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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (111)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (78)
  • 1970-1974  (33)
  • 1985  (78)
  • 1971  (33)
  • Electron microscopy  (111)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (111)
Material
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (78)
  • 1970-1974  (33)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 116-119 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; staining ; morphology ; nylon-12 ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of drawn and annealed sheets of nylon-12 was investigated by transmission electron microscopy of stained sections, and the results compared with equivalent small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns. A three-component structure was observed, consisting of crystalline (C) and amorphous (A) regions in the microfibrils and an interfibrillar component whose density was deduced to be intermediate between that of the C and A regions. The crystallite width was given satisfactorily by a Guinier analysis of the SAXS profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 241 (1985), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cholesteatoma ; Histoacryl ; Early stages ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histoacryl-induced cholesteatomas were produced in guinea pigs at the posterosuperior part of the external ear canal adjacent to the tympanic membrane. Semithin and ultrathin tissue sections were used to study primary formation of the cholesteatoma as well as the influence of the altered epithelium upon the bordering zone of connective tissue. Quantitative and qualitative tissue changes were analyzed by electron microscopy and showed degradation and new formation of collagen and activation of fibroblasts. Our findings are similar to those previously reported on human cholesteatomas and indicate that the bordering subepithelial tissue seems to be influenced through the basilar membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Chronic myeloid leukemia ; Megakaryoblastic crisis ; Cytomechistry. Cytogenetics ; Cytophotometry ; Electron microscopy ; In vitro culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atypical megakaryoblasts (MKB) or megakaryocytes (MK) are occasionally present in the peripheral blood during the terminal development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We report on a 49-year-old female suffering from Ph1 chromosome-positive CML with typical megakaryoblastic transformation in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow. The small “blasts” were at the most only slightly larger and were occasionally even smaller than lymphocytes but showed megakaryoblastic or atypical megakaryocytic differentiation. The cytoplasmic cytochemical pattern of the atypical megakaryocytic cells was identical to that of large atypical thrombocytes. Platelet peroxidase was detected upon electron-microscopic (EM) examination. Immunologic characterization disclosed the presence of MK-specific antigens. When cultured in vitro on agar, the blasts transformed spontaneously into large mature MK, exhibiting characteristic cytochemical and immunological patterns. Cytogenetic examination of peripheral blood showed severe abnormalities. The patient did not respond to therapy and died 3 months after manifestation of the blast crisis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 527-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Mouse ; Mutant ; Microphthalmia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of microphthalmic mice is described in affected white homozygotes (mi/mi) and their apparently normal grey littermates. In the dLGN of mi/mi animals populations of apparently normal axon terminals were observed, including some with flattened synaptic vesicles and other small terminals with round vesicles and dark mitochondria (RSD), possibly of cortico-thalamic origin, just as in normal mice. However, no typical large retinal endings with round vesicles and pale mitochondria (RLP) are visible. Instead they appear to be replaced by other large boutons with round vesicles and dark mitochondria (RLD). Eye enucleation does not cause degeneration of these RLD terminals. In apparently normal grey littermates RLP terminals are present and they degenerate when an eye is enucleated. But RLD endings are also found in these animals, and never degenerate after enucleation. The origin of the RLD terminals is unclear but seems not to be cortical. These findings are compared with those of Cullen and Kaiserman-Abramof (1976) in a different strain (ZRDCT-An) of anophthalmic mouse in which they found large replacement terminals similar to our RLD boutons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 835-849 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renal glomerulus ; Filtration apparatus ; Polyanion ; Tracer studies ; Electron microscopy ; Nierenglomerulus ; Filterapparat ; Polyanion ; Traceruntersuchungen ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstrukturen sowie die biophysikalischen und biochemischen Eigenschaften des glomerulären Filters für die Permeation von Makromolekülen werden dargestellt. Unter Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlich lokalisierten Immunkomplexablagerungen bei den verschiedenen Formen der Glomerulonephritis des Menschen orientieren sich Beschreibung und Diskussion an bestimmte Schichten des Filters: 1. endothelial — subendothelial (=porenhaltiges Endothel und lamina rara interna der Basalmembran), 2. membranös (=Lamina densa der Basalmembran) und 3. subepithelial — epithelial (=Lamina rara externa der Basalmembran und Podozyten mit Fußfortsätzen und Schlitzmembranen). Dabei wird hervorgehoben, daß die genannten Schichten Eigenschaften aufweisen, die eine zunehmend feinere Siebung von Makromolekülen aus dem Blut gewährleisten. Auf bekannte feinstrukturelle Besonderheiten des glomerulären Filters aufbauend, haben die experimentellen Untersuchungen der letzten 10 Jahre offenbart, daß ein Netzwerk von insbesondere Typ IV Collagen und die Existenz negativ geladener Heparansulfat-Proteoglykane („glomeruläres Polyanion“) wichtig für eine solche Siebung sind. Die Tatsache, daß die genannten Komponenten innerhalb der einzelnen Schichten in bestimmter Folge zellulär und extrazellulär lokalisiert sind, führt zu einem differenziert siebenden Filterapparat, der die Molekülgröße, die Konfiguration sowie die Ladung der Makromoleküle berücksichtigt. Dadurch wird der Durchtritt der zumeist negativ geladenen Blutproteine, insbesondere der von Albuminen, normalerweise verhindert.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural and the biophysical and biochemical qualities of glomerular permeability to protein molecules are reviewed. With regard to differently located immune deposition in human glomerulonephritis, description and discussion are addressed in a fixed order of layers: 1. endothelial-subendothelial, i.e. the endothelial cells with fenestrae and the lamina rara interna of the basement membrane (bm), 2. membranous, i.e. the lamina densa of the bm, 3. subepithelial-epithelial, i.e. the lamina rara externa of the bm and the podocytes with food processes and slit diaphragms. It is emphasized that the 3 layers act as gradually (coarse to fine) filter barriers. On the basis of well known structural peculiarities, in the last 10 years experimental studies revealed that the meshwork of type IV collagen and the negatively charged heparan sulfate-proteoglycans — “the glomerular polyanion” — are integrated in sieving of protein molecules. These components are differently located in the stratified cellular and extracellular layers of the glomerular filter and their combined action is the basis of a size, charge and configuration dependend filtration of macromolecules. In this way the passage of the mostly negative charge blood proteins, expecially albumin, is prevented under normal conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Whipple's disease ; Electron microscopy ; Disturbed cellular immunology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Whipple's disease is a curious disorder with the involvement of many organ systems, primarily gut, synovium and the central nervous system, characterized by the presence of numerous proliferating bacteria in tissue macrophages and other cell types. While clinically this disease entity has previously been defined by the classical triad of diarrhoea, malabsorption and weight loss, some patients do not show these features. In this report, a clinically unusual case of Whipple's disease is described presenting with high persistent fever, severe arthralgias and headaches, but without malabsorption, diarrhoea or weight loss. Nevertheless, the histological and electron microscopical pictures demonstrated the typical findings of intracellular micro-organisms along with the presence of bacteria in Schwann nerve cells, which has only once been described previously. Immunological findings before treatment demonstrated a decrease of T cells with the helper/inducer phenotype, and a concomitant rise in cells with the suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype, an elevation of “activated” Ia positive T cells and a significant reduction of T cell mitogenic responsiveness. Of special interest, after a successful treatment these immunological abnormalities shifted to normal with the exception of a still elevated number of Ia+ T cells. The discussion of this unusual case of Whipple's disease includes — besides possible cellular immunological abnormalities — genetic factors, especially since this patient was HLA-B-27-positive as was his son who is suffering from ankylosing spondylitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 389-404 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hepatitis non-A, non-B ; Epidemiology ; Serology ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Virus particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hepatitis non-A, non-B (HNANB) is due to one or more transmissible agents, probably viruses. Epidemiologically, HNANB is transmitted predominantly by transfusion of blood or plasma derivatives, and percutaneous inoculation, but a non-percutaneous transmission by the fecal-oral route is also established. However, despite 10 years of intense world-wide research, the transmissible agent, or agents, have not been identified and there are no serological assays for either an antigen or an antibody that can be used to detect this infection. The clinical diagnosis of HNANB remains, therefore, a diagnosis of exclusion mainly of hepatitis A and B, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and drug-induced liver disease. In contrast to hepatitis A and B, the clinical and biochemical course of HNANB tends to be less severe and the proportion of asymptomatic and anicteric cases is higher, but fulminant hepatitis and fatalities also occur. Typically, there is a fluctuating waxing and waning pattern of the serum aminotransferase activities in HNANB. HNANB has a relative high tendency to progress to a chronic stage. The exact frequency of HNANB-induced liver cirrhosis and convincing evidence for an association with hepatocellular carcinoma cannot be assessed, although the persistence of the infectious agent in chronic HNANB and the existence of a chronic asymptomatic carrier state have been proved. By light microscopy there is a broad morphologic spectrum of acute and chronic viral hepatitis, but no single pathognomonic lesion exists that allows a reliable distinction to be made of HNANB from hepatitis A and B. Electron microscopy of liver biopsy specimens of chimpanzees, experimentally infected with HNANB agents, permits the visualisation of cytoplasmic changes, which appear to be specific for infection with HNANB viruses. In human liver biopsy specimens from patients with HNANB, identical ultrastructural cytoplasmic changes could not consistently be demonstrated. In contrast, intranuclear aggregates of spherical and tubular particles measuring 20–29 nm, first described in experimental HNANB in chimpanzees, have been repeatedly demonstrated in acute and chronic HNANB in man. These nuclear particles have been considered as compelling evidence of human HNANB infection. The specificity has been challenged, however, by the demonstration of identical particles in other viral and non-viral hepatopathies and in liver biopsies of healthy volunteers. By immune electron microscopy, a multiplicity of virus-like particles are described in association with HNANB. The particles have been identified in sera of patients with HNANB, in sera of experimentally infected chimpanzees, and in infectious factor VIII and fibrinogen preparations. The great variability in morphology and size of the observed particles suggests the possibility that most of these particles are not specific for HNANB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Angiomatoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Histiocytic origin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of an histological, immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study of an angiomatoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma are reported. Our results support an histiocytic, rather than an endothelial origin for the tumor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1985), S. 211-217 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Nasu-Hakola disease ; Membranocystic lesion ; Pulmonary involvement ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Massive membranocystic lesions of the lung were found in an autopsy case of Nasu-Hakola disease. The membranocystic structures are virtually identical to those found in adipose tissue, including bone marrow. Capillary endothelia and alveolar epithelial lining cells do not participate in membranous structure formation, these structures being found in the alveolar septa and not apparently of an embolic nature. They may be related to alveolar septal cells in a broad sense. The pathogenesis of this disease is discussed in relation to the lesions of the lung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pulmonary artery ; Air embolism ; Intima ; Oedema ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Repeated systemic venous air embolism produces pulmonary vascular lesions, the nature of which is still a subject of controversy. We investigated the pulmonary arterial lesions produced by repeated air embolism in rabbits, both at light and electron microscopic level. We found that they form a remarkable histopathological entity, consisting of initial pronounced vasoconstriction, combined with severe intimal inflammatory changes. Within 4 days after the last injection of air, peculiar sheet-like structures consisting of oedematous tissue and lined by endothelium, projected into the lumen. These structures probably resulted from the shearing stress of the blood, streaming over the severely oedematous intima. They subsequently became thinner and disappeared after two weeks. Various types of blood-borne and mesenchymal cells were present in the thickened intima and within the sheets. The origin of the latter cells remained undecided. They may originate from medial smooth muscle cells penetrating the internal elastic lamina as well as by transition from blood-borne cells into mesenchymal cells, or both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 75-89 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Acute renal failure ; Renal tubules ; Necrosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is not clear whether tubular cell necrosis is present or not in acute renal failure (ARF) of ischaemic type (“acute tubular necrosis”). In order to get quantitative data, using precisely defined criteria for tubular cell necrosis, 25 renal biopsies from 24 patients with ARF (11 obtained in the active phase, 14 in the early recovery period) were compared with 12 control biopsies. In all 1959 proximal cells and 1603 distal cells were analysed by electron microscopy. Cellular disintegration was very rare in all groups. Shrinkage necrosis (apoptosis) was not present in the proximal tubules of the controls and was rare in ARF (1.6–2.1%). In the distal tubules of controls 2.7% of all cells showed shrinkage necrosis. The incidence in ARF was not significantly increased. “Non-replacement sites” in distal tubules (probablyloci where cells have recently been desquamated) were significantly increased in number (5.2%) in the active phase in ARF compared to controls and recovery. The relative number of regenerating cells was not increased. These data show that there is no widespread necrosis of tubular cells in ARF. The increased incidence in distal tubules of focal, denuded areas of the basement membrane in the active phase of ARF indicates a slightly increased desquamation of cells and/or a failure to cover such sites by adjacent cells. This process is not restricted to the brief induction phase of ARF but continues during the whole active phase.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; ACTH ; Pituitary gland ; Neoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical localization of theN-terminal fragment (1–76) (NTF) of human pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) was studied in human adult and fetal pituitary glands, as well as in pituitary adenomas associated with Cushing's syndrome and in ectopic ACTH-producing tumors. Comparison of localization between NTF and ACTH was performed using mirror sections. Our results indicated concomitant localization of NTF and ACTH in the same cells, not only in normal adult and fetal pituitaries but also in pituitary adenomas and ectopic ACTH producing tumours. Specificity of the NTF staining was confirmed by immunoabsorption. Negative staining of the bovine pituitary gland indicated the immunohistochemical localization ofN-terminal (1–45) of human POMC as there is a known species difference in the sequence 1–45 between human and the bovineN-terminal fragment. Presence of NTF in cisterna of rough endoplasmic reticulum indicates its production by small cell carcinoma. These findings, together with the previous studies, suggest that the complete form of POMC is produced in the tumours as well as in normal pituitaries.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glomerulonephritis ; Monocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Proteinuria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glomerular monocyte infiltration was evaluated by histochemical means (nonspecific esterase) and/or electron microscopy in 305 renal biopsies belonging to a wide variety of human renal diseases. Significant monocyte infiltration was never observed in a first group of nepropathies (minimal change disease, nephrotic syndrome with IgM deposits, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous GN, Berger's GN, healed GN, dense deposit disease, chronic non specific GN, benign familial haematuria, Alport's disease, renal amyloidosis, arteriosclerotic kidney, light chain GN). Conversely, it was present at varying frequency in a second group of nephropathies including: acute GN (58.3%), persistent GN (10%), membranoproliferative GN (25.2%), eryoglobulinaemic GN (82.6%), lupus GN (36%), extracapillary proliferative GN (50%) and Schoenlein-Henoch GN (40%). The results indicate: 1) there is an evident association between monocyte infiltration and the subendothelial site of deposits; 2) the presence of monocytes is not affected by the size and extension of subendothelial deposits; 3) monocytes were more frequently observed when IgG, IgM and fibrinogen were present in the subendothelial deposits, Conversely, complement fractions do not seem to affect monocytic activity; 4) polymorphonuclear leukocyte exudation is less frequently found and mostly associated with monocyte infiltration; 5) in some GNs (persistent GN, cryoglobulinaemic GN and membranoproliferative GN), proteinuria was significantly higher in patients with than in those without monocyte infiltration, giving support to the hypothesis that in human beings as in experimental animals monocytes play a role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Bladder neoplasms ; Measurement ; CIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quadrant biopsies were taken at cystoscopy from 12 male patients previously diagnosed on light microscopy as having flat carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder. There was also material available from 3 cystectomy specimens with widespread CIS associated with papillary or solid urothelial tumours. Sections of normal ureter from kidney transplant donors and biopsies from two patients investigated for non-malignant bladder conditions servered as controls. The biopsies from 4 patients were classified as mild dysplasia of the urothelium, while those from 11 patients were categorised as CIS. Biopsies categorised as mild dysplasia on light microscopy showed an increase in the number of cells with large nuclei and nucleoli when compared to controls. The number of desmosomes was significantly reduced compared to controls, while the frequency of abnormalities of the basal lamina was increased. These features were more pronounced in the CIS group. Biopsies from the CIS group could be divided into “classical” and “large cell” CIS, the latter showing a higher frequency of ultrastructural abnormalities than the “classical” type. The patients diagnosed as having CIS fell into two clinical categories, the “early onset” and the “late onset” group. The five patients in the former had been diagnosed as having CIS with or without urothelial tumours elsewhere within 3 months of presentation. In the remaining four patients CIS was observed after recurring episodes of papillary or solid tumours during the previous 9 months to 20 years. The biopsies of 3 out of 5 patients with early onset CIS had been classified “large cell” CIS, wheras only one patient out of 4 in the late onset group came into this category. An early appearance of CIS is thought to have a worse prognosis, and it is therefore suggested that “large cell” CIS is a more severe form of the disease.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Acute renal failure ; Renal tubule ; Electron microscopy ; Brush border ; Basolateral infoldings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a blind, semiquantitative technique, the degree of reduction of proximal tubular brush border (BB) and proximal and distal basolateral infoldings (BI) were measured in 25 renal biopsies from patients with acute renal failure (ARF) of ischaemic type. For comparison 12 biopsies from patients without ARF were studied, 6 were normal controls, six were from patients with minor change disease and slight glomerulonephritis. The mean scores for reduction of BB as well as proximal and distal BI were strongly increased in ARF compared to controls and the differences were highly significant. Some of the biopsies were taken during recovery and there was a significant negative correlation between the individual scores for reduction of BB and BI and simultaneous renal function. The disappearance of BB microvilli was correlated to tubular dilatation, but it could not be explained exclusively by “stretching” of the luminal surface due to dilatation. There was no correlation between reduction of BI and tubular dilatation. The data indicate a disturbance of cell membrane turnover in the active phase of ARF, possibly due to decreased synthesis, and they are consistent with a pathogenetic hypothesis implicating a decreased proximal Na+ resorption and consequently a pre-glomerular vasoconstriction.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Atrophy ; Proximal tubule ; Human nephropathy ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surgically removed perfusion-fixed human kidneys with chronic renal disease (hydronephrosis) were studied by electron microscopy in order to determine whether there is a quantitative relationship between ultrastructural changes in proximal tubules in atrophy and changes in the surrounding cortical interstitium. Morphometric techniques were applied to montages of electron micrographs each covering several tubular profiles in the cortical labyrinth and to montages representing cross-sections of individual proximal convoluted tubules at a higher magnification. In order to enable a quantification of the spatial relations between individual tubular cross-sections and adjacent peritubular capillaries a tubulo-capillary index (TCI) was defined. This index was based on the mean distances between individual tubular cross-sections and adjacent peritubular capillaries and on the fraction of tubular circumference facing capillaries. Normal tissue from similarly fixed human nephrectomy specimens, which had been removed mainly because of neoplastic disorders, served as control material. In the hydronephrotic kidneys the relative volume of cortical interstitium (excluding capillaries) covered a range from 19.2–70.3%. Inverse correlations were demonstrated between the relative volume of cortical interstitium and various structural variables of proximal convoluted tubules, including tubular wall volume, the volume of mitochondria and the surface area of basolateral membranes. The TCI showed positive correlations with these tubular variables. No significant correlation was found between the volume fractions of cortical interstitium and capillaries. Finally, it was found that an increase in the volume fraction of the cortical interstitium from 16.2% in controls to 24.7% in cortical areas of hydronephrotic kidneys was associated with a 40–50% reduction in the volume of mitochondria and in the surface area of basolateral membranes in proximal tubules. The results are consistent with a pathogenic interrelationship between tubular and interstitial changes. An important factor in this relationship might be disturbed topographic associations between tubules and blood capillaries caused by the increase in cortical interstitium. The results further show that even slight increases in the cortical interstitial volume are associated with significant quantitative changes in tubular fine structure suggesting impaired tubular functions.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Urological research 13 (1985), S. 233-235 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Urothelium ; Electron microscopy ; Verapamil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of single or multiple instillations of high verapamil concentrations on the cytoarchitecture of the bladder epithelium was assessed by electron microscopy. Ruthenium red was used to evaluate the surface mucopolysaccharide coats and the integrity of junctional complexes between luminal or nonluminal cells was found in any experimental animals, nor was there a breakdown of the junctional complexes between luminal cells. These data suggest that verapamil may be safely used intravesically as adjunct to standard chemotherapy.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Urological research 13 (1985), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Urolith ; Sodium phosphate ; New stone component
