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  • 1
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Thoracoscopy ; Metastases ; Lung ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) may complement open thoracotomy in children with osteosarcoma requiring pulmonary metastasectomy. Methods: The records of children with metastatic pulmonary osteosarcoma considered for initial VATS intervention (n=9) were reviewed. Results: Two children did not have VATS exploration: one child with multiple bilateral nodules and another child with a deep parenchymal nodule. VATS provided diagnostic biopsy material in all cases when used (n=7). Two children had benign inflammatory lesions; four children had VATS-directed wedge resections of solitary malignant lesions; and one child had VATS biopsy of diffuse parenchymal and pleural pulmonary disease not amenable to resection. The mean operative time and hospital length of stay were 1.78 ± 0.54 h and 3.5 ± 1.8 days, respectively. There were two complications of VATS: bleeding in a child, requiring a transfusion, and a latent pneumothorax in a patient after removal of the chest tube. Conclusion: VATS is safe, serves as an excellent diagnostic modality, complements the open thoracotomy, and may enable the surgeon to avoid more extensive procedures in selected cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 39 (1996), S. 1112-1115 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Condyloma acuminata ; Infants ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Condyloma acuminata are anogenital warts caused by a human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus is a tissue-specific, site-specific, double-stranded DNA virus, which is capable of inducing high-grade genital intraepithelial neoplasia and malignancy. The incidence of anogenital warts in the pediatric age group is rising, and sexual abuse has been implicated as a potential cause. METHODS: Accumulated data from separate questionnaires sent to practicing colorectal surgeons who are members of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons and fellows in colon and rectal training programs have been analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty percent of those polled responded to our survey. Of the respondents, 93 percent see less than two pediatric cases per year. Seventy-two percent stated that tissue specimens would be sent routinely for histopathologic identification. Although 73 percent of surgeons consider anogenital warts a potentially sexually transmitted disease, only 26 percent reported screening for other sexually transmitted diseases. A diagnostic and therapeutic protocol is followed by 19 percent of respondents. Patient follow-up varied from six months (43 percent) to lifelong examinations (3 percent). Sixty-four percent of respondents agreed that a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol based on current knowledge would be beneficial. CONCLUSION: We conclude that colon and rectal surgeons have a low exposure to anogenital warts in infants and children. Furthermore, we believe that a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol based on the current literature would be helpful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Ultrasound ; Acute abdomen ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrasonographic and clinical findings in 295 consecutive patients undergoing ultrasound evaluation for adbominal complaints were retrospectively reviewed. The objective of the study was to determine the accuracy and validity of ultrasound in differentiating surgical from nonsurgical acute abdominal conditions. Our results demonstrated that ultrasound was 95% accurate in detecting surgical conditions. As a result, ultrasound is recommended as a satisfactory imaging modality for differentiating acute surgical from nonsurgical abdominal problems in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kulturvergleichende Analyse ; Child Behavior Checklist ; Verhaltensauffälligkeiten ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Key words Cross cultural study ; Child Behavior Checklist ; Behavior problems ; Children ; Adolescents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The goal of the study was a cross-cultural comparison of the parent ratings of behavior problems of children and adolescents aged 4–18 years in Germany, The Netherlands and the United States using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The analyses were undertaken in a German community sample (n = 1622) and a Dutch community sample (n = 2076). The results were compared with the data published by Achenbach for the national US sample. The analyses were based on the scales of the 1991 CBCL version and were performed for four age and sex groups (4- to 11-year-old boys/girls and 12- to 18-year-old boys/girls). In general, relatively minor differences could be detected between the three random samples. The range in the different samples was between –0.04 and 0.35, which is in line with other cross-cultural analyses using the CBCL. As long as no representative norms for Germany are available, the American norms can serve as an orientation for German studies using the CBCL.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie ist eine kulturvergleichende Analyse der Beurteilungen von Verhaltensauffälligkeiten von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 4 bis 18 Jahren durch ihre Eltern in Deutschland, den Niederlanden und den USA anhand der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Die Analysen werden in einer deutschen Feldstichprobe (n = 1622) und einer niederländischen Feldstichprobe (n = 2076) durchgeführt und mit den von Achenbach [1] publizierten Daten für die nationale US-Stichprobe verglichen. Basis der Analysen ist die Skalierung der CBCL in der Version von 1991. Die Analysen werden für vier Alters- und Geschlechtsgruppen (4- bis 11 jährige Jungen/Mädchen und 12- bis 18 jährige Jungen/Mädchen) durchgeführt. Insgesamt lassen sich nur relativ geringfügige Unterschiede zwischen den 3 Stichproben nachweisen. Die mittleren Effektstärken schwanken in den einzelnen Stichproben zwischen –0,04 und 0,35. Damit werden andere kulturvergleichende Analysen mit der CBCL bestätigt, in denen ebenfalls überwiegend geringfügige Kultureffekte nachgewiesen wurden. Solange noch keine für die Bundesrepublik repräsentative Stichprobe vorliegt, kann eine Orientierung an der amerikanischen Normierung erfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 144 (1996), S. 1337-1341 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter NMR ; Angst ; Kinder ; STAIC ; Klaustrophobie ; Key words MRI ; Anxiety ; Children ; STAIC ; Claustrophobia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the anxiety level of a child psychiatric population that underwent MRI, and to reveal, whether there are some conditions which may decrease the anxiety in these children. Method: During the MRI-assessment of a population of 16 children with psychiatric referrals (age 7.25 to 13.25 years; 13 hyperkinetic) three children refused to cooperate with the MRI because of claustrophobic anxiety before the procedure. Ten patients were psychologically tested with the STAIC-anxiety-inventory (Spielberger, 1973) before and after the scan and with a retrospective questionaire about the conditions during and around the MRI assessment. Results: Before the MRI the anxiety score of these children was high. The score increased directly before the MRI. After the scan the children were obviously relieved. The psychologically tested children did not report any claustrophobic anxiety during the MRI. As a new condition a videofilm could be seen during the scan, that seemed to help the children. Conclusions: After the results of this preliminary study further studies about the anxiety of children in the MRI environment have to be carried out. The influence of other conditions like the videofilm have to be investigated randomly, because it may reduce the need for sedative effects and anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Diese Studie sollte das Angstniveau einer kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Population während einer NMR-Untersuchung bestimmen und nach Bedingungen forschen, die die Situation für die Kinder erleichtern. Methode: Bei der kernspintomographischen Untersuchung von 16 kinder- und jugendpsychiatrisch auffälligen Kindern (Alter 7,25–13,25 Jahre; davon 13 Kinder hyperkinetisch) verweigerten 3 Kinder wegen klaustrophobischer Ängste die Mitarbeit vor und nicht während der Untersuchung. Zehn hyperkinetische Patienten konnten mittels des STAIC-Angst-Inventars vor und nach dem NMR psychologisch untersucht werden. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich anfangs ein hohes Angstniveau, das sich noch direkt vor der kernspintomographischen Untersuchung steigerte. Schwierigkeiten hatten v. a. jüngere Patienten. Nach der Untersuchung waren die Kinder deutlich erleichtert. Die kernspintomographisch untersuchten Kinder schilderten während der Untersuchung keine klaustrophobischen Ängste. Zur besseren Betreuung der Kinder wurde als neue Möglichkeit ein Videofilm während der kernspintomographischen Untersuchung gezeigt, was den Patienten als äußerst hilfreich erschien. Diskussion: Nach dieser Pilotstudie erscheinen weitere Untersuchungen der Ängste von Kindern während der NMR-Untersuchung gerechtfertigt. Das erhöhte Angstniveau kann sich durch verbesserte Umweltfaktoren, wie z. B. das Zeigen eines Videofilms, verbessern, so daß keine Sedierung oder Anästhesie der Patienten erfolgen muß.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 144 (1996), S. 1087-1091 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kardiale Myxome ; Kinder ; Echokardiographie ; Key words Cardiac myxomas ; Children ; Echocardiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objective: Incidence, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of cardiac myxomas in childhood and adolescence. Methods: Literature research, case reports of three patients 61/12 to 167/12 years old. Results: Cardiac myxomas are very rare benign neoplasias of which 75 % arise in the left atrium. There are general symptoms such as fever, fatigue, headache, anaemia, and accelerated blood sedimentation rate, symptoms of mechanical obstruction (pulmonary oedema, reduction of cardiac output, pre-syncope and syncope), and the sequelae of tumour embolisation. Heart murmurs are frequent. Echocardiography is the best method for finding the diagnosis. Immediate surgical extirpation of the myxoma is the therapy of choice to anticipate dangerous embolism or syncope. The reported overall mortality rate ranges from 0 % to 5.5 %, for children the risk seems to be lower. Conclusion: In patients with general symptoms, heart murmurs, circulatory or neurological symptoms a cardiac myxoma should be taken into account. Echocardiography is the best method to confirm or to reject this diagnosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Häufigkeit, Symptomatik, Diagnose, Therapie und Prognose kardialer Myxome bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Methode: Literaturrecherche, Falldarstellung 3er Patienten im Alter von 61/12 bis 167/12 Jahren. Ergebnisse: Kardiale Myxome sind sehr seltene gutartige Neoplasien, die in 75 % der Fälle im linken Vorhof entstehen. Die Symptomatologie gliedert sich in Allgemeinsymptome (Fieber, Abgeschlagenheit, Kopfschmerzen, Anämie, BKS-Beschleunigung), in Symptome die durch die mechanische Obstruktion verursacht werden (Lungenödem, Verminderung des Herzauswurfvolumens, Präsynkopen, Synkopen) sowie in Symptome, die auf Tumorembolien zurückzuführen sind. Häufig sind Herzgeräusche auskultierbar. Diagnostisch kommt der Echokardiographie die größte Bedeutung zu. Therapeutisch muß eine rasche chirurgische Exstirpation des Myxoms angestrebt werden, um gefährlichen Embolien oder Synkopen zuvorzukommen. Das Operationsrisiko wird mit 0–5,5 % im gesamten Krankengut angegeben und dürfte im Kindesalter eher niedriger liegen. Schlußfolgerungen: Bei unklaren Allgemeinsymptomen, Herzgeräuschen, Kreislaufbeschwerden oder neurologischen Symptomen sollte differentialdiagnostisch auch an ein kardiales Myxom gedacht werden. Mittels Echokardiographie kann diese Erkrankung rasch und sicher diagnostiziert bzw. ausgeschlossen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 25 (1996), S. 470-477 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kindliche Pseudarthrosen ; Ursachen ; Therapie ; Ergebnisse ; Key words Nonunion ; Children ; Reasons ; Treatment ; Results
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Nonunion of fractures in children is rare. It occurs after pathological fractures, post-infection and after incorrect osteosynthesis. Sometimes, delayed union of one bone in the forearm or the lower leg can be observed. Typical cases of nonunion are those of the radial condyle of the humerus and the femoral neck. A different problem is presented by congenital pseudoarthroses. The treatments of choice for nonunion are autogenous bone grafting and external or internal skeletal stabilization. In the radial part of the elbow joint the only indication for operative correction is an irritation of the ulnar nerve (ventralization of the nerve and supracondylar osteotomy). Nonunion of the femoral neck can be avoided by internal screw fixation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Pseudarthrosen im Kindesalter sind außerordentlich selten. Sie treten im Rahmen pathologischer Frakturen, nach Infekten und iatrogen (meist nach inkorrekten Osteosynthesen) auf. Gelegentlich ist bei konservativer oder operativer Therapie paariger Knochen die verzögerte Heilung eines der beiden Knochen zu beobachten. Für das Wachstumsalter typische Pseudarthrosen treten am Condylus radialis humeri und im Bereich des Schenkelhalses auf. Eine eigene Entität stellen die kongenitalen Pseudarthrosen dar. Durch Spongiosa- oder Spananlagerung und externe wie interne Ruhigstellung werden die Pseudarthrosen zur Ausheilung gebracht. Im radialen Ellenbogenbereich ist nur bei Auftreten einer N.-ulnaris-Irritation die Indikation zur operativen Korrektur gegeben. Diese besteht in einer Ulnarisventralisation und suprakondylären Korrektur der Valgusfehlstellung. Schenkelhalspseudarthrosen lassen sich durch eine primäre operative Therapie (Verschraubung, evtl. mit zusätzlicher valgisierender Osteotomie) verhindern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 144 (1996), S. 1054-1062 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Idiopathische Hyperkalziurie ; Kinder ; Komplikationen ; Pathogenese ; Therapie ; Key words Idiopathic hypercalciuria ; Children ; Complications ; Pathogenesis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In children, urinary calcium excretion of more than 0,1 mmol/kg/day in the absence of known causes of hypercalciuria is defined as idiopathic hypercalciuria (IHC). Dietary factors such as intake of calcium, protein, phosphate and sodium must considered since they influence the excretion of calcium. IHC does not cause acute symptoms, but under certain conditions it may result in abdominal pain, dysuria, hematuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis or feeding problems. Up to now the exact pathogenesis is unknown. Traditional and new concepts of pathogenesis are discussed. The risk of the development of complications cannot be predicted at the moment. Complications in IHC necessitate treatment to achieve normocalciuria. In many cases dietary management (normal calcium and balanced sodium and protein intake) is sufficient. Hydrochlorothiazide and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis may be suitable drugs for reducing hypercalciuria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Kindesalter wird eine Kalziumausscheidung von mehr als 0,1 mmol/kg und Tag (4 mg/kg und Tag), die nicht durch eine andere zusätzlich vorliegende Erkrankung erklärt werden kann, als idiopathische Hpyerkalziurie (IHC) bezeichnet. Bei der Bestimmung der Kalziumausscheidung müssen Ernährungsfaktoren, insbesondere der Gehalt an Kalzium, Phosphor, Natrium und Eiweiß in der Nahrung, berücksichtigt werden, da diese die Kalziurie erheblich beeinflussen. Die Ätiopathogenese der IHC ist bis heute noch nicht sicher geklärt. In der nachfolgenden Arbeit werden die bisher gültigen und neuere Vorstellungen zur Ätiopathogenese der IHC diskutiert. Trotz fehlender akuter Symptome ist die IHC ein ernstzunehmendes Symptom. