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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial N ; Immobilization ; Remobilization ; NH inf4 sup+ fixation ; Exchangeable NH inf4 sup+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1991, field experiments on loess (with winter wheat) and sandy soils (with summer barley) were conducted to study N dynamics in the microbial biomass and non-exchangeable NH inf4 sup+ . The measurements showed a mass change in microbial N, with a maximum increase of 100 kg N ha-1 30 cm-1 from March to July in the loess soil, and a change for only 1 month (May) in the sandy soil. Plots treated with conventional levels of N fertilizer (213 kg N ha-1 on a loess soil to winter wheat and 130 kg ha-1 on the sandy soil to summer barley), reduced levels of N (83% and 62% of the conventional N application), or no N showed no consistent fertilizer N effect on microbial biomass N. From March to July, non-exchangeable NH inf4 sup+ in loess soils under winter wheat decreased by 110 kg N ha-1 30 cm-1 in conventionally fertilized plots and by 200 kg N ha-1 30 cm-1 in a plot with no N fertilizer. After harvest, the pool of non-exchangeable NH inf4 sup+ increased due to increasing mineral N concentrations in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial N ; Immobilization ; Remobilization ; NH4+ fixation ; Exchangeable NH4+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1991, field experiments on loess (with winter wheat) and sandy soils (with summer barley) were conducted to study N dynamics in the microbial biomass and non-exchangeable NH4 +. The measurements showed a mass change in microbial N, with a maximum increase of 100 kg N ha–1 30 cm–1 from March to July in the loess soil, and a change for only 1 month (May) in the sandy soil. Plots treated with conventional levels of N fertilizer (213 kg N ha–1 on a loess soil to winter wheat and 130 kg ha–1 on the sandy soil to summer barley), reduced levels of N (83% and 62% of the conventional N application), or no N showed no consistent fertilizer N effect on microbial biomass N. From March to July, non-exchangeable NH4 + in loess soils under winter wheat decreased by 110 kg N ha–1 30 cm–1 in conventionally fertilized plots and by 200 kg N ha–1 30 cm–1 in a plot with no N fertilizer. After harvest, the pool of non-exchangeable NH4 + increased due to increasing mineral N concentrations in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Keywords: Perioperative pain – Pain therapy – Pain measurement. ; Schlüsselwörter: Perioperativer Schmerz – Schmerztherapie – Schmerzmessung.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Gute perioperative Analgesie ist Teil jeder chirurgischen Therapie. Dazu gehören auch Verfahren wie die patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA), bei der sich Patienten mit Hilfe eine Pumpe selbst Schmerzmittel verabreichen können. Je mehr die Patienten selbst in die Gestaltung der Schmerztherapie einbezogen werden, desto mehr gewinnen ihre Zielvorstellungen für die Schmerztherapie an Bedeutung. Methoden: In einer prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie wurden die Zielvorstellungen von chirurgischen Patienten in Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Grundkrankheit und der Intensität des aktuell empfundenen Bewegungsschmerzes auf einer visuellen Analogskala (VAS) ermittelt. Es wurden 53 Patienten mit Hilfe eines speziellen Schmerzanamnesebogens befragt. Die Vergleichsgruppe bildete ein Kollektiv gesunden Pflegepersonals (n = 44). Ergebnisse: Patienten mit benigner (n = 29) und maligner (n = 24) Grundkrankheit zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den von ihnen als Ziel einer erfolgreichen Schmerztherapie angegebenen VAS-Werten (Mittelwerte: 25 VAS-Punkte in der Gruppe der konservativ, 27 Punkte in der Gruppe der operativ behandelten Tumorpatienten sowie 21 Punkte bei den operativ behandelten Patienten mit benigner Schmerzursache und 18 Punkte bei den Patienten, die an chronischen Schmerzen benigner Genese litten). Ebenso ergab sich keine Abhängigkeit der Zielvorstellungen vom momentan empfundenen Bewegungsschmerz. Während die Vergleichsgruppe der gesunden Krankenschwestern und -pfleger wesentlich weniger aktuellen Schmerz empfand, unterschieden sich die Zielvorstellungen (25 VAS-Punkte) nicht signifikant von denen der befragten Patienten.