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of electron microscopic studies of human urinary stones, a stone composed of sodium orthophosphate hydrate was identified. The stone was recovered from a patient who succumbed to advanced renal failure. A massive failure of the sodium pump, which cotransports phosphate across the brush border membrane of the proximal tubules is thought to be responsible for such an exceptional stone. This appears to be the first description of sodium phosphate crystal in a human urinary stone. Electron microscopy is a useful tool for stone analysis.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neural crest ; Embryology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of the ultrastructural changes associated with the detachment of the presumptive neural crest cells from the neuroepithelium in the midbrain region in mouse embryos at 9 and 91/2 days of gestation was carried out. The first sign of neural crest cell formation occurred in this region before fusion of the neuroepithelium had occurred. Neural crest cells arose from both the neural plate and the adjoining surface ectoderm. Initially, the cells of the neural plate and the surface ectoderm were attached to each other by zonula occludens and zonula adherans at their apical surfaces however, these junctions disappeared just prior to the beginning of the migration of the crest cells. The first sign of migration of the crest cells was the disappearance of the basal lamina in the region of the presumptive crest cells. Once the basal lamina was lost, cell junctions were formed between the epithelial cells and the underlying mesenchymal cells. Once the crest cells had migrated into the underlying mesenchyme, they tended to form clumps of closely related, irregularly shaped cells. Phagosomes and accumulations of glycogen particles were found within some crest cells when they were still within 50 to 100 microns of the epithelium.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Synaptology ; Cerebellum ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a previous study observations in semithin sections of E-PTA-stained cerebellar cortex of the cat revealed differences in size of synaptic grids between the molecular and granular layer (Van der Want et al. 1984). In addition, synaptic size differences were observed between superficial and deep levels in the molecular layer. The present study was an attempt to analyze synapses in ultrathin sections of the cerebellar cortex with special emphasis on size differences of distinct types of synapses at different levels in the molecular layer. Climbing fibers were identified by means of anterograde transport of 3H-leucine injected in the inferior olive and parallel fibers were identified on account of fine structural criteria. Synaptic profiles were measured semi-automatically in the neuropil of the cerebellar cortex at the supra-Purkinje level and the subpial level. Measurements of the trace- and chordlength were obtained from random sections. The frequency distribution of the true diameters of the synapses was reconstructed with a discrete “unfolding”-procedure. The overall diameter at the superficial level was 390.2±1.5 nm, at the deep level 406.6±1.5 nin. Climbing fibers exhibited mean values of 431.9±4.7 and 461.3±4.1 nm at these levels and parallel fiber terminals mean values of 370.7±2.9 and 395.8±3.0 nm. The frequency distributions showed remarkable and statistically significant differences compared with the overall distributions observed at the superficial and the deep levels respectively. The frequency distributions of synaptic diameters at the superficial and deep levels also differ significantly. The results suggest that synapses are characterized by a specific size which might be related to the region of termination or might be determined by the afferent neuron. This is in agreement with earlier observations in E-PTA treated material.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Uteroglobin ; Rabbit ; Endometrium ; Immunoperoxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Uteroglobin, the progesterone dependent pregnancy-characteristic endometrial protein in the rabbit, is found within the endometrial epithelium on the fourth and sixth day of pregnancy at the electron-microscopic level by use of the immunoperoxidase technique and a specific anti-uteroglobin serum from the sheep. As known from earlier studies, uteroglobin is the predominant protein synthesized of the endometrial secretion. In the present study, it is localized exclusively in the non-ciliated epithelial cells. A common route of secretory proteins within these cells is observed by uteroglobin labelling: rough endoplasmatic reticulum → Golgi complex → condensing vesicles → secretory products. Uteroglobin occurs in small vesicles on the trans-face of the Golgi complex, and in addition beneath the apical plasma membrane where it appears in membranebound vesicles, which apparently are extruded into the unterine lumen. Most of the uteroglobin is located in the luminal secretion. The distribution of intracellular uteroglobin is found only in cells of the basal endometrial gland, adjacent to the myometrium. The cytoplasm of uterine epithelial cells facing the cavum does not show uteroglobin reaction products.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Inner membrane ; Chronic subdural hematoma ; Dural border cell ; Arachnoid cell ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic findings of inner membranes of chronic subdural hematomas showed multilayered tiers of flattened cells. The basis characteristics of these cells were similar to dural border cells in the human dura-arachnoid interface layer. The cells covering the hematoma surface had indented nuclei with a prominent nucleolus and were abundant in enlarged rough ER, glycogen granules, lipid droplets, and caveolae. The cells in the intermediate layer had thin cytoplasmic extensions containing tonofilaments, which were oriented almost parallel to the long axis of inner membranes. The cells facing the arachnoid surface sometimes showed disintegration of cellular organelles and dissolution of nuclear chromatin. Between these cells and the tiers was an increased amount of extracellular substance, such as collagen fibrils, clastins, and finely granular material, which were often intermingled with blood pigments or fibrins, especially toward the arachnoid surface. In two of the ten cases studied, there was a syncytial mass of arachnoid cells which reinforced the arachnoid surface of inner membranes. Conceivably, a primary extravasation of blood within the dura-arachnoid interface layer may cleave a few tiers of dural border cells, which envelope the inner surface of the hematoma, proliferate, and later on form inner membranes.
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  • 23
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    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nucleus basalis of Meynert ; Electron microscopy ; Human autopsy cases ; Dementia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The large neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) were examined with the electron microscope in 13 autopsied human adults. The neurons were characterized by a prominent Nissl substance and accumulation of lipofuscin granules. Lamellar bodies were often observed among the Nissl substance. Many of the lipofuscin granules were large and had a characteristic pronounced mosaic pattern of pale areas within gray zones. Menbranous structures within the nucleus and periodic transverse processes in the cristae of the mitochondria were regarded as postmortem alterations. Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) were observed in two cases. Intranuclear fibrillary bundles were identified in four cases. Crystalloid formation in rough endoplasmic reticulum was identified in two cases. Hirano body was observed in a case of parkinsonism with dementia. Axonal swelling was seen in three cases and interpreted as axonal dystrophy, an age-related phenomenon. A basal body, which is unusual in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), was observed in one case. Lewy bodies were observed in a case of parkinsonism.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Electron microscopy ; Substantia nigra ; Nucleus centralis superior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In four patients with presenile Alzheimer's disease (AD) and three age-matched controls a quantitative study of neurons and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the substantia nigra (SN) and nucleus centralis superior (NCS) was performed. A significant neuronal loss, similar in both nuclei, was found in AD cases, while the incidence of NFT was remarkably higher in NCS. Moreover, no significant correlation between neuronal loss and number of NFT was detected. An electron-microscopic study revealed that the subcortical NFT in NCS are made up of paired helical filaments in spite of their globose round shape.
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  • 25
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Peroxisomes ; DAB-cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Serial sectioning ; Liver ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and organization of mouse hepatic peroxisomes were investigated using serial thin sections and the alkaline diaminobenzidine technique for visualization of the peroxidatic activity of catalase. Mouse periportal hepatocytes exhibit three classes of peroxisomes which display morphological and cytochemical heterogeneity: 1) large, circular to ovoid organelles containing a crystalline nucleoid, 2) small, circular to elongate, anucleoid particles, and 3) tail-like extensions which are devoid of both catalase activity (only traces of reaction deposits) and a crystaline core. Serial section analysis reveals that these profiles correspond to three diverse interconnecting peroxisomal segments which constitute a highly complex organelle. In particular, the large nucleoid-containing peroxisomal segment exhibits an intimate relationship to the endoplasmic reticulum. However, direct membrane continuities between the two compartments are never observed. With respect to the complex structure of the organelle the following conclusions can be drawn concerning biochemical studies on liver peroxisomes: 1) During homogenization and subcellular fractionation procedures, fragmentation of peroxisomes into particles of different size classes should be expected. 2) These peroxisomal fragments are inhomogeneous with respect to their matrix contents and possess at least one rupture site on their membrane surface. 3) Soluble matrix and, to a lesser degree, membrane components of peroxisomes contribute to the soluble fraction. 4) Crude microsomal fractions are regularly contaminated by peroxisomal membrane fragments.
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  • 26
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    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Meconium corpuscles ; Apoptosis ; Foetal intestine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human foetal colon meconium corpuscles were observed in the colonic epithelium during the stage of secondary lumina development and enlargement. Transmission electron microscopy of these specimens revealed inclusion bodies in the superficial and deeper layers of the epithelium. Many of the membrane-bounded inclusion bodies contained well-preserved organelles and some inclusions contained nuclear fragments. There was evidence of nuclear fragmentation with condensed chromatin arranged in crescentic caps. The ultrastructural observations are typical of apoptosis, a mode of cell death first described in 1972 by Kerr and colleagues. Thus, meconium corpuscles are apoptotic bodies found as a result of the deletion of healthy normal cells during the reshaping and development of organs.
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  • 27
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pyramidal tract ; Growth cones ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study has been made of the tip of the growing pyramidal tract in the rat. This part of the developing bundle, designated as the growthzone, has been examined at the levels of the medulla oblongata and the third spinal segment at embryonic day 20 and on the day of birth, respectively. The tip of the pyramidal tract contains, apart from axons, numerous larger profiles. An analysis of serial sections revealed that these represent either growth cones or preterminal periodic varicosities. In the growth cones of the corticospinal axons three zones can be distinguished: a proximal “tubular”, an intermediate ”vesicular-reticular” and a distal “fine-granular” zone. As distinct from the classical descriptions the corticospinal growth cones end in a single or, less frequently, in two more or less parallel filopodia. None of the growth cones analyzed in this study showed multiple filopodia radiating from the terminal expansion as observed at the end of growing axons in tissue cultures and in developing spinal fibre tracts of nonmammalian vertebrates. As regards the varicosities, most of these structures are characterized by a light cytoplasmic density. Others, however, contain a denser cytoplasm, closely resembling that of the vesiculo-reticular part of growth cones.