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann sie zu starken Bauchschmerzen, Hämaturie, Nephrolithiasis, Nephrokalzinose, Dysurie oder auch Ernährungsproblemen führen. Zur Zeit gibt es keine Möglichkeit, das Risiko für die Entwicklung einer Komplikation vorauszusagen. Bei vorhandenen klinischen Symptomen ist eine Therapie zur Erreichung einer Normokalziurie indiziert. In vielen Fällen genügen diätetische Maßnahmen (normale Kalziumzufuhr, bilanzierte Natrium- und Eiweißzufuhr). Unter den medikamentösen Therapien haben sich Hydrochlorothiazide bewährt.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Asthma bronchiale ; Kinder ; Entspannungsverfahren ; Psychotherapieverfahren ; Key words Asthma ; Children ; Relaxation-technique ; Psychotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Functional relaxation (FE), a somato-psychotherapeutic method, can reduce asthmatic symptoms. The efficiency of a 5 minute introduction of elements of functional relaxation (EFE) is compared with a placebo-relaxation-method not based on the hypothetical mechanisms of FE, and a standardised pharmacological bronchodilative test using salbutamol. In a controlled prospective randomised single blind setting 18 children and adolescents with acute asthma were treated on three consecutive days with each method. Before and ten minutes after therapy the patients had bodyplethysmographic pulmonary function testing. U-Tests showed that the baseline measurements were comparable. The before-after-comparison revealed significant changes for EFE and salbutamol, not for the placebo-relaxation. There were significant differences between the intraindividual differences of the airway resistance and the specific airway resistance between salbutamol and the placebo-relaxation, not between EFE and salbutamol or EFE and the placebo-relaxation. FE can be an effective complementary treatment in children or adolescents with asthma.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Funktionelle Entspannung (FE), ein Körperpsychotherapieverfahren, soll Asthmakranken Linderung verschaffen. In dieser Untersuchung wird die Wirkung eines 5minütigen Angebots von FE (EFE) bei akuter Atemwegsobstruktion mit einem Plazeboentspannungsverfahren, das den hypothetischen Wirkmechanismen der FE nicht entspricht, und einem medikamentösen Standard-Broncholyse-Test verglichen. In einer prospektiven randomisierten Studie wurde an 18 Kindern und Jugendlichen mit akutem Asthma bronchiale an 3 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen jeweils zur selben Zeit eine der Therapiemethoden durchgeführt. Vor und 10 min nach der Behandlung erfolgte eine bodyplethysmographische Lungenfunktionsmessung. Die Ausgangsmeßwerte unterschieden sich nicht. Es zeigten sich eine signifikante Senkung des Atemwegswiderstands (RAW und sRAW) nach EFE (p 〈 0,05) und Salbutamol (p 〈 0,01), aber keine signifikanten Änderungen bei dem Plazeboentspannungsverfahren. Ein Vergleich der intraindividuellen prozentualen Veränderungen ergab signifikante Unterschiede zwischen dem Plazeboentspannungsverfahren und Salbutamol, keine Unterschiede zwischen Salbutamol und der EFE sowie der EFE und dem Plazeboentspannungsverfahren. FE kann eine wirksame komplementäre Behandlung beim Asthma bronchiale im Kindes- und Jugendalter sein.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 144 (1996), S. 906-909 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Pertussis ; Seroprävalenz ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Mikroagglutinationstest ; Key words Pertussis ; Antibodyseroprevalence ; Children ; Adolescents ; Microagglutination assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aim of the study was to determine the age-dependent prevalence of antibodies against Bordetella pertussis in children and adolescents not vaccinated against pertussis. Methods: From March to October, 1994, sera of children and adolescents (1–18 years of age) without a history of pertussis immunization, and treated for non-respiratory illnesses at the University Hospital for Children and Adolescents in Erlangen, were collected and kept frozen. Pertussis antibodies were measured with a microagglutination assay. Results: Agglutinating serum antibodies against B. pertussis were found in 152 (49.5 %) of 307 patients. Age distribution and seropositivity rates were as follows (age group, n total, % positive): 1–2 years: 29 (21 %); 2–3 years: 19 (21 %); 3–4 years: 21 (24 %); 4–5 years: 29 (45 %); 5–6 years: 31 (48 %); 〉 6–12 years: 108 (60 %); 〉 12 years: 70 (63 %). Only 24 (16 %) of 152 seropositive patients had a history of pertussis illness. Antibodies were positive in 24 (73 %) of 33 patients with a positive history for pertussis. Conclusions: Since the sensitivity of the assay is estimated to be at least 90 % and a positive titer in our experience persists for decades, we conclude: 1) a history of pertussis is unreliable and frequently missing despite positive serum antibodies. In 27 % of patients with a positive history antibodies against B. pertussis were not demonstrable. 2) The rate of susceptibility among unvaccinated children and adolescents was high. Catch-up immunizations, preferably with monovalent, acellular pertussis vaccines are required to stop the circulation of the organism in the population.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchung: Bestimmung der altersabhängigen Prävalenz von Antikörpern gegen Bordetella pertussis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, die nicht gegen Pertussis geimpft wurden. Methode: Im Zeitraum von März bis Oktober 1994 wurden Seren von Kindern und Jugendlichen (Alter 1–18 Jahre), die wegen nicht respiratorischer Erkrankungen in der Universitätsklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche in Erlangen stationär behandelt wurden und keine Pertussisimpfanamnese aufwiesen, gesammelt und tiefgefroren. Die Bestimmung der Pertussisantikörper erfolgte im Mikroagglutinationstest. Ergebnisse: Bei 152 (49,5 %) von 307 Patienten fanden wir im Serum agglutinierende Antikörper gegen Bordetella pertussis. Die Altersverteilung der Patienten und der Anteil Seropositiver waren wie folgt (Altersgruppe, n gesamt, % positiv): 1–2 Jahre: 29 (21 %); 2–3 Jahre: 19 (21 %); 3–4 Jahre: 21 (24 %); 4–5 Jahre: 29 (45 %); 5–6 Jahre: 31 (48 %); 〉 6–12 Jahre: 108 (60 %); 〉 12 Jahre: 70 (63 %). Lediglich bei 24 (16 %) von 152 serologisch Positiven war anamnestisch eine Pertussiserkrankung erinnerlich. Von 33 Patienten mit anamnestisch erinnerlicher Pertussis lag bei 24 (73 %) ein positiver Titer vor. Schlußfolgerung: Da die Sensitivität des Tests mindestens 90 % beträgt und ein positiver Titer nach unseren Erfahrungen über Jahrzehnte persistiert, läßt sich folgendes ableiten: 1. Die anamnestische Angabe einer durchgemachten Pertussiserkrankung ist unzuverlässig, da sie trotz positiven Titers häufig (84 %) fehlt. Umgekehrt hatten 27 % der Patienten mit positiver Pertussisanamnese keine nachweisbaren Antikörper. 2. Der Anteil pertussisempfänglicher Kinder und Jugendlicher ohne Impfanamnese war sehr hoch. Hier sind Nachholimpfungen, vorzugsweise mit monovalenten, azellulären Pertussisvakzinen, dringend indiziert, um die Zirkulation des Erregers in der Bevölkerung zu unterbinden.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 11 (1996), S. 416-417 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Wilms tumour ; Needle biopsy ; Recurrence ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 2-year-old girl presented with a left-sided Wilms tumour. She was randomised to have a needle biopsy and preoperative chemotherapy according to the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) protocol, a trial of preoperative chemotherapy in biopsy-proven Wilms tumour versus immediate nephrectomy (UK 9101). A nephrectomy was performed 6 weeks later. Six months later she presented with an abdominal wall recurrence at the needle biopsy site, which was resected. The value of needle biopsy in localised Wilms tumour is debated.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1996), S. 61-62 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Umbilical hernia ; Children ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 5 years, four cases of incarcerated (one strangulated) umbilical hernia (UH) in children were observed and treated in Saint-Denis, France. In a review of the literature, only 45 descriptions of complicated UHs in children were found worldwide. Incarceration of UHs is considered to be very rare in children, however, it appears to occur more frequently than it is generally believed. Therefore, a more active therapeutic approach is recommended even in smaller hernias, from more than an aesthetic point of view.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 11 (1996), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Suppurative myositis ; Psoas abscess ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three cases are reported of pyogenic (non-tuberculous) myositis involving the ilio-psoas and/or iliacus muscles in children presenting to John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia, in a 12-month period. In one, cultures grew Haemophilus influenzae type B and in the other two Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. Biopsy of the abscess cavity from the second child confirmed an antecedent haematoma as the underlying cause. The third had underlying sacroiliac septic arthritis with a history of antecedent trauma. The classification, investigation, and treatment of myositis is discussed.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1996), S. 61-62 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Umbilical hernia ; Children ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Over a period of 5 years, four cases of incarcerated (one strangulated) umbilical hernia (UH) in children were observed and treated in Saint-Denis, France. In a review of the literature, only 45 descriptions of complicated UHs in children were found worldwide. Incarceration of UHs is considered to be very rare in children, however, it appears to occur more frequently than it is generally believed. Therefore, a more active therapeutic approach is recommended even in smaller hernias, from more than an aesthetic point of view.
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  • 15
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    Pediatric surgery international 11 (1996), S. 582-583 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Inguinal hernia ; Children ; Strangulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reduction of gangrenous small bowel by taxis on an inguinal hernia is an extremely rare event. We present a case in which this occurred, leading to a bowel obstruction and urgent laparotomy.
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  • 16
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    Pediatric surgery international 11 (1996), S. 471-473 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Cholelithiasis ; Sickle cell disease ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 305 children with sickle cell disease (SCD) (285 SS and 20 S-beta-thalassemia) to establish the prevalence of cholelithiasis in Saudi children with SCD. Their ages ranged from 1 to 18 years (mean 10.45 years). Gallstones were demonstrated in 60 children, giving a prevalence of 19.7%. An additional 50 patients (16.4%) had only biliary sludge. The youngest patient with gallstones was 3 years old. There was a correlation between the presence of gallstones and increasing age. Patients with gallstones were also found to have higher serum bilirubin levels, but their hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocyte count, hemoglobin S, and hemoglobin F levels were not significantly different from those of patients without gallstones.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction ; Pathogenesis ; Children ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten infants under 6 months old underwent surgery for obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction. Craniocaudal light microscopy showed subdivision of the resected ureteropelvic junction into three portions: prestenotic, stenotic, and poststenotic. The prestenotic portion was characterized by dilatation of the ureteral lumen, flattening of its mucosal folds and thinning of the urothelium; the stenotic tract showed partial or total loss of the epithelium and fibrosis of the mucosal and fibromuscular coats. No modifications were detected in the poststenotic portion. We advance the hypothesis that a primary epithelial break might cause urine to spread inside the ureteral wall and consequently the mastocytes to migrate and degranulate within the mucosal and fibromuscular coasts. The histamine and prostaglandins produced by the mastocytes could induce prolonged muscular spasm, in turn responsible for increasing the intrapelvic pressure and so causing enlargement of the epithelial break. A connective tissue reaction of the ureteral wall would thus occur, which should be considered a secondary event leading to fibrotic stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Spermatic cord torsion ; Testis ; Creatine kinase ; Serum enzymes ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Delay in the diagnosis of spermatic cord torsion (SCT) is still a significant cause of testicular loss in children. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the diagnostic value of serum creatine kinase (CK) in the early period following SCT. Forty male rats were assigned randomly into five similar groups: group A, control; group B, sham, right testis exposed, manipulated, and blood sampling at 6th h; group C, right SCT, blood sampling at 2nd h; group D, right SCT, blood sampling at 4th h; and group E, right SCT, blood sampling at 6th h. CK and its isoenzymes were measured in the sera of all animals. All testes were removed and examined histopathologically. Significant increases in serum CK levels compared to control and sham groups were observed at 4 and 6 h following SCT. The major increase in CK was observed in the CK-MM isoenzyme fraction. Histologic pictures showed varying degrees of edema, vascular congestion, and hemorrhage in the testicular tissue, but no necrosis in any of the study groups. These results showed that serum CK levels in rats in the early period following SCT increase significantly before necrosis of testicular tissue. This may be of value as a diagnostic test, to corroborate findings from clinical studies.
