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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 7 (1968), S. 2064-2067 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy ; renin angiotensin system ; angiotensinase A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One of the characteristics of early diabetic nephropathy is glomerular hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion. Many factors have been suggested to induce glomerular hyperperfusion among which are an increased production of vasodilatory prostanoids, an increased synthesis of nitric oxide, a reduced responsiveness of afferent glomerular arterioles to vasoconstrictor stimuli due to diabetic metabolic disturbances and a decreased receptor density for angiotensin II. It has been known for years that angiotensin II is formed locally due to the local activation of the renin angiotensin system. The local angiotensin II concentration, however, is not only regulated by the synthesis rate but also by the local degradation through activation of an aminopeptidase. The main finding of the present study was that the mRNA expression and activity of the angiotensin II degrading enzyme, angiotensinase A, was increased twofold in diabetic rats at 5 weeks and that the increase in mRNA expression was suppressed by insulin therapy and short-term treatment with the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin, whereas angiotensinase A enzyme activity was only reduced by saralasin and not by insulin. These results demonstrate that the angiotensin II degrading exopeptidase angiotensinase A is activated in diabetic glomeruli. This increased activity may be an additional mechanism to explain glomerular hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion in early diabetic nephropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic nephropathy ; renin angiotensin system ; angiotensinase A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One of the characteristics of early diabetic nephropathy is glomerular hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion. Many factors have been suggested to induce glomerular hyperperfusion among which are an increased production of vasodilatory prostanoids, an increased synthesis of nitric oxide, a reduced responsiveness of afferent glomerular arterioles to vasoconstrictor stimuli due to diabetic metabolic disturbances and a decreased receptor density for angiotensin II. It has been known for years that angiotensin II is formed locally due to the local activation of the renin angiotensin system. The local angiotensin II concentration, however, is not only regulated by the synthesis rate but also by the local degradation through activation of an aminopeptidase. The main finding of the present study was that the mRNA expression and activity of the angiotensin II degrading enzyme, angiotensinase A, was increased twofold in diabetic rats at 5 weeks and that the increase in mRNA expression was suppressed by insulin therapy and short-term treatment with the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin, whereas angiotensinase A enzyme activity was only reduced by saralasin and not by insulin. These results demonstrate that the angiotensin II degrading exopeptidase angiotensinase A is activated in diabetic glomeruli. This increased activity may be an additional mechanism to explain glomerular hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion in early diabetic nephropathy. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 275–280]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic nephropathy, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, glomerular hypertrophy, cell cycle arrest, angiotensin II, progression of renal failure.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. Renal hypertrophy occurs early in diabetes mellitus and precedes the development of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. We have previously shown that cultured mesangial cells exposed to high glucose are arrested in the G1-phase of the cell cycle and undergo cellular hypertrophy. High glucose-mediated induction of p27Kip1, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, is essential in this process. Further investigations have also shown that p27Kip1 and p21Cip1, other cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, are up regulated in the kidneys of mice with Type I (insulin-dependent) as well as Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Our study was undertaken to test a potential effect of short-term treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the glomerular expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1 in BBdp rats, an autoimmune model of Type I diabetes.