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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the dye-protein tracers in pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier (1981)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 54 (1981), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Dye-protein tracers ; Pathophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Sodium fluorescein and Evans Blue, commonly used tracers in the study of blood-brain barrier disturbances, revealed considerable differences in their respective protein binding capacity in the plasma, passage through the barrier and in the rate of their elimination from the brain parenchyma. 2. In the plasma a considerable portion of the sodium fluorescein remains free and behaves like a micromolecular barrier tracer. On the other hand, almost complete binding of the Evans Blue to albumin confers to it properties of a protein tracer. 3. Following the extravasation of the tracers, the sodium fluorescein is relatively soon eliminated, whereas Evans Blue remains in the cellular elements of the brain parenchyma for a considerable time, although the protein moiety of the tracer is removed much sooner from the cytoplasm of glial cells, presumably by the lysosomal digestion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691332
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils (1976)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Blood-brain barrier ; Mongolian gerbils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of the BBB in cerebral ischemia was studied in symptompositive Mongolian gerbils subjected to left common carotid artery occlusion using Evans Blue dye as indicator of BBB injury. The BBB damage was demonstrable grossly by the presence of areas of blue discoloration, and microscopically by the presence of a bright red fluorescent tracer, localized mostly in the neurons. The survey of various groups of animals revealed a direct relationship between the incidence and time of appearance of the BBB lesions and the duration of the ischemic occlusion. This relationship can be interpreted as another example of the previously described “maturation” phenomenon. A relatively late occurrence of the BBB injury in cerebral ischemia, at the time when the affected brain tissue shows severe, edematous histopathologic changes indicates that the brain edema, as the main complication of ischemia, could be regarded as being primarily of the cytotoxic type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684938
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of 5-minute ischemia in mongolian gerbils: I. Blood-brain barrier, cerebral blood flow, and local cerebral glucose utilization changes (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Blood-brain barrier ; Cerebral blood flow ; Glucose utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in morphology, behavior of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were assessed and correlated in Mongolian gerbils following 5 min cerebral ischemia, produced by bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries. The morphological changes were confined to the hippocampus and revealed a conspicuously delayed destruction of the CA1 neurons, occurring after 3 days. Following release of carotid occlusions, there were two separate openings of the BBB. One, occurring shortly after recirculation, was associated with focal hyperemia in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia; the second opening was observed after several days and was associated with severe neuronal destruction in the CA1 sector. Correlation of quantitative and qualitative rCBF assays with14C-deoxyglucose autoradiographic observations indicated an uncoupling between blood flow and glucose metabolism, observed in the hippocampus at 10 min after recirculation. The described changes provide a further insight into the post-ischemic events which determine the outcome of ischemic injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691868
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase at the onset of bicuculline-induced seizures in hypothalamus, pallidum, hippocampus, and other selected regions of the rabbit (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Epileptic seizures ; Pinocytosis ; Hypothalamus ; Pallidum ; Hippocampus ; Septum ; Thalamus ; Periaque-ductal gray ; Cerebellar cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbits were subjected to bicuculline-induced generalized seizures of 15-min duration to elucidate the mechanism by which the macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) traverses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in specific brain areas. Transendothelial pinocytosis at the level of arterioles was the main route of passage. In addition, in thalamus and hippocampus pinocytotic vesicles were observed in capillaries. In thalamus, hypothalamus and septum vesicles in the endothelium of venules were also present. Repeatedly, pinocytotic vesicles were ejecting their content into the interendothelial clefts, so that the presence of HRP reaction product between adjacent tight junctions cannot be considered a conclusive evidence for their opening. The HRP, which had reached the neuropil due to the seizure-evoked BBB opening, accumulated in the interstitial spaces and penetrated the synaptic cleft. Uptake of the tracer in vesicular form into presynaptic boutons, presumably excitatory ones as diagnosed by their ultrastructural features, was observed in all brain regions. The uptake was rare in septum, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus, and cerebellar cortex; frequent in pallidum, hippocampus, and medulla oblongata; and very intense in thalamus. Uptake in postsynaptic dendrites was present mostly in the vicinity of boutons. Incorporation into glial processes was rare and confined to perivascular astrocytes. It is suggested, that HRP traverses the BBB by regionally selective, transmitter-controlled pinocytotic transport and that the neuronal uptake of the foreign protein is at least partially dependent on the involvement of synapses of particular brain regions in the paroxysmal activity during the generalized seizures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687032
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of extracellular proteins in the dynamics of vasogenic brain edema (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 66 (1985), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Serum proteins ; Water content ; Vasogenic brain edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between extravasation of protein into extracellular spaces of brain parenchyma and the water content of such regions were evaluated in an experimental model. In this model, a temporary opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to proteins was produced without significant injury to the cellular elements of brain tissue. Rabbits were subjected to bolus injection of their own blood under 360–400 mm Hg pressure via the internal carotid artery. The opening of the barrier and its duration were evaluated with Evans blue (EB), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and sodium fluorescein (NaFl) tracers. The water content of brain tissue was assessed by specific gravity (SG) measurements in 1-mm-diameter tissue samples. Quantitative evaluation of protein penetration into brain tissue was carried out using125I bovine serum albumin (BSA). The opening of the BBB to proteins persisted up to 9 h, whereas the barrier remained permeable to small molecular NaFl for 24 h. The SG measurements indicated in the areas of EB extravasation a progressive increment in water content up to 9 h, i.e., the duration of BBB opening to proteins. Following this, there was a progressive clearance of edema in spite of the BBB remaining open for NaFl for 24 h. Quantitative evaluations of125I-BSA and SG in the same tissue samples, supported by statistical analysis, indicated approximately linear relationship between albumin and water, implying a strong correlation between the development of vasogenic edema and extravasation of proteins into extracellular spaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698288
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural observations on the transvascular route of protein removal in vasogenic brain edema (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 66 (1985), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cold-lesion injury ; Brain edema ; Blood-brain barrier ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Anionic sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Micro-blood vessels (MBVs), located in the area of edema, were studied in cat brain at various time intervals (1 h, 24 h, 7 days) after cold-lesion injury. Both cold-injured and adjacent gyri were examined for blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to i. v. injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with circulation times of 40 min and 24 h. Evans blue (EB) was used as a tracer for gross evaluation of the extension of brain edema. Localization of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and binding of cationized ferritin (CF), considered as a marker of anionic sites, were also studied ultrastructurally. Twenty-four hours after cold injury, the extravasated edema fluid, outlined by EB tracer, was observed to be spreading through the white matter (WM) into the adjacent gyrus. At this time, numerous, larger than capillary MBVs, presumably arterioles and venules located in the edematous WM, showed accumulations of HRP injected at the time of the operation, in the basement membrane, in abluminal pits, and in numerous pinocytotic vesicles and vacuoles of endothelial cells (ECs). The animals killed after 24 h with 40 min HRP circulation showed extravasation of HRP tracer in a zone underlying the necrotic cold injury lesion. On the other hand, there was no evidence of an abnormal HRP leakage in the further removed areas of edema in the WM, particularly in the adjacent gyrus. These observations suggest that a reverse, vesicular transport of HRP across the ECs of some MBVs represents one of several possible mechanisms responsible for the removal of extravasated proteins and of edematous fluid from brain extracellular space. This reverse transport is accompanied by a disruption of the surface anionic layer and changed polarity of ECs manifested by the relocation of AP activity from luminal to abluminal plasmalemma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690958
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