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  • 19
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    Der Anaesthesist 45 (1996), S. 420-427 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Anästhesie im Kindesalter ; Nahrungskarenz ; Aspirationsrisiko ; Key words Anaesthesia ; Children ; Fasting ; Aspiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract According to a literature search, it seems most unlikely based on pathophysiological requirements and physiological aspects that traumatized children benefit from preoperative waiting times aimed at achieving a 6-h fast. Irrespective of fasting, traumatized children are at risk of requiring aspiration. Many generally recommended measures for the avoidance of aspiration are neither reasonable nor effective in traumatized children. The physical and psychological benefits that can be derived from shorter preoperative waiting times can more than override the organizational difficulties caused by waiting longer.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die pathophysiologischen Bedingungen nach Trauma sowie die physiologischen Verhältnisse im Kindesalter lassen es anhand einer Literaturrecherche (s.a. Tabelle 4) als sehr unwahrscheinlich erscheinen, daß Kinder von einer präoperativen Wartezeit zur Erzielung einer 6stündigen Nahrungskarenz profitieren. Traumatisierte Kinder sind unabhängig von der Nahrungskarenz aspirationsgefährdet. Viele allgemein empfohlene Maßnahmen zur Aspirationsverhütung sind bei Traumata im Kindesalter nicht sinnvoll und effektiv. Die durch eine verkürzte präoperative Wartezeit erzielbaren physischen und psychischen Benefits dürften die dadurch bedingten organisatorischen Erschwernisse mehr als aufwiegen.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sevofluran ; Kontrollierte randomisierte Studie ; Kinderanästhesie ; Inhalationseinleitung ; Fluorid ; Key words Sevoflurane ; Controlled randomized study ; Children ; Inhalation induction ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Due to its low blood:gas partition coefficient (0.69) and its neutral odor, sevoflurane (S) is suitable for inhalational induction of anaesthesia. At the moment halothane (H) is preferentially used for this purpose due to its non-irritating odor and the smoothness of anaesthetic action. However, experience is limited with the use of S in children, and concern exists about potential renal toxicity of its metabolite, i.e. fluoride. Therefore, we compared S and H in an open, randomized phase III trial. Material and methods. With approval of the ethics committee and written informed parental consent, 40 children (age 1–10, mean 5.3 years, ASA class I and II) had anaesthesia induced without premedication (fresh gas flow 6 l/min, N2O/O2=65/35). Concentration of volatile anaesthetics was increased every 3–5 breaths (S: 0.8…3.2 vol%, H: 0.4…1.6 Vol%). The ciliary reflex was tested until it disappeared. Airway reflexes and excitation were quantified using a score. Upon venipuncture, relaxation and intubation, anaesthesia was maintained with S (Fi: 2.4 vol%) or H (Fi: 1.2 vol%) in N2O/O2 (3 l/min, etCO2 35–38 mm HG). Alfentanil was supplemented in repeated doses of 20 μg/kg. ECG, NIBP, SpO2, Fi and Fet of CO2 and volatile anaesthetics were continuously recorded. At the end of surgery anaesthetics were terminated abruptly and fresh gas flow was increased to 6 l/min O2. Time to the first purposeful movement was registered. Serum fluoride levels were determined immediately after venipuncture, at the end of surgery and 70 min later. Time to possible discharge from the PACU was quantified using a modified Aldrete score. Data were analysed with descriptive methods, Student's t-test or non-parametric tests as appropriate. Results. Groups did not differ with respect to age, weight, sex, or type of surgery. Total dose of anaesthetics was 1.60 MACxh for S and 1.77 MACxh for H (p=0.68). Table 6 shows the essential data. Mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate remained within ±20% of age-related normal values (Table 7). Mean serum fluoride level was 23.1±1.2 μmol/l at the end of surgery and decreased to 18.6±0.970 min later (Fig. 3). Conclusions. Sevoflurane is an alternative to halothane in pediatric inhalational anaesthesia, with a comparable, low incidence of airway irritation and smoothness of induction. Because of the significantly faster induction and recovery it seems superior to halothane. With the fluoride levels measured, an impairment of renal function is unlikely.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Kindern, dem wesentlichen Patientenkollektiv für inhalative Narkoseeinleitungen, liegen nur geringe Erfahrungen mit dem vermutlich besonders geeigneten Sevofluran vor. In einer offenen, randomisierten Studie haben wir daher Einschlaf- und Aufwachzeiten, Atemwegsreflexe und Kreislaufwirkungen von Sevofluran (S) mit denen von Halothan (H) bei Kindern (Alter 1–10 Jahre) während mindestens einstündigen Eingriffen verglichen. Mit Zustimmung der Ethikkommission wurden 40 Kinder der Risikogruppen ASA I und II nach schriftlicher Einwilligung der Eltern rekrutiert. Die Narkosen wurden ohne Prämedikation mit ansteigenden Konzentrationen von S oder H in N2O/O2 (65:35) induziert. Der Frischgasflow (FGF) betrug 6 l/min. Nach Relaxation und Intubation wurden die Narkosen mit S (Fi 2–2,4 Vol.-%) oder H (1,1–1,4 Vol-%) in N2O/O2 (65:35, 3 l/min) weitergeführt. Zur Ausleitung wurde der FGF auf 6 l/min erhöht. Fluoridspiegel wurden bei Einleitung, am Narkoseende sowie 70 min nach Narkose bestimmt. Die Gruppen waren biometrisch vergleichbar. Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz waren in beiden Gruppen stabil. Die Einschlafzeit betrug 183±32 (H) bzw. 129±34 s (S) (p〈0,01), die Aufwachzeit 775±314 (H) bzw. 468±194 s (S) (p〈0,01). Nach S wurden die Kinder 4,6 min früher extubiert (p〈0,01). Die Atemwegsverträglichkeit war bei beiden Gasen gut. Der Fluoridspiegel (S) betrug am Narkoseende 23,1±1,2 μmol/l, 70 min später 18,6±0,9 μmol/l (p〈0,01). Mit Sevofluran steht ein neues, sicheres Anästhetikum für die Kinderanästhesie zur Verfügung, das bei vergleichbar geringer Atemwegsirritation wegen der höheren Induktions- und Aufwachgeschwindigkeit dem Halothan überlegen ist. Die Fluoridwerte unter S lassen eine wesentliche Beeinträchtigung der Nierenfunktion nicht erwarten.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Herzzeitvolumen ; Thermodilution ; Säuglinge ; Kinder ; Erwachsene ; Key words Cardiac output ; Indicator dilution techniques ; Infants ; Children ; Adults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Cardiac output measurements are often helpful in the management of critically ill patients and high risk-patients. In this study an alternative technique for measurement of cardiac output by the transpulmonary indicator dilution technique (TPID) was evaluated in comparison to conventional thermodilution using a pulmonary artery catheter. With TPID, a thermistor-tipped catheter (the smallest available is 1.3 F) is placed in the aorta via a femoral artery introducer. Thus, TPID can also be used in very small children in whom placement of a pulmonary artery catheter may be difficult or even impossible. In principle, TPID is less invasive since the possible complications of the pulmonary catheters are avoided. We investigated the accuracy and reproducibility of transpulmonary thermodilution in patients over a broad range in age and body surface. Methods. Following approval by the ethics committee and written consent, the data were obtained from 21 patients without a circulatory shunt undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization. The patients were between 0.5 and 25.2 years old, their body surface between 0.35 and 1.89 m2. Measurements were performed in duplicate with bolus injections of ice-cold normal saline (0.15 ml/kg), randomly spread over the respiratory cycle. In total 48 thermodilution curves were measured simultaneously in the pulmonary artery and in the aorta. Thermodilution curves were monoexponentially extrapolated for elimination of recirculation and cardiac output was calculated with a standard Stewart Hamilton procedure. Results. The amplitude of the typical arterial thermodilution curve shows a smaller and more delayed course than the pulmonary artery thermodilution curve. There was a very good correlation between the values found by pulmonary and TPID cardiac output measurements (R=0.968). There was a slightly smaller cardiac output value measured by the TPID (Bias=−4.7±1.5% sem) The reproducibility of duplicate measurements with the two methods were nearly the same, the standard deviation of the difference was 10.9% for the pulmonary thermodilution method and 11.7% for TPID. Discussion. TPID gives an alternative technique for measurement of cardiac output. We showed over a broad range in age and body surface a very good correlation with thermodilution measurements in the pulmonary artery. The slightly smaller values for TPID are explained by early recirculation, for clinical purposes the difference is negligible. However, the reproducibility of a method is clinically very important. Both methods showed in duplicate measurements basically the same reproduciblity. The disadvantage of TPID in being more sensitive to baseline alteration is counterbalanced by less respiratory variability in comparison to the conventional thermodilution technique. However, by increasing the amount of injected indicator (i.e., 0.2 ml/kg≅15 ml in an adult) it is possible to reduce the effect of baseline alteration. By using fiberoptic catheters it is even possible to use TPID as double-indicator dilution technique to measure intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) and extravascular lung water (EVLW). We conclude that in many patients TPID might be an attractive, less invasive and reliable alternative to conventional cardiac output measurement by pulmonary artery catheter.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Messung des Herzzeitvolumens (HZV) ist zur Überwachung und Therapiesteuerung von Risikopatienten und Schwerstkranken häufig hilfreich. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschreibt die HZV-Bestimmung mittels transpulmonaler Thermodilution (TPID) und vergleicht sie mit der herkömmlichen pulmonalarteriellen Thermodilution, wie sie unter Verwendung eines Pulmonaliskatheters klinisch breit angewendet wird. Bei sehr guter Übereinstimmung zwischen pulmonalarteriellem und transpulmonalem HZV (Bias=−4,7%±1,5% sem) über den gesamten untersuchten Altersbereich (0,5 bis 25,2 Jahre), besteht bei Doppelbestimmung auch eine vergleichbare Reproduzierbarkeit für die beiden Verfahren (SD=10.9% vs. 11,7%). Der geringeren Beeinflussung der HZV-Messung mittels TPID vom respiratorischen Zyklus steht die etwas größere Anfälligkeit gegenüber spontanen Temperaturschwankungen des Patienten entgegen. Im Gegensatz zur respiratorischen Abhängigkeit der pulmonalarteriellen Thermodilution kann die Anfälligkeit der TPID gegenüber diesen Temperaturschwankungen jedoch durch eine höhere Indikatordosierung weiter reduziert werden. Die zusätzlichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der pädiatrischen Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin, die prinzipiell geringere Invasivität und niedrigere Kosten sind Vorteile dieser Methode. Sie kann aber nicht bei allen klinischen Fragestellungen den Pulmonaliskatheter ersetzen.
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  • 22
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    Acta neurochirurgica 138 (1996), S. 1261-1266 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Children ; Ewing's sarcoma ; mesenchymal chondrosarcoma ; osteosarcoma ; chemotheapy ; spinal fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cases of primary spinal column sarcomas are presented. Sarcomas primarily originating from paravertebral soft tissues were excluded. Patients' age ranged from 1 to 14 years (mean 8.4 years). The male: female ratio was 2∶3. Two patients had Ewing's sarcoma (ES) originating from L5-S1 and L4-5 pedicles, respectively; two patients had mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MCS) originating from L1-2 pedicles and L5 body, respectively; and one patient had osteogenic sarcoma (OS) of C4 body. All patients clinically presented with pain and progressive weakness of the extremities. The time that elapsed between the onset of symptoms and diagnoses ranged from one to five months. All cases were treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and subtotal tumour resection with spinal canal decompression. Two cases received posterior spinal fusion operations. Three patients were alive 10 to 98 months following diagnosis. Only the case with ES of L5-S1 pedicles was in complete remission and off therapy at the 98th postoperative month. The two MCS cases were in partial remission, and were receiving chemoterapy at the time of analysis. These tumours caused similar clinical findings and prognoses, and required combined treatment, which consisted of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy; histologically three different types of malignant tumours are presented in the same category. We preferred surgical decompression and stabilization procedures especially for neurologically symptomatic patients, even if they had extensive tumours with high grades. By spinal canal decompression and stabilisation, we did not intend to cure the disease; however, we intended to provide neurological improvement, spinal stabilisation, improved quality of life, early mobilisation of the patient, and cytoreduction by means of surgical tumour ablation, which could render the chemotherapy more effective.
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  • 23
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 26-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Recurrent meningitis ; Children ; Encephalocele ; Neurenteric cyst ; Dermoid cyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To characterize recurrent bacterial meningitis in children, we reviewed the charts of all patients treated for more than one episode of bacterial meningitis at the Würzburg University Children's Hospital from 1980 to June 1995. Twenty-five children suffered 2–13 episodes of bacterial meningitis. Most patients were referred from other hospitals to our paediatric neurosurgical service. No immunodeficiency was found. In all patients, the cause of recurrent meningitis was an anatomical lesion with 13 intracranial defects including encephaloceles, skull fractures, Mondini dysplasias, neurenteric cyst, fibrous dysplasia, persistent craniopharyngeal duct, and 12 lumbosacral defects with a dermoid cyst within the lumbosacral spine. A first episode of meningitis at school age did not exclude a congenital defect. In total, 84 episodes of meningitis were treated, a pathogen was isolated in 77%. The most common pathogen wasStreptococcus pneumoniae, followed byEscherichia coli, Staphylococci and others. The pathogen isolated often gave a clue to the location of the defect. Personal history was often unrewarding and in some cases the search for the anatomical lesion required repeated imaging and explorative surgery. In 24 of 25 cases, final treatment of recurrent meningitis was by surgical intervention. Conclusion In recurrent bacterial meningitis, excessive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are indicated. An anatomical defect is a very probable cause.
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  • 24
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    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1414-1417 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Intravascular sensors ; Blood gas analysis ; Acute respiratory distress syndrome ; High frequency oscillator ventilation ; Critical care ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Objective: To describe clinical usage of the Paratrend 7 continuous arterial blood gas monitor in children. Design: Children older than 24 months of age who required significant ventilatory intervention were eligible for sensor placement. Interventions: The sensor was placed via the arterial catheter to measure pH, PCO2, PO2, and temperature. The simultaneous arterial blood gas value was recorded along with the sensor reading. Results: The sensor functioned for as long as seven days and provided the clinicians with data on the patient’s respiratory status. The statistical validity of the device when compared to the arterial blood gas showed that the bias/precision for pH was 0.006/0.024, for PCO2– 0.78/4.68 mmHg, and for PO2 1.9%/17.1% (mmHg). Conclusions: This report demonstrates actual clinical use of continuous blood gas monitoring in children. The information obtained is a major asset to the management of critically ill children in the intensive care unit.
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  • 25
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    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1442-1444 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Gitaloxin ; Intoxication ; Children ; Fragment antigen binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Gitaloxin is a digitalis glycoside used for the same indications as digoxin and digitoxin. The successful outcome for a 2 1 2-year-old boy who accidentally ingested 3 mg of gitaloxin (100 times the normal therapeutic dose) is reported. At admission the child presented with irregular heart rhythm. He subsequently started vomiting, even after continuous gastric feeding. Only 48 h after ingestion of gitaloxin he became somnolent and developed bradyarrhythmia. The symptoms disappeared 96 h later; the bradyarrhythmia, however, (second-degree atrioventricular block) decreased 28.6nprogressively only after 120 h. The initial clinical presentation of gitaloxin poisoning may be misleading and careful observation in a pediatric intensive care unit is mandatory. A cross-reaction between the fluorescence polarization immunoassay for digitoxin and the radioimmunoassay for gitaloxin was found and was used as a helpful, but rough, estimate of the severity of gitaloxin poisoning, in the absence of a specific measurement of gitaloxin.
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  • 26
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    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1414-1417 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Intravascular sensors ; Blood gas analysis ; Acute respiratory distress syndrome ; High frequency oscillator ventilation ; Critical care ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To describe clinical usage of the Paratrend 7 continuous arterial blood gas monitor in children. Design Children older than 24 months of age who required significant ventilatory intervention were eligible for sensor placement. Interventions The sensor was placed via the arterial catheter to measure pH, PCO2, PO2, and temperature. The simultaneous arterial blood gas value was recorded along with the sensor reading. Results The sensor functioned for as long as seven days and provided the clinicians with data on the patient's respiratory status. The statistical validity of the device when compared to the arterial blood gas showed that the bias/precision for pH was 0.006/0.024, for PCO2 −0.78/4.68 mmHg, and for PO2 1.9%/17.1% (mmHg). Conclusions This report demonstrates actual clinical use of continuous blood gas monitoring in children. The information obtained is a major asset to the management of critically ill children in the intensive care unit.
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  • 27
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    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1442-1444 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Gitaloxin ; Intoxication ; Children ; Fragment antigen binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gitaloxin is a digitalis glycoside used for the same indications as digoxin and digitoxin. The successful outcome for a 2 1/2-year-old boy who accidentally ingested 3 mg of gitaloxin (100 times the normal therapeutic dose) is reported. At admission the child presented with irregular heart rhythm. He subsequently started vomiting, even after continuous gastric feeding. Only 48 h after ingestion of gitaloxin he became somnolent and development bradyarrhythmia. The symptoms disappeared 96 h later; the bradyarrhythmia, however, (second-degree atrioventricular block) decreased progressively only after 120 h. The initial clinical presentation of gitaloxin poisoning may be mis-leading and careful observation in a pediatric intensive care unit is mandatory. A cross-reaction between the fluorescence polarization immunoassay for digitoxin and the radioimmunoassay for gitaloxin was found and was used as a helpful, but rough, estimate of the severity of gitaloxin poisoning, in the absence of a specific measurement of gitaloxin.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Children ; Balloon dilatation ; Bronchial stent ; Tracheal stenosis ; Bronchial stenosis ; Malignant tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tracheobronchial endoluminal reconstruction and stenting has become a valuable palliative tool in adults with intrathoracic tumors compromising the airways. Tracheobronchial balloon dilatation has been recently used in children and even neonates. We report a case of severe airway obstruction requiring emergency intubation and artificial ventilation in a 5-year-old child with intrathoracic recurrence of a rhabdomyosarcoma. Endoscopic balloon dilatation through the endotracheal tube with subsequent implantation of a non selfexpanding metal mesh stent was used successfully, allowing extubation and discharge of the child from ICU.
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  • 29
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    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Hyperamylasemia ; Pancreatitis ; CRP ; Cardiac surgery ; Infants ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: This study was conducted to clarify the incidence of hyperamylasemia after cardiac surgery in infants and children. Design and patients: 186 infants and children operated on at Children’s Hospital, Helsinki, during an 11-month period were enrolled in the study. Serum samples were taken before and on 3 consecutive days after cardiac surgery at the intensive care unit and before discharge from the hospital. Measurements: We measured serum total amylase and serum pancreatic amylase with two different assays: (1) reduction of salivary amylase from total amylase activity and (2) measurement of mass concentration with monoclonal antibodies. Results: Preoperative values for both total amylase and pancreatic isoenzymes were strongly agerelated. At least one of the three tests showed postoperative hyperamylasemia (〉+2 SD above starting values of the age group and maximal value 〉3 times the individual starting value) in 64/186 (34%) patients. 22/186 (12%) patients had abnormal results in all assays. A more than tenfold rise in pancreatic amylase, suggesting pancreatitis, was found in 14 patients (8%). Mortality was 21% in this subgroup, but 5% in the rest of the patients. Hyperamylasemia was more common after 1 year of age, and after open-heart surgery, especially homograft implantation or cardiac transplantation. Conclusions: Hyperamylasemia is a common finding after cardiac surgery in pediatric patients. Amylase isoenzyme measurements are needed for clinical decision making. Age-group-related reference values are mandatory for the right interpretation of amylase values.