¶Methods. We evaluated p16INK4, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1 protein expression in isolated glomeruli by western blots. We also assessed p27Kip1 positive glomerular cells by immunohistochemistry.¶Results. Glomerular expression of all three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors were stimulated in BBdp rats compared with non-diabetic BBdr animals. Enalapril treatment for 3 weeks, started after the onset of diabetes, reduced the glomerular expression of p16INK4 and p27Kip1 but not of p21Cip1. Enalapril also prevented the increase in kidney weights observed in BBdp rats but had no effect on systolic blood pressure or glucose concentrations.¶Conclusion/interpretation. Our data show that enalapril attenuates the glomerular expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in diabetes and suggest a molecular mechanism of how angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prevent renal hypertrophy in diabetes. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1425–1432]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renal prostaglandins ; Essential hypertension ; Sodium choride intake ; Renale Prostaglandine ; essentielle Hypertonie ; Kochsalzdiät
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 16 Patienten mit essentieller Hypertonie wurde der Einfluß diätetischer Kochsalzzufuhr (5 Tage NaCl-arm, 4 Tage NaCl-reich) auf den Blutdruck (BD), die Plasmareninaktivität (PRA) und die Urinausscheidung von Prostaglandin E2 und F2α untersucht. Kochsalzarme Kost (35 mEq/24 h) erniedrigte den systolischen und diastolischen Blutdruck von 162±11 auf 145±10 mm Hg bzw. 102±6 auf 90±9 mm Hg. Anschließende kochsalzreiche Kost erhöhte den systolischen und diastolischen Blutdruck wieder auf 167±14 bzw. 102±10 mm Hg. Die PRA stieg unter Kochsalzrestriktion von 0,83±0,33 auf 2,82±1,12 ng/AI/ml/h und fiel unter hoher Natriumzufuhr wieder auf 0,45±0,31 ng AI/mI/h ab. Na-Verarmung steigerte die Urinausscheidung von Prostaglandin E2 von 151±76 auf 328±94 ng/24 h. Am vierten Tag der kochsalzreichen Diät war die PGE2-Ausscheidung wieder auf 114±41 ng abgefallen. Die Prostaglandin-F2α-Urinausscheidung wurde während des Versuches nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß diätetische Kochsalzzufuhr die renale PGE2-Produktion bei Patienten mit essentieller Hypertonie beeinflußt. Die erniedrigte PGE2-Synthese unter Bedingungen hoher Kochsalzzufuhr könnte eine Rolle bei der Regulation des renalen Gefäßwiderstandes der Niere spielen und pathogenetische Bedeutung bei der chronischen Hochdruckkrankheit besitzen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of dietary sodium intake (5 days' low salt, 4 days' high salt) on 24-h urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) excretion, blood pressure (BP), and plasma renin activity (PRA) was evaluated in 16 patients with essential hypertension. Sodium restriction significantly increased urinary PGE2 excretion (p〈0.05) from 151±76 to 328±94 ng/24 h, while high salt intake reduced renal PGE2 production to 114±41 ng/24 h (p〈0.05). There was a moderate but not significant increase in urinary PGF2α excretion on the low salt regimen, which was reversed under high salt diet. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell from 162±11 to 145±10 mm Hg, i.e., 102±6 to 90±9 mm Hg on low sodium intake (35 mEq/day) and returned to levels close to control after 4 days on a high salt diet (250 mEq/day). Under low salt conditions, PRA increased significantly (p〈0.001) from 0.83±0.33 to 2.82±1.12 ng AI/ml/h and fell to 0.45±0.31 ng AI/ml/h on high salt regimen (p〈0.001). The results demonstrate that dietary sodium chloride intake modulates renal PGE2 production in patients with essential hypertension. The depressed PGE2 production under high salt conditions may play a role in regulation of renal vascular resistance and influence sustainment of chronic hypertensive disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 813-823 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Prostanoids ; Leukotrienes ; Glomerular Disease ; GFA ; Proteinurie ; Prostanoide ; Leukotriene ; Glomerulopathien GFR ; Proteinurie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eicosanoide sind Syntheseprodukte der Zyklooxygenase und