with the canal. Most cavities were located dorsal to the canal. The surfaces of the distended canal and the cavities showed that in ventral areas the ependyma streched but remained intact, whereas in dorsal areas it ruptured, exposing the nerve fibers to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In cats which had been hydrocephalic for up to 2 years the walls of the cavities were covered by gliotic scar tissue; the nerve fibers were no longer exposed directly to the CSF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691097
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  • 80
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    Vestibular and optokinetic eye movements evoked in the cat by rotation about a tilted axis (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 522-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Off-vertical-axis rotation ; Eye movements ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Otoliths ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horizontal and vertical eye movements were recorded from cats in response to either a) off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) at a range of velocities (5–72 deg/s) and a range of tilts (0–60 deg) or b) horizontal (with respect to the cat) optokinetic stimulation (10–80 deg/s), also around a range of tilted axes (0–60 deg). The responses to stopping either of these stimuli were also measured: post-rotatory nystagmus (PRN) following actual rotation, and optokinetic after nystagmus (OKAN) following optokinetic stimulation. The response found during OVAR was a nystagmus with a bias slow-phase velocity that was sinusoidally modulated. The bias was dependent on the tilt and reached 50% of its maximum velocity (maximum was 73±23% of the table velocity) at a tilt of 16 deg. The phase of modulation in horizontal eye velocity bore no consistent relation to the angular rotation. The amplitude of this modulation was roughly correlated with the bias with a slope of 0.13 (deg/s) modulation/(deg/s) bias velocity. There was also a low-velocity vertical bias with the slow-phases upwardly directed. The vertical bias was also modulated and the amplitude depended on the bias velocity (0.27 (deg/s) modulation/ (deg/s) bias velocity). When separated from the canal dependent response, the build up of the OVAR response had a time constant of 5.0±0.8 s. Following OVAR there was no decline in the time constant of PRN which remained at the value measured during earth-vertical axis rotation (EVAR) (6.3±2 s). The peak amplitude of PRN was reduced, dependent on the tilt, reaching only 20% of its EVAR value for a tilt of 20 deg. When a measurable PRN was found, it was accompanied by a slowly-emerging vertical component (time constant 5.4±2s) the effect of which was to vector the PRN accurately onto the earth horizontal. OKN measured about a tilted axis showed no differences in magnitude or direction from EVAR OKN even for tilts as large as 60 deg. OKAN following optokinetic stimulation around a tilted axis appeared normal in the horizontal plane (with respect to the animal) but was accompanied by a slowly emerging (time constant 4.1±2 s) vertical component, the effect of which was to vector the overall OKAN response onto the earth horizontal for tilts less than 20 deg. These results are compared with data from monkey and man and discussed in terms of the involvement of the velocity storage mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270685
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    Expression of “retinal” contrast gain control by neurons of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 589-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Contrast gain control ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Temporal frequency ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the temporal tuning of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat (27 X cells, 51 Y cells) and how this changes with stimulus contrast. Drifting sinusoidal gratings of optimal spatial frequency were presented at 7 temporal frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8,16 and 32 Hz) and 4 contrasts (10, 20, 40, 80%). For some cells response growth at all temporal frequencies was proportional to changes in contrast. Thus, their temporal tuning functions, on log-log axes, were displaced vertically with increasing contrast. This shift also largely characterizes the response to low temporal frequencies of the other neurons studied. For these other cells, however, responses to high temporal frequencies grew disproportionately large with increasing contrast generally causing their tuning functions to change shape. Typically the peaks of these functions shifted to higher frequencies at higher contrasts. Most of the X cells studied displayed behavior of the first type, while Y cells usually followed the second pattern. This qualitative impression was confirmed quantitatively. Cubic spline functions were fit to the temporal tuning functions obtained at different contrast levels and the peaks of the curves were extracted. X and Y cells preferred similar temporal frequencies at low contrast levels (X mean=8.1 Hz; Y mean=8.4 Hz) but Y cell values were significantly higher at higher contrasts (80%) (X mean= 12.0 Hz; Y mean=16.8 Hz). These contrast-dependent changes in the temporal characteristics of geniculate cells resemble those described for retinal ganglion cells by Shapley and Victor (1978 and subsequent). Thus, the gain control behavior of geniculate cells probably reflects the temporal properties of their retinal inputs with relatively little modification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270692