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  • 30
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    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Hyperamylasemia ; Pancreatitis ; CRP ; Cardiac surgery ; Infants ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective This study was conducted to clarify the incidence of hyperamylasemia after cardiac surgery in infants and children. Design and patients 186 infants and children operated on at Children's Hospital, Helsinki, during an 11-month period were enrolled in the study.Serum samples were taken before and on 3 consecutive days after cardiac surgery at the intensive care unit and before discharge from the hospital. Measurements We measured serum total amylase and serum pancreatic amylase with two different assays: (1) reduction of salivary amylase from total amylase activity and (2) measurement of mass concentration with monoclonal antibodies. Results Preoperative values for both total amylase and pancreatic isoenzymes were strongly agerelated. At least one of the three tests showed postoperative hyperamylasemia (〉+2 SD above starting values of the age group and maximal value 〉3 times the individual starting value) in 64/186 (34%) patients. 22/186 (12%) patients had abnormal results in all assays. A more than tenfold rise in pancreatic amylase, suggesting pancreatitis, was found in 14 patients (8%).Mortality was 21% in this subgroup, but 5% in the rest of the patients. Hyperamylasemia was more common after 1 year of age, and after open-heart surgery, especially homograft implantation or cardiac transplantation. Conclusions Hyperamylasemia is a common finding after cardiac surgery in pediatric patients. Amylase isoenzyme measurements are needed for clinical decision making. Age-group-related reference values are mandatory for the right interpretation of amylase values.
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  • 31
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    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Children ; Malignancy ; Prognosis ; Intensive care ; PRISM score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To evaluate the predicted mortality rate of oncologic patients in the PICU using the PRISM score and factors that might influence short-term outcomes. Design Retrospective study.Setting: Pedriatic ICU in a university hospital Patients and Methods The medical charts of all oncologic patients admitted to the PICU during the period from January 1983 to December 1992 were reviewed. Main Results Over a period of 10 years, 51 oncologic patients were admitted on 57 occasions to the PICU. The mortality was 32%. This is significantly higher than the overall mortality in the PICU (8%). Comparison of observed and predicted mortality, derived from the PRISM score, using chi square goodness-of-fit tests showed a significantly higher observed mortality (x 2(5)=20.1,P〈0.01). Patients admitted for circulatory failure and the highest mortality (47%), followed by those with respiratory failure due to tachypnea/cyanosis (36%), central nervous system deterioration (27%), respiratory failure due to ariway obstruction (25%), and metabolic disorders (20%). Of the 31 patients who needed mechanical ventilation, 17 died (55%), and when they needed inotropic support as well, the mortality increased to 69%. The mortality rose to 100% when the patient was admitted with a septic shock, necessitating mechanical ventilation and inotropic support. The median PRISM score was 5 in the survivor group and 18.5 in the non-survivor group; this difference was found to be significant using the Wilcoxon test (P=0.01). However, some patients with high scores were found in the survivor group, as well as some with low scores in the non-survivor group. Conclusion The decision to treat opcologic patients in a PICU remains difficult and has to be considered on an individual basis. However, oncologic patients do benefit from admission to the PICU. The PRISM score is not suitable for oncologic patients in the PICU, because it underestimates the observed mortality. Other factors like neutropenia, septic shock, the need for mechanical ventilation, and inotropic support should be taken into consideration.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Encephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Follow-up examinations ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 14 children aged 28 days to 12.7 years with encephalitis by CT or MRI. Of the patients examined by CT 58% had a normal first scan, whereas all MRI investigations demonstrated abnormalities. The clinical features correlated with several MRI investigations. On MRI herpes (HSV) encephalitis started in the medial temporal lobe and encephalomalacia developed within a few weeks. All patients had a follow-up examination 0.5 to 6.5 years after the acute phase. MRI revealed abnormalities in 13 of the 14 children; one boy, with lesions in only the white matter, had a normal follow-up MRI. Even with immediate, optimal therapy the children demonstrated severe parenchymal abnormalities. Signal abnormalities seen in the acute phase of the disease were likely to persist. In children with HSV encephalitis atypical lesions in different areas were seen.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Children ; Brain ; Neoplasms ; Central nervous system ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report preliminary experience using single-voxel, proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) employing small voxels of interest, in combination with short and long echo-time protocols, for the assessment of primary intracranial tumors in children. We examined 23 children with primary intracranial tumors detected by MRI, and 32 controls with similar ages, using MRS on a 1.5 T system. Localized single-voxel (3.7±1.3 cc) proton spectra were obtained with short-echo (2,000/18), stimulated-echo (STEAM) and long-echo (2,000/270) spin-echo (PRESS) protocols. All spectra were evaluated qualitatively; 10 tumor and 19 control spectra were processed for peak area quantification. Small voxels of interest were able to account for tissue heterogeneity. Combined acquisition of short- and long-echo spectra increased the number of detectable metabolites. The solid portion of all tumors exhibited reducedN-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), strong contribution from cholines (Cho) and inositols or glycine, minimal presence of total creatine (tCr), enhanced broad mobile lipid resonances and accumulated lactate. Calculated selected metabolite ratios of Cho/tCr and Cho/NAA were substantially increased from control values. The cystic portions of the masses showed only lipid and lactate peaks.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Angioblastoma ; Fibromatosis ; Hamartoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal tumours ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a child aged 2 years presenting with delayed motor development. A thoracolumbar subcutaneous mass was noticed in the first months of life. MRI showed a low conus medullaris, confirmed the presence of the mass and detected a second solid lesion in the intradural space. Surgery confirmed that the two lesions were distinct, as on MRI. The histopathological features were in common with fibrous hamartoma of infancy, giant cell angioblastoma and the “diffuse type” of infantile fibromatosis. The presence of a low conus medullaris associated with a congenital clinical presentation suggested a disontogenetic aetiology.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Angioblastoma ; Fibromatosis ; Hamartoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal tumours ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a child aged 2 years. presenting with delayed motor development. A thoracolumbar subcutaneous mass was noticed in the first months of life. MRI showed a low conus medullaris, confirmed the presence of the mass and detected a second solid lesion in the intradural space. Surgery confirmed that the two lesions were distinct, as on MRI. The histopathological features were in common with fibrous hamartoma of infancy, giant cell angioblastoma and the “diffuse type” of infantile fibromatosis. The presence of a low conus medullaris associated with a congenital clinical presentation suggested a disontogenetic aetiology.
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
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    Pflügers Archiv 431 (1996), S. R299 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Electroretinogram ; Visual evoked potentials ; Parvocellular system ; Magnocellular system ; Dyslexia ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To address the question of a possible magnocellular visual deficit in children with reading problems (dyslexia), we examined pattern ERG and VEP responses to stimulation with checks of 24′, 49′ and 180′ in size and of 5%, 42% and 100% contrast level. Neurophysiological difference between children with reading problems and those without them was found confined to VEP which showed a significant prolongation of P100 wave in dyslexic children at highest contrast (100%) and smallest checks (24′). Pattern ERG was normal. These results support the assumption of a visual deficit in dyslexic children. However, they are not consistent with an isolated deficit of the magnocellular function, which, theoretically, would cause VEP changes to lower contrast and largest check stimuli.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Interferon-alfa- ; recombinant ; Children ; Growth ; Hepatitis B therapy ; Hepatitis C ; therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anorexia and weight loss are frequently reported as adverse effects during recombinant interferon α (rIFN-α) treatment. The aim of the present study was to assess both nutritional status and growth of children and adolescents treated with rIFN-α for chronic viral hepatitis. Eleven patients aged 4–16 years with histologically proven chronic active hepatitis (hepatitis B, n = 9; hepatitis C, n = 2) receiving rIFN-α subcutaneously thrice a week for 6 months were studied. Weight and height increments were assessed during the 6 months before starting rIFN-α. Weight and height were measured every 3 months (M0, M3, M6) during the 6 months of rIFN-α treatment, then every 6 months during the follow up period (6–36 months). Weight decreased in every child during rIFN-α treatment (weight loss varies from 0.5 to 2.6 kg after 3 months of treatment). Weight/age Z-score decreased from 0.12 at M0 to –0.69 at M3 (P 〈 0.01), then increased between M3 and M6 (–0.33) (P 〈 0.01), but normalized (0.02) only 6 months after completion of treatment. Nutritional status was significantly impaired during treatment (Z-score for weight/height decreased from 0.18 at M0 to –0.74 at M3, P 〈 0.01) and recovered progressively thereafter. Height and height velocity were not modified by rIFN-α treatment. A reduction of the caloric intake observed between M0 and M3 might explain these features. Conclusion Significant but transient abnormalities of the nutritional status are encountered constantly at the beginning of rIFN-α therapy without any deleterious effect on growth. Information of the families and nutritional intervention during treatment should be required, in order to limit the importance of weight loss.
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  • 38
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: M protein ; Antibody ; Children ; Streptococcal infection ; Mitral regurgitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We measured anti M protein antibody (AMPA) titres in children with idiopathic mitral regurgitation (MR), streptococcal infection, rheumatic fever (RF), post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) and normal healthy children. We investigated the association of MR with streptococcal infection and whether high AMPA titres can be used as persisting evidence of previous streptococcal infection. AMPA titres were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found significantly higher antibody titres in patients with MR and in streptococcal infection, RF, and AGN than in healthy controls. In the MR group (n=15), 54% patients had AMPA titres above the 90th percentile value that was found in normal controls. An elevated AMPA titre persisted for a long period even when the anti-streptolysin O titres had declined to normal in RF patients. Our data suggest that the high AMPA titres in MR should be further investigated to clarify the probable association with previous streptococcal infection. Conclusion High AMPA titre is a risk factor for developing complications after streptococcal infection. Our serological evidence suggests that in some patients. MR may be related to previous streptococcal infection.
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  • 39
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 338-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Duplication ; Intestinal obstruction ; Caecum ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of caecal duplication are presented, one in a neonate and one in an infant. The diagnosis was made at laparotomy, which had been undertaken for the presumptive diagnosis of intestinal atresia and torsion of an ovarian cyst respectively. Also the literature on alimentary tract duplications is reviewed, referring to the incidence, presenting symptoms, and location of the duplication, in particular that of the caecum.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Bone mineral content ; Children ; Cortical thickness ; Puberty ; Roentgen microdensitometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The bone mineral content (BMC) and the cortical thickness at the distal radius and at the II metacarpal were assessed in growing individuals (167 females and 158 males) by radiometric and quantitative roentgen microdensitometric methods. BMC adjusted for age and pubertal status was significantly higher in males than in females. However, the BMC corrected for bone volume (volumetric bone density, g/cm3) and the metacarpal cortical index (cortical area/total area) were identical in males and females. BMC rose progressively with age, approaching a plateau by the end of puberty. Lower but still significant increases with age were also observed for volumetric bone density of the metacarpus and the metacarpal index. These increases were also most marked by the end of pubertal maturation and might be related to diminution of bone turnover. Conclusion This study provides the normative data of bone mass in growing individuals by making use of a reasonably accurate and easily available technique. The results obtained indicate that most of the differences between males and females and the changes with age are related to changes in skeletal dimension rather than density.
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  • 41
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 495-497 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Hyperkalaemia ; Renal failure ; Salbutamol ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hyperkalaemia is a lifethreatening emergency and infusion of glucose with insulin has so far been regarded as the standard treatment of choice. Recently the β-2 stimulatory drug salbutamol has been shown to be an effective agent to treat hyperkalaemia by inducing a shift of potassium into the intracellular compartment. We treated 15 children aged 0.1–14 (mean 5.2) years suffering from acute hyperkalaemia (mean level 6.6±0.54, range 5.9–7.7 mmol/l) with a single infusion of salbutamol (5 μg/kg over 15 min). Serum potassium concentrations decreased significantly within 30 min to levels of 5.74±0.53 and 4.92±0.53 mmol/l after 120 min (P〈0.001, respectively). No side-effects occurred other than a slight increase in heart rate in 3 patients. Conclusion A single intravenous infusion of salbutamol at a dose of 5 μg/kg is a highly effective treatment for hyperkalaemia with minimal clinical side-effects. The effect lasts for at least 120 min and may reverse hyperkalaemia in some patients without further interventions so that salbutamol seems justified as the first choice treatment for this condition in childhood.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Bacteraemia ; Quality control ; Treatment ; Antibiotics ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To identify bacteraemic children who are at increased risk of inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses of prospectively-studied bacteraemic episodes. Appropriateness of therapy was defined according to the in vitro susceptibility of the isolate. Inappropriate empiric therapy was found in 38% of 516 bacteraemic episodes and was associated with higher mortality. The rate of inappropriate treatment was lower in neonates and infants (28% and 33%, respectively) but higher in children 1- to 5-years old (51%,P=0.0029). The rate was dependent on the source of bacteraemia (range, 18%–70%,P=0.0092), underlying conditions (range, 26%–53%,P=0.0001), the specific paediatric section in which the child was hospitalized (range, 24%–70%,P=0.0002), and the causative micro-organism (range, 15%–75%,P〈0.0001). Four clinical variables that independently and significantly affected the rate of inappropriate antibiotic treatment were identified by multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis (odds ratios in parenthese): hospital-acquired bacteraemia (2.3), age of 1- to 5-years (2.1), cytotoxic therapy (1.8) and presence of central IV line (1.6).
