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  • Artikel: DFG Deutsche Nationallizenzen  (1.202)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; genotype: C 57 BL/Ks-db/db ; hereditary diabetes in mice ; mutation: diabetes ; pancreatic islets ; islets of Langerhans ; beta cell replication ; mitotic activity ; radioautography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des études en microscopie optique et autoradiographiques ont été effectuées chez des souris normales (C 57 BL/KsJ) et chez leurs mutants diabétiques (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db) après l'administration de la3H-thymidine. Les îlots pancréatiques sont petits chez la souris normale, les cellulesβ sont bien granulées et de rares cellules endocrines incorporent la3H-thymidine. Les cellulesβ des mutants préhyperglycémiques (taux de glucose sanguin 〈 120 mg%) sont aussi bien granulées mais incorporent mieux la3H-thymidine que celles des souris normales. Avec l'apparition de l'hyperglycémie précoce (glucose sanguin 130–200 mg%) et de l'hyperinsulinémie, la dimension des îlots reste normale, mais on observe une dégranulation partielle des cellulesβ et une incorporation de la3H-thymidine dans un grand nombre de cellules pancréatiques. Chez les animaux présentant une hyperglycémie nette (glucose sanguin 〈 200 mg%), l'insuline circulante est considérablement accrue, la dégranulation des cellulesβ est prononcée, le nombre d'îlots marqués très grand et l'élargissement des îlots est très net. La phase terminale du syndrome est caractérisée par une diminution du nombre des cellulesβ et une prolifération remarquable de petits canaux. Les cellules ductales marquées sont nombreuses, tandis que les cellules du pancréas endocrine marquées sont peu fréquentes et les animaux meurent dans un état d'insuffisance relative d'insuline.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Pankreasgewebe von hereditär diabetischen (db/db) und normalen Kontrollmäusen wurde nachin vivo Injektion von Thymidin-3H lichtmikroskopisch und autoradiographisch untersucht. Die Langerhans'schen Inseln normaler Mäuse waren klein, die B-Zellen granuliert und nur selten konnte Inkorporation von Radioaktivität in Inselzellen festgestellt werden. Bei jungen, noch nicht hyperglykämischendb/db Mäusen (Blutzucker unter 120 mg/100 ml) waren die B-Zellen ebenfalls granuliert, doch waren häufiger Thymidininkorporierende Inselzellen nachzuweisen als bei den Kontrolltieren. In der durch Hyperinsulinaemie charakterisierten Anfangsphase des hyperglykämischen Syndroms (Blutzucker 130–200 mg/100 ml) waren die Inseln normal groß, die B-Zellen waren teilweise degranuliert und zahlreiche Inselzellen enthielten Thymidin-3H-Radioaktivität. Nach Erreichen von Blutzuckerkonzentrationen über 200 mg/100 ml und bei noch immer erhöhter Seruminsulinkonzentration waren die Inseln deutlich vergrößert, die B-Zellen degranuliert und zahlreiche Inselzellen mit Radioaktivität markiert. Während der terminalen Phase des Syndroms nahm die Zahl der B-Zellen deutlich ab und es trat eine intrainsuläre Proliferation kanikulärer Strukturen auf. Die Zellen dieser Gebilde inkorporierten viel Thymidin, dagegen wurden nur selten markierte endokrine Inselzellen beobachtet. Die Tiere starben in einem Zustand relativer Insulin-insuffizienz.
    Notizen: Summary Light microscopic and radioautographic studies were performed in normal (C 57 BL/KsJ) and in diabetic mutant (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db) mice following thymidine-3H administration. The pancreatic islets of normal mice were small, beta cells well granulated and a rare islet cell incorporated thymidine-3H. In prehyperglycemic mutants (blood glucose 〈 120 mg/100 ml) beta cells were also well granulated but incorporated thymidine-3H with greater frequency than observed in normal mice. With the onset of early hyperglycemia (blood glucose 130–200 mgm/100ml) and hyperinsulinemia, the islets were normal in size, however beta cells were partially degranulated and numerous islet cells were labeled with thymidine-3H. With established hyperglycemia (blood glucose 〈 200 mg/100 ml) serum IRI was greatly increased, beta cell degranulation pronounced, labeled islet cells numerous, and islet enlargement noteworthy. The terminal phase of the syndrome was characterized by a decrease in the number of beta cells and a unique proliferation of small ductal structures. Labeled ductal cells were numerous, labeled endocrine islet cells infrequent and the animals succumbed in a state of relative insulin insufficiency.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; diabetes in animals ; diabetes in man ; spiny mice ; Acomys cahirinus ; NZO mice ; mutationobob ; streptozotocin ; liver enzymes ; glycolysis ; Gluconeogenesis ; basement membrane ; muscle ; microangiopathy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'épaisseur de la membrane basale vasculaire dans le muscle de la souris à piquants a été déterminée selon la méthode de Siperstein et al. (1968). L'épaisseur moyenne de la membrane basale des souris à piquants ayant une tolérance normale au glucose est de 73±16 nm celle des animaux avec une tolérance au glucose modérément ou sévèrement déséquilibrée est respectivement de 75±18 nm et de 80±18 nm. Chez la souris à piquants ayant un diabète cétosique franc de longue durée, l'épaisseur de la membrane basale est de 105±9 nm. Cette petite augmentation peut difficilement être reliée au diabète parce qu'elle reste dans les limites des dimensions de la membrane basale observées chez les souris blanches normales et bien en dessous des valeurs trouvées dans le diabète humain et le diabète expérimental de l'animal. — L'activité de différentes enzymes de la glycolyse et de la gluconéogénèse a été mesurée dans le foie d'animaux ayant un diabète expérimental ou spontané ainsi que dans le diabète non-traité de l'homme. L'activité de différentes enzymes hépatiques sous différentes conditions est en relation avec le type du diabète. Dans les cas d'une déficience en insuline (diabète aigu induit par la streptozotocine chez le rat, diabète cétosique de la souris à piquants et diabète juvénile non-traité chez l'homme), on observe une diminution de la glucokinase, de la phosphofructokinase et de la pyruvatekinase, alors que l'activité de la fructo-1,6-diphosphatase et la glucose-6-phosphatase sont accrues et l'activité de l'aldolase reste inchangée. Dans le diabète non-cétosique (diabète spontané léger de la souris à piquants, de la souris obèse-hyperglycémique de Bar Harbor, de la souris obèse de Nouvelle-Zélande et dans le diabète humain de type adulte), l'activité de la glucokinase est significativement accrue. Bien que l'activité des enzymes de la gluconéogénèse ne soit augmentée que dans les cas d'hyper glycémics les plus sévères, l'accroissement de l'activité de la pyruvatekinase n'est observé que dans les formes moins sévères de diabète non-cétosique.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung des Durchmessers der Basalmembranen der Muskelcapillaren bei Stachelmäusen (Acomys cahirinus), nach der Methode von Siperstein et al. 1968 ergab bei Tieren mit normaler Glucosetoleranz 73±16 nM, bei Tieren mit leichter und schwerer Glucosetoleranzstörung 75±18 resp. 80±18 nM. Bei Tieren mit seit langem bestehendem ketotischen Diabetes betrug der 0 105±9 nM. Dieser Wert liegt deutlich unter denjenigen, die bei Diabetikern und diabetischen Tieren gefunden wurden und entspricht ungefähr denjenigen, die bei normalen weißen Mäusen gemessen werden. Es ist deshalb nicht wahrscheinlich, daß die geringe bei Stachelmäusen beobachtete Zunahme auf die diabetische Stoffwechselstörung zurückgeführt werden kann. — In Leberhomogenaten von Tieren mit spontanem und experimentellem Diabetes sowie von unbehandelten Diabetikern wurde die Aktivität verschiedener Schlüsselenzyme der Glykolyse und der Gluconeogenese gemessen. Dies erlaubte es, den verschiedenen Schweregraden hyperglykämischer Syndrome bestimmte Enzymmuster zuzuordnen. Im Falle eines Insulinmangels mit Keto-Acidose fand sich bei Mensch und Tieren ein Abfall der Aktivität von GK, PFK und PK. während die Aktivität von FD Pase und G-6-Pase anstieg und die Aldolase-Aktivität unverändert blieb. Nicht ketotische Hyperglykämie war durch eine Erhöhung der Aktivität der Glucokinase charakterisiert; die Aktivität der Schlüsselenzyme der Gluconeogenèse war nur bei schwerer Hyperglykämie erhöht, während diejenige der Pyruvatkinase nur bei der leichten Form des nicht-ketotischen Diabetes erhöht war.
    Notizen: Summary Vascular basement membrane thickness in the muscle was measured in spiny mice according to the method of Sipersteinet al. (1968). The mean basement membrane width in spiny mice with normal glucose tolerance was 73±16 nm and in spiny mice with moderately and severely impaired glucose tolerance 75±18 and 80±18 nm respectively. In spiny mice with long lasting overt ketotic diabetes the basement membrane width was 105±9 nm. This small increase is unlikely to be related to diabetes since it is within the range of basement membrane thickness measured in normal swiss mice and far below the range described in human and experimental diabetes. — The activity of different enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis was measured in the liver of animals with experimental and spontaneous diabetes and in untreated human diabetes. The pattern of liver enzyme activity found under the different conditions could be related to the type of diabetes present. In the case of insulin deficiency (acute streptozotocin diabetes of rats, ketotic type of diabetes of spiny mice and untreated human juvenile diabetes) there is a decrease in the activity of GK, PFK and PK while FDPase and G-6-Pase activity was increased and aldolase activity unchanged. In the case of non-ketotic diabetes (mild spontaneous diabetes of spiny mice, obese hyperglycemic Bar Harbor mice, New Zealand obese mice, human maturity onset type diabetes) the activity of glucokinase was significantly increased. While the activity of gluconeogenetic enzymes increased only in the more severe states of hyperglycemia, the activity of PK increased only in the milder forms of the non-ketotik diabetes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 268-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; heredity ; mouse ; age ; diet ; db-mouse ; insulin ; B-cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La souris du mutant C 57 BL/KsJ -db développe un diabète spontané dont beaucoup de symptômes ressemblent à ceux du diabète humain. La prise de nourriture, le poids corporel et l'insulinémie de la sourisdb sont augmentés dès la 4e semaine, celle du glucose sanguin dès l'âge de 7 semaines. Le sucre sanguin continue à augmenter avec l'âge mais, dès le 3 mois, l'insulinémie, le contenu du pancréas en insulin et le poids corporel diminuent en dépit d'une prise alimentaire élevée. Le taux de glucose sanguin et l'insulinémie peuvent être stabilisés, le contenu pancréatique en insuline augmente si les jeunes animaux diabétiques sont soumis à une restriction alimentaire. — L'oxidation basale du glucose par le tissue adipeuxin vitro est elevée chez la sourisdb après le sevrage, mais abaissée chez les animaux diabétiques plus âgés. La réponse du tissu adipeux à l'insuline chez les sourisdb âgées est considérablement diminuée et l'activité des enzymes de la gluconéogénèse est augmentée. Ceci suggère que le diabète de la sourisdb serait dù au fait qu' à la longue, le pancréas ne peut contrôler une production de glucose continuellement et anormalement augmentée. Chez les très jeunes animaux diabétiques, l'insulinémie élevée et l'oxidation accrue du glucose par les tissus, (tissu adipeux) contribuent à maintenir le taux de glucose à niveau normal. Chez les sourisdb plus âgées, une prise alimentaire augmentée, une utilisation abaissée du glucose et la production continue de glucose par le foie provoquent un stress constant et sévère sur les cellulesβ, qui finit quelquefois par épuiser ces dernières et conduit à un diabète léthal.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Mäuse des Stammes C 57 BL/ KsJ -db entwickeln spontan ein hyperglykämisches Syndrom, das dem Diabetes des Menschen in mancher Hinsicht entspricht. Nahrungsaufnahme, Körpergewicht und Plasmainsulinkonzentrationen derdb/db Mäuse waren bereits im Alter von 4 Wochen, die Blutzuckerkonzentration im Alter von 7 Wochen erhöht. Während die Blutzuckerkonzentrationen mit steigendem Alter progressiv anstiegen, begannen nach dem 3. Monat Plasmainsulinkonzentration, Insulingehalt des Pankreas und Körpergewicht abzusinken, obwohl die Hyperphagie weiterhin anhielt. Kalorienrestriktion bei jungen Tieren führte zu einer Stabilisierung von Blutzucker- und Plasmainsulinkonzentrationen und zu einer Zunahme des Insulingehalts des Pancreas.In vitro zeigte das Fettgewebe eben abgestillterdb/db Mäuse erhöhte Glucoseoxidation, während dasjenige älterer diabetischer Tiere sowohl spontan als auch in Gegenwart von Insulin weniger Glucose oxidierte. Die Aktivitäten der Schlüsselenzyme der Gluconeogenese in der Leber waren beidb/db Mäusen erhöht. Es wird angenommen, daß der Diabetes derdb/db Maus auf die Unfähigkeit des Pankreas zurückzuführen ist, den kontinuierlich erhöhten Anfall von Glucose zu bewältigen.
    Notizen: Summary The mutant mouse, C 57 BL/KsJ -db, develops spontaneous diabetes with many symptoms similar to those observed in the diabetic human. Food intake, body weight, and plasma insulin in thedb mouse were increased by 4 weeks of age and blood sugar by 7 weeks. The blood sugar continued to increase with age but by 3 months plasma insulin, pancreatic insulin, and body weight decreased despite continued elevated food intake. Blood sugar and plasma insulin could be stabilized and pancreatic insulin increased of young diabetics were kept on a limited diet. Baseline glucose oxidation by adipose tissuein vitro was elevated in weanlingdb mice but depressed in older diabetics. The response to insulin of adipose tissue from olderdb mice was markedly reduced and gluconeogenic enzymes were increased. These observations suggested that diabetes in thedb mouse results from the eventual inability of the pancreas to control a continual, abnormally increased supply of glucose. In the very young diabetics, elevated plasma insulin and increased glucose oxidation by the tissues (adipose tissue) maintained the glucose concentration at a normal level. In the olderdb's, elevated food intake, depressed glucose utilization, and continuous output of glucose by the liver produced a constant, severe stress on the beta cells, resulting eventually in beta cell exhaustion and in the development of lethal diabetes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; mutationobob ; NZO mice ; diabetes in mice ; obesity in mice ; hereditary obesity ; insulin ; Beta-cells of pancreatic islets ; adipose tissue
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé En étudiant le développement du syndrome obésité-hyperglycémic des sourisobob et NZO, des différences prononcées ont été trouvées entre ces deux souches. — Chez la souris NZO, la tolérance au glucose décroît progressivement avec l'augmentation du poids et de l'âge. — Chez la sourisobob, on distingue un développement du syndrome en 3 phases. Dans un premier temps dynamique, la tolérance au glucose diminue alors que la sécrétion d'insuline et le poids corporel augmentent. La phase intermédiaire ou transitoire — lorsque les animaux pèsent environ 55 g — est caractérisée par un changement rapide de l'allure des courbes de tolérance, c'est à dire qu'une mauvaise tolérance au glucose avec insulinémie élevée est suivie d'une amélioration de la tolérance au glucose et d'une diminution de l'insulinémie. Dans un troisième temps, statique, les taux de glucose sanguin et d'insuline circulante sont voisins de ceux des souris normales de même âge. Le poids corporel diminue lentement. Les modifications de la tolérance au glucose et l'insulinémie vont de pair avec des modifications morphologiques des cellules des îlots pancréatiques. La gluconéogénèse est accrue dans les phases dynamique et transitoire, mais diminuée dans la phase statique.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Ein Vergleich der altersbedingten Veränderungen der Glucosetoleranz beiobob- undNZO- Mäusen ergab folgende Unterschiede: Die Glucosetoleranz der NZO-Mäuse nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter und Körpergewicht progressiv ab. Beiobob-Mäusen lassen sich eine dynamische (I), eine intermediäre (II) und eine statische (III) Phase unterscheiden. Im Verlauf der Phase I nimmt die Glucosetoleranz ab, die Seruminsulinkonzentrationen und das Körpergewicht nehmen zu. Zu Beginn der Phase II (Körpergewicht ca. 55 g) ist die Glucosetoleranz sehr schlecht, die Seruminsulinkonzentrationen liegen sehr hoch; später verbessert sich die Glucosetoleranz etwas und die Insulinkonzentrationen sinken ab. Während der Phase III kehren Blutzucker und Seruminsulinkonzentrationen beinahe in den Bereich der bei Normaltieren des gleichen Wurfes gemessenen Werte zurück. Das Körpergewicht zeigt eine langsame Reduktion. Die Langerhans'schen Inseln zeigen während der Phasen I und II eine deutliche Hyperplasie, die sich im Verlaufe der Phase III weitgehend zurückbildet. Während der Phasen I und II sind die Aktivitäten gluconeogenetischer Enzyme deutlich erhöht.