Lipoxygenase, Enzymkomplexe, die in fast allen Körperzellen vorkommen und ihr Hauptsubstrat, die mehrfach ungesättigte Arachidonsäure (AS), verstoffwechseln. Prostaglandine (PG) E2, I2 und Thromboxan (Tx) A2 sind Zyklooxygenaseprodukte mesangialer und epithelialer Zellen des Glomerulus, die direkte und indirekte vasodilatatorische und vasokonstriktorische Effekte am Glomerulus ausüben. Vasodilatatorische Prostaglandine E2 und I2 sind verantwortlich für die Aufrechterhaltung der GFR bei kritischer renaler Perfusion. Diese Prostanoide (PGE2 und PGI2) vermitteln darüberhinaus aber auch die glomeruläre Hyperperfusion nach experimenteller Nierenablation und bei Patienten mit chronischen Glomerulopathien. Die Induktion verschiedener tierexperimenteller Glomerulonephritiden steigert die glomeruläre PG- und Txsynthese. Der stimulatorische Einfluß auf den vasokostriktorischen Metaboliten TxA2 ist ausgeprägter als auf die Synthese der vasodilatatorischen PGE2 und I2. Einige Befunde weisen darauf hin, daß die erhöhte glomeruläre TxA2 Produktion mitverantwortlich ist für die reduzierte GFR, die bei experimentellen Nephritiden beobachtet wird. Bei einer Reihe von Glomerulopathien des Menschen ist die Produktion vasodilatatorischer Prostaglandine gesteigert. Die Gabe eines Zyklooxygenasehemmers führt bei diesen Patienten zur Reduktion der Proteinurie. Neben hämodynamischen Effekten scheint die erhöhte vasodilatatorische PG Produktion bei diesen Patienten auch die Permselektivität der glomerulären Filtrationsbarriere zu beeinflussen. Hauptsyntheseorte für Lipoxygenaseprodukte sind Granulozyten und Monozyten. Pharmakologische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß Lipoxygenaseprodukte (Leukotriene) vasokonstriktorische Effekte am Glomerulus haben. Leukotriene beeinflussen darüberhinaus das Wachstum mesangialer Zellen in Kultur und erhöhen die Adhäsion von Monozyten an mesangiale Zellen. Sie können deshalb bei zellvermittelten Glomerulonephritiden von Bedeutung sein.
    Notes: Summary Prostanoids are local cyclooxygenase products, synthesized by mesangial and epithelial cells of the glomerulus as well as by a variety of inflammatory cells and platelets. Prostaglandins and thromboxane have direct vasodilatory and vasoconstrictory effects and can modulate glomerular function. Arachidonic acid, the main substrate for cyclooxygenase, can also be metabolized by the lipoxygenase pathway to leukotrienes, substances which are primarily synthesized in inflammatory cells. In several models induction of immunologic glomerular injury is associated with an increased glomerular formation of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. The changes in cyclooxygenase products have been shown to account for some hemodynamic changes found in some of these models. Increased renal prostanoid formation is also present in patients with glomerular disease. There is some evidence that increased renal PG-formation in patients with moderate glomerular disease regulates GFR and mediates proteinurie in some of these patients. Leukotrienes are chemotactive substances which modulate the function of inflammatory cells, stimulate the growth of mesangial cells, and constrict mesangial cells in culture. Thus, these compounds might be mediators in the induction of immune mediated glomerular disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 508-510 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Nephrectomy ; Hyperfiltration ; Progressive renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report on a patient who lost one and two-thirds of his kidneys following surgery because of bilateral renal cell carcinoma. The serum creatinine following surgical intervention increased to about 7 mg% and fell to serum values of about 3 mg% in the year after one and two-thirds nephrectomy. The patient's renal function remained stable for 18 months, then it started to deteriorate and the patient developed progressive renal failure with proteinuria. The course of the disease suggests that an intrinsic renal mechanism was operative, which relates to glomerular hyperfiltration following surgical loss of renal tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Volume depletion ; Renovascular hypertension ; Renin-angiotensin-system ; Blood pressure ; Prostaglandins ; Extrazelluläre Volumenrestriktion ; Renovasculäre Hypertonie ; Renin-Angiotensin-System ; Blutdruck ; Prostaglandine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei normotensiven und renal