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  • 43
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 603-607 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Alpha1-protease inhibitor deficiency ; PiZZ phenotype ; Children ; Pulmonary function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-PI) deficiency is a well-recognized cause of emphysema in adults; howerver, the natural history of this disorder in children is unclear. Because of the paucity of data in the paediatric age group, we performed whole body plethysmography, spirometry, and diffusing capacity, in a cohort of 17 homozygous (PiZZ phenotype) children (9 females, 8 males; mean age ± SEM 13.4±0.9, range 7–18 years) and in 17 normal school-children (13.5±0.9, 7–18 years), using a matched-pair design. Blood was drawn for determination of serum alpha1-PI levels, PI phenotype, and standard biochemical tests of liver function. Among the PiZZ subjects, 12 were detected during diagnostic workup of prolonged neonatal icterus, and 5 by routine testing in paediatric patients. None had chronic respiratory symptoms except for an 18-year-old PiZZ girl with a history of recent onset of exertional dyspnoea. All were non-smokers. The Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis. As expected, serum alpha1-PI levels were lower in the PiZZ group (16% of the control value). A few patients had slight elevations of their liver enzymes. As for the pulmonary function parameters, differences between groups were not significant. Individual data showed no consistent abnormality in lung function except for signs of mild expiratory obstructive airway disease with hyperinflation (elevated TGV/TLC ratio) in the only symptomatic 18-year-old subject (0.63, control subject 0.49). This was unresponsive to bronchodilators. For her, augmentation therapy with intravenous infusions of alpha1-PI may be considered.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Varicella vaccine ; Children ; Seroconversion ; Immunogenicity ; Reactogenicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first live-attenuated Oka strain varicella vaccines needed to be stored at −20°C. Reformulation of this vaccine by SmithKline Beecham Biologicals has provided a vaccine shelf life of up to 2 years when stored at +2°C to +8°C. In this study the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of two different production lots of this reformulated vaccine at two different titres each, which corresponded to the release and expected expiry titres, were evaluated. A double-blind randomised clinical trial was conducted in healthy children aged from 9 to 24 months. Immunogenicity was assessed by the measurement of varicella specific antibodies in paired serum samples taken before and from 35 to 63 days post vaccination. Reactogenicity was assessed by the evaluation of any untoward reactions occurring up to 42 days post vaccination. In order to assess protective efficacy, parents of these subjects were contacted approximately 6 months after completion of the trial. One hundred and ninety-one subjects were recruited into the study. Of the 181 initially seronegative subjects who completed the trial according to the protocol, 179 showed seroconversion (98.9%). Reactions to the vaccine were minor and observed in 46/191 (24%) of subjects. Rashes were present in 19, fever in 22, and both fever and rashes in 5. Rashes were mainly maculo-papular in nature but were vesicular in 6. Febrile reactions were shortlived. After a 6-month follow up period, attenuated varicella with minor clinical symptoms was diagnosed in 6/52 vacinees who had close contact with natural varicella (attack rate=11.5%).
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Bone mineral density ; Phenylketonuria ; Children ; Bone ; mineralization markers ; Mineral ; homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) obtain a great deal of their protein and mineral intakes from synthetic elemental formulae devoid of phenylalanine. To assess the effect of such diets and/or the disease on bone mineralization, children with PKU were compared to normal children for many parameters of mineral homeostasis and bone mineralization. A total of 11 children with PKU of mean age 10.9 ± 4.2 years were compared to a large group of normal control children mean age 11.4 ± 4.2, and an age and sex matched subset (n = 11). Children with PKU had lower serum calcium (9.1 ± 0.9 vs 10.4 ± 1.9 mg/dl P 〈 0.01) amd magnesium (1.67 ± 1.4 vs 2.07 ± 0.16 mg/ dl, P 〈 0.001) but normal values for phosphorus, zinc, and copper. The percentage tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was increased in PKU (93 ± 3% vs 88 ± 6%, P 〈 0.05) suggesting a lower phosphorus intake and/or absorption. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D were similar in PKU and control children. Serum albumin and lean body mass by dual energy X-ray absorption were not different suggesting that protein intake was adequate. In the 11 pairs, a decreased bone mineral density was seen for the lumbar spine (0.61 ± 0.15 vs 0.72 ± 0.24 P 〈 0.05), and lower extremities (1.56 ± 0.30 vs 1.87 ± 0.56 P 〈 0.05) by paired t-test. Compared to the total controls and the paired controls, decreases were seen in markers of bone formation; bone alkaline phosphatase, (72 ± 30 vs 126 ± 43 P 〈 0.001), osteocalcin (10.7 ± 3.4 vs 13.1 ± 2.0 P 〈 0.05) and procollagen type I carboxyterminal propeptide. No differences were seen in the bone resorption markers tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and urine Ca/Cr. The changes noted could not be related after age correction to serum phenylalanine levels, protein intake, or mineral intakes. It is unclear whether deficits in bone mineralization relate to the disease process itself or its treatment.
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 26-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Recurrent meningitis ; Children ; Encephalocele ; Neurenteric cyst ; Dermoid cyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To characterize recurrent bacterial meningitis in children, we reviewed the charts of all patients treated for more than one episode of bacterial meningitis at the Würzburg University Children's Hospital from 1980 to June 1995. Twenty-five children suffered 2–13 episodes of bacterial meningitis. Most patients were referred from other hospitals to our paediatric neurosurgical service. No immunodeficiency was found. In all patients, the cause of recurrent meningitis was an anatomical lesion with 13 intracranial defects including encephaloceles, skull fractures, Mondini dysplasias, neurenteric cyst, fibrous dysplasia, persistent craniopharyngeal duct, and 12 lumbosacral defects with a dermoid cyst within the lumbosacral spine. A first episode of meningitis at school age did not exclude a congenital defect. In total, 84 episodes of meningitis were treated, a pathogen was isolated in 77%. The most common pathogen wasStreptococcus pneumoniae, followed byEscherichia coli, Staphylococci and others. The pathogen isolated often gave a clue to the location of the defect. Personal history was often unrewarding and in some cases the search for the anatomical lesion required repeated imaging and explorative surgery. In 24 of 25 cases, final treatment of recurrent meningitis was by surgical intervention.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Bone mineral content ; Children ; Cortical thickness ; Puberty ; Roentgen microdensitometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Conclusion This study provides the normative data of bone mass in growing individuals by making use of a reasonably accurate and easily available technique. The results obtained indicate that most of the differences between males and females and the changes with age are related to changes in skeletal dimension rather than density.
    Notes: Abstract The bone mineral content (BMC) and the cortical thickness at the distal radius and at the II metacarpal were assessed in growing individuals (167 females and 158 males) by radiometric and quantitative roentgen microdensitometric methods. BMC adjusted for age and pubertal status was significantly higher in males than in females. However, the BMC corrected for bone volume (volumetric bone density, g/cm3) and the metacarpal cortical index (cortical area/total area) were identical in males and females. BMC rose progressively with age, approaching a plateau by the end of puberty. Lower but still significant increases with age were also observed for volumetric bone density of the metacarpus and the metacarpal index. These increases were also most marked by the end of pubertal maturation and might be related to diminution of bone turnover.
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 338-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Duplication ; Intestinal ; obstruction ; Caecum ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of caecal duplication are presented, one in a neonate and one in an infant. The diagnosis was made at laparotomy, which had been undertaken for the presumptive diagnosis of intestinal atresia and torsion of an ovarian cyst respectively. Also the literature on alimentary tract duplications is reviewed, referring to the incidence, presenting symptoms, and location of the duplication, in particular that of the caecum.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 603-607 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Alpha1-protease ; inhibitor deficiency ; PiZZ ; phenotype ; Children ; Pulmonary ; function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-PI) deficiency is a well-recognized cause of emphysema in adults; however, the natural history of this disorder in children is unclear. Because of the paucity of data in the paediatric age group, we performed whole body plethysmography, spirometry, and diffusing capacity, in a cohort of 17 homozygous (PiZZ phenotype) children (9 females, 8 males; mean age ± SEM 13.4 ± 0.9, range 7–18 years) and in 17 normal schoolchildren (13.5 ± 0.9, 7–18 years), using a matched-pair design. Blood was drawn for determination of serum alpha1-PI levels, PI phenotype, and standard biochemical tests of liver function. Among the PiZZ subjects, 12 were detected during diagnostic workup of prolonged neonatal icterus, and 5 by routine testing in paediatric patients. None had chronic respiratory symptoms except for an 18-year-old PiZZ girl with a history of recent onset of exertional dyspnoea. All were non-smokers. The Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis. As expected, serum alpha1-PI levels were lower in the PiZZ group (16% of the control value). A few patients had slight elevations of their liver enzymes. As for the pulmonary function parameters, differences between groups were not significant. Individual data showed no consistent abnormality in lung function except for signs of mild expiratory obstructive airway disease with hyperinflation (elevated TGV/TLC ratio) in the only symptomatic 18-year-old subject (0.63, control subject 0.49). This was unresponsive to bronchodilators. For her, augmentation therapy with intravenous infusions of alpha1-PI may be considered. Conclusion Our study confirms the absence of pulmonary function abnormalities in the vast majority of children with homozygous alpha1-PI deficiency. Serial measurements of lung function may help to distinguish those individuals who require treatment with alpha1-PI from those who do not.
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  • 50
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. S125 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Phenylketonuria ; Children ; Diet ; Protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The methods for the determination of protein requirements are reviewed and the difficulties in achieving the recommendations of the dietary management of phenylketonuria proposed by a Medical Research Council Working Party on Phenylketonuria using currently available low phenylalanine (Phe) protein substitutes and low protein foods are examined. These recommendations are that all infants whose blood Phe concentrations exceed 600 μmol/l in the presence of a normal or low plasma tyrosine and an otherwise normal plasma amino acid profile while receiving a normal protein intake (2–3 g/kg/day), should start a low Phe diet immediately. Infants whose blood Phe concentrations remain persistently between 400 and 600 μmol/l for more than a few days should also start treatment. The diet should contain a protein substitute which is Phe free (or at least very low in Phe) and otherwise nutritionally complete with a composition sufficient to provide 100–120 mg/kg per day of tyrosine and a total amino acid intake of at least 3 g/kg per day in children under 2 years of age. In children over 2 years the intake of amino acids should be maintained at a level of 2 g/kg per day. The protein substitute should be spread as evenly as possible through the 24 h. Blood Phe concentrations should be maintained between 120 and 360 μmol/l. In children aged over 10 years it is suggested that the protein substitute should supply the protein reference nutrient intake + 50%. An upper blood Phe limit of 480 μmol/l rather than 360 μmol/l may be acceptable in school age children. Adults and adolescents should continue treatment with the aim to maintain blood Phe concentrations no higher than 700 μmol/l. During the period before conception and during pregnancy women should aim to have plasma Phe concentrations between 60–250 μmol/l.
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  • 51
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 56-62 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Sleep apnoea ; Snoring ; Sleep disordered breathing ; Children ; Adenotensillectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children on the adenotonsillectomy waiting list aged 6 years or more were screened by questionnaire and overnight sleep monitoring to identify 12 with a moderate sleep and breathing disorder (SBD) group. They were matched by age and sex with 11 children who had a similar history of snoring and sleep disturbance but without an obvious sleep and breathing problem when monitored (snorer group) and also with a group of ten children most of whom were refered for an unrelated surgical procedure (control group). All children were studied before and 3–6 months after surgery. Pre-operatively the SBD and snorer groups both had significantly more restless sleep than the control group. The SBD group also had significantly more (〉4%) dips in oxygen saturation than the other two groups. After surgery there were no longer any significant differences between the three groups. After adenotonsillectomy the SBD group showed a significant reduction in aggression, inattention and hyperactivity on the parent Conners scale, and an improvement in vigilance on the Continuous Performance Test. The snorer group also improved showing less hyperactive behaviour than pre-operatively and better vigilance. The control groups's behaviour and performance did not change significantly. There were no significant changes in the performance of the Matching Familiar Figures Test in any of the groups. Conclusion Relief of mild to moderate sleep and breathing disorders in children is associated with improved behaviour and functioning. We confirm previous work which suggests that the relation between sleep disordered breathing and daytime problems in children is a causal one.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: CD2 ; CD4 ; CD8 ; CD19 ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were examined in 233 healthy school children aged 4.9–13.7 years at the time of examination. Lymphocyte subsets were characterized according to the following cluster of differentiation (CD) numbers: CD2, CD4, CD8 and CD19 and quantified according to both their absolute number and as a percentage of total lymphocytes. For the purpose of analysis, the LMS (lambda, mu, sigma) method was utilized, with a 3%–97% confidence interval. Smoothing of the generated curves, was by multiple regression analysis, using the least squares method. The results of these analyses indicate distinct trends as a child ages, both in absolute numbers and in the precentage of each cell type.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words CD2 ; CD4 ; CD8 ; CD19 ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were examined in 233 healthy school children aged 4.9–13.7 years at the time of examination. Lymphocyte subsets were characterized according to the following cluster of differentiation (CD) numbers: CD2, CD4, CD8 and CD19 and quantified according to both their absolute number and as a percentage of total lymphocytes. For the purpose of analysis, the LMS (lambda, mu, sigma) method was utilized, with a 3%–97% confidence interval. Smoothing of the generated curves, was by multiple regression analysis, using the least squares method. The results of these analyses indicate distinct trends as a child ages, both in absolute numbers and in the precentage of each cell type. Conclusion We characterized lymphocyte subsets in children aged 4.9–13.7 years. These data should prove of considerable value to pediatricians dealing with patients with known or suspected immunological problems, and ought to be used in place of the commonly used, but inappropriate, adult lymphocyte subset ranges.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Varicella vaccine ; Children ; Seroconversion ; Immunogenicity ; Reactogenicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first live-attenuated Oka strain varicella vaccines needed to be stored at –20°C. Reformulation of this vaccine by SmithKline Beecham Biologicals has provided a vaccine shelf life of up to 2 years when stored at +2°C to +8°C. In this study the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of two different production lots of this reformulated vaccine at two different titres each, which corresponded to the release and expected expiry titres, were evaluated. A double-blind randomised clinical trial was conducted in healthy children aged from 9 to 24 months. Immunogenicity was assessed by the measurement of varicella specific antibodies in paired serum samples taken before and from 35 to 63 days post vaccination. Reactogenicity was assessed by the evaluation of any untoward reactions occurring up to 42 days post vaccination. In order to assess protective efficacy, parents of these subjects were contacted approximately 6 months after completion of the trial. One hundred and ninety-one subjects were recruited into the study. Of the 181 initially seronegative subjects who completed the trial according to the protocol, 179 showed seroconversion (98.9%). Reactions to the vaccine were minor and observed in 46/191 (24%) of subjects. Rashes were present in 19, fever in 22, and both fever and rashes in 5. Rashes were mainly maculo-papular in nature but were vesicular in 6. Febrile reactions were shortlived. After a 6-month follow up period, attenuated varicella with minor clinical symptoms was diagnosed in 6/52 vacinees who had close contact with natural varicella (attack rate = 11.5%). Conclusion This reformulated vaccine was well tolerated, highly immunogenic and provided protection against varicella. Its increased stability allowing refrigerator storage makes it a good candidate for mass vaccination programmes.