    Notizen: Summary Marked differences were shown in the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in NZO andobob mice. — In NZO mice glucose tolerance decreases continuously with increasing age and body weight. — Inobob mice three phases in the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome are differentiated. In the first, dynamic phase glucose tolerance decreases and insulin secretion increases as does body weight. The intermediary or transitional phase, when the animals weigh about 55 g, is characterised by rapidly changing glucose patterns, i. e. an extremely poor glucose tolerance and extremely high serum insulin level is followed by improving glucose tolerance and decreasing insulin levels. In the third, static phase blood sugar values and serum insulin levels have nearly returned to those of the lean littermates. Body weight slowly decreases. The changes in glucose tolerance and serum insulin are parallelled by changes in islet cell morphology. The gluconeogenic capacity is increased during the dynamic and transitional phases, it declines during the static phase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 306-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; mutationobob ; diabetes in mice ; obesity in mice ; implantation ; transplantation ; millipore filters ; pancreas ; insulin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des chambres à diffusion Millipore contenant des îlots isolés de pancréas d'animaux normaux ont été implantées à des souris obèses. Dans cette étude, les animaux témoins étaient soit des animaux obèses implantés avec des îlots encapsulés d'animaux obèses ou avec des chambres vides, soit des animaux non-obèses implantés avec des îlots encapsulés d'animaux obèses, non obèses et avec des chambres vides. Des contrôles réguliers ont été effectués chez tous les animaux quant au gain de poids et aux glycémies. De plus, des mesures de 'insuline immunoréactive ont été effectués sur des échantillons de sang provenant de plusieurs animaux de chaque groupe. —Toutes les souris, à l'exception de la moitié du groupe expérimental, ont été sacrifiées au 45e jour de l'expérience et des examenspost-mortem ont été effectués. Les capsules contenant des îlots d'animaux non-obèses ont été retiré des souris obèses restantes et le gain de poids a été suivi pour une autre période de 45 jours. Après sacrifice de ces souris, des mesures de glycémies et des taux d'insuline ont été effectuées. — Les résultats de cette expérience ont montré que le gain de poids s'était stabilise, que les glycémies et les taux d'insuline plasmatique des souris obèses s'étaient réduits au cours des 14 jours suivant l'implantation des chambres Millipores contenant des îlots pancréatiques des animaux non-obèses. Le gain de poids reprenait immédiatement et les glycémies et les taux d'insuline plasmatiques élevés ont été trouvés 45 jours après l'ablation des chambres de diffusion Millipore. — Les résultats de cette étude nous amènent aux conclusions suivantes: 1. L'obésité spontanée qui se développe chez la souris ayant une obésité héréditaire résulte d'une carence relative ou absolue d'un ou de plusieurs facteurs insulaires pancréatiques. 2. Ce facteur est originaire des îlots de Langerhans et il est capable de traverser les pores de 0.45 μ des filtres Millipore. 3. La présence de ce facteur est nécessaire pour maintenir aussi bien une glycémie normale qu'une sensibilité à l'insuline et un métabolisme lipidique normaux.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Isolierte Langerhans'sche Inseln normalgewichtiger Geschwister wurden in Millipore-Kapseln in die Peritonealhöhle vonobob Mäusen implantiert. Als Kontrollen dientenobob Mäuse, denen von obob erhaltene Inseln oder leere Milliporekammern implantiert wurden und normale Tiere, die entweder Inseln von obob, von Kontrolltieren oder leere Kammern trugen. In regelmäßigen Abständen wurden Körpergewicht und Blutzuckerkonzentration kontrolliert. Außerdem wurden bei dieser Gelegenheit Blutproben aller Tiere zur radioimmunologischen Bestimmung der Insulinkonzentration gepoolt. Nach 45 Tagen wurden, mit Ausnahme der Hälfte der mit Normälinseln implantiertenobob Mäuse, sämtliche Tiere getötet. Bei den überlebendenobob Mäusen wurden die von Normaltieren erhaltenen Langerhans'schen Inseln samt Millipore-Kapseln entfernt und die Beobachtung weitere 45 Tage fortgeführt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Implantation normaler Inseln inobob Mäusen innerhalb von 14 Tagen zu einer Stabilisierung des Körpergewichts und zu einem Abfall der Blutzucker- und Insulinkonzentrationen führte. Nach Entfernung der Kapseln erfolgte ein erneuter Gewichtsanstieg und 45 Tage nach dieser letzten Operation waren Blutzucker und Insulinkonzentrationen wieder erhöht. — Die Resultate lassen folgende Schlüsse zu: 1. Das Spontanauftreten desobes-hyperglykämischen Syndroms derobob Mäuse ist auf den abolsuten oder relativen Mangel eines in den Langerhans'schen Inseln enthaltenen Faktors zurückzuführen. 2. Diese Substanz diffundiert durch die 0.45 μ weiten Poren der Millipore-Membran. 3. Dieser Faktor gewährleistet die Aufrechterhaltung eines normalen Glucose- und Fettstoffwechsels sowie einer normalen Insulinempfindlichkeit.
    Notizen: Summary Obese mice were implanted with Millipore diffusion chambers containing islets isolated from pancreas of normal littermates. Controls in this study were either obese implanted with encapsulated obese islets and empty chambers or non-obese implanted with encapsulated obese islets, non-obese islets and empty chambers. — Regular checks were made on all mice for weight gains and glucose levels. In addition, samples of blood were pooled from each group for immunoreactive insulin determinations. All mice, except one-half the experimental group, were sacrificed at 45 days andpost-mortem examinations performed. The capsules containing non-obese islets were removed from the remaining obese mice and weight gains followed for an additional 45 days. These mice were then sacrificed and determinations made for glucose and insulin levels. — The results showed that weight gain was stabilized, glucose and insulin levels in obese mice were reduced within 14 days after implanting Millipore diffusion chambers containing non-obese pancreatic islets. Weight gain resumed immediately and elevated glucose and insulin levels were found 45 days after removing Millipore diffusion chamber. — These results led to the following conclusions: 1. The spontaneous obesity which develops in the hereditary obese mouse results from a missing or defective pancreatic islet factor or factors. — 2. This factor originates from the islets of Langerhans and is capable of passing through 0.45 μ pores of the Millipore membrane. — 3. This factor's presence is necessary for normal glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 274-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; diabetes in mice ; mutation: diabetes ; liver enzymes ; gluconeogenesis ; diet and diabetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé 7 enzymes hépatiques ont été étudiésin vitro chez les souris diabétiques et contrôles de la souche C 57 BL/Ks, à l'âge de 1, 2, et 4 mois et demi. Avant l'apparition de l'hyperglycémic, une augmentation de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxykinase et de la glucose-6-phosphatase a été observée chez la sourisdb agée d'un mois. A l'âge de 2 mois, ces souris présentaient une hyper-glycémic, une hyperinsulinémie et une activité accrue de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxykinase, de la glucose-6-phosphatase, de la fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, de la pyruvate kinase et de la 6-phosphogluconate déhydrogénase. Chez les sourisdb de 4 mois et demi, on a observé des taux normaux d'insulinémie, une hyperglycémic sévère, une activité extrêmement élevée des enzymes de la gluconéogénèse hépatique et extrêmement réduite de ceux de la glycolyse et du cycle des pentoses. Les désordres de ces enzymes ainsi que [ceux du glucose sanguin ont pu être contrôles partielleuent en soumettant les animaux à une restriction alimentaire dès l'âge d'un mois. Des étudesin vivo ont indiqué que l'hyperglycémic résulte, en partie du moins, d'une gluconéogénèse accélérée. L'apparition du diabète chez la souris est discutée à la lumière de ces résultats.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Aktivität von 7 Enzymen der glykolytischen und gluconeogenetischen Ketten in Leberextrakten von 1, 2 und 4 1/2 Monate altendb/db Mäusen und normalen Kontrolltieren ergab folgende Resultate: Bei noch normoglykämischendb/db Mäusen im Alter von 1 Monat waren Phosphoenolpyruvat-Carboxikinase und Glucose-6-Phosphatase-Aktivität erhöht. Im Alter von 2 Monaten (manifeste Hyperglykämie und Hyperinsulinämie) waren außer den Schlüsselenzymen der Gluconeogenese auch die Aktivitäten der Pyruvat Kinase und der 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase erhöht. Bei 4 1/2 Monate altendb/db Mäusen (schwere Hyperglykämie, zur Norm abgesunkene Plasmainsulinkonzentrationen) waren die Aktivitäten der Schlüsselenzyme der Gluconeogenese stark erhöht und diejenigen der Enzyme der Glykolyse und des Pentose-Shunts erniedrigt. Einschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme einen Monat nach Geburt verhinderte das Auftreten dieser Veränderungen nur teilweise. Auf Grund vonin vivo Experimenten wird angenommen, daß die Hyperglykämie, zumindestens teilweise, auf verstärkte Gluconeogenese zurückzuführen ist.
    Notizen: Summary Seven hepatic enzymes were assayedin vitro in diabetic and control C57BL/Ks mice at 1, 2, and 41/2 month. An elevation in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase was observed before the onset of hyperglycemia in db mice at the age of 1 month. At two months, these mice had hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, pyruvate kinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The 4 1/2 month old db mice had normal plasma insulin, severe hyperglycemia, exorbitant amount of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and reduced quantity of glycolytic and pentose-phosphate shunt enzymes. The disturbance in enzyme activities and blood sugar was partially controlled by placing the animals on a limited diet beginning at the age of 1 month.In vivo studies indicated that hyperglycemia resulted, at least in part, from an accelerated rate of gluconeogenesis. The development of diabetes in these mice is discussed with reference to these findings.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; mutationobob ; NZO mice ; diabetes in mice ; obesity in mice ; hereditary obesity ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; lipogenesis ; size of fat cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez la souris NZO, il existe une étroite corrélation entre la dimension de la cellule adipeuse et l'augmentation du poids corporel. Chez ces animaux, la libération des AGL et du glycérol à partir du tissu adipeux augmente en fonction du poids et de la dimension des cellules adipeuses, que ce soit dans les conditions de base ou après stimulation par la noradrénaline, l'ACTH, le DB-AMP cyclique et la théophylline. La réponse aux agents lipolytiques est la même chez la souris NZO normopondérale et les souris normales provenant de la même nichée que les sourisobob. Chez ces dernières, la dimension de la cellule adipeuse et le poids corporel sont en corrélation jusqu'à un poids corporel d'environ 60 g. Chez des sourisobob plus âgées, une diminution de la dimension de la cellule est observée lorsque le poids augmente. Aucune corrélation ne peut être établie entre la stimulation de la lipolyse et la dimension de la cellule adipeuse. Il existe une corrélation inverse entre l'insulinémie et la stimulation de lipolyse dans le tissu adipeux. — Il est conclu de ces expériences que les souris NZO pourraient être atteintes d'un type d'obésité hypértrophiqué et les souris obob d'un type d'obésité hyperplasique, dont la distinction semble pouvoir se faire par l'examen morphologique de la cellule adipeuse et par la sensibilité du tissu adipeux aux agents lipolytiques.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung BeiNZO-Mäusen besteht eine enge Korrelation zwischen Zunahme des Körpergewichtes und Vergrößerung der Einzelfettzelle. Unter Basalbedingungen sowie nach Stimulierung mit Noradrenalin, ACTH, DB-cyclo AMP und Theophyllin nimmt die Freisetzung von Glycerin und freien Fettsäuren aus dem Fettgewebe beiNZO-Mäusen mit steigendem Körpergewicht und Vergrößerung der Fettzelle zu. — Junge, nicht fettsüchtigeNZO-Mäuse und nicht fettsüchtige Wurfgeschwister hyperglykämischerobob-Mäuse reagieren in ähnlicher Weise auf lipolytische Stimuli. — Beiobob-Mäusen besteht zwischen der Fettzellgröße und dem Körpergewicht eine Korrelation, bis die Tiere ein Gewicht von ungefähr 60 g erreicht haben. Bei älterenobob-Mäusen tritt trotz einer weiteren Zunahme des Körpergewichtes eine Abnahme der Fettzellgröße auf. Es besteht keine Korrelation zwischen stimulierter Lipolyse und Fettzellgröße. Die Höhe des Seruminsulinspiegels und die stimulierte Lipolyse des Fettgewebes verhalten sich bei diesen Tieren umgekehrt proportional. — Es wird geschlossen, daßNZO-Mäuse den Typ einer hypertrophischen Fettsucht undobob-Mäuse den Typ einer hyperplastischen Fettsucht verkörpern, die sich hinsichtlich der Fettzellmorphologie und der Empfindlichkeit des Fettgewebes auf lipolytische Agenzien voneinander unterscheiden.
    Notizen: Summary In NZO mice fat cell size is strongly correlated to increasing body weight; FFA and glycerol release from adipose tissue under basal conditions and after stimulation with norepinephrine, ACTH, DB-cyclic AMP and theophylline increase with body weight and fat cell size. Normal weight NZO mice and lean littermates ofobob mice respond similarly to lipolytic agents. — Inobob mice cell size and body weight are correlated until a body weight of about 60 g is reached. Olderobob mice show a decrease in cell size with increasing body weight. There is no correlation between stimulated lipolysis and fat cell size. In these animals an inverse relationship between serum insulin and stimulated lipolysis in adipose tissue was observed. — It is concluded that NZO mice exhibit a type of hypertrophic obesity andobob mice a type of hyperplastic obesity, which may be differentiated by fat cell morphology and the sensitivity of adipose tissue to lipolytic agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 324-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; KK mouse ; diffuse ; nodular-type ; exudative ; glomerulosclerosis ; genetically determined ; insulin in serum ; insulin in pancreas ; lipids in serum ; BUN in serum ; hepatic fetal lipid content ; weight ; gangrene ; microaneurisms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La glomérulosclérose a été trouvée chez 47% de 64 souris KK non-obèses et génétiquement diabétiques. Les altérations consistent en un épaississement progressif de la matrice mésangiale et en des cellules montrant des lésions diffuses. Des lésions du type nodulaire se composant de matrice mésangiale et de cellules ont été également observées ainsi qu'un grand nombre de lésions dites exsudatives. La fréquence de ces lésions augmente significativement avec l'âge. Les lésions des vaisseaux sanguins, du tissu interstitiel et des tubules ne sont pas significatives. — Jusqu'ici, la gangrène des extrémités n'a été observée que chez 4 souris KK. Un pourcentage très élevé d'animaux montre une tolérance au glucose diminuée. La glycosurie a été surtout observée au cours de l'épreuve orale de tolérance au glucose. Un pourcentage significatif d'animaux à jeun montre un taux élevé de triglycérides sériques. Chez la souris KK, le contenu pancréatique en insuline immunoréactive (IBI) est environ double et l'IRI sérique trois fois plus élevée. Des taux élevés d'azote uréique circulant ainsi qu'une protéinurie ont été trouvés chez quelques souris KK.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Nieren von 64 normalgewichtigen hereditär-hyperglykämischen KK-Mäusen wurden auf das Vorhandensein sogenannt „typischer“ diabetischer Veränderungen hin untersucht. In 47% der Fälle bestand eine interkapilläre Glomerulosklerose, die durch eine Verbreiterung der Basalmembranen und durch eine Zunahme der Matrix des Mesangiums gekennzeichnet war. Außerdem wurden sowohl noduläre Veränderungen des Mesangiums als auch sogenannte exsudative Läsionen festgestellt. Sämtliche Veränderungen waren bei älteren Tieren häufiger anzutreffen als bei jungen. Das spontane Auftreten von Extremitätengangrän bei bisher 4 KK-Mäusen wird als Zeichen für das Bestehen peripherer Gefäßveränderungen gedeutet. — Nach oraler Glucosebelastung trat bei praktisch allen Tieren Glucosurie auf und die Glucosetoleranz war bei einem großen Teil vermindert. Im Nüchternzustand war bei einem beträchtlichen Teil er untersuchten Tiere eine Erhöhung der Plasmatriglyceride festzustellen. Der Insulingehalt des Pankreas war doppelt und die Insulinkonzentration des Serums dreimal so hoch wie bei Normaltieren. Mehrere KK-Mäuse hatten erhöhte Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Blut und waren deutlich proteinurisch.