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  • 28
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    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astroglia ; Oligodendroglia ; Gliogenesis ; Developing spinal cord ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The identity of mitotic cells in the ventral half of the irradiated spinal cord in 13-day-old rats was studied by light and electron microscopy. At this post-irradiation interval, astrocytes as well as oligodendrocytes are markedly reduced in both gray and white matter, and few myelin sheaths are present. Earlier studies showed incorporation of3H-thymidine into cells identified light-microscopically as neuroglia. In the present study, a number of mitotic cells were identified in thick plastic sections. When adjacent thin sections were examined by electron microscopy, these mitotic cells were identified ultrastructurally as astroglia on the basis of the bundles of filaments in their cytoplasm and the irregular outline of the cell body and its processes. It is apparent from this study that astroglia proliferate prior to the delayed myelination that occurs later in the glial cell deprived ventral irradiated cord.
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  • 29
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    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pituitary neoplasm ; Anterior pituitary hormone ; Amyloid ; Electron microscopy ; Bromocriptine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of amyloid in pituitary adenomas was examined in relation to the types of adenoma and the effect of bromocriptine treatment. Amyloid had accumulated in 34 of 48 adenomas (71%). The occurrence in prolactin-secreting adenomas and growth hormone-secreting adenomas was 79%, respectively, while that in non-functioning adenomas was 50%. Treatment with bromocriptine enhanced the occurrence and extent of the amyloid accumulation in prolactin- or growth hormone-secreting adenomas. Electron microscopy revealed the initial appearance of the amyloid fibrils in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a possible sequential process of their release from the cells. The presence of secretory granules in vesicles containing amyloid fibrils and their simultaneous release with amyloid fibrils suggested that degradation of secretory granules was involved in the formation of amyloid.
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  • 30
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    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental allergic neuritis ; Blood-nerve barrier ; Evans blue-albumin ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The integrity of the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) was studied during the development of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). Lewis rats immunized with bovine nerve or myelin plus complete Freund's adjuvant developed histological lesions of EAN in nerve roots by 10–12 days and in sciatic nerves by 12–14 days. Evans blue-albumin (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected i.v. 1 h prior to killing on days 6–18. Perivascular and diffuse endoneurial leakage of the tracers was seen in nerve roots by 10–12 days post immunization (p.i.) and in sciatic nerves by 12–14 days. This coincided with the appearance of endoneurial infiltration with inflammatory cells and endoneurial proteinaceous edema at a time when Schwann cell and myelin changes were still minimal. Therefore, an alteration in BNB permeability occurs early in EAN, coincident with inflammatory cell infiltration. This could be an expression of delayed hypersensitivity, yet it would also facilitate the entry of anti-myelin antibodies into the endoneurium where they could initiate demyelination.
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  • 31
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 114-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Image analysis ; Morphometry ; Rat muscle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Computer-aided image analysis of EM images reveals important morphometric alterations after only 10 days of rat gastrocnemius denervation. The increasing importance of early quantitative changes in human diagnostics is stressed.
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  • 32
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    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 80-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Meningioma ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two meningiomas were investigated that consisted largely of myxoid tissue. Staining with Alcian blue and incubation with staphylococcal, Streptomyces or testicular hyaluronidase revealed that the matrix of the myxoid tissue contained hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate. Special fixation was used for ultrastructural preservation of the myxoid matrix, and its ultrastructural appearance was that of thse glycosaminoglycans. The previous appellations of microcystic or vacuolated meningioma applied to this type of meningioma relate apparently to poor preservation of myxoid tissue.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 473-489 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Visual cortex ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Electron microscopy ; Connectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developing lateral geniculate complex was excised from fetal albino rats at 18 days of gestation and implanted into the occipital cortex of host animals at 5 days of postnatal age. Groups of host animals were sacrificed at 10, 20 and 30 days following this procedure. The transplant tissue of selected animals was stereotaxically lesioned 2 days prior to scheduled sacrifice and their brains subjected to either Fink-Heimer or electron microscopic analysis of the distribution and density of degenerating efferents from the transplant. The remaining animals were analysed by means of Bodian, Golgi-Cox or electron microscopic techniques. Transplanted neurons displayed typical dendritic branching patterns of geniculate relay neurons by 20 days following implantation. Intrinsic neurons, characterized by a small ovoid soma and two main stem dendrites, only became evident in transplant tissue by 30 days and were much reduced in number. Synapses developed by 10 days and rapidly increased in number by 20 and 30 days. Most complexes were simple axo-dendritic, asymmetric junctions. Multiple serial and reciprocal complexes, as well as the characteristic glomerular complex, failed to appear. Analysis of Bodian stained material revealed a dense network of fibers coursing about the transplant. Distinct bundles of these fibers were observed extending from the medial edge of the transplant into area 17 by 20 days following implantation. A Fink-Heimer analysis of animals whose transplants were stereotaxically lesioned revealed degeneration in Layers II–VI of the primary visual cortex but the majority of these fibers terminated within the lateral two-thirds of Layer IV. Few degenerated fibers could be found in the underlying white matter indicating that efferents from the transplant found their way to their “correct” target zone by growing through a complex neuropil which provided minimal physical substrates to guide such growth. Most of the contacts formed by these fibers were simple junctions along the shafts of dendrites with a wide range in diameter. It is concluded that the nearby host visual neurons, which are the correct target cells for the afferents arising in the transplant, induced a directed growth of these fibers.
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  • 34
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    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 337-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Co-cultured explants ; Transection of fibre bundles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of synaptic interconnections between co-cultured explants of central and peripheral nervous tissue from chick embryos has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Two sets of co-cultured explants were used: (a) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord and (b) retina and tectum. Both sets of co-cultured explants became linked by bundles of fibres but the most consistent results were obtained with the DRG-spinal cord explants. Thus axons from the DRG extended large distances across the culture substrate to reach and enter mainly the dorsal horn region of the spinal cord explants. In contrast retina-tectum links were less frequently established and were less extensive, possibly because there are fewer cells in retinal explants capable of establishing contacts in tectal explants than there are cells in DRG explants capable of establishing contacts in the spinal cord. In order to distinguish between synapses involving only neuronal elements within an expiant and those involving ingrowing fibres, fibre bundles linking adjacent explants were transected and the preparations fixed two to six hours later. Electron microscope study of such cultures revealed degenerating neurites and terminals in the spinal cord explants receiving DRG fibres but none in the corresponding DRG explants. Retinal explants contain numerous synapses of many types but degenerating terminals could not be found within the retinal explants after nerve fibre transections. Degenerating neurites and terminals were found within tectal explants but they were fewer and more difficult to locate than those found within spinal cord explants. The reasons for such differences are discussed.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Intracellular lipid ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Histochemistry ; Muscle biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate changes in the ultrastructure of the different muscle fiber types induced by endurance training ten sedentary subjects (five women and five men) were exercised on bicycle ergometers 5 times a week for 30 min. After 6 weeks of training there were significant changes in $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ (+14%), in the percentage of type I (+12%) and type IIB fibers (−24%) as well as in the volume densities of mitochondria. The latter increased 35% in type I, 55% in type IIA and 35% in type IIB fibers. The relative increase in subsarcolemmal mitochondria was larger than in interfibrillar mitochondria in all fiber types. There was also a significant increase in the volume density of intracellular lipid in type II fibres. It is concluded that high intensity endurance training leads to an enhancement of the oxidative capacity in all muscle fiber types.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Ethylene oxide ; Peripheral neuropathy ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case is reported of ethylene oxide polyneuropathy after 5 months of exposure. There was symmetrical distal weakness of both lower extremities and transitory reduced nerve conduction velocities with increased latencies. Sural nerve biopsy revealed nerve fibre degeneration of the Wallerian type, associated with reduction of axonal cross-sectional areas and some degree of nerve fibre regeneration that could be confirmed morphometrically. In addition, there was conspicuous paranodal vesicular disintegration of individual myelin lamellae. Unusual cisternae with introverted hemidesmosomes were noted in endoneurial fibroblasts.
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  • 37
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    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Membrane structure ; Electron microscopy ; Photosynthetic bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The organization of photosynthetic membranes in the cytoplasm of the photosynthetic bacterium Rh. viridis has been examined by several techniques for electron microscopy. Thin sections of membrane stacks show that the regular lattice of membrane subunits reported in other studies can be observed in thin section. Tilting of sections in the electron microscope shows that the regular lattices of several membranes overlap in a way that suggests they are in register with each other. This observation can be confirmed by freeze-fracture images in which a regular arrangement of membrane lattices can be observed, each perfectly aligned. Analysis of the spacings of membrane pairs shows that the photosynthetic membranes of Rh. viridis are very closely apposed. The mean diameter of two membranes is 160A, and the average space between two such membranes is only 42A. When a recently developed atomic level model of Rh. viridis reaction center is superimposed against these spacings, each reaction center extends from the surface of its respective membrane far enough to make contact with an apposing membrane. The limited free space between membranes and regular alignment of lattices has a number of implications for how this membrane is organized to carry out the process of energy transfer.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteriolysis ; Penicillin ; Autolysis ; Cell wall ; Electron microscopy ; Staphylococcus aureus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The actual reason for the penicillin-induced bacteriolysis of staphylococci was shown to be the “punching” of one or a few minute holes into the peripheral cell wall at predictable sites. These perforations were the result of the lytic activity of novel, extraplasmatic vesicular structures, located exclusively within the bacterial wall material, which we have named “murosomes”. In untreated staphylococci the punching of holes into the peripheral wall is a normal process which follows cross wall completion and represents the first visible step of cell separation. Under penicillin, however, analogous holes are punched by the murosomes at sites of presumptive cell separation even if no sufficient cross wall material had been assembled before at this site (but had rather been deposited at other sites). Consequently, because of the internal pressure of the protoplast, lytic death is the inevitable result of this perforation of the protective peripheral wall. Hence, the real mechanism of penicillin-induced bacteriolysis in staphylococci is considered to be mainly the result of a special morphogenetic wall defect: bacteriolysis is taking place regularly when a cell separation process is no longer preceeded by sufficient cross wall assembly at the correct place. However, hypotheses which are based purely on some variations of overall biochemical processes like total wall enzyme activities or total wall synthesis are not regarded to be sufficient to explain this type of lytic death.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 259-261 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogenic bacteria ; Plasmid isolation ; Alkaline lysis ; CsCl gradient ; Restriction endonuclease mapping ; Electron microscopy ; DNA homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Of 21 recently isolated strains of methanococci, one was found to harbor a small, cryptic, low copy number plasmid. Reproducible recovery was achieved by alkaline lysis of cells pretreated with proteinase K in an osmotically stabilizing buffer. The plasmid was found to contain a singleAval site. No homology was detected between the plasmid and DNA from any of the other new strains or from five known species of methanococci.