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  • 55
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    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 56-62 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Sleep apnoea ; Snoring ; Sleep disordered breathing ; Children ; Adenotensillectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children on the adenotonsillectomy waiting list aged 6 years or more were screened by questionnaire and overnight sleep monitoring to identify 12 with a moderate sleep and breathing disorder (SBD) group. They were matched by age and sex with 11 children who had a similar history of snoring and sleep disturbance but without an obvious sleep and breathing problem when monitored (snorer group) and also with a group of ten children most of whom were refered for an unrelated surgical procedure (control group). All children were studied before and 3–6 months after surgery. Pre-operatively the SBD and snorer groups both had significantly more restless sleep than the control group. The SBD group also had significantly more (〉4%) dips in oxygen saturation than the other two groups. After surgery there were no longer any significant differences between the three groups. After adenotonsillectomy the SBD group showed a significant reduction in aggression, inattention and hyperactivity on the parent Conners scale, and an improvement in vigilance on the Continuous Performance Test. The snorer group also improved showing less hyperactive behaviour than pre-operatively and better vigilance. The control groups's behaviour and performance did not change significantly. There were no significant changes in the performance of the Matching Familiar Figures Test in any of the groups.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Bacteraemia ; Quality control ; Treatment ; Antibiotics ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To identify bacteraemic children who are at increased risk of inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses of prospectively-studied bacteraemic episodes. Appropriateness of therapy was defined according to the in vitro susceptibility of the isolate. Inappropriate empiric therapy was found in 38% of 516 bacteraemic episodes and was associated with higher mortality. The rate of inappropriate treatment was lower in neonates and infants (28% and 33%, respectively) but higher in children 1- to 5-years old (51%, P = 0.0029). The rate was dependent on the source of bacteraemia (range, 18%–70%, P = 0.0092), underlying conditions (range, 26%–53%, P = 0.0001), the specific paediatric section in which the child was hospitalized (range, 24%–70%, P = 0.0002), and the causative micro-organism (range, 15%–75%, P 〈 0.0001). Four clinical variables that independently and significantly affected the rate of inappropriate antibiotic treatment were identified by multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis (odds ratios in parentheses): hospital-acquired bacteraemia (2.3), age of 1- to 5-years (2.1), cytotoxic therapy (1.8) and presence of central IV line (1.6). Conclusion We defined bacteraemic children who are at risk of inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy. Special efforts are needed to improve their treatment and consequently their outcome.
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  • 57
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 122 (1996), S. 767-769 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Aneurysmal bone cysts ; Bone graft ; Local reccurrence ; Children ; Cementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We analysed local recurrences in young children with aneurysmal bone cysts. Nine were boys and five were girls, aged 10 years or less. The sites of the lesions were distributed as follows: five femurs, four humerus, two tibia, one sacrum, one thoracic spine and one pubis. After intensive curettage, five patients underwent cementation and five patients bone grafting. Four patients underwent resection of the lesion. No patients received irradiation. One of the five patients who underwent cementation had a relapse and the lesion was controlled after the second curettage and cementation. One of the five patients who underwent bone grafting had a relapse, and he relapsed again after the second curettage and bone graft; finally his disease was controlled by resection of the lesion and bone grafting. After 55 months (median) of follow-up, all patients were disease-free. The local recurrence rate of aneurysmal bone cysts in children was not high in this hospital.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Medulloblastoma ; Radiotherapy ; Chemotherapy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Between 1985 and 1989, 38 children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma entered our therapeutic protocol. After surgery and postoperative staging assessments, patients were assigned to risk groups. Eleven with “standard-risk” (SR) tumors were treated with radiation therapy alone, while 27 with “high-risk” (HR) tumors received radiation therapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, methotrexate, VM-26, and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU). After a minimum follow-up of 5 years (range 5–9 years) 21/38 children had developed a recurrence or progression of their disease and 19/38 patients had died. Five-year event-free survival rates and 5-year total survival rates for all 38 patients were 47.4% and 50% respectively. The event-free survival rates at 5 years for SR and HR patients separately were 27.3% and 55.6%, respectively. The corresponding 5-year total survival rates were 27.3% and 59.3%. The differences were not statistically significant. Univariate analysis showed age at diagnosis to be the most important prognostic factor. Infants aged 5 years or less had a significantly shorter event-free survival time than older patients (P=0.00897). Similar effects were found when total survival time was considered. There were significant differences in outcome in patients receiving different doses of radiation, suggesting a dose-response relationship. A Cox stepwise multivariate analysis showed age at diagnosis as the only independent prognostic factor. Variables relating to treatment entered the model, suggesting that chemotherapy could play an important role in determining outcome.
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  • 59
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    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 611-614 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Children ; Epidemiology ; Head injury ; Hong Kong ; Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Head injury in children causes special concern in most communities. From 1989 to 1994, 2,785 children younger than 16 years old were admitted to our neurosurgical service because of head injury. Fall from a height was the major cause of head injury leading to admission in infants and children in preschool age groups, whereas traffic-related or bicycle-related accidents were more likely to be the cause of head injury for those aged 11–15 years. In all age groups there was a male preponderance. The overall mortality was 0.6%. Traffic-ralated accidents caused more severe injury and accounted for 67% of all fatalities. For patients under 6 years old, about 40% of head injuries occurred at home. Preventive measures for pediatric head injury in Hong Kong are suggested.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Children ; Brain tumor ; Astrocytoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Noninvasive localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used for differential diagnosis of a focal brain lesion in a 2.5-year-old girl. The clinical signs were a mild head tilt and neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a lesion in the right hemisphere of the cerebellum, but its nature remained obscure. In this lesion quantitative determinations of cerebral metabolites by fully relaxed, short-echo-time proton MRS revealed markedly lowered N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and pronounced elevations of choline-containing compounds (Cho) and myo-inositol (Ins), whereas metabolite concentrations in cortical gray matter and white matter were within normal ranges. The metabolite pattern of the lesion indicated loss of vital neuroaxonal tissue (low NAA) and enhanced glial proliferation (high Cho and Ins), which, together with the MRI morphology, suggested a brain tumor. The diagnosis was established by neurosurgical exploration and total extirpation of the tumor. Histology confirmed an astrocytoma (WHO II). After 2 weeks' recovery the child was discharged with no neurological signs.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Hemispherectomy ; Epilepsy ; Infantile hemiplegia ; Surgery ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-eight children who underwent anatomical, functional, or modified anatomical hemispherectomy for intractable seizures from 1986 to 1995 were evaluated for seizure control, motor function, and complications. Age at surgery ranged from 0.3 to 17.3 years (median 2.8 years). Twenty-seven anatomical, 27 functional, and 4 modified anatomical hemispherectomies were performed. Seizure control and motor function in the 50 patients with more than 1 year follow-up revealed a 90% or better reduction in seizure frequency in 44/50 (88%) overall: 19/22 (86%) anatomical, 23/26 (89%) functional, and 2/2 modified anatomical. Motor function of the preoperatively hemiparetic extremities was improved or unchanged postoperatively in 38/50 (76%) of the patients. Complications included one intraoperative death, one late death from shunt obstruction managed elsewhere, late postoperative seizure breakthrough requiring reoperation and further disconnection in 5/27 functional hemispherectomy patients, mild cerebrospinal fluid infections in 3/27 anatomical hemispherectomy patients, and hydrocephalus requiring shunting in 3/27 functional hemispherectomy patients. A review of the literature and comparison of techniques is presented.
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  • 62
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    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 527-529 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Children ; Oligodendroglioma ; Radiation therapy ; Chemotherapy ; Outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cases of 15 children operated on for cerebral pure oligodendroglioma were studied. Two groups of children were distinguished. Group 1 children presented with epilepsy (7 cases); their tumor was histologically benign in all cases. These children are all alive after a median follow-up of 72 months; however, 2 of them presented with a local recurrence, which was operated on, and are actually disease-free. Group 2 children presented with intracranial hypertension (8 cases); the tumor was anaplastic in 7 cases. Despite postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy 6 children died; their median survival time was 17 months. The present series shows the existence of a clear correlation between clinical presentation, histological grading and survival in childhood cerebral oligodendrogliomas.
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  • 63
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    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 460-465 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Traumatic brain injury ; Children ; Follow-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the outcome of 25 patients [12 girls and 13 boys; mean age 13.7 (SD 3.9 years)] with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 6 h after the injury was (mean) 4.5 (SD 2.7), and the mean duration of unconsciousness was 15.8 (SD 10.6) days. Being the most severely brain-injured children in the health care region, they were all referred to its only regional pediatric rehabilitation center during 1986–1990. At discharge, 1 patient was healthy, 1 was in a vegetative state and 18 had multiple impairments. Motor problems were present in 22, epilepsy in 7 and speech impairment in 14. It was not possible to assess cognition in 3 of the children, and 15 of the remaining 22 fell in the normal range. At follow up 2–6 years after trauma, all 23 survivors reported at least one sequela, and 21 had multiple sequelae. As many as two-thirds had normal I.Q. and only 3 were non-ambulatory, but behavioral and personality disturbances were so disabling that none of the patients in this group had been able to readjust to a normal life in society after the trauma.
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  • 64
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    Der Schmerz 10 (1996), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akutschmerz ; Kinder ; Therapie ; Verhaltensmedizin ; Key words Acute pain ; Children ; Pain treatment ; Behavioural medicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Treatment of acute pain in children is a very important part of every doctor's work, and requires well-founded knowledge of this particular age group. Even in preterm infants pain apperception is fully developed, so that adequate analgesia is necessary. During infancy and childhood the individual developmental stage must be taken into account; the ability to cope with pain often differs distinctly from that in adults. At the starting of an analgesic regimen nonsteroidal analgesics are sufficient in most cases. If pain is severe iv morphine should be used much more often in children, because it is very effective and side effects can be avoided. In contrast to chronic pain management, pain-dependent analgesic management can be considered as beneficial. Good knowledge of a small number of drugs with their pharmacological profile is sufficient for effective analgesic results even in severe pain states in children. Behavioural medicine should be integrated into paediatric pain management as soon as possible. An early start of pain reduction and prophylaxis is the best basis for development in the direction of competent pain coping behaviour in adult life.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Behandlung von akuten Schmerzen bei Kindern ist für jeden Arzt eine vornehme Aufgabe, die zu beherrschen einige grundlegende Kenntnisse der Besonderheiten dieser Altersgruppe erfordert. Grundsätzlich kann schon beim Frühgeborenen von einer intakten Schmerzwahrnehmung ausgegangen werden, so daß ihm keine adäquate Analgesie vorenthalten werden darf. Im Kleinkind- und Grundschulalter müssen vor allem die psychomentalen Entwicklungsstufen der Schmerzverarbeitung ins Kalkül gezogen werden, die sich noch deutlich von der bei Erwachsenen unterscheiden. Üblicherweise sind nichtsteroidale Analgetika zu Beginn ausreichend. Morphin sollte bei schweren Schmerzzuständen weniger zurückhaltend verwendet werden. Die Kenntnis einiger weniger Analgetika mit ihrem pharmakologischen Profil reicht bereits aus, um auch im Kindesalter selbst für schwerste Akutschmerzen gerüstet zu sein. Im Gegensatz zur Behandlung bei chronischen Schmerzen ist eine bedarfsorientierte Analgetikagabe häufig ausreichend. Verhaltensmedizinische Aspekte verdienen bereits bei Kindern eine stärkere Berücksichtigung als in der Praxis bislang noch üblich. Eine frühzeitig einsetzende Schmerzreduktion und -prophylaxe ist die beste Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Entwicklung zur kompetenten Schmerzverarbeitung als Erwachsener.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Children ; Head injury ; Coma ; Evoked Potentials ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Follow-up brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) studies were performed within 72 hours after admission in 127 children with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score of ≤8) in order to predictquo ad vitam outcome of posttraumatic coma. Outcomes were categorised as brain death and survival. On first assessment 50 comatose children had normal BAEPs and SEPs. 78% of them survived and 22% deteriorated and died. 45 had abnormal findings. 69% of them improved and survived whilst 31 % deteriorated and died. 32 children did not have recordable BAEPs and SEPs. All of them died. Thus, comatose children with normal EP studies have in 78% good prognosis and a bad outcome can be reliably predicted.
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  • 66
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    Emergency radiology 3 (1996), S. 176-180 
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Trauma ; Children ; Injury ; Fractures ; Cervical spine ; Chest ; Pelvis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The appropriate use of imaging to screen infants and children for injuries after trauma remains controversial, and routine radiographs of the cervical spine, chest, and pelvis are still obtained at some centers. The purpose of this study was to document the abnormalities encountered on such films obtained in 292 pediatric trauma patients to evaluate the worth of obtaining such studies, particularly in children who are asymptomatic and have no clinical findings referable to these areas. The medical records, radiographs, and other imaging studies of 292 children evaluated in the emergency department after trauma were retrospectively reviewed. Ages ranged from 5 months to 17 years (mean =10 years). The numbers and types of abnormal imaging findings were documented for each patient and were correlated with the type of injury, patient complaints, physical examination findings, level of consciousness, and laboratory abnormalities. Final diagnosis and short-term outcome were also documented. The most common causes of injury were motor vehicle accidents (55.1%), automobile-pedestrian accidents (14.7%), and falls (13.4%). Acute cervical spine injuries were found in 2 patients (0.7%), radiographic abnormalities of the chest were found in 11 patients (3.8%), and pelvic fractures were detected in 6 patients (2.0%). All except 1 of the 19 confirmed injuries were associated with local symptoms and/or signs or were found in patients with altered mental status. A stable cervical fracture was found in one infant who was too young to complain of neck pain or tenderness. Twenty-two patients (7.5%) were asymptomatic with no physical findings, and in none of these children were any imaging abnormalities detected. We conclude that routine posttrauma radiographs of the cervical spine, chest, and pelvis are of limited utility and are not warranted in children and adolescents who are alert and demonstrate no associated symptoms or physical findings. Radiography, particularly of the cervical spine, may be worthwhile in infants and young children, but we advocate selective imaging in such patients.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Immunoglobulins ; Bronchoalveolar lavage ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunoglobulins play an important role in the pulmonary host defense, but little information is available about immunoglobulin and β2-microglobulin concentrations in the lung of normal children. Using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) we have studied immunoglobulin and β2-microglobulin levels in 30 children 3–15 years old undergoing elective surgery for nonpulmonary illnesses and in 15 healthy adult volunteers. BAL was performed with 3 × 1 ml/kg of body weight normal saline through an endotracheal tube after induction of anesthesia in children and under local anesthesia in adults. Similar concentrations of IgA and IgG were found in BAL fluid of children and adults even though serum levels were lower in children. As comparable results were obtained for albumin, a serum-derived protein, these data suggest that the permeability of the alveolar membrane is higher in children. IgE and IgM were detected in BAL fluid in only a fraction of children. β2-microglobulin levels were higher in both blood and BAL fluid of children. These data provide the first reference data for immunoglobulin and β2-microglobulin in children and can serve as a basis for future studies of children with pulmonary diseases.
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  • 68
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    European journal of applied physiology 72 (1996), S. 563-569 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Lactate ; Acid-base balance ; Wingate anaerobic test ; Recovery ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that boys recover faster than men following brief, high-intensity exercise. Better to understand this difference, plasma metabolite concenration, volume, electrolyte concentration [electrolyte], and hydrogen ion concentration [H+] changes were compared in five prepubescent boys [mean age 9.6 (SD 0.9) years] and 5 men [mean age 24.9 (SD 4.3) years] following 30-s, all-out cycling. Blood was collected prior to, at the end, and at the 1st, 3rd and 10th min following exercise. At the 10th min of recovery, the men's lactate concentration was 14.2 (SD 1.8) mmol · l−1 and [H+] was 66.1 (SD 5.9) nmol · l−1, compared with 5.7 (SD 0.7) mmol · l−1 and 47.5 (SD 1.2) nmol · l−1 respectively, in the boys (P 〈 0.01 for both). The glycerol concentration was higher in the boys at the end of exercise and until the 3rd min of recovery. Plasma volume (PV) decreased more in the men [16.9 (SD 3.0)%] than in the boys [9.4 (SD 2.8)%]. In both groups, [electrolyte] increased after exercise, tending to be higher in the men. Recovery of plasma [electrolyte] and PV started earlier in the boys (1st min) than in the men (3rd min). These findings would support the notion of a lesser reliance on glycolytic energy pathways in children and may explain the faster recovery of muscle power in boys compared to men.