    Notizen: Summary Glomerulosclerosis was found in 47% of 64 nonobese genetically “diabetic” KK mice. The changes consisted of a progressive increase in mesangial matrix and cells forming diffuse lesions. Nodular-type lesions, made up of mesangial matrix and cells were also noted, and there were many so-called exudative lesions. The incidence of these lesions increased significantly with age. Lesions of blood vessels, interstitial tissue and tubules were not significant. — Gangrene of the extremities was found thus far in 4 KK mice. — Tolerance to oral glucose was impaired in a very high percentage of animals. Glycosuria was found mostly during the OGTT. In a significant percentage of animals serum fasting triglyceride values were high. Pancreatic immunoreactive insulin was about double and serum IRI three times higher in the KK mice. Elevated BUN levels and significant proteinuria were found in some of the KK mice.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; spiny mice ; Acomys cahirinus ; kidney ; glomerulus ; basement membrane ; mesangium ; tubulus ; glycogen nephrosis ; glycogen body ; lysosome ; diabetic nephropathy ; collagen fibers ; electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les glomérules et tubules rénaux de souris à piquants (Acomys cahirinus) normoglycémiques et diabétiques ont été étudiés au microscope électronique. L'épaisseur de la membrane basale des capillaires glomérulaires ainsi que l'espace occupé par la matrice mésangiale augmentaient progressivement avec l'âge de l'animal. Outre l'épaississement général de la membrane basale, on nota un épaississement focal du côté épithélial. La membrane cytoplasmique des prolongements podocytaires adjacents présentaient des modifications suggérant une pinocytose active. Chez les animaux âgés de plus de douze mois, la matrice mésangiale était régulièrement caractérisée par la présence de lacunes contenant des fibres de collagène. Chez les animaux diabétiques, les altérations capillaires et mésangiales étaient en général plus marquées sans que l'on ait rencontré les lésions typiques du diabète. Ceci pourrait être dû à la durée relativement brève du diabète chez les animaux examinés. L'épaisseur des membranes basales des capillaires glomérulaires augmente progressivement avec l'âge et le diabète pourrait accélérer ce processus. L'examen des tubules rénaux des animaux diabétiques a permis de constater que le degré d'infiltration de glycogène varie de façon caractéristique entre les différents segments tubulaires, mais aussi entre les cellules épithéliales d'un même segment. La présence de lysosomes remplis de glycogène représente l'observation la plus surprenante. Les mécanismes responsables de cette accumulation intralysosomiale de glycogène sont encore inconnus: elle peut résulter de la réabsorption massive de glucose et/ou d'un dérangement de la fonction lysosomiale secondaire à l'état diabétique.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Glomeruli und Tubuli der Nieren normoglykämischer und diabetischer Stachelmäuse (Acomys cahirinus) wurden untersucht: Die Basalmembranen der Glomeruluskapillaren sowie die Matrix des Mesangiums verdickten sich mit zunehmendem Alter der Tiere; weiterhin ließen sich bei älteren Tieren fokale Verbreiterungen auf der epithelialen Seite der Basalmembran nachweisen, die ultrastrukturell von der letztern nicht zu unterscheiden waren. Die Plasmamembran der angrenzenden Podocytenfüßchen enthielt auf gesteigerte Mikropinocytose hinweisende Vesikel. In der Matrix des Mesangiums von über zwölf Monate alten Tieren fanden sich regelmäßig Lacunen, in denen Kollagenfasern festgestellt wurden. Bei diabetischen Tieren waren die Veränderungen der Basalmembranen und des Mesangiums in der Regel stärker ausgeprägt als bei normoglykämisehen; sogenannte typische diabetische Veränderungen wurden aber nicht beobachtet. Dies mag mit der relativ kurzen Dauer des Diabetes der untersuchten Tiere zusammenhängen. Die Messung der Dicke der Basalmembranen der Glomeruluskapillaren ergab daß diese mit steigendem Alter zunimmt und daß diese Verdickung bei diabetischen Tieren möglicherweise beschleunigt verläuft. In den Tubuli derselben diabetischen Tiere wurde eine charakteristische segmentäre Verteilung der Glykogenspeicherung beobachtet, dabei schwankte aber die Intensität der Glykogenspeicherung auch innerhalb eines Segments von Zelle zu Zelle. Das auffallendste im Zusammenhang mit der Glykogenspeicherung beobachtete Phänomen waren mit Glykogen angefüllte Lysosomen. Wie es zu dieser lysosomialen Glykogenspeicherung kommt, ist noch unbekannt; der erhöhte Anfall von Glucose (Reabsorption) und/oder eine durch den Diabetes bedingte Störung lysosomialer Funktionen kommen als ursächliche Faktoren in Frage.
    Notizen: Summary Glomeruli and tubules of the kidney of normoglycemic and diabetic spiny mice were studied with the electron microscope. Progressive thickening of the basement membranes of glomerular capillaries with a concomitant increase in the deposition of basement-membrane-like mesangial matrix occurred with age. Focal hemispherical thickenings of the basement membrane on its epithelial side were observed with increasing frequency in older animals. The plasma membrane of adjacent foot processes exhibited features suggestive of pinocytosis. Collagen fibers in electronlucent areas surrounded by mesangial matrix were regularly seen in animals beyond the age of twelve months. In diabetic animals, the alterations of the glomerular capillary basement membranes and of the mesangial region appeared to be more pronounced but no specific lesions were observed. This negative finding may be related to the relatively short duration of the diabetic state. Measurements of the thickness of glomerular capillary basement membranes showed a significant age-dependent increase in basement membrane width and indicated that this process may be accelerated in diabetic animals. Examination of the renal tubules of diabetic animals showed a characteristic segmental pattern of glycogen storage in epithelial cells with considerable variations in the degree of glycogen infiltration between different segments but also between individual cells of a given segment. The most surprising feature associated with glycogen storage was the occurrence of lysosomes filled with glycogen. The mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of glycogen within lysosomes are unknown but may be related to an increase in glycogen turnover in cells actively involved in the reabsorption of glucose or to an impairment of lysosomal function secondary to diabetes.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; chinese hamster ; cricetulus griseus ; epidemiology ; genetics of diabetes ; conjugal diabetes in animals ; diabetes in animals ; inheritance of diabetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le glucose et les corps cétoniques urinaires de 253 hamsters nés entre janvier et septembre 1968 ont été mesurés toutes les deux semaines à partir de l'âge de 15 jours jusqu'en septembre 1969. Ces animaux proviennent de 67 nichées produites par 28 femelles mariées à 19 mâles de 7 lignées consanguines. — Tous les 46 hamsters provenant de parents diabétiques avec cétose sévère sont devenus diabétiques (continuellement 4+ au Tes-Tape). 25 parmi ces 46 animaux ont développé une cétonurie (continuellement 4 + au Ketostix). — Alors que 100% des animaux de parents diabétiques avec cétose sont devenus diabétiques en 8 mois, on trouve une incidence de diabète de 59% chez des animaux provenant de croisements entre animaux diabétiques cétosiques et non-cétosiques; cette incidence est de 41% chez les animaux provenant de parents cétosiques diabétiques mais avec des animaux ayant des traces de glycosurie; elle est de 24% chez ceux provenant de croisements d'animaux diabétiques cétosiques avec des non-diabétiques. — Le diabète apparaît plus tôt dans la progéniture d'animaux diabétiques avec cétose que chez celle issue d'animaux avec diabète léger. A l'âge de 3 semaines, parmi les petits de parents ayant un diabète cétosique, 26% montraient des traces de glycosurie, 26% étaient diabétiques et 2% étaient cétosiques. A l'âge de 2 mois, 85% sont devenus diabétiques. A l'âge de 3 semaines, les petits issus de mariages entre parents avec diabète cétosique et noncétosique ont présenté des traces de glycosurie dans 16% des cas et un diabète dans 2% des cas. Seulement 36% étaient diabétiques à l'âge de 2 mois. — Les animaux de hamsters chinois avec diabète cétosique sévère se prêtent de façon idéale à des recherches sur le prédiabète, parce que l'apparition de la maladie est prévisible et que, de plus, ces animaux deviennent rapidement diabétiques confirmant ainsi leur état prédiabétique antérieur. Chez la progéniture de parents ayant un diabète moins sévère, son apparition est imprévisible du fait que 59% seulement ont dévélopé un diabète et que la fréquence de la maladie varie de nichée à nichée issues de mêmes parents. Par ailleurs, on sait que des parents non-diabétiques ont eu des petits diabétiques. Ces données suggèrent que la transmission du diabète chez le hamster chinois est complexe puisqu'elle ne peut pas être expliquée par la présence d'un seul gène récessif.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung 253 zwischen Januar und September geborene chinesische Hamster wurden ab dem 15. Lebenstag und bis September 1969 in zweiwöchigen Abständen auf das Vorliegen von Zucker und Ketonkörper im Urin untersucht. Es handelte sich um Tiere aus 67 Würfen von 28 Weibchen und 19 Männchen aus 7 verschiedenen Inzuchtlinien. Alle 46 Nachkommen schwer ketotisch diabetischer Eltern entwickelten einen Diabetes, der bei 25 Tieren auch von Ketonurie begleitet war. Innerhalb der ersten 8 Lebensmonate wurde ein Diabetes festgestellt bei 100% der Nachkommen ketotisch-diabetischer Eltern, bei 59% der Nachkommen eines ketotisch-diabetischen und eines nicht ketotisch-diabetischen Elternteils, bei 41% der Nachkommen eines ketotischen und eines nur spurenweise glykosurischen Tieres und bei 24% der Nachkommen eines ketotischen und eines nicht diabetischen Elternteils. Bei den Nachkommen ketotisch-diabetischer Eltern trat der Diabetes früher auf als bei denen von Eltern mit milderen Formen des Syndroms. 3 Wochen nach der Geburt zeigten 26% der Nachkommen ketotisch-diabetischer Eltern spuren-weise Glykosurie, 26% waren diabetisch und 2% ketonurisch. Zwei Monate nach der Geburt waren 85% der Tiere diabetisch. Bei 3 Wochen alten Nachkommen eines ketotisch diabetischen und eines nicht ketotisch-diabetischen Elternteils waren die entsprechenden Werte 16% für spurenweise Glykosurie, 2% für Diabetes, und im Alter von 2 Monaten waren nur 36% der Tiere diabetisch. — Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse wird geschlossen, daß sich Nachkommen ketotisch-diabetischer chinesischer Hamster geradezu ideal für die Untersuchung des prädiabetischen Syndroms eignen, da sie alle diabetisch werden und damit der endgültige Beweis für das Bestehen eines prädiabetischen Zustandes in kurzer Zeit erbracht werden kann. Bei Nachkommen weniger schwer diabetischer Eltern kann eine sichere Voraussage nicht gemacht werden, da nur 95% der Tiere einen Diabetes entwickeln und auch dieser prozentsatz von Wurf zu Wurf der gleichen Eltern stark schwanken kann. Da außerdem auch Nachkommen nichtdiabetischer Eltern Diabetes entwickeln können, scheint es daß die Heredität des diabetischen Syndroms des chinesischen Hamsters komplexer Natur ist und nicht auf Grund des Einflusses eines einzelnen rezessiven Gens erklärt werden kann.
    Notizen: Summary Two hundred and fifty-three hamsters born between January and September 1968 have been continuously tested biweekly for urine glucose and ketones from 15 days of age through September 1969. They comprise 67 litters out of 28 females sired by 19 males from 7 inbred lines. — All 46 hamsters from two severe ketotic diabetic parents have become diabetic (consistent 4+ Tes-Tape rating). Twenty-five of the 46 have developed ketonuria (consistent 4 + Ketostix rating). — While 100% of the litters from ketotic diabetics became diabetic within 8 months, the incidence of diabetes from ketotic diabetic to nonketotic diabetic matings was 59%; ketotic diabetic to trace glucosuric 41%; and ketotic diabetic to nondiabetic 24%. — Diabetes developed earlier in progeny from ketotic diabetics than in those from milder diabetics. At 3 weeks, pups from ketotic diabetics were 26% trace glucosuric, 26% diabetic, 2% ketotic and by 2 months 85% diabetic. At 3 weeks, descendents from ketotic diabetics mated to nonketotic diabetics were 16% trace glucosuric, 2% diabetic and by 2 months only 36% diabetic. — Animals from severely ketotic diabetic Chinese hamsters are ideally suited for prediabetes research since they are predictable and rapidly become diabetic as proof of their earlier prediabetic state. Progeny from less severe diabetic parents are not predictable since only 59% developed diabetes and the incidence varied from litter to litter from the same parents. Further, nondiabetic parents have produced diabetic offspring. The data suggest that the inheritance of diabetes in chinese hamsters is complex since it cannot be explained by a single recessive gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 216-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; genotype: C 57 BL/Ks-db/db ; hereditary diabetes in mice ; mutation: diabetes ; pancreatic islets ; ultrastructure ; islets of Langerhans ; beta cell necrosis ; virus and beta cell necrosis ; type particle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des études au microscope électronique ont été faites sur des îlots pancréatiques de souris normales (C 57 BL/KsJ) et de mutants diabétiques (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db) à tous les stades du syndrome. L'aspect ultrastructurel des îlots des mutants préhyperglycémiques (taux de glucose sanguin 120 mg%) ne diffère pas de celui de souris normales. Il n'a pas été possible de distinguer les deux catégories sans l'aide de l'autoradiographie qui montre une plus grande fréquence d'incorporation de la3H-thymidine dans les cellulesβ des animaux préhyperglycémiques. Dans les cellulesβ de souris présentant depuis peu une hyperglycémie (glucose sanguin entre 130 et 200 mg%), on observe une dégranulation partielle, une augmentation du réticulum endoplasmique granulaire et un élargissement du complexe de G-olgi. Des nécroses de cellulesβ sont très fréquentes chez les souris ayant une hyperglycémie manifeste au cours de la période de l'ascension rapide du glucose sanguin. Ce phénomène annule les effets de l'augmentation passagère dans la prolifération des cellulesβ et pourrait être éventuellement responsable de la réduction de la masse des cellulesβ et du manque relatif en insuline. La présence de structures tabulaires uniques dans les îlots et de cellules acinaires à un stade plus avancé du syndrome n'a pas été décrite dans d'autres types de diabète. La prolifération des cellules tubulaires épithéliales est probablement à l'origine des cellules ciliées, des cellules à mucus ou cellules de Paneth et des cellules pancréatiques acinaires, mais on n'a pas pu démontrer une néogénèse des cellulesβ. Des particules ressemblant à des virus ont pu être identifiées dans des cellulesβ intactes et nécrotiques ainsi que dans les cellules acinaires intra-insulaires.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Langerhans'schen Inseln normaler (C 57 BL/KsJ) und hereditär diabetischer (C 57 BL/ Ks-db/db) Mäuse wurden mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Vor Auftreten des hyperglykämischen Syndroms konnten in den Inseln künftig diabetischer Tiere keine ultrastruktyurellen Veränderungen festgestellt werden. — Dagegen zeigten autoradiographische Untersuchungen mit Thymidin-3H eine deutlich erhöhte Inkorporation der markierten Substanz in die Inseln der künftig hyperglykämischen Tiere. Die B-Zellen mäßig hyperglykämischer Tiere waren teilweise degranuliert, ihr ergastoplastisches Reticulum war deutlich sichtbar und der Golgi-Komplex vergrößert. B-Zellnekrose war bei Tieren mit länger dauernder Hyperglykämie und im Verlauf des schnellen Anstiegs der Blutzuckerkonzentrationen am häufigsten zu sehen. Trotz vorübergehender Steigerung der B-Zellproliferation nahm die Gesamtzahl der B-Zellen progressiv ab. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den bisher bei keinem andern hyperglykämischen Zustand beschriebenen und beidb/db-Mäusen in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium des Syndroms anzutreffenden, innerhalb der Inseln lokalisierten tubulären Strukturen geschenkt. Die proliferierenden epithelialen Zellen schienen für das Auftreten von mit Zilien versehenen Zellen, Schleimzellen und acinären Zellen verantwortlich zu sein, doch konnte kein Hinweis für das Vorkommen einer Neubildung von B-Zellen aus exokrinen Mutterzellen gefunden werden. Sowohl in normalen und nekrotischen B-Zellen als auch in den acinären Zellen wurden von Viren nicht zu unterscheidende Strukturen festgestellt.