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  • 40
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1985), S. 338-342 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sporosarcina halophila ; Endospores ; Electron microscopy ; Heat resistance ; Ethanol resistance ; Germination ; Dipicolinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporosarcina halophila forms endospores. Electron micrographs revealed ultrastructural similarity to spores of S. ureae. Spore germination indicated by loss of refractility, darkening, swelling and formation of new vegetative cells was followed by phase contrast light microscopy. To induce spore germination, the endospores needed to be heat avtivated. After activation, they were inoculated into nutrient broth medium supplemented with sea-water. Double concentrated sea-water was found to be optimal for germination. Similar to other bacterial endospores, the spores were found to be resistant to heat and ethanol. An ultraviolet absorbing substance was isolated from suspensions of free spores; it was identified to be pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA) usually present in bacterial spores. DPA was detected in amounts ranging from 5–7% of the spore dry weight; it was not detected in extracts of vegetative cells.
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  • 41
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: C. sporosphaeroides ; Citrate lyase ; Regulation ; Purification ; Properties ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Clostridium sporosphaeroides which were grown on citrate contained citrate lyase and citrate lyase acetylating enzyme, but no detectable citrate synthase and citrate lyase deacetylase activities. Citrate lyase from C. sporosphaeroides was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. In contrast to the enzyme from Clostridium sphenoides, the addition of l-glutamate was not necessary for activity and stabilization of the enzyme. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 34 U/mg protein and was comparable to other citrate lyases with respect to its molecular weight and subunit composition. Electron microscopic investigations showed that similar to the lyase from C. sphenoides and in contrast to all other citrate lyases examined so far, the majority of the enzyme molecules was present in “star” form.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bursitis ; Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals ; Apatite ; Chondrocalcinosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is the report of a light and transmission electron microscopic study of an olecranon bursitis and of the adjacent distal tricipital tendon in an 83 year-old man. The data are compared with those of a similar study in the same patient performed 2 years ago. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals were observed in the bursal fluid, in the inner part of the bursal wall (extracellular localization and intracellular phagocytosis) as well as in the peripheral part of the tendon. In addition, small apatite deposits were observed in the bursa and tendon by electron microscopy. The origin of these bursal deposits is discussed; it is suggested that they may be related to an exchange from the tendon to the remodelled bursal wall.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastric carcinoma staging ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrathin cryosections ; Morphometric investigations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural morphometric study on ultrathin epon, and cryosections of normal and neoplastic, adult, human, gastric tissue is presented. The data show a characteristic numerical pattern for the different neoplastic types of gastric tissues.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle cells ; Phenotype ; Electron microscopy ; DNA synthesis ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from adult human arteries, grown in primary culture in medium containing 10% whole blood serum, and studied by transmission electron microscopy and [3H]thymidine autoradiography. In the intact arterial wall and directly after isolation, each smooth muscle cell had a nucleus with a wide peripheral zone of condensed chromatin and a cytoplasm dominated by myofilament bundles with associated dense bodies. After 1–2 days of culture, the cells had attached to the substrate and started to spread out. At the same time, a characteristic fine-structural modification took place. It included nuclear enlargement, dispersion of the chromatin and formation of large nucleoli. Moreover, myofilament bundles disappeared and an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex were organized in the cytoplasm. This morphological transformation of the cells was completed in 3–4 days. It was accompanied by initiation of DNA replication and mitosis. The observations demonstrate that adult human arterial smooth muscle cells, when cultivated in vitro, pass through a phenotypic modulation of the same type as arterial smooth muscle cells from experimental animals. This modulation gives the cells morphological and functional properties resembling those of the modified smooth muscle cells found in fibroproliferative lesions of atherosclerosis. Further studies of the regulation of smooth muscle phenotype and growth may provide important clues for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junctions ; Nervous system ; Electron microscopy ; Sea-urchin ; Echinodermata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the soft tissues at the bases of spines in the sea-urchin Echinus esculentus has been examined with particular reference to the innervation of these appendages. The basal nerve ring encircling the spine contains many somata of neurones, and circumferentially directed elements, as well as tangled neuropil. The smooth muscles that bring about spine-pointing movements are innervated by terminals that contain two different types of vesicles, suggesting dual innervation by neurones containing different neurotransmitters. The neuromuscular junctions include apparent synapses between nerve cell bodies and muscle fibres. There are also neural elements that may be involved in the control of the catch apparatus of the spine. The complexity of the nerve ring and effector innervation implies that coordination of spine movements is more sophisticated than has been previously supposed.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antigen transfer ; Electron microscopy ; Enterocytes ; Macrophages ; Fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two protein antigens, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ferritin, have been administered to the digestive tract of carp. Electron-microscopical observations reveal considerable absorption of both antigens in the second segment of the gut (from 70 to 95% of the total length) and also, although to a lesser extent, in the first segment (from 0 to 70% of the total length). Even when administered physiologically with food, a large amount of ferritin is absorbed by enterocytes in the second gut segment. HRP and ferritin are processed by enterocytes in different ways. HRP seems to adhere to the apical cell membrane, probably by binding to receptors, and is transported in vesicles to branched endings of lamellar infoldings of the lateral and basal cell membrane. Consequently, most of the HRP is released in the intercellular space where it contacts intra-epithelial lymphoid cells. Only small amounts of HRP become localized in secondary lysosomes of enterocytes. Ferritin does not bind to the apical cell membrane; after uptake by pinocytosis, it is present in small vesicles or vacuoles that appear to fuse with lysosome-like-bodies. In the second segment, intact ferritin ends up in the large supranuclear vacuoles (after 8 h), where it is digested slowly. Although no ferritin is found in the intercellular space, ferritin-containing macrophages are present between the epithelial cells, in the lamina propria and also to a small extent in the spleen. The transport of antigens from the intestinal lumen, through enterocytes, to intra-epithelial lymphoid cells or macrophages may have immunological implications, such as induction of a local immune response and prospectives for oral vaccination.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythropoiesis ; Autophagy ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Late erythroblasts and reticulocytes from bone marrow of male Wistar rats were studied by electron-microscopic stereology. Late erythroblasts with morphological signs of nuclear extrusion (EN+erythroblasts) and late erythroblasts without these signs (EN-erythroblasts) were analysed separately. The volumes of mitochondria, autophagosomes, autophagocytosed mitochondria, autophagocytosed cytoplasm and degraded material inside autophagosomes were calculated per unit volume of cytoplasm. The results demonstrate that (1) the volume density of mitochondria in the cytoplasm decreases by 34% during maturation from (EN-)- to (EN+)-erythroblasts (p〈 0.001) and by 60% during differentiation from (EN+)-erythroblasts to reticulocytes (p〈0.001), (2) a fivefold increase in the volume density of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm is noted during maturation from (EN-)- to (EN+)-erythroblasts (p〈0.01), whereas the value of this parameter remains essentially unchanged during the subsequent differentiation to reticulocytes, (3) no mitochondria are found inside autophagosomes of (EN-)-erythroblasts, whereas mitochondria occupy 26% and 35%, respectively, of the autophagosomal volume in (EN+)-erythroblasts and in reticulocytes. Our results show that autophagocytosis of mitochondria starts at the moment of nuclear extrusion and continues in the bone marrow reticulocytes.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parietal cells ; Human stomach ; Peanut lectin ; Carbohydrate histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peanut lectin reactivity was examined in normal fundic glands from human gastric samples, both at light- and electron-microscopic levels, using a peroxidase conjugate. Positive reaction was observed in the glycocalyx of parietal cell secretory canaliculi as well as in the mucous globules of mucous cells and in the luminal cell coat of chief cells. The presence of terminal galactose in the canalicular glycocalyx may be connected with the peculiar function of hydrochloric acid secretion. Peroxidase-labelled peanut lectin is proposed as a marker for visualizing the secretory canaliculus of parietal cells.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 467-476 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endometrium, rat ; Stromal cells ; Hemosiderin ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic pigment inclusions of rat endometrial stromal cells were studied by histology, histochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray microprobe analysis. It is shown that a number of endometrial perivascular stromal cells contain numerous free cytoplasmic ferritin particles as well as hemosiderin vacuoles. The larger pigment inclusions reveal also positive PAS- and Schmorl reactions indicating that they contain polysaccharide and lipofuscin material, respectively. These pigmentstoring stromal cells also display acid phosphatase activity; they avidly phagocytose instillated latex particles. No pigment-storing cells occur within the surface or glandular epithelium, either in the basal endometrium or in the myometrium. It is demonstrated that the endometrial iron-storing cells function as iron depots; they take part in the phagocytosis and endocytosis of extracellular tissue components and therefore can be named phagocytes. Our data show that “fibroblastoid” endometrial stromal cells may differentiate into endometrial resident phagocytes, which ensure interstitial proteolysis and hence facilitate the drainage of extracellular fluid into the venous blood capillaries.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endochondral bone development ; Osteoblast ; Osteoclast ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mechanisms whereby bone cells absorb organic bone-matrix components during endochondral bone development, rat humeri were examined, employing horseradish peroxidase as a soluble protein tracer. Intravenously-injected peroxidase filled the osteoid layer and penetrated into the osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi, but did not enter the mineralized bone matrix. Whereas osteocytes rarely took up exogenous peroxidase, osteoblasts and osteoclasts actively endocytosed peroxidase in pinocytotic coated vesicles, tubular structures, and vacuoles. They also formed endocytotic vacuoles containing peroxidase in the Golgi area. The Golgi apparatus and dense bodies of these bone cells were, however, free of reaction products. Osteoclast ruffled borders were responsible for peroxidase absorption. In the osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast, endogenous peroxidatic reaction was detected only in mitochondria and not in other membrane-bounded vesicles and bodies. These results strongly suggest that both osteoblasts and osteoclasts participate in the resorption of bone-matrix organic components during bone remodelling.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Postovulatory follicles ; Electron microscopy ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Teleosts, catfish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In captive African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, ovulation was induced with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 4 I.U./g body weight to study the function of postovulatory follicles (POFs). Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical data indicate that, apart from special theca cells, the granulosa of relative young POFs (i.e., from 16 h and 28 h after HCG-injection) is capable of producing steroids. Possible functions of the synthesized steroids are discussed. Histological comparison of POFs from stripped and from unstripped fish, as well as histochemical investigation of the contents of ovulated ova and granulosa of POFs at 48 h after HCG-injection, showed that the latter structure is involved in phagocytosis of the disintegrating ovulated eggs. The polysaccharide-lipid-protein material, initially taken up by heterophagolysosomes of the granulosa cells, subsequently undergoes fatty degeneration. The granulosa cells of the POFs showed strong acid phosphatase activity and abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum from 16 h after HCG-injection onward; heterophagolysosomes appeared at 32 h. These results indicate that after ovulation the phagocytotic function of the granulosa develops progressively. Autophagolysosomes, responsible for the final disintegration of POFs, become increasingly evident in the granulosa cells with increasing time after ovulation.