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  • 69
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    European journal of applied physiology 72 (1996), S. 204-208 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Children ; Cold exposure ; Rectal temperature ; Skin temperatures ; Metabolic heat production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine thermoregulatory responses of prepubertal children to cold stress, 11 boys (aged 8 years) and 11 young men (aged 19–23 years), wearing only trunks, participated in this study. They sat in air at 28°C for 30 min (equilibrium period) and then in conditions where air temperature (T a) was decreased linearly from 28 to 15°C (at a constant rate of 0.22°C · min−1) for 60 min, at a fixed relative humidity of 65%. In the equilibrium period there was no significant difference between the groups for rectal temperature [T re, mean 37.30 (SEM 0.10) and mean 37.43 (SEM 0.14)°C in the boys and the men, respectively] or for the respective skin temperatures (except for the forehead), but metabolic heat production ( $$\dot M$$ ) was significantly greater for the boys [mean 57.1 (SEM 1.2) and mean 52.0 (SEM 0.9)W. m−2,P 〈0.005]. With decliningT a, the skin temperatures decreased in both groups (P 〈0.001), but the decrease was significantly greater for the boys (P 〈 0.05), especially on the limbs as represented by the thigh and forearm. No significant correlations were observed between the limb skin temperatures compared to surface area-to-mass ratio or limb skinfold thicknesses in either group. The rate of increase in $$\dot M$$ asT a decreased was significantly lower for the boys (P 〈 0.01) largely because of a higher $$\dot M$$ before the cold exposure. Thus, the mean $$\dot M$$ during the cold exposure did not differ between the groups [mean 63.6 (SEM 1.1) and mean 61.6 (SEM 1.1) W · m−2 in boys and men, respectively]. When theT a was lowered,T re in the boys started falling (P 〈 0.001), whereas theT re in the young men did not change for 60 min. TheT re during the 60-min exposure was significantly lower (P 〈 0.001) for the boys [mean 37.01 (SEM 0.13) and mean 37.48 (SEM 0.18)°C at the end of the exposure]. It was concluded that whenT a was lowered, the prepubertal boys appeared to vasoconstrict more in their limbs and to be somewhat more hypothermic, compared to the young men.
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  • 70
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    European journal of applied physiology 74 (1996), S. 404-410 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Children ; Core temperature ; Sweating ; Shivering ; Cutaneous perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Passive temperature lability of nine circumpubertal children [11.4 (1.2) years] was compared to that of nine young adult males [26.6 (5.2) years]. Each subject completed a 20-min period of exercise, followed immediately by post-exercise immersion in water at 28°C. The aim of the exercise protocol was to induce a steady rate of sweating (E SW) while the postexercise immersion period induced cooling of the core region (tympanic temperature:T ty). TheT ty values (relative to rest, ΔT ty) at which sweating abated and at which shivering commenced were defined as the thresholds for the cessation of sweating and onset of shivering, respectively. While there was no significant difference between the ΔT ty sweating thresholds, the onset of shivering, as reflected in the oxygen uptake $$\dot VO_2$$ response, occurred at significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) ΔT ty values in the children [mean (SD): −0.07 (0.07)°C] than in the adults [−0.22 (0.10)°C]. The slope of theE SW/ΔT ty relationship was found to be significantly lower in the children (z = −5.64;P 〈 0.05), while the slopes of the $$\dot VO_2$$ /ΔT ty relationship were not significantly different (z = −0.84;P 〉 0.05). Skin blood perfusion was measured at the forehead (SkBP), and the slope of the SkBP/ΔT ty relationship across the nullzone was significantly less in the children than in the adults (z = −2.13;P 〈 0.05) with the greatest reduction in perfusion occurring prior to the offset of sweating in the children. The subjective ratings of thermal comfort indicated that the children were more sensitive to changes in core temperature than the adults. It is concluded that maturation plays an important role in modifying thermoregulatory responses to deviations in core temperature. These results suggest that there may be differences in thermoregulatory “strategies” which are maturationally related.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Children ; Epidemiology ; Respiratory symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In children aged 7–9 years residing in the town of Chorzow (C) and in the town of Mikolow (M), located 30 km apart (Upper Silesia, the industrial part of Poland), respiratory symptoms were ascertained according to the parental answers to WHO-Questionnaire. Mean annual concentrations of air pollutants are higher in Chorzow than in Mikolow, and recent mean values of 24 hr measurements over November 1992–January 1993 confirmed the between-town gradient (p 〈 0.001) for particulates (C:166 μg/m3; M:129 μg/m3 SO2) (C:153 μg/m3 M:92 μg/m3) and NO2) (C:69 μg/m3 M:26 μg/m3) In Chorzow 24.8% (n = 1,142) and in Mikolow 25.6% (n = 480) of all eligible children aged 7–9 years were examined. Both groups (C and M) were similar in terms of sex, family history of asthma and cough lasting for 3 months (C:31.6%; M:32.3%). Frequency of the following respiratory symptoms statistically significantly (p 〈 0.05) differed between two groups: chest wheezing (C:21.4%; M:17.1%) and attacks of asthmatic dyspnea (C:10.3%; M:6.2%). Also, the diagnosis of asthma by physician was more prevalent in Chorzow (C:3.5%; M:1.3%; p 〈 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for family history of asthma, environmental tobacco smoke and housing condition, the place of residence (C versus M) was statistically significantly associated with attacks of asthmatic dyspnea (p 〈 0.05) and a ‘borderline’ significance of this factor was found in relation to wheezing (p = 0.06) and physician-diagnosed asthma (p = 0.07). The survey provided the estimate of the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms in children living in the most polluted urban area of Poland. Although the design of the study precludes more specific etiologic conclusions on environmental exposures the apparently higher prevalence of symptoms in children living in a more polluted town deserves further investigation.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Administration, pre-operative ; Administration, rectal ; Biological availability ; Children ; Paracetamol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Solution, rectal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An exploratory study in paediatric surgical patients was performed to describe the behaviour of a rectal solution of paracetamol at 20 mg/kg. Four of six patients were able to complete the study. Peak concentration (Cmax) and time to peak concentration (tmax) found in the children are comparable to adults studied earlier. After 1.6 hrs (tmax) a peak concentration of 11.7 mg/l (Cmax) was reached. The area under the curve (AUCt=6) and the mean residence time (MRT) were respectively 48.3 mghr/l and 5.2 hrs. The solution appears promising for further study in daily clinical practise.
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  • 73
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    Supportive care in cancer 4 (1996), S. 196-199 
    ISSN: 1433-7339
    Keywords: Cancer diagnosis ; Family members ; Children ; Impact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A cancer diagnosis impacts the entire family unit, but children are especially vulnerable. In the past, families and professionals did not share information or allow for children to express their feelings or to be involved. Children have the right to know and the need to know the truth. Interventions should be based on both the developmental stage of the child and the stage of the illness. Approaches by disease phase and developmental stage are discussed. Goals include maintaining family stability, preparing children for what may happen, allowing for flexible communication, and preventing serious psychosocial sequelae.
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  • 74
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    Supportive care in cancer 4 (1996), S. 200-206 
    ISSN: 1433-7339
    Keywords: Total bowel decontamination ; Selective bowel decontamination ; Neutropenia ; Infection ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the effect of total bowel decontamination (TD) and selective bowel decontamination (SD) in a non-protective environment clinical and laboratory data of children treated for acute leukaemia between 1983 and 1991 were analysed retrospectively. From 1983 until 1989 34 patients [18 acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL) patients, 16 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients] received TD and 31 patients (8 ANLL patients, 23 ALL patients) received SD from 1987 until 1991. TD consisted of colistin sulphate, neomycin, cephaloridine and amphotericin B orally as well as Orabase and sterilized food, while the patients were nursed in a single room. SD consisted of oral colistin sulphate, neomycin and amphotericin B. Those patients with ANLL were nursed in a single room; patients with ALL were nursed in a single room during remission induction therapy only. All patients except those with ANLL receiving TD receivedPneumocystis cariniï pneumonia prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole. Because the two groups were heterogeneous for diagnosis and chemotherapy the occurrence of fever (central body temperature at least 38.5°C) and major infections (septicaemia or infections of the deep tissues or organs) were registered during periods of neutropenia (neutrophilic granulocytes ≤500/mm3 for at least 8 days). Patients on TD had 55 periods of neutropenia, patients on SD 80. Patients on TD had 89.1 periods of fever/100 periods of neutropenia whereas patients on SD had 56.3. Also patients on TD had 27.3 major infections/100 periods of neutropenia whereas patients on SD had 11.3. Major infections predominantly consisted of septicaemia caused by gram-positive bacteria. We conclude that, in this study, TD in a non-protective environment does not offer better protection against major infections than SD in patients with ALL or ANLL.
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  • 75
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    European child & adolescent psychiatry 5 (1996), S. 162-171 
    ISSN: 1435-165X
    Keywords: Children ; psycho-social ; mental health ; behaviour problems ; child abuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Of the 1575 pregnant women registered at the public Antenatal Health Care Service in the city of Linköping, Sweden, during 1983, an index-group of 78 women were identified who met specific well-defined psychosocial risk-criteria related to drug addiction, mental insufficiency, and particular social circumstances of possible relevance to problems of pregnancy and early child development. Seventy-eight pregnant women who did not meet the inclusion criteria were used as a reference group. The present study was an 8-year follow up in which 47 of the original index children and 57 of the original reference children were examined on indices of mental health, and the presence of child abuse. Their mental health was assessed on the basis of a Symptom and Behaviour Interview (SBI) with the mother and a Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) completed by the mothers and the teachers. The incidence of child abuse was obtained from Social Welfare records. The index children displayed significantly poorer mental health as assessed by the SBI and the CBCL, had a more negative self-image, and child abuse had been investigated in 30°10 of the index families compared to 1 % in the reference families. The study suggests, based on the suboptimal development of the risk children, that screening for early psychosocial risk factors should be done routinely and be combined with early interventions.
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  • 76
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 253 (1996), S. 260-263 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Otitis media with effusion ; Nasopharyngeal bacterial interference ; α-Streptococcus ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of nasopharyngeal α-streptococci with inhibitory activity against pathogens, as a defense mechanism of the normal bacterial flora against infection. Cultures were taken from the nasopharynges of 43 children with otitis media with effusion (OME). The detection rates of α-streptococci with inhibitory activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococus aureus and group A streptococci were significantly lower in the nasopharynx than those isolated from the tonsils of the same patients. Moreover, the detection rates of α-streptococci with inhibitory activity against all of these pathogens derived from the nasopharynx were lower than those in healthy children, streptococcal strains with activity against H. influenzae and Strep. pneumoniae were also lower than that in patients with tonsillitis. These findings suggest that low nasopharyngeal levels of α-streptococci with inhibitory activity against respiratory pathogens may render children susceptible to OME. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationships between the prevalence of pathogens in the nasopharynx and the inhibitory activities of α-streptococci against them in order to devise and select optimal treatment for patients with OME.
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  • 77
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    European journal of plastic surgery 19 (1996), S. 207-212 
    ISSN: 1435-0130
    Keywords: Burns ; Children ; Toxic shock syndrome, management of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 120000 patients are seen with burns in emergency departments in the U.K. each year. Of these, 50% will be children. The average age of the children admitted to the North East Thames Regional Burns Unit (NETRBU) will be 4 years, and the size of the burn 10% body surface area. Some of the children admitted will be severely ill requiring intensive treatment. Many will be scarred, and have long-term morbidity. This paper offers a treatment protocol for burned children from first aid to management in the emergency department, and describes the regimen for treatment then followed in the NETRBU.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the way to the fullerene-acetylene hybrid carbon allotropes 2 and 6, the oxidative homocoupling of the 2-functionalized 1-ethynylated C60 derivatives 11, 12, 14, and 15 was investigated. Under Glaser-Hay conditions, the two soluble dumbbell-shaped bisfullerenes 17 and 18, with two C60 moieties linked by a buta-1,3-diynediyl bridge, were formed in 52 and 82% yield, respectively (Scheme 2). Cyclic-voltammetric measurements revealed that there is no significant electronic communication between the two fullerene spheres via the buta-1,3-diynediyl linker. Removal of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl (Thp) protecting groups in 18 gave in 80% yield the highly insoluble dumbbell 19 with methanol groups in the 2,2′-positions of the buta-1,3-diynediyl-bridged carbon spheres. Attempted conversion of 19 to the all-carbon dianion 6 (C1242-) via base-induced elimination of formaldehyde was not successful presumably due to exo-dig cyclization of the formed alkoxides. The occurrence of this cyclization under furan formation was proven for 2-[4-(trimethylsilyl)buta-1,3-diyn-1-yl][60]fullerene-1-methanol (21), a soluble model compound for 19 (Scheme 3). To compare the properties of ethynylated fullerene mono-adducts to those of corresponding higher adducts, hexakis-adducts 26 and 28 with an octahedral functionalization pattern resulting from all-e (equatorial) additions were prepared by the reversible-template method of Hirsch (Scheme 4). Reaction of the ethynylated mono-adducts 25 or 13 with diethyl 2-bromomalonate/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in the presence of 1,9-dimethylanthracene (DMA) as reversible template led to 26 and 28 in 28 and 22% yield, respectively. Preliminary experiments indicated a significant change in reactivity and NMR spectral properties of the fullerene addends with increasing degree of functionalization.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Supports consisting of a thin layer (2-10%) of polystyrene (PS) grafted onto a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) core are an interesting alternative to controlled pore glass (CPG) carriers in oligonucleotide synthesis. The beads are mechanically stable, do not show significant swelling, and allow effective removal of substrates by short washing steps with organic solvents. PTFE-PS as an organic polymer has generally more hydrophobic properties than inorganic polymer supports and, therefore, is well compatible with organic solvents such as anhydrous MeCN. We found PTFE with a content of 2-3% PS graft to be a very good support for the synthesis of oligonucleotides of extended length. In comparison, PTFE with 5-10% grafted PS is especially useful for large-scale syntheses. Functionalization procedures minimized in the extent of side reactions are described as well as examples for the use of the supports in syntheses of oligonucleotides both on large scale and of extended chain length.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of ‘Push-Pull’ Enynes with Acids. First Observation of a Rearrangement of 5-Chloro-5-(dialkylamino)pentadienals‘Push-pull’-enynes 7 react easily with HCl as well as with AcOH to give 5-amino-5-chloropentadienals 8 and 5-(acetoxy)-5-aminopentadienals 13 as well as the corresponding ketones. In view of a postulated rearrangement of compounds 8 and 13 (Scheme 2), both types of compounds have been treated with traces of acid. While no definite reaction is observed in case of 13, HCl-addition products 8 easily and quantitatively rearrange to give 2H-pyran-2-iminium chlorides 10 which are the postulated intermediates of the rearrangement 8→12 (Scheme 2).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The self-assembly of alkaline folates in isotropic water solutions, with or without added salts, has been investigated by small-angle neutron-scattering, circular-dichroism, and NMR techniques. The assembled species are chiral, cylindrical aggregates of finite length, composed of stacked tetramers; each tetramer is formed by Hoogsteen-bonded folate residues. The assembly process is more efficient in the presence of an excess of NaI ions, leading to longer aggregates with stronger tetramer-tetramer-tetramer interaction. In pure water, the rods are shorter and the tetramer-tetramer interaction weaker. Association between folates can be detected by circular-dichroism spectroscopy starting from a concentration of 6· 10-4 mol l-1, well below the critical concentration for the formation of the cholesteric mesophase (ca. 0.5 mol l-1).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bromination of the monosilylated dialkynylated monomer 1a (Scheme 1), dimer 3 and tetramer 5 by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of CF3COOAg gave 2, 4, and 6, respectively, in over 93%. Similar conditions led to bromodesilylation. Either silyl group of the diprotected monomer 1c was selectively removed by bromolysis. On the one hand, bromodesilylation of 1c gave 2 in yields varying between 80 and 99%. On the other hand, bromodesilylation of 7, obtained from 1c by hydrolytic removal of the tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl (Thp) group, yielded 91% of 8. Mechanistic considerations suggested that the deprotective bromination should be improved by replacing the Me3Si by a Me3Ge group. Indeed, bromodegermylation of 1b was quantitative and ca. 60 times faster than bromodesilylation of 1c. The Me3Si and Me3Ge groups can be used for an orthogonal protection/activation of dialkynes. This was shown by desilylating 12 to 11 (Scheme 2), while bromination yielded 13. Both reactions proceeded in high yields; 9 was isolated as a minor by-product of 13. The reactivity towards bromolysis decreases in the series H-DOPS 〉 Me3Ge ≈ H 〉 Me3Si 〉 Thp-DOPS (DOPS = [dimethyl(oxy)-p ropyl]dimethylsilyl). Orthogonal bromolysis of DOPS- and Me3Ge-substituted dialkynes is slightly more selective than the one of Me3Si- and Me3Ge-substituted analogues. Coupling of 7 with the bromoalkyne 2 gave the dimer 15 (76%), 14 (2%), and 16 (4%) (Scheme 3). The binomial synthesis was optimized so that each cycle, doubling the size of the precursor, requires the minimal number of transformations (Scheme 4). The orthogonally protected monomer 1b, dimer 19, and tetramer 22 were, on the one hand, hydrolyzed to the alcohols 18 (95%), 21 (91%), and 24(91%), respectively, and, on the other hand, bromodegermylated to 2 (99%), 4 (97%), and 6(93%). Cross-coupling of 18 with 2, 21 with 4, and 24 with 6 gave the orthogonally protected dimer 19 (73%), tetramer 22 (87%), and octamer 25 (83%), respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of novel thiazole-containing complexing agents and their luminescence properties with EuIII and TbIII ions are reported. One of these terpyridine analogues was also tested as an EuIII labelling reagent, and its luminescence properties as an antibody conjugate were studied.