    Notizen: Summary Electronmicroscopic studies were performed on the pancreatic islets of normal mice (C 57BL/ KsJ) and of diabetic mutants (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db) at all stages of the syndrome. The ultrastructural appearance of the islets of prehyperglycemic mutants (Blood Glucose 〈 120 mg/100 ml) did not differ from that of normal mice. The two could not be differentiated without the aid of radioautography, which demonstrated that the beta cells of prehyperglycemic mutants incorporated thymidine-3H with greater frequency. Beta cells of early hyperglycemic mice (BG 130–200 mg/100 ml) revealed partial secretory degranulation, increased quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged Golgi structures. Beta cell necrosis was most common in mice with established hyperglycemia during the period of most rapid blood glucose elevation. It negated the effects of the short lived increase in beta cell proliferation and was eventually responsible for a reduction in beta cell mass and relative insulin insufficiency. The presence of unique intra-islet ductal structures and acinar cells later in the syndrome is unknown in other diabetic models. The proliferating ductal epithelial cells presumably gave rise to ciliated cells, mucous goblet or Paneth cells and pancreatic acinar cells, but no evidence of beta cell neogenesis was obtained. “Virus-like” particles were identified within intact and necrotic beta cells and intra-islet acinar cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; mutation ob ; obesehyperglycemic mice ; growth hormone ; sulfate uptake of costal cartilage ; epiphyseal width ; insulin resistance ; pituitary morphology ; liver hexokinase ; liver glucokinase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La cause de la résistance prononcée à l'insuline caractérisant le syndrome obèse-hyperglycémique de la sourisobob n'est pas encore connue. Cette étude a été entreprise dans le but d'évaluer le rôle pathogénique éventuel de l'hormone de croissance (GH), mesurantin vivo le taux d'incorporation de sulfate dans le cartilage costal chez les souris normales et obèse hyperglycémiques de même nichées et à des âges différents. Les résultats suivants ont été obtenus: a) L'administration de GH augmente l'incorporation de sulfate dans le cartilage costal des deux types de souris, b) La présence de GH augmente la résistance à l'insuline des animaux obèses-hyperglycémiques. c) L'incorporation de sulfate est considérablement augmentée chez la souris obèse âgée de plus d'un mois et reste élevée jusqu'à environ 10 mois. Chez des animaux de 17 mois, elle est ramené à un taux semblable à celui des souris normales d'une même nichée. En plus, l'épiphyse du tibia était plus large chez la souris obèse. Une étude morphologique de l'hypophyse a été faite ensuite puisqu'il n'était pas établi que les taux élevés d'incorporation de sulfate soient dûs à une activité endogène accrue de la GH et/ou à l'insulinémie élevée observée chez la souris obèse en cette période de la vie. L'absence de différences structurelles ou quantitatives entre les cellules α hypophysaires des souris normales et obèses n'exclut pas l'éventualité que l'activité de sulfation accrue soit due à l'insulinémie élevée plutôt qu'à une augmentation de l'activité de l'hormone de croissance. Une activité de la glycokinase caractérisée par unK m élevé a été trouvée dans le foie des souris normales et obèses. Chez la souris obèse, une élévation significative de cette activité enzymatique, — valors que l'activité de l'hexokinase n'est pas augmentée-suggère que les cellules hépatiques ne sont pas impliquées par la résistance à l'insuline décrite dans le syndrome obèse — hyperglycémique.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Ursache der Insulinresistenz derobob Maus ist noch immer unbekannt. Um festzustellen, ob dem Wachstumshormon eventuell pathogenetische Bedeutung zukomme, wurde die Inkorporation von Sulfat in den Rippenknorpel vonobob Mäusen und normalgewichtigen Kontrolltieren verschiedener Altersklassen gemessen. Die Injektion von Wachstumshormon erhöht die Inkorporation von Sulfat bei allen Tieren. Bei den fettsüchtigen nahm nach der Injektion außerhalb die Insulinresistenz zu. Die spontane Inkorporation von Sulfat in die Rippenknorpel war bei denobob Tieren nach dem ersten und ungefähr bis zum zehnten Lebensmonat signifikant erhöht. Bei 17 Monate alten Tieren wurden den bei Normaltieren gemessenen entsprechende Werte gefunden. Weiterhin war die Breite der Tibia-Epiphyse der obesen Maus größer. Da es auf Grund dieser Resultate nicht möglich war, zu unterscheiden, ob die erhöhte Inkorporation tatsächlich auf erhöhte Konzentrationen endogenen Wachstumshormons und/oder auf die gleichzeitig bestehende Hyperinsulinämie zurückzuführen sei, wurden die Hypophysen der Tiere histologisch untersucht. Dabei konnten zwischen den obes-hyperglykämischen und den normalen Tieren weder strukturelle Unterschiede noch solche in der Zahl der A-Zellen festgestellt werden. Es ist deshalb vorderhand unmöglich, die Hyperinsulinämie als Ursache der bei denobob Mäusen festgestellten Erhöhung der Sulfatinkorporation auszuschließen. Bei Kontrollundobob-Mäusen war die Glucokinaseaktivität, nicht aber diejenige der Hexokinase erhöht. Die Aktivitätssteigerung der Glucokinase war bei denobob Mäusen deutlich ausgeprägter und es wird deshalb angenommen, daß die Leberzellen derobob Tiere nicht insulinresistent sind.
    Notizen: Summary The cause of the pronounced insulin resistance of the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in mice (obob) is so far unknown. To evaluate whether growth hormone (GH) is of pathogenetic significance in this context thein vivo incorporation of sulfate into costal cartilage was measured in obese-hyperglycemic mice and their lean littermates at various ages. It was found that a) GH administration raised the sulfation activity of the costal cartilage in both types of mice; b) the hormone further increased the insulin resistance of the obesehyperglycemic animals; c) the sulfate incorporation of the obese mice was considerably elevated after 1 month of age and remained high until the age of about 10 months. In 17 months old animals it had returned to a level similar to that of the lean littermates. In addition, the epiphyseal width of the tibia was increased in the obese mice. Since it was not clear whether the increased rate of sulfate in corporation was due to an elevated endogenous GH activity and/or the high serum insulin levels prevailing in the obese mice at this period of life a study of the pituitary morphology was carried out. The lack of obvious structural or quantitative differences between the pituitary alpha cells of the lean and obese mice did not exclude the possibility that the elevated sulfation activity was caused by the high serum insulin levels rather than an increased circulating GH activity. — Glucokinase activity, characterized by a highK m value, was found in the livers of both lean and obese mice. A significant elevation of this enzyme activity, but not of the hexokinase activity, in the obese mice strongly suggests that the insulin resistance does not extend to the liver cells in the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 317-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Spontaneous diabetes ; KK mice ; insulin ; resistance to insulin ; diet and sensitivity to insulin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La tolérance au glucose est anormale chez beaucoup de souris mâles KK bien que le taux du sucre sanguin à jeun soit généralement normal. La glucosurie des souris KK est intermittente et le sucre sanguin des souris non soumises au jeûne est élevé chez certaines d'entre elles. Le taux d'insuline plasmatique des souris KK non soumises au jeûne est 10 à 100 fois plus élevé que celui des souris non-diabétiques et l'insuline pancréatique est 50% plus élevée que celle des souris témoins. Le diaphragme et le tissu adipeux des souris KK sont insensibles à l'insulinein vitro, la captation de base du glucose par le muscle diaphragmatique des souris KK est normale tandis que l'oxydation de base du glucose par le tissu adipeux est significativement plus basse dans le tissu obtenu des souris KK. Un régime calorique limité abaisse le taux d'insuline plasmatique et le poids corporel; de même qu'il rétablit une sensibilité normale du tissu adipeux à l'insuline. Il est postulé que le diabète des souris KK est dû à une diminution de la sensibilité du tissu adipeux et du muscle à l'insuline endogène et à une augmentation de la prise alimentaire qui a pour résultat une augmentation de la demande en insuline. Le pancréas répond à cette demande par une augmentation de la sécrétion d'insuline et par des taux insuliniques élevés et, pour autant que ces conditions persistent, une hyperthrophie des îlots de Langerhans en résulte. La reproduction consanguine des souris KK a produit des animaux présentant seulement quelques anomalies. Les animaux de la 4e jusqu'à la 7e génération dérivés de souche consanguine KK×C57 BL/6J présentent un nombre relativement grand d'animaux anormaux.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Trotz gegenüber der Norm um 50% erhöhtem Pankreasinsulingehalt und 10–100-fach erhöhter Plasmainsulinkonzentration zeigten die KK-Mäuse der untersuchten Population intermittierende Glykosurie. Bei zahlreichen Tieren war die Glucosetoleranz trotz normaler Nüchternblutzuckerwerte vermindert.In vitro sprachen weder das Zwerchfell noch das epididymale Fettgewebe der KK-Mäuse auf Insulin an. In Abwesenheit von Insulin war die Glucoseaufnahme der Zwerchfellmuskeln normal, wogegen die Glucoseoxidation im Fettgewebe von KK-Mäusen gegenüber der Norm deutlich erniedrigt war. Kalorienrestriktion hatte ein Absinken der Plasmainsulin-Konzentrationen und des Körpergewichts zur Folge und stellte die Insulinempfindlichkeit des Fettgewebes wieder her. Die Autoren nehmen an, daß der Diabetes der KK-Maus auf eine Verminderung der peripheren Insulinempfindlichkeit sowie übermäßige Calorienaufnahme zurückzuführen sei. Die Hyperinsulinemie und die Hypertrophie der Langerhans'schen Inseln des Pankreas werden als Konsequenzen des erhöhten Insulinbedarfs aufgefaßt. Kontinuierliche Inzucht von KK-Mäusen vermindert die Häufigkeit von Stoffwechselanomalien, dagegen wurde sie durch Kreuzung von KK-Mäusen mit einem Stamm von normalen Tieren ab der 4. Generation deutlich gesteigert.