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 243-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Hepatectomy ; Hepatocyte regeneration ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-microscopic analysis of mouse liver homogenates six days after partial hepatectomy, showed a higher percentage of nuclei with adherent cytoplasm than homogenates from normal liver. This observation was true for animals with either a slow or rapid recovery of body weight after the operation. The phenomenon was not a function of the changes in the proportions of parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissue in the regenerating liver. Electron-microscopic analysis of random samples from normal and regenerating livers indicated an increase in the perinuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a displacefment of the glycogen depots within the regenerating cells six days after partial hepatectomy. The marked resistance towards homogenization, shown by the cytoplasm of the regenerating cells, may have been due to the observed increase of perinuclear membranes. However, qualitative changes of the cell membranes and a general decrease of proteolytic activity connected with liver regeneration may also have contributed.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic nerves ; Acetylcholinesterase ; containing nerves ; Ovary ; Electron microscopy ; 5-Hydroxydopamine ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The autonomic nerve supply of the guinea-pig ovary was investigated by a combination of light-and electron microscopy. At the light-microscopic level, adrenergic fibres were identified due to their formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. In addition, the ovary contained acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres. In all parts of the ovary, the adrenergic fibres were most numerous. At the ultrastructural level it was possible to identify the adrenergic nerve terminals with the aid of the false adrenergic transmitter, 5-hydroxydopamine. Thus, large numbers of adrenergic terminals, characterized by their content of 50–60 nm, electron-dense synaptic vesicles, were seen within the interstitial gland, where they formed close contacts with the endocrine cells (membrane-to-membrane distance, 20–100 nm). The follicular theca externa was also richly supplied by adrenergic nerves. At this location, close contacts (50–100 nm) were identified between the nerve terminals and the smooth muscle-like cells. Very few adrenergic nerve fibres were present in the theca interna of follicles or in the corpus luteum. Non-adrenergic nerve terminals, characterized by electronlucent synaptic vesicles of 50–60 nm diameter, were observed together with the adrenergic fibres. They were always present in much lower numbers than the latter. No “p-type” nerves were identified by electron microscopy.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrahypothalamic neurosecretory neurons ; Teleost mesencephalon ; Brain stem nuclei ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons in the dorsal tegmentum of the midbrain of the teleosts Poecilia sphenops and P. latipinna were examined by use of electron microscopy. A nucleus of neurosecretory neurons was identified in the subependymal region just dorsal to the medial longitudinal fascicle. This nucleus has been called the dorsal tegmental magnocellular nucleus (DTMN). The most distinguishing cytological feature of these cells is the presence of large granular vesicles, 100–180 nm in diameter. These vesicles resemble neurosecretory granules characteristically found in preoptic and lateral tuberal magnocellular neurosecretory cells. Presynaptic terminals on these cells contain small clear vesicles, and some among them contain small dense-core vesicles.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vocal motor system ; Songbirds (zebra finch) ; Calcium-binding proteins ; Parvalbumin ; Electron microscopy ; Plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of parvalbumin (PV) within neurons of the vocal motor nucleus hyperstriatum ventralepars caudalis (HVc) was investigated in the forebrain of adult male zebra finches by means of light and electron microscopy using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Parvalbumin-reaction product was located in the amorphous material of perikarya, dendrites and nuclei, and associated to microtubuli, postsynaptic densities and intracellular membranes; it was found in some axons and Gray type-2 boutons, but rarely in type-1 boutons and never in the Golgi apparatus. These observations suggest that parvalbumin may regulate calcium-dependent processes at the postsynaptic membrane and in the cytosol. Furthermore, the partial association of parvalbumin to microtubuli points to an involvement in calcium-dependent tubular functions. Calcium currents and microtubular assembly or transport may be relevant for the known functions of HVc in song learning.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF immunohistology ; Paraventricular nuclei ; Pituitary gland, pars nervosa ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fine network of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-immunopositive fibers was found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary of the rat. The intermediate and distal lobes were free of CRF-immunoreactivity. Varicose, terminal-like axons were frequently observed around capillary vessels. Surgical isolation of the paraventricular nuclei resulted in a complete disappearance of CRF-immunoreactive fibers from the posterior lobe. CRF-immunopositive fibers show the general characteristics of peptidergic axons. These ultrastructural observations support the idea that CRF is secreted into capillary vessels.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid follicle ; Suspension culture ; Cellular polarity ; Tight junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Porcine thyroid follicles, when isolated by enzymatic digestion and suspended in Eagle's MEM containing 10% fetal calf serum, undergo inversion of cellular polarity. After isolation, the strands for the tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) between follicle cells begin to move towards the side of the medium and gather at this side of the lateral plasma membrane during 24 h of incubation. Around this time, microvilli of many follicular cells protrude into the culture-medium. The elements of the Golgi apparatus are located at the luminal as well as the culture-medium side of the cytoplasm, and also at the lateral side of the nucleus after 24 h of suspension culture, and by 94 h of incubation almost all elements of this organelle, as well as lysosomes and the central cilium have migrated to the side of the medium. The migration of the zonulae occludentes is considered to be the initial change in the reversal of the polarity of this cell.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Subcommissural organ ; Ependyma ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reissner's fiber (RF) of the subcommissural organ (SCO), the central canal and its bordering structures, and the filum terminale were investigated in the bovine spinal cord by use of transmission electron microscopy, histochemical methods and light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The primary antisera were raised against the bovine RF, or the SCO proper. Comparative immunocytochemical studies were also performed on the lumbo-sacral region of the rat, rabbit, dog and pig. At all levels of the bovine spinal cord, RF was strongly immunoreactive with both antisera. From cervical to upper sacral levels of the bovine spinal cord there was an increasing number of ependymal cells immunostainable with both antisera. The free surface of the central canal was covered by a layer of immunoreactive material. At sacral levels small subependymal immunoreactive cells were observed. From all these structures sharing the same immunoreactivity, only RF was stained by the paraldehyde-fuchsin and periodicacid-Schiff methods. At the ultrastructural level, ependymal cells with numerous protrusions extending into the central canal were seen in the lower lumbar segments, whereas cells displaying signs of secretory activity were principally found in the ependyma of the upper sacral levels. A few cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were observed at all levels of the spinal cord; they were immunostained with an anti-tubulin serum. The lumbo-sacral segments of the dog, rat and rabbit, either fixed by vascular perfusion or in the same manner as the bovine material, did not show any immunoreactive structure other than RF. The possibilities that the immunoreactive ependymal cells might play a secretory or an absorptive role, or be the result of post-mortem events, are discussed.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelin ; Microglia ; Wallerian degeneration ; Optic nerve, rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult albino rats were subjected to unilateral surgical removal of the eyeball. After survival times of 7–140 days, the numerical response of the neuroglial cells, and the progressive disintegration of the myelin sheaths in the optic nerves, were studied qualitatively and quantitatively in electron-microscopic montages. The distribution density of microglia and astroglia in degenerating optic nerve increased to peaks after 35 and 56 days respectively, whereas, the oligodendroglia gradually decreased. During the early stage of degeneration, microglial cells appeared and invaded the sheath at the intraperiod line, peeling off the outer lamellae, which were then engulfed by phagocytosis. Within the microglia, myelin sheath fragments were surrounded by a membrane curled to form a myelin ring. In the intermediate stage of degeneration, the paired electrondense lines of the ring, made up of myelin basic protein, decomposed and formed a homogenous or heterogenous osmiophilic layered structure, the myelin body, which, in the final stages, disintegrated and transformed into globoid lipid droplets and needle shaped cholesterol crystals.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 127-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraphysis cerebri ; Histology ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Salmo gairdneri Richardson
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paraphysis cerebri of adult Salmo gairdneri is represented by a differentiated part of the pars impar telencephali of the telencephalic roof. It consists of a vaulted epithelial sheet, which displays only a few rostral evaginations and separates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the meningeal interstitial fluid. The fenestrated, sinusoidal portal system surrounding the paraphyseal epithelium appears to be part of a complex vascular bed of the dorsal telencephalic and diencephalic area. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers observed in the vicinity of the paraphyseal epithelium fail to make synaptic contact with paraphyseal cells. The single-layered epithelium is composed of characteristic, rather small, optically dense, cuboidal and cylindrical cells, apically mutually attached by junctional complexes including zonulae occludentes. These paraphyseal cells execute a high energetic and a moderate synthetic metabolism as indicated by ultrastructural, cytochemical and enzyme-cytochemical observations. Morphological evidence is presented for a multiple function of these cells in the regulation of the CSF: 1) water and solute elaboration into the ventricular system, 2) restricted uptake of high molecular weight organic substances from the CSF, 3) restricted uptake of low molecular weight substances from the CSF, but apparently not of GABA and of biogenic amines, 4) the formation and pinching-off of “blebs” as expression of a physiological mechanism not yet elucidated. The possible relationship between the level of development of the paraphysis cerebri and the sensitivity of animals to hydro-mineral metabolism is discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Cultured heart cells ; Beating frequency ; KK mice ; Electron microscopy ; 45Ca activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to clarify the mechanism of myocardial changes in KK mice, cultured heart cells from both normal and spontaneously diabetic KK mice were studied by electron microscopy, photoelectric recording, and45Ca activity. Compared with cultured heart cells from normal mice, those from KK mice showed a decrease in beating frequency and ceased beating more rapidly. The rhythm of the beating cells from KK mice became irregular, while that of the heart cells from normal mice was not changed significantly over a period of 10 days. Electron micrographs of cultured heart cells from KK mice showed an increased number of mitochondria, an intricate arrangement of myofibrils, poorly formed Z bands, and a lipidlike substance. The45Ca activity of heart cells from KK mice, after incubation for 24 h in a medium containing45Ca, was increased compared with heart cells from normal mice. Based on these findings, we conclude that ultrastructural alterations exist in cultured heart cells from KK mice and we suggest that an increase of intracellular Ca might play an important role in the pathogenesis.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell walls ; Corn roots ; Electron microscopy ; Marker enzymes ; Purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure for purification of cell wall fragments was developed. The method utilizes sucrose density gradients to efficiently remove soluble enzyme and membrane contaminants from the cell wall. Purification at each stage was monitored biochemically by the removal of cytoplasmic associated markers and ultrastructurally by thorough electron microscopic examination of the isolated cell wall fractions. Cell walls purified by the procedure were compared to those purified by the more conventional multiple washing procedure.