    Notes: Abstract. Introduction: Sufficient pain treatment is part of surgical therapy. One popular method of pain control is patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), which allows the patients to apply small doses of analgesics intravenously via a pump. Patient involvement in PCA requires an exact assessment of the patient's expectations as to the treatment of pain. Methods: In a prospective study the patient's expectations of pain therapy were observed with respect to their disease and the actual intensity of pain during activities measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS). Fifty-three patients were involved, using a pain questionnaire. Healthy nursing staff (n = 44) served as a control group. Results: Patients with benign (n = 29) or malignant (n = 24) disease showed no significant difference in the VAS scores accepted from patients as aim of successful pain therapy (25 points in the conservatively treated group and 27 points in the group of the operatively treated patients with malignant disease, 21 points in the operatively treated group with benign disease, and 18 points in the group suffering from chronic pain of benign causes). The aims for pain therapy showed no correlation with the actually felt pain intensity during movement.The control group of healthy nursing staff felt less actual pain during movement, but their expectations for sufficient pain treatment were not significantly different from the study patients (VAS 25,4 points).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Postoperative pain ; Pain therapy ; Pain measurement ; Survey. ; Schlüsselwörter: Postoperativer Schmerz ; Schmerztherapie ; Schmerzmessung ; Umfrage.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Mittels einer anonymen Umfrage wurde der Status der perioperativen Schmerztherapie in Deutschland untersucht. Von insgesamt 2254 chirurgischen Abteilungen antworteten 1000 (Rücklaufquote 44,4 %). Die strukturierten Fragen bezogen sich auf Organisationsstruktur und Zuständigkeit in der Schmerzbehandlung, Bedeutung, Methoden der Schmerzmessung/-dokumentation und die Verwendung verschiedener Analgetica/Analgesieverfahren. In 47 % waren Chirurg und Anaesthesist gemeinsam für die Schmerztherapie zuständig, in 33 bzw. 14 % war es der Chirurg bzw. der Anaesthesist allein. Nur 41 % kannten die Vereinbarung zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie, die 1992 durch die Berufsverbände der Deutschen Chirurgen und Anaesthesisten erstellt wurde. Obwohl die Bedeutung postoperativer Schmerzen als hoch angesehen wurde (für den Arzt 77,6 %, für den Patient 94 %), verfügen nur 19,1 % über ein schriftlich fixiertes Therapiekonzept. Schmerzmessungen führen nur 11 % überwiegend mittels der „Visuellen Analog-Scala“ durch. Die medikamentöse Schmerztherapie besteht bevorzugt aus der systemischen Pharmakotherapie; nur 18 % verwenden regionale Analgesieverfahren. 51 % der Chirurgen entscheiden erst auf der Station über die Wahl und Dosierung von Schmerzmedikation. 33 % gestanden ein, erst bei Klagen des Patienten die Therapie zu beginnen. 70 % der Chirurgen haben noch nie an einem Schmerzkongreß teilgenommen. In der Schlußfolgerung erscheint daher die Schmerztherapie vieler chirurgischer Kliniken in Deutschland als ineffektiv, inadäquat und ohne den nötigen organisatorischen und wissenschaftlichen Hintergrund.
    Notes: Summary. To evaluate the status of perioperative pain management we mailed a anonymous postal survey to all 2,254 surgical departments in Germany. We received answers from 1,000 clinics (44.4 %) which were representative related to their regional distribution. We asked the responsible surgeons to report their organizational structure and responsibilities for treating pain patients, the significance of the problem, their methods of measuring pain, and the usage of different analgesic drugs and methods. In 47 % the surgeon and the anesthesist together had responsibility for adequate postoperative pain treatment; in 33 % and 14 %, respectively, it was the surgeon and anesthesist alone. Only 41 % knew the interdisciplinary statement on pain therapy of the Professional Societies of German Surgeons and Anaesthesists from 1992. Although the importance of postoperative pain is globally acknowledged, only 19.1 % of all departments had a written concept for pain treatment. Pain was measured in only 11 % of the clinics mainly by using the visual analogue scale. Most surgeons relieve pain solely with systemic drugs. Regional analgesia was used by 18 % only. 51 % of the surgeons decide on the choice and dosage of analgesic therapy on the ward; 33 % admit that pain therapy often starts after complaints of the patient. 70 % of all surgeons never participated in a congress on pain. We conclude that postoperative pain management in most German surgical departments still lacks effectiveness, adequacy, and organizational and scientific background.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Prospective study ; Phantom pain ; Pain intensity ; Patient satisfaction ; Salmon-calcitonin. ; Schlüsselwörter: Prospektive Beobachtungsstudie ; Phantomschmerz ; Schmerzintensität ; Patientenzufriedenheit ; Lachscalcitonin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende prospektive Beobachtungsstudie untersucht die Anwendung von intravenösem Lachscalcitonin an 8 schmerztherapeutischen Problempatienten, die nach einer Amputation an der unteren Extremität unter stärksten Phantomschmerzen (visuelle Analogskala = 50–100) litten und dem hausinternen akuten Schmerzdienst vorgestellt wurden. Sechs von 8 Patienten (75 %) waren nach maximal 10 Tagen (maximal 5 Calcitonininfusionen) phantomschmerzfrei bis zum „follow-up“ nach 3, 6 und 12 Monaten. Als zusätzliches Kriterium zur Beurteilung einer erfolgreichen Phantomschmerztherapie wurde die Patientenzufriedenheit erfaßt (numerische Rating-Skala: 1–6). Der subjektive Therapieerfolg des Calcitonins zwischen den einzelnen Infusionszyklen liefert dem Arzt wichtige Anhaltspunkte zur Infusionsintervallverlängerung bzw. Dosisveränderung. In der vorliegenden Studie zeigt sich eine „gute“ Therapiezufriedenheit bei 6 von 8 Patienten (75 %). Größere Patientenzahlen in einer randomisierten prospektiven Studie sind jedoch notwendig, um die bisher aufgezeigten Therapieerfolge zu bestätigen. In einer kritischen Literaturanalyse werden der Calcitonintherapie zahlreiche alternative Behandlungsmethoden zur Phantomschmerztherapie gegenübergestellt.