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    Reduced binocularity in the noradrenaline-infused striate cortex of acutely anesthetized and paralyzed, otherwise normal cats (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 593-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ocular dominance ; Plasticity ; Noradrenaline ; Cat ; Visual cortex ; Squint effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anesthetized and paralyzed cats, the normal alignment of the visual axes is disturbed by paralysis of the eye muscles. Thus, the separation between paired receptive fields of binocular cells in visual cortex is increased (paralysis squint). This increased separation is normally tolerated by the majority of visuocortical cells, about 80% of them being binocularly driven (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). It was shown previously that neuronal plasticity in visual cortex can be enhanced in both normal adult cats (Kasamatsu et al. 1979) and kittens (Kuppermann and Kasamatsu 1984) by intracortical microinfusion of noradrenaline (NA). In the present study we tested whether the usual range of disparity produced by the paralysis squint is sufficient to induce ocular dominance changes in visual cortex of adult cats when the neuronal plasticity is enhanced by NA. NA was continuously infused into visual cortex throughout the experiments. The period of the paralysis squint varied from experiment to experiment between 9 and 47 h. We found: (1) These short periods were sufficient to produce a marked reduction in the proportion of binocular cells. (2) The proportion decreased linearly with increasing the duration of the squint period at a rate of 0.17 per 10 h up to about 22 h. (3) At longer durations the average binocularity remained at about 0.30 and could not be further reduced in the present paradigm. (4) The binocularity seemed to decrease with increasing separation of paired receptive fields. (5) Binocularity increased again toward the normal value after optical correction of the squint. (6) The amount of increased binocularity was linearly correlated with the duration of the period after the squint correction. (7) The binocularity increased at a rate of 0.18 per 10 h, reaching the normal value in less than 30 h. We thus concluded that if visuocortical plasticity is maintained at a high level through the continuous infusion of NA it is possible to change the ocular dominance distribution in the mature visual cortex by manipulations of the alignment of the visual axes even in the acutely anesthetized and paralyzed condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249802
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    Receptive field properties of cells in area 19 of the cat (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1987), S. 549-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Area 19 ; Sinusoidal grating ; End-zone inhibition ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have recorded extracellularly from single cells in area 19 of the cat for the purpose of providing a quantitative description of response characteristics. A prominent feature of this area is a high incidence of cells that are end-stopped. Drifting sinusoidal gratings were used to determine spatial and temporal characteristics of the discharge region. In addition, we have conducted independent tests to characterize end zones of receptive fields. When a grating patch was used to stimulate the discharge region alone, all of the cells showed a band-pass spatial frequency tuning characteristic. The optimal spatial frequency ranged from 0.1 to 1.13 cycles/deg, and the distribution had a peak at 0.4 cycles/deg. The bandwidth at half peak amplitude ranged widely from 0.7 to 3.3 octaves (mean 2.0 octaves). When gratings were also presented to the end zones, responses to stimulation of the central region were suppressed. The surround was phase-insensitive in that the relative phase between the grating in the two regions generally did not affect the strength of the suppression. To determine spatial characteristics of the end-zone inhibition, the spatial frequency of the end-zone grating was changed while that for the central pattern was fixed. All cells showed a bandpass characteristic for end-zone inhibition, but in each case, the tuning width was broader than that for excitation. The mean spatial frequency bandwidth of end-zone inhibition was 2.7 octaves. The peak of the inhibition generally coincided with the peak of the excitatory spatial frequency tuning of the discharge center. Considered together, these results show that neurons in area 19 share common properties with those in areas 17 and 18, but they exhibit phase-insensitve end-zone inhibition more frequently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235978
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    Automatic postural responses in the cat: responses of proximal and distal hindlimb muscles to drop of support from a single hind- or forelimb (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1987), S. 527-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Postural reflexes ; Unexpected postural perturbations ; Electromyographic activity ; Hindlimb muscles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats respond to drop of the support from beneath a single limb with the “diagonal stance response” (Coulmance et al. 1979). They load the limbs on the diagonal opposite to the one containing the dropped limb and unload the third supporting limb in the diagonal containing the dropped limb. Characteristic biomechanical delays in limb motion and in vertical force changes imposed upon the limbs are observed. These delays