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  • 63
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    Protoplasma 126 (1985), S. 140-146 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Evacuolation ; Protoplasts ; Tobacco ; Vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mesophyll protoplasts ofNicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi were subjected to centrifugation through a Percoll gradient. This resulted in the removal of the central vacuole from each protoplast, and improved mechanical and osmotic stability. Electron microscope studies showed that the remaining cell contents, including small vacuoles, were of normal morphology. Fixation of protoplasts at various times during subsequent culture showed that the central vacuole was restored after about 12 hours. Cell-wall formation was well advanced after 24 hours of culture. These results are discussed in terms of the potential use of evacuolate protoplasts and the mechanisms of vacuole formation.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bryophyte ; Electron microscopy ; Phaeoceros ; Protein crystal ; Transfer cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Crystalline bodies, observed within the intercellular spaces of the gametophyte-sporophyte junction of the hornwortPhaeoceros laevis, were composed of alternating light and dark bands about 6 nm in width. They stained positively with all protein stains employed but not with periodic acid-Schiffs reagent suggesting a protein composition. The crystals were degraded during development indicating possible utilization of the protein components. The occurrence of intercellular protein crystals is unusual and further work is necessary to determine the exact nature of these crystals and their function, if any.
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  • 65
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    Protoplasma 129 (1985), S. 198-213 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Freeze-substitution ; Fungi ; Microsporum canis ; Microtubules ; Mitosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitosis in the dermatophyteMicrosporum canis was studied by freeze substitution and electron microscopy, and analyzed by three dimensional reconstruction from serial sections of the mitotic nuclei. The interphase nucleus has associated nucleus-associated organelle (NAO) on a portion of the outer surface of the nuclear envelope, subjacent to which there was dense intranuclear material. The NAO divided and separated on the envelope, and a spindle was formed. The spindle was composed mostly of microtubules extended between opposite NAOs. Pairing of kinetochores was observed in the spindle from an early stage of development, when chromosomes were not so condensed, and remained unchanged while chromosome condensation proceeded until metaphase. Before the completion of nuclear division, daughter nuclei were connected by a narrow spindle channel, and then the nucleolus, whose structure underwent minimal change during mitosis, was eliminated into the cytoplasm.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Greater omentum ; Mesothelial cells ; Electron microscopy ; Alterations through surgical treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 5 Patienten der Abteilung für Allgemeinchirurgie der Universitdtsklinik Hamburg-Eppendorf, die wegen unterschiedlicher Indikationen laparotomiert wurden, konnten intraoperativ Gewebsstücke des großen Netzes entnommen werden. Die Oberflächenmorphologie des großen Netzes wurde mit dem Licht-, Transmissionselektronen- und Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß man bei der Entnahme des Materials äußerst vorsichtig sein muß, um unverletztes Gewebe zu erhalten. Daraus folgt, daß bei normaler chirurgischer Manipulation am großen Netz Verletzungen auftreten. An unverletzten Gewebsstücken wird die normale Oberfläche des großen Netzes beim Menschen beschrieben, wobei die Befunde früherer Arbeiten grundsätzlich bestätigt werden. Die Schädigungen an der Oberfläche des großen Netzes sind nach chirurgischen Manipulationen aber weitaus stärker, als man mit bloßem Auge wahrnehmen kann. Man findet Abhebungen der Mesothelzellen, Zerreißungen der submesothelialen Bindegewebsstrukturen, Quetschungen der Fettzellen und Zerreißungen der Blutgefäße. Dabei werden Lipidtropfen in das submesotheliale Bindegewebe gequetscht oder sogar auf die Oberfläche des Mesothels gedrückt. Erythrocyten liegen massenhaft im Interstitium zwischen den Fettzellen. Inwieweit Milchflecken und freie Nervenendigungen an der Oberfläche des großen Netzes durch intraoperative Manipulationen geschädigt werden, ist anhand unseres Materials nicht sicher zu beurteilen.
    Notes: Summary From five patients of the Department of General Surgery of the University Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, who underwent laparotomy because of different indications, small pieces of tissue of the greater omentum were taken intraoperatively. The surface morphology of the greater omentum was studied by means of light, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. It became obvious that intact tissue only was obtained when the procedure of taking out material was accomplished most carefully. Consequently, during normal surgical manipulations the greater omentum usually will be damaged. In undamaged tissue specimen the normal surface of the greater omentum in man is described. The findings basically confirm the results of previous investigations. Injuries at the surface of the greater omentum after surgical treatment are, however, much more severe than they are noticeable by the naked eye. Lifting up of the mesothelium, ruptures of the submesothelial structures of connective tissue, squashing of fat cells and ruptures of blood vessels can be observed. During these processes lipid droplets are squeezed into the submesothelial connective tissues or even pressed up to the surface of the mesothelium. Large quantities of erythrocytes are found in the interstitium in between the adipose cells. To what extent milky spots and free nerve endings at the surface of the greater omentum are damaged during intraoperative manipulations cannot be unequivocally estimated on the basis of the material studied here.
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  • 67
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 241 (1985), S. 271-278 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Vocal fold polyps ; Endothelial cell ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gelatinous and telangiectatic types can be differentiated among the human vocal fold polyps. Telangiectatic polyps are characterized by eosinophilic deposits consisting of fibrin and cellular blood constituents. Labyrinthine vascular channels are characteristic of these polyps, and are partially or completely lined by a single layer of flat cells. Using electron microscopy and immunohistochemical stainings (antibodies against factor VIII-related antigen, Ulex europaeus I lectin, and antibodies against lysozyme), we found that the lining cells are true vascular endothelial cells and are not organizing histiocytic cells that are arranged in an endothelial-like pattern.