    Notizen: Summary Glucose tolerance was abnormal in many male KK mice studied although fasting blood sugars were generally normal. Glucosuria of KK mice was intermittent and nonfasting blood sugar was elevated in some. Plasma insulin of nonfasted KK mice was 10–100 times that of nondiabetic mice and pancreatic insulin was 50% higher than that of control mice. The diaphragm and fat pads of KK mice were insensitive to insulinin vitro. The baseline glucose uptake by diaphragm muscles of KK mice was normal, whereas baseline glucose oxidation by adipose tissue was significantly lower in tissue from KK mice. Limited diet lowers plasma insulin and body weight and restores the adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin. It is postulated that diabetes in the KK mouse is due to decreased sensitivity of fat and muscle to endogenous insulin and to increased food intake which results in an increased demand for insulin. The pancreas responds to this demand by increased insulin secretion and elevated plasma insulin, and as this condition continues, islet hypertrophy results. Continued inbreeding of KK mice produced animals with fewer abnormalities. Fourth to seventh generation animals derived from inbreeding offspring from KK×C57 BL/6J mice exhibited relatively large numbers of abnormal animals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The skin of Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) is devoid of scales but is rough due to the presence of numerous pentagonal epidermal elevations, which are separated by deep furrows at regular intervals. These elevated pentagonal regions of the epidermis are covered by dead cornified cells in the form of caps. As the old cap goes off a new one is formed by the death of the underlying epidermal cells. The middle layer of the epidermis is mainly composed of well defined polygonal cells. Their cytoplasm is granular in nature and give reactions for protein bound sulphydryl groups. The stratum germinativum is composed of two types of basal cells, the columnar cells and the spherical cells.The flask shaped mucous glands are restricted to the epidermal furrows and secrete either neutral or acidic mucopolysaccharides. Certain large specialysed granular cells are found in the epidermis which are grouped around the taste buds. These specialysed cells may be the photocytes.Two layers of the dermis can be distinguished - the relatively thin stratum laxum and the thick stratum compactum. Dermal papillae mainly support the taste buds. The pigment cells are arranged in two layers in the dermis.The subcutis is composed of loose connective tissues, richly infiltrated with the fat cells, nerves and blood capillaries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Electron microscope studies on Tylocephalum metacestodes embedded in the tissues of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, have revealed that the tegument of the larval tapeworm is comprised of an external and an internal level which are partially separated by a basal lamina and two layers of muscles. The outer tegumentary level is comprised of an anucleate, cytoplasmic syncytium in which are embedded large and small vesicles and mitochondria. Surfacial hooks are also embedded therein. The internal level is comprised of relatively large discrete cells including mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and large and small vesicles. These cells are intermittently connected with the external level by cytoplasmic bridges.Arising from the external level are unusual microvilli each of which terminates as a spherical vesicle. The stem of each microvillus is covered by a unit membrane which is continuous with that overlaying the body surface. In addition, each microvillus includes an external layer of medium electron density, a medial layer of intense electron density, and a core of heterogenous, medium electron density. These structures may be intertwined and bundles can be observed at the light microscope level as fibril-like projections from the parasite's body surface. One of their possible functions may be to prevent intimate contact between the encapsulating fibers of host origin and the parasite's body surface. In addition, the contraction and distention of the circular muscles result in microvillar movement which may keep the surrounding host fluids, including those of nutritional importance to the parasite, in a state of flux thus hypothetically permitting more uniform uptake.The abundance of vesicles in the syncytial external level of the tegument appears to be characteristic of the more primitive marine cestodes belonging to the orders Trypanorhyncha and Lecanicephala.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Sequential patterns of cuticle deposition and “melanization” in the imaginal cuticle of Sarcophaga argyrostoma in parts of the body darkening before or after emergence are examined on a histological basis. The patterns in the cuticles examined range from a simple absence of “melanization” to a complex of histological changes involving “melanization” and deposition. Ultrastructural changes in the post-emergent cuticle of Sarcophaga bullata during the hardening and darkening process and cuticle deposition are described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Morphological study of Corynosoma hamanni (Linstow, 1892) was continued with the intention of presenting a morphological description of a single, well defined species.Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in body size, males being larger, and in body spination. Trunk spines are arranged in a pattern similar to that of Corynosoma semerme and do not extend onto the bursa as reported in the original description of C. hamanni.Two testes, located side by side, are followed by six cement glands arranged in two groups of three glands each. One group is behind each testis. Cement ducts from glands on the right side cross over Saefftigen's pouch and join to form a reservoir on the left side; ducts from cement glands on the left side fuse forming a second reservoir. The two cement reservoirs unite before emptying into the ejaculatory duct. The bursa possesses rays on its outer wall and numerous, well-developed papillae in the muscular cap.In females, a ruptured genital ligament sac is attached partially on the dorsal wall of the uterine bell and partially on a column of six cells projecting from the bell's base into its lumen. Postericrly the dorsal wall of the bell has two protruding pockets behind which occur ten cells composing the selector apparatus. Dorsal openings into the pseudocoelom occur on either side of the uterine bell. Two muscular tubes conduct eggs into the uterus. Female C. hamanni frequently form genital vestibules in which the genital pore occurs along the dorsal wall and not, as reported for some species, at the anterior tip.Eggs of C. hamanni possess four membranes rather than the previously reported three.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A seasonal study of the seminal vesicles in relation to that of the testes had been conducted in the catfish, H. fossilis. The annual reproductive cycle of the catfish has been divided into (i) Preparatory period (February-April), (ii) Prespawning period (May-June), (iii) Spawning period (July-August) and (iv) Postspawning period (September-January). Testes exhibit initiation of spermatogenesis in the mid-preparatory period, but significant increase in weight of the testes accompanied by active spermatogenesis occurs during the prespawning period. In the spawning period, the testes are maximally enlarged and their seminiferous tubules are packed with spermatozoa. Following spawning, the testes gradually regress in the postspawning period. The seminal vesicles show initiation of secretory activity during the preparatory period but their recrudescence lags behind that of the testes by about a month. The seminal vesicles attain maximum weight and secretory activity during the spawning period. Thereafter, the seminal vesicles regress precipitously and sooner than the testes.The histochemical and biochemical studies on the seminal vesicles indicate that the secretion contains mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides, primary proteoses, besides traces of phospholipids and native proteins.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 247-255 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: During cleavage of honeybee eggs two peaks arise in the longitudinal distribution pattern of the periplasm which coincide with the site of the differentiation center and the site of a mesodermal center. A very similar pattern is exhibited by the dorsal plasmstrip, a narrow band of thicker periplasm which is formed during cleavage along the dorsal midline of the egg. The present paper describes the development of the dorsal plasmstrips of two inbred strains of honeybees during early cleavage stages. Differences between the two strains reside in the total size of their dorsal plasmstrips and in the timing of the formation of the anterior peak which coincides with the site of the differentiation center. The bearing of these findings upon embryological studies is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The “cuticle,” which revests the starfish tube foot, has been studied by electron microscopy and the findings correlated with histochemical observations.The “cuticle” is composed by two distinct zones; an outer zone including numerous microvilli, which extend from the inner zone into and through a fibrillar substance distinctly organized in two layers. These microvilli protrude slightly beyond the outer surface, where their tips give rise tonumerous extremely delicate fibrils. The second inner zone, of quite variable thickness and condensation of material, presents a coarser fibrous matrix where organelles and inclusions can be found.The whole cuticular complex does not derive from the majority of the epithelial cells, but is probably an extension of a special kind of T-shaped cells appearing at intervals, the “cuticle” forming a syncytial surface.Histochemical investigations indicate that the “cuticle” contains a combination of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide, with a marked neutral predominance, the outer one displaying also an extremely thin coat of acid mucopolysaccharide with the sulfate group.The ordered arrangement of the microvilli suggests that this situation is imposed by the strong bond existing between the microvilli and the ouble mucopolysaccharide layers which would act as a cementing substance stabilizing the entire apical surface of the cell.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The length of the oviduct, the thickness of its wall, and the height of its mucosal epithelium and cilia were measured in (a) 0-, 2-, 4- and six-month-old rabbits, (b) rabbits ovariectomized at birth and (c) ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rabbits. The length and external diameter of the oviduct increased progressively until four months of age, after which their rates of increase declined. The thickness of the oviductal wall at the uterotubal junction was twice as large as that of the isthmus at two months of age and six times as large at four and six months of age. The height of the mucosal epithelium in the fimbriae was less than that in other oviductal segments at birth, but exceeded that in other segments at six months of age. Ciliated cells and motile cilia were absent 24 hours after birth; they were first observed two months after birth. The cilia of fimbriae were shorter than cilia elsewhere in the oviduct. Neonatal ovariectomy retarded the development of the oviduct and the mesotubarium and caused pyknosis of ciliated and non-ciliated cells of the oviductal mucosa. Cells with scarcely motile cilia were present five and one-half months after neonatal ovariectomy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The epidermis of 146 specimens of Dipsosaurus dorsalis and 182 Uma notata collected throughout the active period of the animals' year has been examined. The morphology of the epidermis is essentially similar to previously described lacertilians but differs in the relatively great degree of development of the mesos layer and the complete keratinization of the lacunar tissue prior to sloughing.Analysis of sloughing frequency throughout the year suggests that species specific patterns may exist, but these do not correlate with any particular known ecologic datum. The patterns do not reflect the reproductive activity of the two species supporting previous experimental conclusions on the lack of effect of gonadial hormones on epidermal activity.There appears to be no evidence of association of femoral gland activity with epidermal activity in D. dorsalis, but the situation is not clearcut in U. notata. These data are discussed in the light of recent studies of the evolutionary origin of epidermal glands in lizards.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The structural changes of mitochondria that occur during oogenesis and early embryogenesis in the rabbit have been examined with the electron microscope. Mitochondria of oogonia are both elongate and oval and contain a variable number of cristae which may or may not traverse the longitudinal axis of the organelle. When oogonia differentiate into oocytes, mitochondria become spheroidal and their cristae are sparse when compared with those found in the ellipsoidal organelles of concomitantly maturing follicle cells. As differentiation proceeds, the cristae of the mitochondria display varied configurations. For example, many display an arch-like arrangement in several regions of the organelle whereas others contain a pair of concentric membranes closely associated with limiting membrane of the mitochondrion.Mitochondria of stages from the fertilized egg to the morula possess the same internal structure as those of young oocytes. As the morula differentiates into a blastocyst there is a gradual increase in the size of the mitochondria and an increase in the number of cristae. We believe that the number and modifications of cristae indicate stages of mitochondriogenesis and the level of enzymatic activity in which this organelle is engaged during oogenesis and early embryogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The reproductive tracts of several species of lizards were examined to understand the events assoclated with the transport of discharged oocytes following ovulation. At the onset of the reproductive cycle the regressed ovaries and oviducts appear as inconspicuous structures pressed against the dorsal body wall. As the reproductive cycle progresses, they undergo marked changes in position and size. The oviducts migrate ventrally and surround the growing ovarian oocytes, which move anteriorly where coelomic space is more abundant and eventually press intimately against the infundibulum. When ovulation occurs the ostium is in a remarkably strategic location for directly receiving the ovulated oocytes. The virtual isolation of the ovaries from the general coelom by the encapsulating oviducts, and the intimate association of the pre-ovulatory oocytes with the infundibular ostium do not support the current concept advocating the migration of loose ova following ovulation. An alternative explanation for the “trans-coelomic migratiion of ova” is proposed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A fine structure study of spermatids and spermatozoa of the spider, Pisaurina sp. demonstrates that early spermiogenesis is similar to other flagellate spermatozoa. An acrosome forms from a Golgi-derived, acrosomal vesicle, a perforatorium indents acromosome and nucleus, a flagellum with a three-plus-nine tubule substructure is formed and nuclear chromatin condenses during spermiogenesis. Divergence from typical spermatozoa includes the presence of a three-tubule substructure of the central flagellar shaft, progressive rounding-up of late spermatids with concomitant incorporation of previously formed flagellum. This evidence is presented in terms of its possible functional significance in fertilization and gamete fusion in spiders.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Gross morphology, staining characteristics and mapping of the diversity of the neurosecretory cell types in the brain and subesophageal ganglion of the scorpion Heterometrus swammerdami are reported. Special neurosecretory cell groups whose product is stainable with orange-G, acid fuchsin and Heidenhain's hematoxylin are present in the brain.In many of the living isolated neurosecretory cells, the secretory material appears luminous when viewed with dark ground illumination and granular when observed with phase contrast microscope.In the subesophageal ganglion the metameric arrangement of neurosecretory cells is distinct. Neurosecretory product accumulating in specific regions of subesophageal ganglion, and its axonal transport into the dorsal nerves and their termination in cephalic blood vessels apparently representing a storage and release organ of neurosecretion is reported.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The placental memebranes and uterus of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, were studied using histological, histochemical, electron microscopic, dye transfer, and radioisotopic techniques. The conceptuses are completely enclosed throughout gestation by a transparent shell membrane which is produced by glandular epithelia in the uterine segment of the oviduct.Both chorio-allantoic and omphalo (yolk-sac) placentation are observed in this snake. The growth of the extra-embryonic mesoderm takes place in a manner peculiar to placental reptiles, and results in the isolation of the omphaloplacenta from the yolk-sac wall. On the basis of morphology, enzyme histochemistry, and phagocytosis of Trypan blue particles, this structure is interpreted as a site of histiotrophic absorption.The chorio-allantoic region of placentation is simple in structure. Fetal and maternal capillaries are closely apposed but always separated by layers of uterine and chorionic epithelium and the thin shell membrane. The placental membranes of the garter snake are similar in many respects to those of other live-bearing snakes, but less specialized than most lizard placentate.Isotopically labelled sodium and glycine are passed to the fetus following maternal injection, the latter at least apparently via the omphaloplacenta. The permeability to iron and phospate is extremely low. On the basis of these results and the selective transfer of certain dyestuffs, it appears that the shell membrane functions as a dialyzing membrane.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 117-129 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Spermatozoa of the hydroid Pennaria tiarella were examined with the electron microscope. The anterior region is characterized by the presence of 30-40 membrane-bounded vesicles which lie anterior to the nucleus. These vesicles are apparently derived from the Golgi apparatus.The nucleus is conical in shape with a protrusion at the anterior end. Posteriorly it is indented by four radially arranged mitochondria. Lying within the fossa formed by the mitochondria are proximal and distal (filament forming) centrioles. The distal centriole is characterized by nine centriole satellite projections which emanate from its matrix. The tubules of the distal centriole are continuous with the alpha filaments of the tail.The tails are typical 9 + 2 flagella with 9 peripheral doublet (or alpha) filaments surrounding two central (or beta) filaments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The principal parenchymal elements of the submandibular glands of the heteromyid rodents Dipodomys merriami, Perognathus longimembris, Perognathus fallax, Perognathus penicillatus and Perognathus baileyi consist of acini, granular tubules and striated ducts.Acinar cells of the four species of Perognathus are aniline blue, PAS (magenta) and Alcian blue (pH 2.5) positive and metachromatic with toluidine blue and safranin. The granules of the tubule cells are orthochromatic and react with aniline blue, orange G, the PAS reagent (deep pink) and the tryptophan indicator, xanthydrol. Acinar and tubule cells of D. merriami exhibit similar reactions except for the Alcian blue stain. Acinar cells of D. merriami do not react with Alcian blue.Submandibular glands of D. merriami exhibit a sexual dimorphism of the granular tubules. There is little observable difference between the sexes in the species of Perognathus but the ratio of granular tubules to acinar elements, the degree of hypertrophy of the tubules, and the amount of mucosubstance and protein (granules) contained in their cells are different in the four species studied.Since these desert rodents have similar habitats and habits, the differences observed between the two heteromyid subfamilies studied, as well as among the four members of a single subfamily, suggest that these are inherent species variations rather than variations of adaptation to environment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 277-299 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The histology of the alimentary canal is described for the last instar larva, pupa, and adult Hyalophora cecropia (L.). Particular attention is given to the changes occurring in the midgut during the larval-pupal transformation and in the hindgut during the pupal-adult transformation. Descriptions are made as to the nature of the imaginal rings at each end of the midgut and a new structure is described in the larval ileum. The formation of adult rectal pads is followed in detail.