range from 30 to 45 ms, depending upon the location of the dropped limb. This study describes the kinematics of the “diagonal stance response” and the activation of selected agonist-antagonist muscle pairs acting on the joints of the hindlimb during the response. Proximal and distal hindlimb muscles respond to perturbations in groups that are appropriate to the vertical forces imposed upon the limb. When the hindlimb containing the recording electrodes is loaded by drop of the contralateral hindlimb or the ipsilateral forelimb medium latency (25–45 ms) EMG responses occur in the extensors. This response serves to stiffen the limb against the increased vertical force of loading. A similar response is observed when the hindlimb is reloaded after being dropped. In this case, however, short latency responses precede the medium latency responses in muscles that are passively stretched by the limb drop. When drop of the diagonal forelimb unloads the hindlimb containing the electrodes, medium latency responses are observed in the distal hindlimb flexors, which indicates that the unloading is evoked in part by active lifting of the limb. In most cases, the medium latency responses precede or are coincident with the changes in force imposed on the limb, suggesting that the observed responses are centrally programmed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235976
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    Neuronal dynamics in the visual corticothalamic pathway revealed through binocular rivalry (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 10-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticothalamic feedback ; Binocular rivalry ; Lateral geniculate ; Vision ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit activity was recorded from principal cells in the A-laminae of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). A steady state pattern of afferent activation was induced by presenting a continuously drifting square wave grating of constant spatial frequency to the eye (the dominant eye) that provided the excitatory input to the recorded cell. Intermittently, a second grating stimulus was presented to the other, nondominant, eye. In most neurones nondominant eye stimulation led to inhibition of relay cell responses. The latency of this suppressive effect was unusually long (up to 1 s) and its intensity and duration depended critically on the similarity between the gratings that were presented to the two eyes. Typically suppression was strongest when the gratings differed in orientation, direction of movement and contrast and when the nondominant eye stimulus was moving rather than stationary. Ablation of visual cortex abolished these long latency and feature-dependent interferences. We conclude that the visual cortex and the corticothalamic projections are involved in the mediation of these interocular interactions. We interpret our results as support for the hypothesis that corticothalamic feedback modifies thalamic transmission as a function of the congruency between ongoing cortical activation patterns and afferent retinal signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236196
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  • 86
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    Responses of bradykinin sensitive tooth-pulp driven neurons in cat cerebral cortex (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Bradykinin ; Tooth-pulp ; Cortical neuron ; Coronal gyrus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The properties of single cortical neurons responding to electrical stimulation of the tooth-pulp and to intrapulpal application of bradykinin were studied in the cat. The activities of tooth-pulp driven neurons (TPNs) were recorded from the middle and anterior parts of the coronal gyrus of the cerebral cortex. Bradykinin-sensitive tooth-pulp driven neurons (BK-TPNs) were located in layer IV of area 3b of the anterior part of the coronal gyrus. These neurons had a large cutaneous oro-facial receptive field and received a nociceptive input from the facial skin as well as from the tooth-pulp. The BK-TPNs had a higher threshold and longer latency to electrical stimulation than TPNs insensitive to bradykinin (non BK-TPNs). These findings suggest that BK-TPNs in this cortical area may be involved in sensory processing of noxious information from trigeminal regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243318
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  • 87
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    Responses of cat preoptic neurons to stimulation of the medial frontal cortex and the medial basal hypothalamus (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 555-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic region ; Frontal cortex ; Medial basal hypothalamus ; Electrophysiology ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses of single preoptic neurons to electrical stimulation of the medial frontal cortex, the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were recorded in anaesthetised cats. Single pulse stimulation of the medial frontal cortex orthodromically drove 96 otherwise quiescent preoptic neurons, which were found more frequently in the dorsal preoptic region, inhibited 53% of the spontaneously active preoptic neurons and excited 16%. Testing of cortically influenced preoptic neurons with MBH or MFB stimulation resulted in antidromic invasion of 6% (MBH) and 9% (MFB). Convergence of orthodromic inputs from medial frontal cortex and MBH was detected in 78% of spontaneously active preoptic neurons, and three-way convergence including input from MFB was noted in 17% of neurons tested with all stimulators. Some cortex-responsive neurons were found to also respond to vaginal or anal probing, paw squeezing and haemorrhage. The role of this input to the preoptic region from medial frontal cortex remains to be elucidated, but may include neuroendocrine, behavioural and homeostatic functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270688