    Notes: Summary. In this prospective clinical study we examined the intravenous application of salmon-calcitonin in eight patients with severe phantom limb pain (Visual Analogue Scale = 50–100). The patients presented at the Acute Pain Service (APS) section of the Second Department of Surgery, University of Cologne. Six of eight patients (75 %) had no phantom limb pain after 10 days of intravenous treatment with salmon-calcitonin (maximum of five cycles of calcitonin infusion). Systematic follow-up examinations after 3, 6 and 12 months showed long-term success. Patient satisfaction was examined with a numeric rating scale (NRS 1–6) between the single infusion cycles. When patient satisfaction was low, the physician modified the time period or drug dosage between infusions. This study shows good or excellent results in patient satisfaction for six of eight patients (75 %). A prospective randomized trial is required to verify the excellent results of intravenous salmon-calcitonin in a larger population. Alternative pharmacological and operative treatments of phantom limb pain are critically reviewed and assessed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 69 (1998), S. 864-865 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädel-Hirn-Trauma ; Polytrauma ; Entzündungsmediatoren ; Key words Severe head trauma ; Polytrauma ; Inflammatory mediators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Isolated severe head trauma (SHT) or SHT in combination with multiple injuries are important factors for the prognosis of morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from the consequences of accidents. The prognosis mainly depends on the presence of primary mechanic brain injury and the development of secondary brain damage. Causes for the development of secondary brain damage are the intracranial space demand after traumatic injury and edema formation which may result in iscemia, as well as inflammatory processes. Both isolated SHT and polytrauma with or without brain damage may result in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) due to the synthesis of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators which may cause a single or multiple organ failure (MOF). Often the organism is able to survive isolated traumatic injuries and functional disturbances, but in combination or cumulation they may be lethal. The hypermetabolism after SHT is often regarded as an interaction between the central nervous system and the whole organism by the activation of the neuroendocrine axis. In contrast to the consequences of SHT for the whole organism, multiple injuries after polytrauma may affect brain functions, such as the shock dependent disturbance of the brain perfusion accompanied by brain hypoxia which may lead to an aggravated prognosis. Moreover, coagulation, metabolism and fracture healing are influenced by the onset of SIRS as well. Our knowledge about the bidirectional inflammatory interaction between brain and whole organism is still limited. In this context, the effects of secondary surgical interventions which may additionally stress a traumatized body have to be considered and are the subject for actual clinical discussions and experimental studies. This article tries to summarize some important aspects on this topic.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das isolierte oder mit weiteren Verletzungen kombinierte Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) ist ein Hauptprognosefaktor für Morbidität und Mortalität nach einem Unfallereignis. Die Prognose des Patienten ist sowohl von der primären, mechanischen Hirnschädigung als auch von der Entwicklung sekundärer Hirnschäden abhängig. Als Ursachen einer sekundären Hirnschädigung werden neben der intrakraniellen Raumforderung aufgrund posttraumatischer Blutungen und Ödembildungen, sowie der daraus resultierenden Ischämie, Entzündungsprozesse diskutiert. Sowohl beim isolierten SHT als auch nach Polytrauma mit und ohne Hirnschädigung kann eine inflammatorische “Systemreaktion” (SIRS) unter der Beteiligung von Zytokinen und anderen Entzündungsmediatoren zu einem Ein- oder Multiorganversagen (MOF) führen. Dabei sind einzelne Verletzungskomponenten und Funktionsstörungen meistens überlebbar, können jedoch in Ihrer Kombination und Kumulation tödlich enden. Hypermetabolische Zustände nach einem SHT werden auch als Interaktionen des ZNS mit dem Gesamtorganismus unter Beteiligung der neuroendokrinen Achse aufgefaßt. Diesen Auswirkungen eines SHT auf den übrigen Organismus ist der Einfluß multipler Verletzungen eines polytraumatisierten Verletzten auf die Hirnfunktion gegenüberzustellen, wobei schockbedingte Perfusionsstörungen eine prognoselimitierende Hypoxie des Gehirns verursachen können. Darüber hinaus beeinflußt die generalisierte “Ganzkörperentzündungsreaktion” Blutgerinnung, Stoffwechsel und Frakturheilung. Die Kenntnisse der traumainduzierten, bidirektionalen, inflammatorischen Interaktionen zwischen Gehirn und Gesamtorganismus, sowie der Einfluß der derzeit angewendeten Therapiemaßnahmen sind bisher noch unzureichend und bedürfen weiterer Aufklärung. Letztendlich muß aus dieser Sicht auch die Wahl des richtigen Zeitpunktes für sekundäre Eingriffe, die nicht unmittelbar der Lebenserhaltung dienen und zu einer zusätzlichen Belastung des Patienten durch das Operationstrauma führen, überdacht werden. Diese Arbeit versucht wichtige Aspekte auf diesem Gebiet zusammenzufassen.