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 149-167 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The external prostate of male hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeus, Hemiechinus sp.) was studied at the beginning and at the end of the breeding seasons. Its tubular secretory units contain two types of epithelia, columnar and stratified. The columnar epithelium has abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and forms secretory granules. The stratified epithelium undergoes cellular changes culminating in appearance of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, nuclear pyknosis and desquamation of cells and nuclei into lumen. The nuclear inclusions contain protein and abundant silver-reducing substances. These inclusions may be derived from the residual protein of the nucleus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Integument from blue and green areas of the variant blue frog were analyzed biochemically for pteridines and carotenoids. Solvent extraction and absorption spectrophotometry indicated that β carotene was greatly reduced in the blue skin, and present in high quantities in the green skin of the blue frog. Thin layer and paper chromatography indicated that the pteridines were almost totally lacking in the blue skin, and present in normal quantities in the green skin of the blue frog.Light and electron microscopy indicated that the xanthophore pigment cells were either greatly altered or absent from the blue integument and present in the green integument. The fine structure of the xanthphores of the green integument contained the normal ultrastructural components of xanthopores found in regular green integument. The blue integument contained an abnormal cell type that occupied the position in the dermal chromatophore unit normally held by the xanthophores. The possibility of these cells being abnormal xanthophores or some other cell type is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The spleen of the armadillo is invested by a capsule composed predominantly of smooth muscle. Inward extensions from the capsule contribute to an extensive system of trabeculae of the non-vascular type. The white pulp presents a typical follicular arrangement and the red pulp is permeated by an anastomosing series of venous sinsuses. The capillary segment of the penicillar artery is invested by an ellipsoid sheath. The spleen of the armadillo may be included in the class of mammalian spleens characterized as sinusal in nature and possessing ellipsoid sheaths. Electron micrographs of thin sections of the sheathed capillaries demonstrate a high-type of endothelium. A characteristic feature of this endothelium is the presence of a distinct intracytoplasmic fibrous component.The reticular cells comprising the sheath proper exhibit various sized vacuoles and inclusion bodies suggestive of their potentially phagocytic nature. In both light and electron microscopy, venous sinuses lie in close proximity to the peripheral cells of the ellipsoid sheaths. Within the wall of the venous sinuses, patent openings are appearent between the lining cells. If such an arrangement exists in the functional state of the organ, it could provide for an additional means of exposure of both plasma and cellular elements to the adjacent phagocytic cells of the sheath proper.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 245-263 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The aggregation in vitro of embryonic neural retina cells was studied by electron microscopy with special emphasis on the reformation of intercellular junctions. The results show that (1) embryonic neural retina cells dissociated with trypsin retain morphological characteristics and polarity after dispersion into a suspension; (2) initial adhesions between the aggregating cells are nonspecific with respect to cell type and to the site of cell surface involved; (3) histogenetic associations in clusters of reaggregated cells appear within two hours after the start of aggregation. A hypothesis is presented that coated vesicles play a role in the formation of intercellular junctions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Observations on inner ear structure were made in five species of Scincidae, together with measurements of auditory sensitivity in terms of cochlear potentials. The basilar membrane and auditory papilla show a characteristic form, with considerable uniformity in dimensions except for a moderate expansion in the dorsal region and a more prominent one at the ventral end.A characteristic feature is the presence of a tectorial membrane that covers a large part of the surface of the medial limbus, but never leaves this surface and thus fails to make any contact with the auditory papilla. Hair-cell stimulation is achieved entirely through operation of the inertia principle (or equivalent principles) by means of a chain of sallets extending along most of the cochlea but giving way in the region of the ventral expansion to a single large body, the culmen papillae.The sensitivity varies in the five skinks studied from better than average to some-what below average in comparison with other lizard species. Thus an inertial (or inertia-like) system of hair-cell stimulation compares favorably with the tectorial membrane (restraint) system exhibited in the ears of most other lizards and all the higher animals.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 313-333 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Spiders possess curved, blunt-tipped hairs on all legs and palps, which differ in many details from the straight, sharp-pointed, tactile hairs: (1) the blunt tip is open to the outside, which can be demonstrated by high resolution microscopy and by the penetration of dyes; (2) the hair shaft has a double lumen which consists of a circular (tube) and a crescent shaped lumen; (3) this hair is innervated by two to three bipolar neurons whose dendrites enter the small tube, where they arborize into 16-20 branches. Multiple innervation and an open tip give strong evidence for a chemoreceptive function. Concluding from their position and distribution on the distal leg parts, a contact chemoreception is tentatively proposed. This interpretation is supported by the close structural analogy to the known contact chemoreceptors in insects. Observation of behavior indicates the importance of a contact chemoreceptor on spider legs. Other possible chemoreceptors in spiders which have been described previously by other authors are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In a study of survival of embryonic grafts in turtles, Chelydra was used as host and Chrysemys and Amyda as donors. Somites and overlying ectoderm with or without adjacent neural tube were transplanted. The operations were unilateral and orthotopic. The involved the anterior portion of the carapace. In other experiments, bilateral neural crest and dorsal neural tube were transplanted orthotopically.In experiments with Chrysemys as donor, pigment cells formed conspicuous red areas ventrally when neural crest was included in the graft. This pigment faded gradually but persisted for three or four years.When somites and adjacent ectoderm of Chrysemys carapace were transplanted, the graft area was lightly pigmented at hatching. This pigmentation increased subsequently. The Chrysemys grafts were either accepted or partially rejected. In cases of apparent complete acceptance, the graft region took on characteristics of the host.When Amyda served as donor of carapace rudiments, the graft area retained characteristics of the donor. At hatching, dark spots on a yellow background were present and scutes were absent. A few months after hatching, the graft area became necrotic. Subsequently, scutes with host characteristics or skin covered the graft area.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 389-395 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Changing spermatozoan associations were observed in the epididymides of several mammals. These associations ranged from closely interwoven cylindrical bodies, found in the proximal part of the epididymis, to disorganized masses of spermatozoa, found in the distal part of the duct. It is suggested that changes in the cohesive properties of epididymal spermatozoa resulted in the formation and fragmentation of cylindrical bodies. These bodies, differeing in pattern and complexity according to the species, were found in all investigated mammals, including man. Cohesiveness appeared first in the upper part of the epididymidis, where it was confined to the spermatozoan tails. In general, there was a diminution of cohesive forces as the spermatozoa passed down the epididymal duct; consequently, the cylindrical bodies turned into disorganized masses of spermatozoa. There are indications that changes in the cohesive properties of spermatozoa may represent one aspect of spermatozoan maturation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 361-375 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Large number of annuli in Hirudinea are not true segments, and in the absence of spacious bodycavity and septa in adult no decision was taken regarding limit of a somite, until Gratiolet 1862 recognised a segment by colour marking, repetition of nephridial openings, and especially by the presence of segmental receptors, distinguishing first annulus of a segment. Whitman 1884 gave precision to these determinations and analyzed morphology of leeches to logical completeness. He recognised that though Hirudinaria and Hirudo have 102 body annuli and posterior sucker, true segments are only 26 plus 7.Castle ('00) and Moore ('00) proposed a new scheme of segmentation, with segmental receptor bearing annulus, as central annulus of a complete somite, with nerve ganglion, like that of other annelids, in center of a segment. They orientated everything roundabout the ganglion without noticing distorted fate of organ system.In this paper both the views are compared. Morphological and embryological studies reveal that the annulus bearing the segmental receptors in uniformly first annulus of all segments, including incomplete segments at the two extremities, with nerve ganglion in first annulus of the segment.Clitellum occupies three natural segments, IX, X, XI; crop caeca, nephridia, testis sacs, haemocoelomic channels and “rhomboidal figures” formed by ventrolaterals, all make a complete unit, well integrated in such segment. Conclusive evidence comes from the presence of septa at the level of each nerve ganglion in embryos of Hirudinaria. These observations corroborate Gratiolet and Whitman's view.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 397-423 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Sperm from the male spermatophore in the red spotted newt are held indefinitely in convoluted, tubular outpocketings of the female cloaca called, collectively, a spermatheca. Each outpocketing, or tubule, when studied in thin section with the electron microscope showed a wall consisting of two components, a continuous inner or lining layer of epithelial cells and an outer covering layer of myoepithelial cells.The myoepithelial layer is penetrated by occasional openings or intercellular spaces through which the epithelial cells make contact with a basal lamina that bounds the tubule. The myoepithelial cells resemble smooth muscle cells displaying filaments (mean diameter = 75 Å ± 1 S.E.) that are probably constituted of actin, dense bodies and prominent caveolae. They are sparsely supplied with mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi complexes and, sometimes, particles of glycogen. Typically the epithelial cells contain secretion granules, numerous mitochondria and ribosomes. They contain some fibers similar to those of the myoepithelial cells but with mean diameters that are significantly larger (90 Å ± 2 S.E.). Occasional profiles of Golgi complexes are evident and glycogen particles are abundant throughout the cytosomes of spermathecal tubules from adult animals bearing sperm. Secretory granules and glycogen are extremely rare or lacking in the spermathecae of efts that have not attained sexual maturity and in animals with ablated or involuted ovaries. In such animals large electron-lucid vesicles appear at or near luminal borders. Glycogen is absent and secretory granules show signs of dissolution in the spermathecal cells of gravid females induced to ovulate by the injection of chorionic gonadotropin. It is indicated that the epithelial cells provide nourishment for the sperm while they are retained within the spermathecal tubules, that the discharge of sperm from the spermatheca is facilitated by the contraction of the myoepithelial cells and that gonadal hormones act in the regulation of spermathecal function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 461-485 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A fine structural analysis of the ovotestis in Aplysia was undertaken in order to analyze the site of action of the bag cell hormone. Five stages of oocyte development are described. Of particular interest is the fact that the yolk seems to be synthesized primarily by the granular endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, small muscle cells whose long, thin processes surround the follicle of the ovotestis have been pointed out. This paper suggests that bag cell extract has a direct action on these small muscle cells causing them to contract and thus expel oocytes from the ovotestis. The evidence for this suggestion is that (1) these muscle cells are the most obvious effector cells in the ovotestis, (2) there are no signs of neural innervation of these muscles, (3) the time course for the liberation of the oocytes is so short that any other method of oocyte release is unlikely, (4) there is no cytologic evidence for any other expulsion process except muscular contraction, and (5) the ripe oocytes are attached to other cells of the wall of the ovotestis only by very small, simple junctions, thus making them the most likely cells to be expelled by muscular contraction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The structure and polysaccharide constitution of the jelly capsule of the egg of Rana pipiens is described. Microscopic examination of the jelly capsule revealed the presence of five discrete jelly layers that differed clearly in their response to selected cytochemical tests. These layers were classified as M1-through M5 from the inner to the outermost layer. A sixth layer occasionally could be observed between M3 and M4.All layers contain neutral mucopolysaccharides. In addition layers M1 and M3 contain sulphated mucopolysaccharides, M2 and M4 contain non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides, and layer M5 contains both sulphated and non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides. M2 may also contain a small quantity of sulphated mucopolysaccharides. The layer that occasionally appears between M3 and M4 is probably an area in which free acidic groups are in higher concentration than in adjacent areas rather than being a discrete jelly layer. Neither hyaluronic acid nor sialic acid was localized by the methods employed.The possible significance of some of these constituents is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Meiosis is described in virgin females, inseminated females and males of the acarid mite Caloglyphus mycophagus (Megnin). The observed sex determining mechanism is an XO-type with the male having a diploid chromosome number of 15. Oogenesis in mated females is regular. Pachytene is the earliest meiotic stage which is readily identifiable. At metaphase I eight bivalents are observed. Both products of the first maturation division divide at the second maturation division. After the fusion of the pronuclei either 15 or 16 chromosomes are observed in cleaving eggs.Nurse cells are not observed during the growth period of the oocyte. Such oocytes are attached to a central structure of the ovary by a cone-shaped organelle. At this stage the nucleus appears as a germinal vesicle; a nucleolus is present and the diffuse chromatin appears to extend from the nucleolus to the nuclear membrane. Nuclear extrusion bodies can be seen adjacent to the nuclear membrane both within and outside of the nucleus.Virgin females do not oviposit. The aberrant morphology and behavior of bivalents in post diakinetic oocytes which have not been penetrated by a sperm are described. Neither chromatin nor a chorion could be demonstrated in aberrant oocytes situated in the oviduct. It is suggested that oocyte degeneration in virgins is an adaptive feature in an animal order in which parthenogenesis is the more common mode of reproduction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 30 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: It has been shown that the external parameters of eggs of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, are not suitable for assessing the exact developmental stages of embryos. In order to make use of this lizard's embryos for experimental work, a series of developmental stages has been characterized, using various morphological features.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 467-478 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The cytology of the vitellogenic stages in the development of the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster is described following an electron microscopic study of sections of plastic-embedded ovaries and single egg chambers. One of the first morphological manifestations of yolk deposition is an infolding of the plasma membrane of the oocyte and the abscission of membranous tubules and vesicles. The protein (alpha) yolk spheres originate along the oocyte periphery from membranous sacs to which are attached membranous tubules. It is assumed that the majority of the protein within the alpha sphere is synthesized by neighboring tubular, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The other organelles in the ooplasm are described, and their origin and possible roles in vitellogenesis are examined. The relative importance of intra- and extra-ovarian synthesis of yolk protein in different insect species is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In order to further support the thesis that myoblast fusions lead to the formation of multinucleate myotubes during early amphibian development, prospective myoblasts from frog embryos (Rana pipiens; Xenopus laevis) were orthotopically and heterotopically transplanted into embryonic salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum; A. tigrinum). The stages employed ranged from gastrula to early tail bud. After the hosts had developed to more advanced stages, they were fixed, sectioned in the frontal plane, and prepared for histological observation. Of special interest in these xenoplastic combinations are the nuclear and cytoplasmic differences between anuran and urodele embryonic cells.In most cases, transplanted cells tended to form a tissue complex distinct from the host tissues. This naturally decreased the opportunity for cell intermingling and consequently reduced the chances for fusions between graft and host myoblasts. Thus, there was a correlation between the extent of dispersion of the transplanted cells and the frequency of chimeric myotubes. Nevertheless, in each experimental series, a number of multinucleate myotubes emerged consisting of nuclear and cytoplasmic components of both graft and host cells. These chimeric myotubes, which must have originated by multiple cell fusions of anuran and urodele cells, (1) retained their distinct nuclear differences, (2) displayed resorption of both anuran and urodele yolk platelets, and (3) contained cross-striated myofibrils. The function of these chimeric cells, their synthesis of myofibrils, and the apparent lack of free intermingling at the cellular level, are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: (1) The frontal wall of the encrusting cheilostome, Watersipora arcuata is a one-layered, evenly perforated calcareous shield which subdivides the metacoel into two compartments, the perigastric coelom and the hypostega. These compartments communicate through four and six “intrazoidal septulae” at the corners of the frontal wall. (2) The frontal wall develops by apposition independently of the ectocystal epitheca. The ascus develops as an invagination of the epitheca. These observations are consistent only with the view that the frontal wall of this species is a cryptocyst. (3) The terms “tremocyst,” “olocyst,” and “pleurocyst” are poorly understood and ambiguously defined; they should not be used until more information is available. (4) The taxa Anasca, Ascophora, Ascophora Imperfecta, and Ascophora Vera are polyphyletic and should ge dropped and replaced by Silén's (1942) more natural taxa. Silén's Cryptocystidea should be enlarged to include Watersipora and related ascusbearing cheilostomes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 26 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A mass of pineal tissue has been observed associated with the habenular commissure and the apex of the pineal recess in the golden hamster. Previously, it had been thought that all of the pineal system in the hamster was located at the confluence of sinuses just beneath the skull. To distinguish the two components of the pineal system, that in the dural position is called the superficial pineal and the mass associated with the habenular commissure is called the deep pineal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 195-209 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Ovarian changes during the reproductive cycle of the oviparous garden lizard (Calotes versicolor) are described. It ovulates from last week of June to first week of September but most often in July and August when the monsoon occurs. The number of eggs ovulated vary from 10 to 32. After ovulation, the ovaries are reduced in size. From October to May, the ovaries contain small pre-vitellogenic follicles, which increase in size in June when most of yolk deposition occurs. Several nuclei are seen in the ooplasm of pre-vitellogenic follicles; they are finally absorbed before yolk deposition starts. Follicular atresia generally occurs in follicles with polymorphic granulosae, in post-ovulatory ovaries. Presumably interstitial gland cells are formed by the hypertrophy of the theca interna cells of atretic follicles. Pre-ovulatory follicles have highly vascularized thecae and invaginations of the follicular epithelium. After ovulation, the follicle cells hypertrophy to form the luteal cell mass filling the follicular cavity. Fibroblasts, which appear to arise from the theca interna, invade the luteal cell mass and form septa. Capillaries occur in the luteal cell mass.