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  • 88
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    Branching cortical neurons in cat which project to the colliculi and to the pons: a retrograde fluorescent double-labeling study (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticopontine collaterals ; Corticotectal neurons ; Cortex ; Cat ; Fluorescent tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescent double-labeling technique has been used to determine whether the corticopontine and the corticotectal fibers in the cat are derived from two different sets of neurons or whether they are derived from branching neurons which distribute collaterals to the pontine grey and the colliculi. After unilateral DY.2HCl injections in the pontine grey and FB injections in the ipsilateral colliculi, large numbers of FB-DY.2HCl double-labeled neurons were present in the cortex of the ipsilateral hemisphere. However, the labeled neurons in its rostral part may have represented pyramidal tract neurons which were labeled retrogradely because their fibers descended through the DY.2HCl injection area. Therefore, also DY.2HCl injections were made in the pyramid (i.e. caudal to the pons) and the cortical pyramidal tract area, containing the retrograde DY.2HCl-labeled neurons, was delineated. In the rest of the experiments only the DY.2HCl-labeled neurons in the caudal two thirds of the hemisphere (outside the pyramidal tract area) were taken into account because only these neurons could, with confidence, be regarded as corticopontine neurons. In some anterograde HRP transport experiments the trajectories of the corticotectal and the corticopontine fibers were visualized. On the basis of the findings the DY.2HCl injections in the pontine grey were placed such that they could not involve any of the corticotectal fibers passing from the cerebral peduncle to the colliculi. Thus artifactual doublelabeling of cortical neurons was avoided. However, also under these circumstances many double-labeled neurons were present in the caudal two thirds of the hemisphere. This led to the conclusion that in the cat a large proportion of the corticopontine neurons in the caudal two thirds of the hemisphere represent branching neurons which also distribute collaterals to the colliculi. The parietal (anterior part of the lateral gyrus, middle and posterior suprasylvian gyri) and the cingulate areas together contained three quarters of all labeled corticopontine neurons outside the pyramidal tract area. In the parietal areas roughly 25% of them were double-labeled and in the cingulate area 14%. However, in the visual areas 18 and 19 a much larger percentage (30–60%) was doublelabeled. In a recent study from our laboratory it was found that in the cat the pyramidal tract fibers distribute an abundance of collaterals to the pontine grey. Therefore, a large proportion of all corticopontine connections in this species appear to be established by branching neurons which also distribute fibers to other cell groups in the brain stem and the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269447
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  • 89
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    Detection latencies of X and Y type cells of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1987), S. 703-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Electrophysiology ; Lateral geniculate cells ; Signal detection ; Visual latencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The latencies of visually-evoked responses from X- and Y-type neurons of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were measured in a manner that takes account of the inherent variability of discharge in these cells. Latencies measured in this way vary from trial to trial in one cell (and also between cells) by tens to as much as hundreds of milliseconds. This variability in the time for generation of reliable responses suggests that the much emphasized conduction advantage of the Y pathway plays a minor role in the detection of visual stimuli by the cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235998
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  • 90
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    Convergent inputs from articular, cutaneous and muscle receptors onto ascending tract cells in the cat spinal cord (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 479-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Joint ; Spinal cord ; Pain ; Ascending tracts ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1.Responses were recorded from 160 ascending tract cells in segments L4 to L6 of the spinal cord in chloralose anaesthetized, spinalized cats. The tract cells were identified by antidromic activation following stimulation of pathways in the lateral and ventral funiculi at the level of the spinal cord transection at the thoracolumbar junction. Axonal conduction velocities ranged from 9 to 114 m/s. 2. A sample of 152 of the neurones examined could be subdivided according to the distribution of their receptive fields into 49 cells activated just from receptors located in skin (“s” cells), 17 neurones excited by receptors in deep tissues (“d” cells), 15 units with a convergent input from receptors in skin and deep tissues (“sd” cells), and 25 neurones with a convergent input from the knee joint and either skin (“sj” cells), deep tissues (“dj” cells) or both (“sdj” cells). No receptive fields could be demonstrated for the remaining 46 neurones. 