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1999), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The diagnosis of lead poisoning in eagles relies on autopsy information and residue analysis of lead in certain tissues, usually liver or blood. Similarly, the assessment of elevated lead exposure in eagles depends on the determination of lead concentrations in these tissues. Renal and bone lead concentrations have rarely been examined in eagles. We examined relationships among hepatic, renal, and bone lead concentrations in bald and golden eagles from the Canadian prairie provinces. Hepatic and renal lead concentrations were strongly related (R2 = 0.87) while those in liver and bone were significantly but poorly related (R2 = 0.22). Renal lead concentrations of 5 and 18 μg · g−1 (dry weight) corresponded to hepatic lead concentrations of 6 and 30 μg · g−1, the hepatic concentrations that we used as criterion levels associated with elevated lead exposure and death from lead poisoning, respectively. Lead was elevated in 19 of 119 and 21 of 109 liver and kidney samples, respectively. Of these 19 and 21 liver and kidney samples, 14 and 11, respectively, had lead concentrations compatible with death from lead poisoning. Taken together, lead concentrations were elevated in liver or kidney samples from 25 eagles and were compatible with death from lead poisoning in 15. Mean bone lead was higher in eagles with elevated hepatic lead than in those exhibiting background hepatic lead concentrations. However, even in the former group, bone lead concentrations were lower than those in lead-exposed individuals of other species of birds. Bone is probably not a useful tissue for identifying elevated lead exposure in eagles. Three of eleven birds that had been shot had anomalous renal lead concentrations, suggestive of contamination by residue from lead ammunition. It is important to exclude such birds when assessing lead exposure.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Key words: Histamine — Histamine receptors — Inflammation — Neutrophils — Signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective and Design: In order to understand the underlying mechanism of histamine stimulated inflammatory responses, histamine receptor subtypes and signal transduction pathways by which histamine mediates the stimulation of neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells has been studied in vitro.¶Material: Human neutrophils and human umbilical vein endothelial cells.¶Treatment: Confluent human endothelial cell layer were incubated with histamine (1 mM), H1, H2 or H3 receptor agonists: fluorophenylhistamine (10 μM), amthamine (10 μm), methylhistamine (10 μM), respectively. Ten minutes prior to histamine (1 mM) stimulation H1, H2 or H3 receptor antagonists (dimethindene, 100 μM; famotidine, 100 μM, thioperamid 100 μM, respectively) were added. Histamine stimulated signal transduction pathways were inhibited by adding phospholipase C inhibitor 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl N,N-diphenylcarbamat (200 μM), adenylate cyclase inhibitor 9-(2 tetrahydrofuryl)adenine (80 μM), nitric oxide synthase isozymes inhibitor S-ethylisothiourea (1 μM) or guanylate cyclase inhibitor (LY 83583; 10 μM). Neutrophil adhesion was monitored at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 min.¶Methods: Neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells was quantified by analysing alkaline phosphatase activity.¶Results: Histamine stimulation of endothelial cells resulted in a biphasic time and concentration dependent pattern of neutrophil adhesion. This pattern of neutrophil adhesion was mimicked by stimulation of endothelial cells with H1 or H2 agonists. Stimulation of endothelial cells with an H3 agonist had no effect on neutrophil binding. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC), nitric oxide synthase isozymes (NOS) or guanylate cyclase (GC) resulted in a significant decrease of neutrophil binding to histamine or agonist stimulated endothelial cells. An increase of neutrophil binding to unstimulated or to agonist stimulated endothelial cells was observed during inhibition of adenylate cyclase.¶Conclusions: Our results suggest that histamine stimulated neutrophil adhesion is due to H1 and H2 receptor mediated activation of PLC, NOS and GC. Increase of cAMP concentration seems to mediate an inhibitory effect on PMN adhesion to endothelial cells
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