hypertensiven Ratten, die kochsalzarm oder kochsalznormal ernährt wurden, wurde der Effekt des Cyclooxygenasehemmers Indomethacin (3,4 mg/kg/24 h) auf den systolischen Blutdruck und die Plasma-Renin-Aktivität untersucht. Indometacin reduzierte die Plasma-Renin-Aktivität in kochsalzarm und kochsalznormal ernährten, normotensiven und hypertensiven Tieren. Darüberhinaus erniedrigte Indomethacin den systolischen Blutdruck in salz-arm ernährten Ratten, erhöhte jedoch den Blutdruck in salz-normal ernährten Tieren. Diese Befunde lassen vermuten, daß der Effekt von Indomethacin auf den Blutdruck von Ratten vom Extrazellulärvolumen und der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität abhängt.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (3.4 mg/kg/24 hr) on systolic blood pressure (PB) and plasma-renin-activity (PRA) was evaluated in normotensive and renovascular hypertensive rats receiving either a normal or low salt diet. Indomethacin reduced PRA in normal and hypertensive animals on both low and normal salt intake. Indomethacin furthermore, decreased BP in animals on low sodium diet but increased PB in sodium repleted rats. These data suggest that the effect of indomethacin on rat BP may depend on the state of extracellular volume and PRA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 57 (1979), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Indometacin ; Plasma-Reninaktivität ; Hypotonie ; Indomethacin ; Plasma Renin Activity ; Arterial Hypotension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a single oral dose of 4 mg/kg indomethacin (IDM) to sodium and volume depleted rats plasma renin activity (PRA) and systolic blood pressure fell significantly within four hours. In sodium repleted animals indomethacin did not change systolic blood pressure (BP) although plasma renin activity was decreased. Thus, indomethacin by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may diminish the blood pressure maintaining effect of the stimulated renin-angiotensin system in sodium and volume depletion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer einmaligen oralen Gabe von 4 mg/kg Indometacin kam es innerhalb von 4 h bei Natrium- und Volumenverarmten Ratten zu einem signifikanten Abfall der Plasma-Reninaktivität und des systolischen Blutdrucks. Bei normalen Ratten führte die Indometacingabe lediglich zur Erniedrigung der Plasma-Reninaktivität ohne Beeinflussung des arteriellen Blutdruckes. Es wird deshalb angenommen, daß Indometacin über eine Hemmung der Prostaglandinsynthese den Blutdruck stabilisierenden Effekt des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems bei Natrium- und Volumenverarmung, vermindern kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renale Hypotonie ; Reninmangel ; Natriumund Volumenverarmung ; Renal hypotension ; Renin depletion ; Sodium and volume deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Arterial hypotension of renal origin occurred as consequence of low plasma renin activity in the presence of sodium and extracellular fluid volume depletion. Secretory insufficiency of the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells and sodium and volume deprivation, simultaneously, were achieved by removing the “clamped” kidneys in renal hypertensive, sodium- and volume-depleted rats leaving in situ the contralateral kidneys deprived of renin during the preceding period of hypertension. It is suggested that renal hypotension after acute losses of sodium and extracellular fluid may also develop in patients with chronically depressed renin-angiotensin system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine arterielle Hypotonie renalen Ursprungs wurde als Folge einer niedrigen Plasma-Reninaktivität bei bestehendem Mangel an Natrium und extrazellulärer Flüssigkeit beobachtet. Als experimentelles Modell, an dem eine sekretorische Insuffizienz der Renin-produzierenden juxtaglomerulären Zellen und eine Natrium- und Volumenverarmung gleichzeitig erzeugt werden konnten, dienten vorher hypertone, Natrium- und Volumen-verarmte Ratten nach Entfernung der Drosselnieren und Zurücklassung der während der Hochdruckperiode Renin-verarmten contralateralen Nieren. Es wird angenommen, daß sich eine renale Hypotonie nach akuten Verlusten von Natrium und extrazellulärer Flüssigkeit auch bei Patienten mit chronisch supprimiertem Renin-Angiotensin-System entwickeln kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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