3. “S” and “sj” cells were found almost exclusively in the dorsal horn, whereas many “d”, “sd”, “sdj” and “dj” units were in the ventral horn. Almost all of the cells that lacked receptive fields were in the ventral horn or intermediate grey. 4. Ninety-one of 158 cells (56%) demonstrated no background activity. Of these, 43 cells (27%) lacked receptive fields. Many of the silent neurones were in the ventral horn, but some were in the dorsal horn. Of 25 cells having knee joint input, 18 (72%) had background activity. 5. All of the neurones that had a receptive field in the knee joint also had a convergent input from receptors in other tissues. In 3 cases, there was a receptive field in the skin over the foot (“sj” cells). For 16 cells, receptive fields included not only the knee joint but also skin and deep tissue (“sdj” cells). Usually, the cutaneous receptive field was near the knee joint, but sometimes it was remote, such as on the foot. The deep receptive fields were chiefly in the muscles of the thigh and/or leg. For 6 “dj” cells, the receptive fields included not only the knee joint but also deep fields like those of “sdj” cells. 6. Cutaneous receptive fields were classified as “low threshold” (cells excited best by innocuous intensities of mechanical stimulation), “wide dynamic range” (cells activated by weak mechanical stimuli, but the best responses were to noxious stimuli) or high threshold (innocuous stimuli had little effect, but noxious mechanical stimuli produced a vigorous discharge). Similarly, stimulation of the knee joint with weak mechanical stimuli could excite some neurones, while others could be activated by weak or strong articular stimuli but were excited best by noxious stimuli, and still other neurones were activated by knee joint stimuli only if the intensity was noxious. 7. In several instances, contralateral receptive fields were noted. These were generally in deep tissue or in the knee joint. 8. It was concluded that many of the responses to articular stimulation of the spinal cord ascending tract cells examined in this study could have been mediated by the fine afferent fibres that supply the knee joint. Although further work will be required to determine which particular ascending tracts transmit nociceptive information concerning the knee joint, it can be proposed that many of the responses demonstrated here were likely to play a role in either joint pain of in triggering responses associated with joint pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270680
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    Lateral excitation in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral inhibition ; Lateral excitation ; Cat ; Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; GABA ; Silent synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Visual responses were elicited by global phase reversal stimuli in cells of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) after small retinal lesions had been centered on each receptive field. After acute lesions of different sizes exclusively lateral inhibition was found. When GABAergic inhibition was blocked by continuous microiontophoretic application of bicuculline lateral excitation emerged in dLGN cells partially deafferented by small and medium size acute retinal lesions, but not in those affected by large lesions. This indicates the presence of excitatory retinal inputs at the periphery of the dLGN cell dendrites which are normally suppressed by strong, long-ranging lateral inhibitory processes. After chronic deafferentation, the remaining excitatory inputs increase in effectiveness and lateral excitation is seen without blockade of inhibition. The maximal lateral spread of excitation (300 μm) in the dLGN is distinctly smaller than the extent of lateral inhibition (1000 μm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248550
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  • 92
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    Automatic postural responses in the cat: responses of distal hindlimb muscles to paired vertical perturbations of stance (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 477-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Postural reflexes ; Unexpected postural perturbations ; Electromyographic activity ; Motor control ; Hindlimb muscles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The active components of the quadrupedal diagonal stance response to rapid removal of the support from beneath a single limb were studied in cats to further define the mechanisms that trigger and generate the response. We recorded EMG activity from lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles in awake, behaving cats while they stood on an hydraulic posture platform. By dropping the support from beneath a single limb, we evoked the diagonal stance response, with its characteristic changes in vertical force and EMG patterns. As the animal responded to this drop, a second perturbation of posture was then presented at intervals of 10 to 100 ms following the first. This second perturbation, which consisted of dropping the support from beneath the two limbs that were loaded as a result of the initial limb drop, made the first response biomechanically inappropriate. The EMG responses observed in both muscles during paired perturbations were triggered by the somatosensory events related to the perturbations. Muscle responses that were appropriate for the first perturbation always occurred