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  • 84
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 85
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical screening of the secondary metabolites from Halenia corniculata L. (CORNAZ), by LC/UV,LC/TSP-MS (thermospray), and LC/ES-MS (electrospray) was used for the targeted isolation of corniculoside (1), a new biosidic ester secoiridoid. The structure was established as 7-β-[(E)-4′-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)caffeoyloxy]-sweroside by 1D- and 2D-NMR, LC/UV, LC/MS, and FAB-MS data, in combination with chemical reactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Addition reactions of organometallic reagents with 4,4-disubstituted 1,3-thiazole-5(4H)-thiones were studied. Whereas the reactions with alkyllithium and alkyl Grignard reagents occurred in the thiophilic manner, the carbophilic addition was observed with allyllithium and allyl Grignard reagents. A radical reaction mechanism is proposed for rationalizing these observations (Scheme 5). A radical cyclization of the prepared 5-allyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-5-thiol derivatives yielded 1,6-dithia-3-azaspiro[4.4]non-2-enes (Table 4).
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of various fluorocarbon/fluorocarbon and fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon rac-1,2- and 1,3-di-O-alk(en)ylglycerophosphocholines and rac-1,2-di-O-alkylglycerophosphoethanolamines (see Fig.2), which may be used as components for drug-carrier and delivery systems, are described together with some results concerning their biological tolerance. They were obtained by phosphorylation of perfluoroalkylated rac-di-O-alk(en)ylgly-cerols using POCl3, then condensation with choline tosylate or N-Boc-ethanolamine (2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl-amino]ethanol) followed by Boc-deportection (Schemes 6-8). The fluorcarbon/fluorocarbon 1,2-di-O-alkylgly-cerols were prepared by O-alkylation of rac-1-O-benzylglycerol using perfluoroalkylated mesylates, then hydrogenolysis for benzyl deprotection (Scheme 1). The two different hydrophobic chains in the mixed fluorocarbon/fluorocarbon and fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon 1,2-di-O-alk(en)ylglycerols were introduced starting from 1,2-O-iso-propylidene- then O-trityl-protected glycerols or from 1,3-O-benzylidene-glycerol (Schemes 3 and 4). The perfluoroalkylated O-alkenylglycerols were obtained by O-alkylation of a glycerol derivative using an ω-unsaturated alkenyl reagent, the perfluoroalkyl segment being connected onto the double bond in a subsequent step (Schemes 1) and 3. The perfluoroalkylated symmetrical and mixed 1,3-di-O-alkylglycerols were synthesized by displacement of the Cl-atom in epichlorohydrin by perfluoroalkylated alcohols, then catalytic (SnCl4) opening of the oxirane ring of the resulting alkyl glycidyl ethers in neat alcohols (Scheme 5). When injected intravenously into mice, acute maximum tolerated doses higher than 1500 and 2000 mg/kg body weight were observed for the fluorinated glycerophosphocholines, indicating a very promising in vivo tolerance.
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  • 88
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ten new α-diazo-β-oxoaldehydes were condensed with aniline, ammonia, hydroxylamine, and semicarbazide to yield new 4-acyl-(1-substituted)-1H-1,2,3-triazoles in moderate-to-good yields. The method is simple and regiospecific. The latter feature makes this method superior to the widely used acylacetylene + azide approach.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 89
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 477-487 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing N7-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)guanine (N7Gd; 1) is described. Compound 1 was prepared by nucleobase-anion glycosylation of 2-amino-6-methoxypurine (5) with 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-(4-toluoyl)-α-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl chloride (6) followed by detoluoylation and displacement of the MeO group (8→10→1). Upon base protection with the (dimethylamino)methylidene residue (→11) the 4,4-dimethoxytrityl group was introduced at OH—C(5′) (→12). The phosphonate 3 and the phosphoramidite 4 were prepared and used in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. The self-complementary dodecamer d(N7G—C)6 shows sigmoidal melting. The Tm of the duplex is 40°. This demonstrates that guanine residues linked via N(7) of purine to the phosphodiester backbone are able to undergo base pairing with cytosine.
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  • 90
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 518-526 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Starting from the esters (2E,4S)-6 and (2E,4R)-6, bromo aldehydes (S)-9 and (R)-9 as well as bromo alcohols (S)-10 and (R)-10, respectively, were prepared. Bromo alcohol (R)-8 was converted to the diol (2E,4R)-16. Ozonolysis of the latter led to aldehyde (R)-17, which was transformed, by a Wittig reaction, to (2R,4E,6R)-18, corresponding to the C(7)-to-C(14) segment of phomenoic acid (1). Attempts to improve the yields by applying a Julia coupling of (R)-23, which was prepared from (2E,4R)-7, with (R)-24 were unsuccessful. Finally, the coupling of the iodo derivative (2E,4S)-28 with the lithiated derivative of 1,3-dithiane 30 by the Corey-Seebach ‘Umpolung’ led to (3S,4E)-32 which is a derivative of the C(7)-to-C(14) segment of 1, suitable for further transformations.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monodisperse and polydisperse oligomers and polymers of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid (3-HB) containing 8, 16, ca. 28, 32, ca. 60, 64, 96, and ca. 3000 monomer units were incorporated into palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidyl choline (POPC) planar bilayers. At concentrations of 0.1-5% of oligo(3-HB), the resulting phospholipid bilayers showed typical single-channel behavior for Rb+ and Ba2+ ions, using the patch clamp technique. Thus, channel-forming activity of a pure polyester has been demonstrated for the first time (Figs. 1, 3, and 6). Single-channel activity depends upon the following structural parameters of the 3-HB derivatives: unprotected OH and COOH groups on the chain ends; chain length ≥ 16 monomer units; no high-molecular-weight as in P(3-HB). The results are discussed in view of the Ca2+-specific channel formed with the P(3-HP)/Ca · PPi complex from genetically competent Escherichia coli and in view of the ubiquitous occurrence of low-molecular-weight P(3-HB) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. A simple model for the channel-causing structure is proposed, based on the proven tendency of oligo- and poly(3-HB) to form ca. 50-Å thick lamellar crystallites.
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  • 92
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 568-570 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 93
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 548-559 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Synthesis of p-CumaroylspermidinesThe synthesis of three mono[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]spermidines, 10, 20, and 28, three bis[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]spermidines, 6, 16, and 25, and one tris[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-spermidine is described.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four cyclotetrapeptides containing one (1, 2) or two (3, 4) chiral amino acids have been C-alkylated or C-hydroxyalkylated through Li+ or phosphazenium (P4 · H+) enolates. The reactions are completely diastereoselective (by NMR or HPLC analysis) with respect to the newly formed backbone stereogenic centres (Tables 2 and 3). The reactivity of the polylithiated species responsible for these alkylations is such that only highly reactive electrophiles (MeI, BnBr, primary allylic halides, aldehydes, CO2) can be employed. It is shown that the position, and thus the chirality sense, of the newly formed stereogenic centre in a given cyclotetrapeptide backbone is controlled by the positioning of N-methyl groups in the starting material (cf. cyclo(-MeLeu-Gly-D-Ala-Sar-) (3) and cyclo(-Leu-Sar-MeDAla-Gly-) (4) in Scheme 1). With Schwesinger's phosphazene P4-base, all NH groups are first benzylated and C-benzylation then takes place at a sarcosine, rather than an N-benzylglycine residue (Table 3). In contrast to open-chain N-benzyl peptides, the N-benzylated cyclotetrapeptides could not be debenzylated under dissolving-metal conditions (Na/NH3). Conformational analysis (NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction) shows that the prevailing species have cis/trans/cis/trans(ctct) peptide bonds (zigzag conformation of Ci backbone symmetry, Figs. 2-4). However, a hitherto unknown conformation of cyclotetrapeptides has been found in CDCl3 solutions of the hydroxyalkylated products 18-21 (obtained with EtCHO and PhCHO as electrophiles; Fig.4). The new conformation has four trans peptide bonds and is believed to result mainly from intramolecular H-bond formation, involving the newly generated alkyl- or arylserine residue. This assumption has also been supported by modelling (TRIPOS force field, SYBYL, see Fig.5 and Table 6). The structure may be considered as a β-turn mimic.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of functionalized 1,1,2,2-tetraethynylethanes (= 3,4-diethynylhexa-1,5-diynes) as synthons for tetraethynylethenes (3,4-diethynylhex-3-ene-1,5-diynes) and as building blocks for three-dimensional acetylenic molecular scaffolding targeting the synthesis of the molecular carbon belts 3 and 4 is reported (Scheme 1). Reaction of diethyl oxalate and (trialkylsilyl)ethynyl Grignard reagents afforded the silyl-protected 3,4-diethynylhexa-1,5-diyne-3,4- diols 7 and 8 which were transformed in high yields into the cyclic carbonate 9 and the cyclic orthoesters 10-13, respectively (Scheme 2). The solid-state structures of 9 and 10 were elucidated by X-ray crystallography. The alkyne protecting groups in 9, 10, and 12 were smoothly removed to give the free tetraynes 14-16 as relatively stable oils in nearly quantitative yields (Scheme 3). Orthoesters 15 and 16 underwent Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with iodobenzene to give the tetraphenyl derivatives 17 and 18 (Scheme 4). Thermal acid-catalyzed elimination of the orthoester moieties in 12 and 13 produced the silyl-protected tetraethynylethenes 19 and 20 and concluded a novel, simple three-step synthesis of these fully two-dimensionally conjugated π-chromophores (Scheme 5).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 702-709 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of new carbocyclic C-nucleosides with a cis-4′-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2′-enyl sugar moiety and unnatural pyrimidine bases (2-6) were synthesized in racemic form in two steps starting from the easily accessible cyclic carbonate 1.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 736-741 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and liquid-crystalline and thermal properties of a fullerene[60] functionalized by a framework containing two cholesterol derivatives through a methanofullerene structure are reported. The targeted fullerene derivative showed high thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the thymine- and adenine-containing 5′-epi-bicyclodeoxynucleosides 7 and 8 as well as of the corresponding building blocks 13 and 14 for oligonucleotide syntheis according to the phosphoramidite methodology is described. A conformational analysis of 7 and 8 by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, refined by molecular modeling, shows the preferred conformation of the furanose unit in these nucleosides to be of the 1′-exo/2′-endo type. The 5′-OH group on the carbocyclic ring prefers to be axially oriented, thus placing torsion angle γ in the unusual -syn-clinal (-sc) range. These epi-bicyclodeoxynucleosides were successfully incorporated into DNA decamers. From UV/melting curves of such decamers with DNA and RNA complements, a duplex destabilization of -2 to -9° per residue was observed. An oligonucleotide built completely from 5′-epi-bicyclothymidine shows no detectable affinity to its DNA or RNA complement anymore. CD Spectra of duplexes containing 5′-epi-bicyclodeoxynucleotide units are very similar to the natural reference systems, indicating no major structural changes. A molecular-dynamics simulation of a heptamer duplex containing one 5′-epibicyclothymidine residue in the center reveals a conformational change of its carbocyclic unit placing torsion angle γ in the (for the free mononucleoside unfavorable) -anti-clinal (-ac) conformation in the duplex. The role of torsion angle γ on DNA duplex stability is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: L-Aspartic acid by tosylation, anhydride formation, and reduction with NaBH4 was converted into (3S)-3-(tosylamino)butan-4-olide (8; Scheme 1). Tretment of 8 with ethanolic trimethylsilyl iodide gave the N-protected deoxy-iodo-β-homoserine ethyl ester 9. The latter, on successive nucleophilic displacement with lithium dialkyl-cuprates ( → 10a-e), alkaline hydrolysis ( → 11a-e), and reductive removal of the tosyl group, produced the corresponding 4-substituted (3R)-3-aminobutanoic acids 12a-e (ee 〉 99%). Electrophilic hydroxylation of 8 ( → 19; Scheme 3), subsequent iodo-esterification ( → 21; Scheme 4), and nucleophilic alkylation and phenylation afforded, after saponification and deprotection, a series of 4-substituted (2S, 3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxybutanoic acids 24 including the N-terminal acids 24e ( =3) and 24f ( =4) of bestatin and microginin (de 〉 95%), respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 1241-1248 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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