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The adventitia of the crayfish heart consists of about five layers of uninucleated cells that often contain large amounts of glycogen. The outer and inner boundaries of the adventitia are represented by amorphous, homogeneous layers that are rich in neutral and acidic carbohydrates.The myocardium has a trabeculated appearance, due to the branching and anastomosing of the muscle cells. Studies on the localization of various oxidative enzymes show that the mitochondria are contained principally in the cell periphery and the myofibrils in the cell core. Intercalated discs appear as dark, irregular lines that traverse the muscle cell at a level that corresponds to that of a Z band. The myocardial cells branch and radiate from loci that are formed either by a single stellate cell or by the common end-to-end junctions (intercalated discs) of several cells. The function of these loci is discussed.The local cardiac nervous system consists of a Y-shaped ganglionic trunk that contains eight large anterior and eight small posterior nerve cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Eleven different adult anuran species were observed for the presence or absence of the lymphomyeloid complex (LMI-7). The organs were compared with those of Rana catesbeiana, which were recently studied extensively. Three species (Kassina senegalensis, Bufo boreas and Bufo powerii) did not have any LM organs; six species, i.e., Hypopachus pearsei, Phrynomerus bifasciatus, Rana montezumae, Rana pipiens, Hyla arborea and Bufo marinus, had jugular bodies (LM3); Hyla had also procoracoid bodies (LM7); Bufo marinus had, in addition to LM3 and LM7, another pair that did not have any counterpart to those already reported. The two remaining species possessed entirely different sets of LM organs. Xenopus melleri had large, paired hemal nodes attached to the ventral surface of the laterorostral portion of the hyoid cartilage on either side of the midline and a lymphoid follicle in the neighboring connective tissue. The hemal nodes had a nodular cortex surrounding a nonnodular medulla; no lymphatic sinuses were found inside nor lymphatic vessels associated with these organs. Hemisus marmoratum had paired, small corpora subdermale that were partially overlapped by the depressor mandibulae. These were small, thickly encapsulated, well-vascularized lymphoid bodies. The organs in the six species were characterized as thinly encapsulated, highly vascularized, non-nodular lymphatic tissues; some were lymphomyeloid. The LM organs of starved Rana pipiens and Rana montezumae, in contrast to those of well-fed ones, were smaller and without fat cells. Lymphomyeloid organs of hibernating Rana catesbeiana were no different than those of non-hibernating frogs.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 397-415 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Pygidial defence glands, which are universal in Caraboidea, are paired, cuticular invaginations of the body wall.In Pterostichus madidus F. the glands contain a nauseous, corrosive secretion that can be discharged forcibly to deter attack by predators. The cells producing the secretion are of one type only. Electronmicroscopy shows that the ducts which drain these cells are not intracellular but are separated from the cell contents by a plasma membrane. The cuticular walls of the duct appear to effectively screen the cell from the disruptive effect of its final products of secretion. The duct-carrying epidermal cells which are modifications of the epidermis covering the rest of the gland support the ducts from the secretory vesicles to their entry into the central lumen of each secretory lobe. There is a single duct-carrying cell around each duct.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The cyclic changes in the testis of the five-spined stickleback Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland) were studied histologically. Specimens were trapped between July 1965 and July 1967 in a shallow pond near London, Ontario.A three-dimensional microscopic study showed a main vas deferens and a system of primary, secondary and tertiary tubules.The testis cycle was divided into seven arbitrary stages. Spawning takes place from mid-April to mid-July. This is followed by the division of primary spermatogonia which are located along the walls of the tubules, producing cysts of spermatogonia enclosed in connective tissue which is surrounded by a thin epithelium. Both primary and secondary spermatocytes develop within these cysts. Breakdown of the cysts occurs with the development of spermatids and spermiogenesis occurs while spermatids are free in the tubules. Over-wintering of mature sperm takes place. Development of mature sperm from primary spermatogonia takes about 156 days.Germinal epithelium is absent but primary germ cells are believed to be those cells occupying the spaces between the tubules of the testis. No tissue which might be implicated in hormone production was observed.Phagocytic invasion of the testis has been studied. Massive infiltration by phagocytes is believed to be responsible for the sudden increase in testis weight observed during spawning. These cells ingest sperm nuclei and groups of them have been observed in the lumen of the tubules and the vas deferens, probably on their way out of the body.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A correlation of autoradiographic and histochemical data indicates that the type I and II pulmonary epithelial cells are endodermally-derived; and, that the interstitial pulmonary cells are mesodermally-derived. Tritiated thymidine (T-H3) was found to be an excellent cell marker for in vivo developmental studies of mammalian (rat) lung. At a dose of 3 μc per gm (specific activity, 15.6-16.9 c per mM) maternal body weight, T-H3 crosses the placenta in amounts sufficient to effect heavy labeling of dividing cells. A partial placental barrier to T-H3 was found in late stages of development. Following an injection of T-H3 on day 16 of gestation, a higher rate of endodermal cell division was reflected by higher labeling indices and a steeper slope of the endodermal dilution curve as opposed to the mesoderm. This differential in labeling was maintained through the third postnatal day. Neonatal labeling patterns of the definitive cell types (type I and II pulmonary epithelial cells, interstitial pulmonary cells) reflected those of their germ layer precursors.Histochemical analysis of the developing rat lung demonstrated large accumulations of cytoplasmic glycogen in areas of rapid cell division (endodermal cells). As the mitotic rate decreased and cellular differentiation progressed, glycogen decreased; postnatally it is not a feature of mature pulmonary cell types.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 47-67 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Study of a series of embryos showed that the spiroboloid leg arrangement (1 pair of legs on each of the first 5 segments) is derived from the typical leg arrangement (no legs on segment 1, 1 pair on segments 2 through 4, and 2 pairs on segment 5) by a shifting forward one segment of the first four pairs of legs.A careful re-examination of the literature, especially papers by Robinson ('07), Silvestri ('03, '49), Pflugfelder ('32), and Manton ('61), combined with observations of Narceus embryos led to the conclusion that (1) the anterior body segments are primatively single (2) the gnathochilarium is composed of only one pair of mouthparts, the diplopod head having but two gnathal segments, and (3) the intercalary segment is present in the Diplopoda.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Several oxidative enzymes in the testis of the teiid lizard Cnemidophorus tigris were studied histochemically. The cells of the circumtesticular sheath (Leydig cell tunic) are functionally equivalent to Leydig cells of the interstitium on the basis of similar histochemical reactions for the five enzyme systems studied. Both groups of cells were positive for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, NADH diaphorase, NADPH diaphorase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These results support the hypothesis that the circumtesticular sheath has endocrine function as indicated by its vascularity and its ability to catalyze histochemical reactions involving steroid biosynthesis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The organization of the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata of the female alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, generally parallels that reported for other insects with extrinsic neurosecretory axons, intrinsic neurosecretory cells, and interstitial or glial cells appearing in both glands.Connecting the brain with the cardiacum are the extrinsic neurosecretory axons containing granules between 600 and 2200 Å. Granules with a diameter of up to 4000 Å are found in the intrinsic secretory cells of the corpus cardiacum.From the lobed corpus cardiacum, axons extend along a short nerve trunk into the ovoid corpus allatum. A characteristic of this gland is the presence of a layer of axons, ensheathing most of the corpus allatum and situated beneath an external basement membrane. These axons are believed to have their origin in the protocerebral neurosecretory cells. Although the c. allatum is known to be engaged in the release of hormonally active material, the cytoplasmic organization does not strongly reflect such activity.The glands of the diapausing weevil appear similar to those of the active weevil with a reduction in cytoplasm and a consequent folding of the plasma membrane.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Somites, along with adjacent neural tube and overlying ectoderm, were extirpated unilaterally from embryos of Chelydra serpentina. Mesoderm of three somites was removed from various levels. The operations included the last formed somite and were done on embryos with 12 to 22 pairs of somites. In practice it was found that ventromedial portions of the somites were not included in the extirpation. The animals were preserved before pigmentation became heavy. The cartilaginous skeleton was stained selectively.The extirpations resulted in depletions of ribs consonant with relating the second rib to the fourteenth somite. The somites behaved as mosaics; they did not reconstitute each other nor did they regenerate after partial extirpation. The rudiments for the ribs were separable from the rudiments of the vertebrae, the sclerotomes, and were found to arise from a more lateral portion of the somite.The scutes are ectodermal derivatives, which are held to be dependent upon underlying somitic mesoderm for their differentiation. The extirpations resulted in abnormalities and depletions of scutes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Virgin mosquitoes were studied with the electron microscope. Spermathecal duct walls contain cuticle, epithelium, and a richly innervated spiral muscle; myocytes are linked by desmosome-like attachment plaques to the underlying epithelium. Periductal cells along upper portions of the ducts have a large secretory droplet within a highly irregular extracellular lacuna and are attached to a long secretory ductule through which finely granular material is delivered to the duct lumen and this enters the spermathecae. Basal gland cells of spermathecae have short ductules containing secretion in virgins. Secretory material in spermathecae of virgins does not form a complete internal membrane.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Neurosecretory cells of only one type (A, sub type A2) are seen in adult Melanoplus. Two groups of about 400 cells each are located dorsally in the pars intercerebralis medialis; four cells are located deep within the protocerebrum. We found no neurosecretory cells in other parts of the central or sympathetic nervous systems. In about 10% of the specimens, there was marked asymmetry in the location of the dorsal cell groups, with both of these groups and their axons located in one lobe of the protocerebrum.The nervi corporis cardiaci 1 cross-over in the corpus cardiacum, with the result that material produced by neurosecretory cells on one side of the brain is transported along axons that undergo two chiasmata to the corpus cardiacum of the same side.Stainable secretory material could be traced clearly from the cerebral cells to the corpus cardiacum, and even into the oesophageal nerves from the hypocerebral ganglion. However, stainable neurosecretory material is never present in the corpus allatum or along any of the nerves to this gland.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The integument and podia of the sea cucumber Thyone briareus were examined by bright field and electron microscopy. The epidermal surface was found to be covered by an acellular, PAS positive cuticle which appeared to be secreted by the underlying epidermal cells. Although the superficial portion of the cuticle contains numerous fine filaments, their ultrastructure bears no resemblance to collagen fibers. The epidermal cells are widely spaced and have long apical processes that extend along the under surface of the cuticle forming a contiguous epithelium. The apical expansions of the epidermal cells are attached to one another by means of septate desmosomes which may run continuously around all epidermal cells. Special attachment structures within these apical expansions appear to bind the cuticle to the dermis. The epidermal cells and their apical expansions are separated from the dermis by an 800 Å thick basement membrane. Granule containing cells in the upper dermis send processes up to the cuticle where they are bound to the typical epidermal cells by septate desmosomes. The abundant membrane bound granules of the cells enter villous-like processes which pass through the cuticle. The function of these cells may be to produce an adhesive material on the podia or they may be pigment cells.The thick dermis consists of a superficial zone, containing largely ground substance; a middle or laminated zone containing laminae of collagen fibers arranged in an orthogonal fashion; and a hypodermis consisting largely of ground substance and reticular fibers. Fibroblasts are abundant in the superficial dermis and between the collagen laminae. Wandering coelomocytes, or morula cells, accumulate between the collagen laminae and in the hypodermis. They may also become an integral part of the epidermis by forming septate desmosomes with epidermal cells. Morula cells contain highly specialized spherules whose tinctorial properties and electron microscopic appearance suggest that they contain protein and mucopolysaccharide.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The present work describes the ultrastructure of the spinal cord in the regenerating tail of the lizard, Anolis. The distal growing region of the tail contains the advancing ependymal tube which is relatively devoid of axons but already contains channels between ependymal cell processes which anticipate their ingrowth. More proximally, fascicles of naked axons having their origin in the stump are present in the ependymal channels. Therefore, the pattern of fiber regeneration in the spinal cord is prescribed by the ependyma and not by the growing axons. Details of the ultrastructure of proximal, intermediate, and distal regions of the regenerate are reported. Particular attention is paid to the structure and differentiation of the ependymal cells and the relation of the ependyma to other glial cells, to nerve fibers, and to meningeal tissues.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 253-275 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Submandibular glands of five adult female cats were examined by conventional electron microscopic techniques. All gland acini are mucous secreting and each acinus is capped with mucous secreting demilunar cells. Secretory product of demilunar cells is more electron lucent than that of acinar cells. The demilunes show intercellular tissue spaces and intercellular canaliculi whereas similar specializations are absent between acinar cells. Mitochondria and arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum are more numerous in demilunar cells than in acinar cells. In acinar and demilunar cells secretory droplets first appear as enlarged Golgi saccules which subsequently become closely related to cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Filamentous structures, interpreted as mucin molecules, are present in secretory droplets of acinar cells. Intercalated ducts are short, consisting of several junctional cells between acini and striated ducts. Striated ducts are long and tortuous and contain light cells, dark cells and basal cells. Light cells contain numerous membrane bound granules in their distal ends whereas dark cells show electron lucent vesicles in the same position. Basal cells contain a paucity of organelles and membrane plications but exhibit hemidesmosomes along their basal plasma membranes. Myoepithelial cells are abundant in relation to acinar and demilunar cells. Nerve terminals are present in some instances between acinar cells or between acinar and myoepithelial cells.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 359-382 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Small swellings near the base of the radial vein in each fore wing of the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea, resemble typical insect tympanal organs, but some important differences are apparent. The swellings are bounded dorsally and laterally by thick cuticle and ventrally by thin, membranous cuticle. The ventral membrane is formed by a single, thin sheet of exocuticle with flattened hypodermis internally, but lacks the tracheal component that forms part of the tympanum in the typical insect tympanal organ. The portion of the membrane beneath each swelling is rippled while proximally it is smooth. In contrast to typical insect tympanal organs, the swellings in C. carnea are largely fluid-filled since an unexpanded trachea runs through each organ. A distal and a proximal chordotonal organ composed of typical chordotonal sensory units are associated with each swelling. The distal organ contains from five to seven units while the proximal organ is composed of from 18 to 20 units. Each sensory unit is composed of three readily identifiable cells. Distally, an attachment cell unites with the membrane and is contiguous with the scolopale cell, which surrounds the dendrite of the bipolar neuron. On the basis of the morphological evidence, one would not expect these swellings to function as sound receptors. However, the results of physiological and behavioral experiments, presented elsewhere, show that these organs are receptors for ultrasound.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Six types of sense organs are present on the antennal flagellum of Ctenolepisma lineata pilifera: tactile hairs, trichobothria, thick-walled chemoreceptors, small thin-walled chemoreceptors and coeloconic chemoreceptors. The number, size and distribution on the antenna of each type have been recorded. The base of the tactile hair is more complex than is that of other insects examined earlier. Trichobothria, long, slender hairs that oscillate in a gentle puff of air, are an unusal feature in insects and especially so for the antenna. The two types of thin-walled chemoreceptors differ in shape, size and in the structure of their walls and internal parts. A pocket-like depression of the floor of the cavity in which the peg of the coeloconic sense organ is set has not been found in earlier studies. Its function is unknown.The axons from the sensory neurons extend along the inner surface of the antennal epidermis as a sheet of fibers lining the antennal lumen. Near the pedicel the axons leave the epidermis and join to form the antennal nerve.A few observations on sense organs on appendages other than the antennae and some notes on behavior are included.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In further consideration of the lizard ear, the fine structure of the cochlea has been investigated and related to auditory sensitivity in members of the family Cordylidae. The ear of this group of lizards is unusual in that a tectorial membrane is present only in a modified and seemingly vestigial form, and this membrane makes no connections with the auditory hair cells. These cells are provided instead with a series of sallets, small bodies extending in a single row through the dorsal and middle regions of the cochlea, where they rest upon the tips of the ciliary tufts and evidently bring about a stimulation of the hair cells because of their inertia. At the ventral end of the cochlea this line of sallets ends, and here is a single, relatively enormous structure, the culmen papillae, that serves a similar purpose for a large group of hair cells. Consideration is given to the manner of stimulation of the auditory sense cells in these species in relation to others with the usual arrangements involving connections between the ciliary tufts and a tectorial membrane.Included also is a study of a species of Gerrhosaurus, which some have included in the cordylid family and others have placed in a family of its own. The cochlear structure in this species is similar to that of the cordylids in many respects but differs in the ventral region, where instead of the culmen there is a heavy tectorial plate, similarly covering a large number of hair cells but connected to a tectorial membrane.The functioning of these ears is assessed in terms of the cochlear potentials, and is found to vary with species from better than average to excellent in comparison with other lizards investigated. The structural differentiation also is of fairly high degree, and hence it appears that ears without tectorial connections, or with such connections only in a limited region of the cochlea, can perform in a highly serviceable manner.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (Fab.), has been reported to exhibit negative phototaxis immediately after emergence. In later adult life, after the period during which most oviposition has occurred, the beetles are found to be photopositive. The compound eyes of one-day-old (Post-emergence) and nine-day-old (Post-ovipositional) female beetles were studied by electron microscopy and a number of strong differences were found between eyes at the two ages. The corneal facets of one-day eyes had the form of convex-concave lenses, while those of nine-day beetles were double-convex lenses. The primary and secondary pigment cells of young eyes were large and contained much endoplasmic reticulum and little accessory pigment. In the older eyes the pigment cells were reduced and contained much pigment, the proportion of endoplasmic reticulum being greatly reduced by comparison with the one-day eye. The cross-sectional area of the rhabdom was greater in the older eye.The possible relationships between age-related changes in eye morphology and behavioral changes during the same period are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Desert-dwelling male Uma notata, U. inornata and U. scoparia were autopsied monthly from 1959 through 1962. Seasonal changes in the histological morphology of the testes were observed. A series of eight stages, indicating these changes in spermatogenic activity, was established. These categories arbitrarily divide a continuous process into several recognizable stages.Present evidence indicates that male breeding cycles can be determined rather precisely by examining any of several reproductive features. Data from several sources reveal that the male breeding season of U. scoparia is shorter than that of U. notata or U. inornata. Nevertheless, the testes of all three species appear to function reproductively during the hottest month of the year. Possible explanations for this ability are suggested.Little difference was observed in the time the seminiferous tubules of U. notata testes reached full breeding condition (stage 6) following dry winters. This is in contrast to the time motile sperm appeared at the cloacal end of the vas deferens in these animals. Thus is appears that the major cause of postponement in male U. notata reproductive activity following dry winters is due to a delay in sperm reaching the vas deferens rather than a retardation in sperm production.