with amplitudes and latencies similar to control trials. This was true even when the second perturbation occurred 10–20 ms after the first, that is, when this perturbation either preceded or was coincident with the response to the initial limb drop. The EMG responses that were normally associated with the second perturbation were delayed and/or reduced in amplitude when the time interval between perturbations was short. As the inter-perturbation interval was lengthened beyond 60–100 ms, however, EMG responses to the second perturbation were unaffected by the occurrence of the first perturbation. When the hindlimb containing the recording electrodes was dropped as part of the second perturbation, a myotatic latency response was observed in tibialis anterior. The amplitude of this response to the second perturbation was greater than controls when this displacement was presented during the period between initiation of the first perturbation and execution of the response to it. When the second displacement was presented after execution of the first response began, the amplitude of the myotatic response was reduced below control levels. While the results do not preclude the possibility that these “automatic” postural responses are segmental or suprasegmental reflexes, they support the hypothesis that the active component of the response to drop of the support beneath a single limb is centrally programmed and that the appropriate response can be riggered very rapidly by the somatosensory information signalling the perturbation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249792
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    The pattern of ocular dominance columns in flat-mounts of the cat visual cortex (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 661-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Ocular dominance columns ; Flat-mount ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ocular dominance (OD) columns in the cat visual cortex were visualized with autoradiography after intravitreal injection of (3H)proline. Extending previous studies, a flat-mount technique was applied that enabled the analysis of the distribution of label throughout extensive regions of the visual cortex without requiring reconstructions from serial sections. OD-columns were confined to layer IV and consisted of isolated patches and short bands. The latter were parallel to each other and regularly spaced, the main trajectory being orthogonal to the 17/18 border. This pattern of the geniculo-cortical terminals was similar in the hemispheres ipsi- and contralateral to the injected eye. The mean periodicities of the OD-bands were virtually identical in the two hemispheres of the same animal: 850 μm and 830 μm in cat D1 and 770 μm and 800 μm in cat D2. However, the ipsilateral OD-columns appeared smaller, more heavily labeled and more sharply delineated than the contralateral columns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249809
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  • 94
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    Enhancement of the responses of ascending tract cells in the cat spinal cord by acute inflammation of the knee joint (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 489-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Joint ; Pain ; Inflammation ; Spinal cord ; Ascending tracts ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Recordings were made from 16 ascending tract cells in the spinal cords of anaesthetized, spinalized cats before and after an acute arthritis was produced by injection of kaolin and carrageenan into the knee joint. 2. The responses tested routinely were to passive flexion of the knee, an innocuous movement. In some cases, responses to other movements were also tested, and changes in background discharge rates were monitored. 3. Control recordings for a period of 1 h or in 3 cases of 3 h indicated that the responses to flexion were reasonably stationary. 4. Four tract cells that initially showed little or no response to flexion of the knee joint developed large responses within 1 to 2 h after inflammation of the joint. 5. Another 9 cells were tested that had responses to flexion of the knee joint prior to inflammation. In 6 cases, inflammation produced enhanced static or transient responses. In 2 cases, the effect of flexion was initially inhibitory or variable, but after inflammation these cells showed large excitatory responses. In the other case, inflammation had no effect. Background discharges were increased by inflammation in 6 of these 9 cells. 6. The effect of inflammation of the knee joint was tested on 3 tract cells that had no clearly defined receptive field in the knee. In 1 case, a response developed to knee flexion after acute inflammation was produced. In the other 2 cases, there were initially responses to knee flexion, but these were unchanged by inflammation. 7. Two of the cells tested had bilateral receptive fields in or around the knee joints. Inflammation of one knee joint enhanced the responses to flexion of the same but not of the contralateral knee in one case but greatly increased the responses to flexion of both knees in the other case. 8. Injections of prostaglandin (PGE2) caused an enhancement of the responses to knee flexion beyond that caused by inflammation in 5 of 7 cases. One cell whose responses to flexion of the knee were unaffected by inflammation showed inhibitory responses to prostaglandin injections into the inflamed knee joint. 9. The effects of inflammation on the responses of ascending tract cells of the spinal cord appear to serve as a useful neural model of the events responsible for the development of arthritic pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270681
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    Synaptic organization of olfactory inputs and local circuits in the entorhinal cortex: a current source density analysis in the cat (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 615-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Entorhinal area ; Current source density ; Olfactory afferents ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the olfactory afferents within the ventrolateral part of the entorhinal cortex (EC) was studied by means of field potentials evoked by stimulation of the olfactory bulb (OB) and the olfactory cortex (PPC). Depth profiles of the field potentials evoked by OB or PPC stimulation were studied using current source density analysis. After OB or PPC stimulation an early superficial sink-deep source configuration was found, which some time later reversed into a superficial source-deep sink. Both OB and PPC activated mainly the superficial dendrites of the cells of layers II and III. In layers II and III evidence for strong recurrent inhibition was found, using double pulse stimulation. The results indicate that there exists a common basic design of the synaptic organization of the olfactory areas of the base of the brain extending to the EC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247292
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    Direct projections from Ammon's horn to the septum in the cat (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ammon's horn ; Hippocampus ; Septum ; Dentate gyrus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Direct projections from Ammon's horn to the septum were studied in the cat by the anterograde tracing method after injecting WGA-HRP (wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate) into Ammon's horn. The results were further confirmed by the retrograde WGA-HRP method after injecting WGA-HRP into the septum. Pyramidal neurons in fields CA1, CA2 and CA3 were observed to send their axons ipsilaterally to the lateral septal nucleus; the septal parts of the hippocampus sent projection fibers to the dorsomedial portions of the lateral septal nucleus via the medial aspects of the subcallosal fornix, while the hippocampal regions successively more proximal to the temporal pole sent projection fibers to progressively more ventrolateral portions of the lateral septal nucleus via more lateral aspects of the subcallosal fornix. It was also found that the septal parts of fields CA1, CA2 and CA3 sent projection fibers bilaterally to the dorsomedial aspects of the lateral septal nucleus. Field CA4 appeared to send projection fibers only sparsely, if at all, to the medial septal nucleus. The rudimentary parts of the hippocampal formation, taenia tecta and indusium griseum, were found to have reciprocal ipsilateral connections with the dorsal portions of the lateral septal nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255243
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    Binocular interaction in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Binocular interaction ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Cat ; Retinal disparity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have investigated binocular interaction in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat. Neurons were recorded extracellularly during visual stimulation with sinusoidal gratings which were presented at different interocular phases (disparities). The large majority of cells (91%) exhibited some type of binocular interaction. For 75% and 16% of the total number of cells, the binocular interaction was inhibitory or facilitatory, respectively. For the remaining 9% of cells, no interaction was evident. In marked distinction from visual cortex, the facilitatory and inhibitory interactions in the LGN are independent of the relative interocular phase of the patterns. Neurons in the LGN are therefore insensitive to the stereoscopic depth cue, retinal disparity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248796
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    Processing of interaural time and intensity differences in the cat inferior colliculus (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 379-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Inferior colliculus ; Single cell recording ; Binaural hearing ; Time/intensity trading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Binaural neurones were recorded in the central nucleus of the cat inferior colliculus and were stimulated with tone and noise bursts. Closed field sound systems were used to produce independent interaural time (ITD) and intensity (IID) differences. Particular attention was paid to high frequency (above 2 kHz) cells. 2. Three main types of binaural neurone were found: High frequency excitatory-inhibitory neurones (EI cells), excited by input from the contralateral ear and inhibited by ipsilateral input, high frequency excitatory-excitatory cells (EE cells), excited by inputs from either ear and low frequency cells sensitive to interaural phase differences (IPD cells). 3. The EI cells had characteristics similar to those of IE cells in the contralateral lateral superior olive. They were sensitive to envelope ITDs (most cells) and IIDs (all cells) favouring the contralateral ear. The response of these cells increased with increasing contra lead ITDs or contra loud IIDs up to values well outside the physiological range. 