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 297-313 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Four types of haemocytes may be distinguished in Rhodnius adults, based on their fine structure. The plasmatocytes are most active in the repair of an integumental wound. They contain dens homogeneous granules whose contents become less dense in response to wounding until microtubules about 150å in diameter are distinguishable. The significance of these changes is not yet known. Tight and intermediate junctions, and septate desmosomes appear between haemocytes which have accumulated in an excision.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 337-351 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The effect of aging on the rat submandibular gland was studied by using ultrastructural, ultrastructural cytochemical and biochemical techniques. There was an age-related clumping of the nucleolar-associated and peripheral chromatin in many of the acinar cells and a decrease in the number of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Many aged acinar cells were binucleated. There was also an age-related increase in pigment granules throughout the gland. These membrane bound granules consisted of a lipid droplet and an associated dense cap which had a granular matrix and pigment droplets. The lead capture method for acid phosphatase activity demonstrated that activity was associated with the granular matrix of the dense cap. These results were correlated with the age-related increase in acid phosphatase activity as determined by colorimetric procedures.There was an age-related increase in the number of cells characterized by small secretory granules. These cells were found as part of the intercalated ducts or at the junction of the duct with the acini. Oncocytes were also found as part of the parenchyma of the aged submandibular gland. These cells were characterized by the pleomorphic mitochondria that fill their cytoplasm. Occasionally, cells that possessed extraordinary numbers of mitochondria and small secretory granules were also observed.The determinations of total DNA and RNA revealed and age-related decrease in RNA while there was no significant change in the concentration of DNA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The morphology of the cardiac ganglion of Limulus polyphemus (L) was examined by reconstructions from stained serial sections. This ganglion is composed of two distinct parts: a fiber tract extending the entire length of the heart and a cellular portion underlying the fiber tract. The cellular portion extends continuously from the third pair of ostia to the posterior terminus of the heart. The mean number of ganglion cell bodies is 231. Most of the ganglion cells are located among the glial elements of the cellular portion. The greatest density of cells is found in segments 5 and 6. Six cell types are recognized: (1) large pigmented unipolar cells approximately 120 μ in diameter with distinct connective tissue capsules around them; (2) large pigmented bipolar cells approximately 120 μ in length which are also encapsulated; (3) pigmented multipolar cells approximately 80 μ in diameter which are free of capsules; (4) small pigmented bipolar cells approximately 40 μ in length which are encapsulated but which are found exclusively within the fiber tract; (5) non-pigmented multipolar cells approximately 30 μ in diameter which are found scattered among the connective tissue elements of the cellular portion; and (6) small non-pigmented cells approximately 10 μ in diameter which are found within the unipolar cell capsule and scattered among the connective tissue elements of the ganglion.The variability in cell numbers and the random location of cells points toward non-specific anatomical connectivity between elements of this ganglion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Development of the secondary palate in Swiss white mouse embroyos was studied from age nine-and-one-half days in utero to the stage of mesenchymal coalescence in the secondary palate (approximately fifteen-and-one-half days). The greatest changes observed occur in the mesenchyme. At early stages, mesenchymal cells underlying oral ectoderm of the head are few and only occasionally contact the ectoderm. Electron micrographs show large intercellular spaces between the ectodermal cells. As embryogenesis continues, the mesenchymal cells become more numerous, closer to each other and closer to the epithelium. Just prior to horizontal transposition of shelves, the mesenchymal cells spread farther from each other and from the palatal epithelium and epithelium of the palatal tip becomes stretched. Ultrastructurally the intercellular spaces between epithelial cells of the palate tip have become much smaller. Some mitochondria in some epithelial cells are swollen and have clear matrices and distorted cristae. The shelves become horizontal and meet in the midpalate. Cells with degeneration bodies are seen in the epithelial seam. The seam undergoes autolysis and is replaced by mesenchyme. The morphological changes described, particularly in the mesenchyme, may play an important role in determining the effect of various teratogens at different stages of palatal development. The changes in both mesenchyme and epithelial cells in the later stages may constitute part of the process of preparing shelves for fusion as postulated by Pourtois ('66).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 501-509 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Although there are many reports of tooth replacement patterns in lower vertebrates, few show the range of pattern to be found in a number of similar aged specimens of one species. Fifteen specimens of Caiman sclerops, head length 4-5 cms, were examined by a radiographic technique and their tooth replacement patterns analysed. Whole head radiography and dissected head radiographs were compared and the resulting tooth replacement waves were found to be comparable. Wave replacement (sensu Edmund, '60) in odd and even tooth positions in the tooth row was observed in all the specimens examined. Whereas most waves passed in a cephalad direction, wave reversal (caudad) was also observed, particularly in the anterior parts of the jaws. In some specimens simple alternation in tooth replacement was observed, particularly in the mid-portion of each quadrant. The smooth, age-related change-over from cephalad to caudad demonstrated by Edmund ('62) in captive Alligator mississippiensis was not observed in wild specimens of Caiman sclerops.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Retrogressive analysis of the cn gene effect has been performed on crooked neck dwarf chick embryos between stages 28-38 (5-12 days). The phenocritical stage of mutant embryos studied is stage 29. Histolytic degeneration of neck tissues is first recognized by the appearance of localized degenerate nuclei in the tracheal mesenchyme. Pleiotropic autolysis of the embryonic thymus, loose mesenchyme and the ventral neck tissue is also observed. Histolysis occurs in a caudocephalic gradient in all cn-affected embryos. The degenerative effects in crooked neck dwarf embryos vary in their intensity, but the pattern of autolysis seems constant. Histological observations provide some explanation for “escapers,” homozygous lethal embryos known to survive until hatching. A mechanism for surviving developmental crises in cn embryos is proposed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 187-206 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A histological study of the spleen of the Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater, is presented.One of the most striking differences from the mammalian spleen is the lack of trabeculae and of smooth muscle in the capsule which would suggest that the spleen is not an organ of storage or pumping of blood. Without trabeculae to foster the close association of the major arteries and veins, these vessels take separate courses. Their support is provided by elaboration of the collagenous and reticular fibres of the stroma.A peculiar ovoid structure, the ampulla, carries the blood from the terminal arterioles of the white pulp to both the sinusoids and the reticular cords of the red pulp so that both open and closed circulations are seen but the open circulation predominates. The ampulla has perforated walls consisting of a simple cuboidal endothelium surrounded by a dense reticular sleeve. Leucocytes were seen passing through the holes in the walls of the ampullae by diapedesis. It is suggested that the ampullae may be contractile and act as sphincters controlling the flow of blood through the spleen.The major functions of the spleen appear to be haemopoiesis, production of antibodies, and filtration of blood.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ultrastructure of the gut regions of the marine filter-feeder Phoronis vancouverensis was correlated with enzyme activity as revealed histochemically. The oesophagus, proventriculus, and stomach epithlia showed intense esterase and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity. The staining reaction was confined primarily to small globules in the apical cytoplasm of the epithlial cells. Electron micrographs of the same regions showed a high incidence of zymogenlike granules, with a corresponding abundance of ribosomes and of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Also, the proventricular and to a lesser extent the stomach epithelia were found to contain a large number of lipid bodies. This was confirmed with positive Sudan IV staining for fats.The intestinal region of the gut was found devoid of esterase and phosphatase activity. The epithelial surface in this region was found elaborated into microvilli. The entire gut is ci iated. A new paired-cilium apparatus is described in this phylum.From these findings Phoronis vancouverensis is concluded to be suitably adapted to its continuous filter-feeding existence, with the anterior gut epithelia synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes for release into the lumina of the proventriculus and stomach. Subsequently, in the hindgut the products of initial extra-cellular digestion are absorbed via the microvilli and treated intracellularly within the intestinal epithelium. The proventriculus is further thought to function in lipid absorption and storage. The presence of chromaffin-like granules observed in some proventricular and intestinal epithelial cells suggests that digestion in this phylum may in part be under neurosecretory control.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 383-395 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In Drosophila melanogaster embryos cuticle formation occurs between 12 and 16 hours of development at 25°C. The formation of the cuticulin and the protein epicuticular layers is simultaneous in the hypoderm, the tracheoblasts, and the fore- and hindgut cells. The cuticulin forms as a dual lamina, aggregating from granules secreted by the hypodermal cells. This is followed by the formation of a granular protein epicuticle and finally by the secretion of a mixed fibrous and granular endocuticle.All secretory cells are relatively simple in their ultrastructure. The secretory process is a membrane phenomenon, occurring at the tips of hypodermal microvillae on cells at the surface of the embryo and on those hypodermal cells lining the lumen of the fore- and hindgut. It also occurs along the entire surface of the tracheoblast lumen as well as on the outer surface of those cells which form exoskeletal chitinous setae. The process involves a specialization of the plasma membrane with the formation of secretory granules intracellularly beneath the membrane and the extrusion of these granules through the membrane to the outside where final cuticle formation occurs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 425-451 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The penis is basically a double-walled oval cone. The weak type penis (only 2 species) has a weak tongue, lacks a bridge, and is elongate. The strong type (all others) has a bridge, a strong tongue, thicker walls, and is short. An accessory gland and a common vas deferens always open into the inner cup lumen (= ejaculatory duct). The massive tongue muscles may open the penal orifice. A pair of penal retractor muscles originate on the body wall. Penal protrusion and perhaps partial extrusion of stalk substance is by hemolymph pressure. The penis is completely homologous to the ovipositor. The genital discs are cuticular cups containing glandular tissue and are retractible by muscles originating on the body wall. The minute, rod-like, immobile sperm are mixed with seminal fluid and stalk material secreted by seminal vesicle cells. This mixture is carried via the vase deferentia by peristalsis to the penis. Semen and stalk substance (protein) are somehow separated in the ejaculatory duct into separate pools, with stalk substance nearest the penal orifice. Upon penal protrusion, a bit of stalk material is extruded and fastened to the ground, and upon raising of the mite's body the stalk is “drawn out.” Finally, the ball of semen, adhering to the stalk tip, is pulled through the penal orifice.
    Zusätzliches Material: 23 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The venous system of the head and neck of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, was studied by injecting the veins with a tinctorial mass. Gross dissection spechmens injected with a colored gelatin solution and corrosion specimens prepared by Batson's technique (Batson, '55) were utilized to describe the venous pattern in greater detail than is presently available in the literature. The venous drainage of the superficial structures of the head is principally by way of the V. jugularis externa and its tributaries. Although small emissary veins connect the Sinus cavernosus with the Plexus pterygoideus and the V. maxillaris, the dural venous sinuses drain primarily into the Plexus vertebralis internus and into the V. maxillaris by way of the V. emissaria foraminis retroarticularis. The small V. jugularis interna receives minor connections from the Plexus pterygoideus, the Sinus cavernosus and the Sinus petrosus ventralis as well as anastomotic tributaries from the Plexus vertebralis and the plexus of veins around the hyoid bone. However, the V. jugularis interna serves mainly as a pathway for venous drainage from the deeper structures of the neck and only minimally for draining the brain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The development of the distal interphalangeal joint in Rana pipiens hind limb was studied by light and electron microscopy. The joint was found to be a symphysis since the two articular surfaces originally capped by hyaline cartilage were separated by a joint area filled with fibrous connective tissue which ultimately was replaced by fibrocartilage. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that the joint area development was divided into three phases. Phase I was concerned with the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, phase II with fibroblastic and chondroblastic development, and phase III with the appearance of fibrocartilage. Changes in the cytoplasmic organelles of fibroblasts and chondroblasts, surrounding extracellular matrix, and factors related to extracellular matrix formation were described and discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 367-383 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The Speckled Trout blastoderm at the late high blastula stage is characterized by two different cell populations. The “light” blastomeres comprise one cell type while the “dark” and “medium” blastomeres appear to differ from one another only in degree and thus may be considered as the second type.“Dark” and “medium” blastomeres are irregular in shape, are located centrally and deep in the blastoderm, have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum with associated 520 Å glycogen particles and a single mitochondrial profile. The “light” blastomeres have randomly arranged glycogen particles in minimal quantities in contrast to the “medium” and “dark” blastomeres and in addition exhibit three mitochondrial profiles, which could however represent artifacts.It is postulated that in the Speckled Trout cellular differentiation has commenced by the third day of incubation at 10°C and that this is manifested visually by the appearance of two different cell populations; the more differentiated “dark” and “medium” blastomeres possibly destined to give rise to the hypoblast and the less differentiated “light” blastomeres.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 166 (1970), S. 587-603 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Fetal-maternal interfaces of rat placentas, obtained from midgestation to term, were examined for their content of electron-dense fibrinoid. Although increased amounts of interfacial fibrinoid were noted as the time of parturition was approached, at no time did fibrinoid form an intact, electron-dense barrier between the fetal trophoblast giant cells and the maternal decidual cells of the definitive rat placenta. Large areas of apparently viable fetal trophoblast and viable maternal decidua were intimately juxtaposed throughout the latter half of pregnancy. It is concluded that a poorly discontinuous layer of fibrinoid cannot serve as an effective barrier to a proposed flow of transplantation antigens from the fetoplacental unit to the maternal host.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 166 (1970), S. 605-609 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Endothelial fenestrations have been observed in the venules of the large salivary glands of mice. The structure of the fenestrations is similar to those of capillaries. The fenestrations are frequently demonstrated in the endothelium of the transitional portions from a capillary to a venule. They are also seen in overlapping thin cytoplasm located on either the blood or tissue front of the endothelial cells of the venules at cell junctions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 167 (1970), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The distribution of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase containing nerve fibers in the rat lung was studied employing specific histochemical techniques. Silver impregnation and methylene blue staining was used to allow comparison with the results of previous workers. Catecholamine containing nerve fibers were found associated with the nerve plexus about bronchial arteries and were carried to the bronchial wall and the pulmonary vessel wall along branches of the artery. Acetylcholinesterase containing fibers followed along the bronchi and bronchioles and were found in the adventitia, mucosa and submucosa, Acetylcholinesterase containing nerves were not found in the perivascular plexi with the exception of a few positive nerve fibers within the larger pulmonary veins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 167 (1970), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: When pseudopregnant hamsters were ovariectomized and their uteri traumatized on day 4, deciduomal growth (not significantly different from that seen in intact controls) could be maintained by daily injections of 1, 2 or 4 mg of progesterone either alone or in combination with 1, 2 or 5 μg of estrone. When ovariectomy was performed on day 1 of pseudopregnancy and uterine traumatization on day 4, induction and maintenance of a deciduomal response could be achieved with 1 or 2 mg/day of progesterone alone (or in some cases in combination with 1 μg/day of estrone) from days 1 to 3 followed by 1 or 2 mg/day of progesterone in combination with 1, 2 or 5 μg/day of estrone from days 4 to 7. The best results were obtained with progesterone alone (2 mg/day) before trauma and estrone (2 μg/day) and progesterone (2 mg/day) after trauma.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 167 (1970), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: In order to compare the morphologic response of white and brown fat to various hormones in vitro the technique of organ culture was used in this study. Explants of white and brown fat from young mice fasted for 48 hours were exposed to culture media supplemented with insulin, thyroxin or cortisol. Morphologic changes due to these hormones were studied by means of histologic analyses and cell width measurements. Insulin acted to increase the size of cells and intracellular lipid content of brown and white fat explants when compared to similar explants exposed to unsupplemented media. Brown fat explants reacted earlier than white fat in this case. Thyroxin or cortisol alone had no influence on cell width or intracellular lipid content of these tissues. With the combination of insulin and thyroxin only white fat cells showed a greater increase in lipid deposition than that seen with insulin alone. No significant changes were noted when the combination of insulin and cortisol, or when all three hormones were added to the culture medium compared to that seen with insulin alone. The conclusion reached confirms those of other authors that brown and white fat possess enough dissimilarities to be classified as two different types of tissue.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 167 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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