4. Low frequency binaural cells were sensitive to interaural phase differences (IPDs). The peak response was often in the contralateral physiological range and the response was unaffected by IIDs. 5. Many high frequency EE cells were sensitive to envelope ITDs. These units were relatively unaffected by IID. Although the ITD sensitivity of these cells was generally less than that of the IPD cells, the peak response of the ITD curve was also often in the contralateral physiological range. 6. Some of the high frequency EI and EE cells were sensitive to ongoing time differences (OTDs) in white noise signals, i.e. they showed ITD response curves to carrier only shifted noise bursts. 7. The EI cells often showed recovery from inhibition at large ipsilateral lead. This tendency was increased as the sound pressure level on the inhibitory side was lowered and by the use of click stimuli. Similarly, cycles of suppression could be seen to follow excitation in some EE cells. The time course of these effects was in the order of hundreds of μs. 8. Binaural characteristics (degree of ITD, IID or OTD sensitivity) showed considerable interunit variation within each cell type. These variations were also affected by signal type (tone or noise bursts) and did not appear to be correlated with best frequency, nature of the tuning curve or PSTH type. We suggest that the time course of the inhibitory and excitatory effects at each unit (and its interaction with the signal type) determines the type of ITD response and that this time course varies from cell to cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248803
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    Effects of monocular strobe rearing on kitten striate cortex (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 525-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Visual cortex ; Stroboscopic exposure ; Monocular experience ; Motion deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monocular deprivation in kittens does not lead to an ocular dominance shift in striate cortex if the visual stimuli do not contain contours. In the present study we sought to find out whether an ocular dominance shift is produced if the visual environment does contain contours but is devoid of motion. Six kittens were reared with one eye occluded in a visual environment that was lit only by the light of a stroboscope (2 flashes per sec). Exposure was started at 5–6 weeks of age after dark-rearing from birth and extended until 8–12 weeks of age for 8 h per day. The rest of the time was spent in total darkness. Thus, the animals were completely deprived of vision in one eye, while the other eye experienced only stationary flashing contours. Single units in area 17 of these animals were studied and compared to normally reared cats. In all six animals ocular dominance was clearly shifted towards the eye with strobe experience. The ocular dominance shift showed, however, the following interdependencies with other parameters: neurones that responded to stationary flashing test stimuli were nearly always dominated by the strobe eye; neurones that responded only to moving bars or edges remained binocular. In the normal control animals the ocular dominance distribution was similar for both groups of cells. Track analysis according to cortical lamination revealed that neurones in infragranular layers consistently showed a weaker OD shift towards the strobe eye than neurones in supragranular layers (including layer 4). Response latencies to stationary flashing stimuli were significantly shorter in the strobe-reared animals than in the normal controls. Orientation tuning was normal in all animals. Directional tuning was reduced after monocular strobe experience, but not by the same amount as described after binocular strobe rearing. The present results demonstrate that monocular visual experience reduced to stationary flashing contours is sufficient to produce on ocular dominance shift in striate cortex. This adds further support to existing notions about the role of nervous activity for changes in cortical connections. Cortical responses to afferent stimulation and the resulting correlated activation of pre- and postsynaptic neurones seem to be a prerequisite for a stabilization of synaptic connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249796
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tonotopic organization in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of lightly anesthetized cats (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1987), S. 24-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial geniculate body ; Tonotopic organization ; Single unit pairs ; Frequency selectivity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the medial geniculate body (MGB) of nitrous oxide anesthetized cats, the pars lateralis (PL) was the only nucleus to show a clear topographic arrangement of its neurons according to their characteristic frequency (CF). When compared to barbiturate anesthetized cats (Imig and Morel 1985a), the tonotopic organization in PL appeared less strict and was characterized by a significant local CF disparity. Furthermore, the degree of tonotopic organization varied along the rostrocaudal axis of the nucleus: it was lower in its caudal than in its rostral half. In the pars ovoidea, the rostral half of the pars magnocellularis (PM) and the suprageniculate nucleus, CF sequences and quantitative evaluations of the tonotopicity indicated the presence of some degree of tonotopic organization which was lower than in PL. No such organization was observed in the caudal part of PM nor in the ventrolateral nucleus, while in the dorsal nucleus, the proportion of toneresponding units was too low for a significant analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247026
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