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  • 68
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; EELS ; feedback system ; peak stabilization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The position of the zero-loss peak in electron energy-loss spectra was sensed with a double photo diode. A signal, proportional to the disturbances from a central position, was amplified and fed back into a deflection coil in order to compensate for the origin of the disturbances. Thus, slow variations of the position of characteristic edges in the EEL spectrum could be reduced by a factor 100, and 60 Hz oscillations could be reduced by a factor 5.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Edge-projection TEM ; Field-emission ; Rho protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A new technique for placing biological molecules on metal, insulator, and semiconductor surfaces is described. The procedure requires only 10 μl of solution containing molecules at a concentration of 0.1 - 10 μg/ml. The use of a buffer that does not affect metal substrates, the possibility of fixing the molecules in solution prior to deposition, and the ability to minimize surface tension forces during air drying are other features of the new protocol. Simultaneous deposition on TEM grids and highly curved substrates permits biomolecular adsorption on technologically interesting materials to be visualized in the transmission electron microscope.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma ; Nucleus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Currently, quantitative studies of malignant lymphoma are being performed in an attempt to improve the classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Morphometric image analysis is one method that can be employed in cases of NHL to obtain objective data of nuclear parameters; condensed chromatin being a compartment of the nucleus best measured at the ultrastructural level. This report assesses similarities or differences in the amount, distribution, and arrangement of condensed chromatin in nuclear profiles of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes in human surgical biopsy specimens. Morphometric data derived from electron micrographs of lymphocytes in germinal centers of lymph nodes with reactive hyperplasia (three cases) and small cell types of NHL two examples of malignant lymphoma, well differentiated lymphocytic type (ML, WDL) and three cases of malignant lymphoma, poorly differentiated lymphocytic type (ML, PDL) are compared. Results indicate that the distribution of condensed chromatin, i.e., the size of aggregates, and their spatial placement within the nucleus varies more than the amount (both mean area per profile or mean volume) of this nuclear parameter, and that this applies to normal as well as neoplastic lymphocytes. When a series of condensed chromatin parameters were statistically compared, no major differences could be detected between lymphocytes in normal tissues and those in ML, WDL and ML, PDL, but considerable differences were found in each of the nuclear morphotypes in the individual cases within the groups. This degree of variation in nuclear characteristics within normal tissues and the two lymphoma categories has not been previously recognized. Clearly, the technique of morphometric analysis, as applied to electron micrographs, can provide new and useful data that must be appreciated if classification schemes currently used in NHL are to improve and reflect biologic considerations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 405-424 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Pseudo color ; Digital frame store ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: An on-line television-rate digital frame store device is utilized to provide color representations of a wide range of electron microscope images and image data. Various types of hardware devices in the frame store coupled with software manipulations via the host computer make rapid image acquisition, modification, measurement, and full-color display possible in real time either from micrographs or directly from an electron microscope. Lookup tables used in conjunction with grey-level image memories can be controlled from a menu display to provide a wide range of color-coding schemes and sequencing. It is also possible to use color graphics overlays and alpha numeric displays along with full-color image displays. This paper will describe many of the recent applications of color developed for electron microscopy studies of materials.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 481-487 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Electron microscopy ; Computer program ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A computer program is described that facilitates systematic and unbiased sampling in morphometry. Input data are coordinates of the four corners of a section as displayed in the position indicators of the microscope stage. Outputs are coordinate values in the form of a regular lattice that describes where to place the stage and perform the sampling on the section. In addition, some other data are provided by the program, such as total area of section, length of sides, etc. The program is written in BASIC but can be easily converted to other computer languages.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 497-507 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Ultrathin frozen sections ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cryobiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A description of ultrathin frozen sectioning is presented. Small pieces of lightly-fixed but unembedded tissue are cryoprotected in 80% sucrose, mounted on chucks and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen sections approximately 100 nm thick for electron microscopy are cut at about -90°C, using a cryosectioning unit mounted on a conventional ultramicrotome. Sections are picked up from the surface of the knife with a droplet of 80% sucrose, and are applied to membrane-coated EM grids at room temperature. The mounted sections are then used for EM immunocytochemistry. Essentially the same sectioning procedure can provide frozen sections 1 μm thick for light microscope immunocytochemistry.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Support films ; Formvar ; Electron microscopy ; Smoothness ; Thickness ; Stability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have found that ultrathin Formvar films are easily and reliably made at an air-water interface by the drop method. By varying the concentration of Formvar in the drop, films of different characteristics can be obtained. Concentrations of 0.25-0.4% in ethylene dichloride produce extremely flat, ultrathin, and stable films that are especially suited for shadowed and negatively stained preparations. Low concentrations (≤ 0.1%) produce nets consisting of many tiny holes which, after carbon stabilization, are ideal for supporting high-resolution samples. Above 0.5%, films made by the drop method develop bubbles, and this bubble defect makes them unsuitable for section support.For section support, Formvar films made by the stripping method off mica are far superior to those made off glass. The films are more uniform in surface contour and thickness. They are less readily attacked by alcohols. Consequently, they are more resistant to staining procedures involving organic solvents and continue to be strong and uniform for section support.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 89-128 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Crystal structure analysis ; Electron diffraction ; Organic crystals ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Electron crystallography of small organic molecules, i.e., electron diffraction crystal structure analysis, has been long recognized to possess definite advantages over neutron and x-ray diffraction techniques for the investigation of microcrystalline preparations. Quantitative application of the technique to real structural problems, on the other hand, had been hindered initially by an inadequate theoretical model. Yet, as demonstrated in this review of the methodology, the adequate recognition of limiting factors due to n-beam dynamical scattering and crystal deformation permits design of optimal diffraction experiments which yield intensity data suitable for ab initio structure analysis. Representative crystallographic analyses discussed here underscore the utility of this technique as a probe of organic molecular structure at atomic resolution.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 3 (1985), S. 251-257 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Articular cartilage ; Proteoglycans ; Aging ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that proteoglycan monomers from immature and adult articular cartilage differ in composition and size. To investigate the structural basis of age-related differences in articular cartilage proteoglycan monomers and aggregates, we isolated and purified high buoyant density proteoglycans from the articular cartilages of 2- to 3-month-old calves and 18-month-old steers. The molecular architecture and dimensions of the proteoglycans were examined using the electron microscope monolayer method. Aggregated and nonaggregated monomers from calf cartilage were longer and less variable in length than the corresponding monomers from steer articular cartilage. Calf monomer lengths had unimodal frequency distributions whereas nonaggregated steer monomer lengths had a bimodal distribution. These observations were confirmed by acrylamide-agarose electrophoresis, which demonstrated that the samples contained only one species of proteoglycan monomer in calf but two species in steer. In addition, calf aggregated monomers had longer thin segments indicating that calf and steer monomers differed in structure as well as in size. Steer proteoglycan aggregates were shorter and had fewer monomers than those from calf. These observations demonstrate the existence of significant age-related structural differences in articular cartilage proteoglycans and form the basis for future study of the mechanisms responsible for these differences.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Fore-vacuum evaporation ; Carbon films ; Thickness-to-voltage dependence ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Fore-vacuum (pressure ≥ 3 Pa) evaporation of carbon fibers and rods to thin films has been tested and the resulting thicknesses recorded. A modified sputter coater was used as a vacuum evaporator. The quality of the carbon films was evaluated by bright-field and dark-field electron microscopy. Although high-vacuum-evaporated carbon films are superior in quality, low-vacuum-evaporated carbon films were found fully acceptable for routine work in bright field, for both TEM and SEM purposes. Apart from being time-saving, the method presented has the obvious advantage, in SEM preparations, that carbon coating and metal sputtering can be carried out in the same unit without breaking the vacuum.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 305-351 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Tumor ; Diagnosis ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Pathology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors requires a careful analysis that should be done in an orderly fashion. It requires precise planning from the time of specimen collection to the selection of the area to be examined. Pictures must be taken systematically and every micrograph should allow to answer whether the number of cells photographed is adequate; whether mitoses are present, what is the pattern of the tumor; what is the appearance of the cell membrane; whether the cells are joined by junctional complexes; whether free surfaces possess microvilli or cilia; what organelles are present and how they are distributed; whether there are secretory granules, melanosomes, or other cytoplasmic elements. Nuclear and nucleolar size and shape have to be taken into consideration. The composition of the interstitial extracellular matrix is important in certain types of tumors. Although these questions are not the only ones to be addressed, their use in a logical fashion is helpful when it concerns the ultrastructural diagnosis.
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  • 79
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Neurone ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative electron microscopical observations have been made on the afferent synaptology of neurones in laminae V and VII of the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Both laminae contain large bouton-covered polydendritic neurones of the type seen in the brainstem reticular formation. Each lamina contains two other categories of neurone. One of these, in lamina V, is peculiar in having a very high proportion of afferent boutons filled with dense-core vesicles; similar neurones exist in lamina VII, but their presynaptic afferents do not contain unusual quantities of dense-core vesicles. The third type of neurone in laminae V and VII seems to be identical with an oligodendritic neurone type found in the brainstem reticular formation and parafascicular-centromedian complex.
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  • 82
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    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Diphenyl-hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of Purkinje Cells was performed in sections from the cerebellum of three albino rats aged 4 1/2 month, intoxicated with diphenylhydantoin for 51 days. Three untreated albino rats served as controls. There were no difference between the substructure of the Purkinje cells from the two groups of animals. It was concluded that diphenylhydantoin in toxic but sublethal doses does not change the substructure of the Purkinje cells.
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  • 83
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    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 451-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Psychotropic drugs ; Rabbit hippocampus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of psychotropic drugs, the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special references to glycogen granules in the hippocampus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg/day) or trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), glycogen granules appeared diffusely in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the pyramidal cells and small nerve cells and in the myelinated nerve fibers, and were accumulated in the dendrites of pyramidal cells and in the astrocytic cytoplasm. Those animals showed neuroleptic symptomes and extrapyramidal ones throughout the period. The administration of the drugs might inhibit the glycolytic metabolism in neurons and glial cells of the hippocampus.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 565-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Reptiles ; Sertoli cells ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules de Sertoli du testicule de Lacerta vivipara ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique chez des animaux récoltés entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années et chez des animaux hypophysectomisés en automne. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries de petite taille à crêtes lamellaires, des ribosomes libres, un reticulum endoplasmique lisse moyennement développé, plusieurs petits dictyosomes formant l'appareil de Golgi, des liposomes et des microtubules. Elles renferment aussi de nombreux corps denses de grande taille qui paraissent être de nature lysosomiale. Le glycogène a été particulièrement étudié. Il est formé de particules β dispersées au hasard dans le hyaloplasme. Des variations saisonnières dans la teneur en glycogène ont été notées. Chez les hypophysectomisés, les cellules de Sertoli contiennent de grandes quantités de ce métabolite dont les particules sont concentrées dans des petites plages, souvent autour des liposomes. Les rôles possibles des cellules de Sertoli sont discutés: soutien et apport de nourriture aux cellules germinales, production d'hormones et phagocytose des corps résiduels. Les variations de la teneur en glycogène sont également discutées.
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electron microscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn during two years and in animals hypophysectomized in autumn. These cells contain numerous small mitochondria with lamellar cristae, free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum moderately developed, several small dictyosomes forming the Golgi complex, lipid droplets and microtubules. There are numerous dense bodies of large size with an heterogeneous content which seem to be of lysosomial nature. Glycogen consists of β particles dispersed at random in the hyaloplasm. Seasonal variations in the content of glycogen are noted. In hypophysectomized animals Sertoli cells contain large amounts of that metabolite whose particles are concentrated in small areas often around the lipid droplets. Possible role of the Sertoli cells concerning mechanical support and nutrition of the germinal cells, production of hormones and phagocytosis of residual bodies are discussed. The variations in the glycogen content are also discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stratum corneum ; Man ; Non-fixed ; Non-dehydrated ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an electron microscopic study of non-fixed and non-dehydrated normal human stratum corneum from the lumbar region. Non-stained sections have a low contrast. In sections examined 3 days after skin biopsy the cytoplasm of the cells shows a uniform contrast or exhibits dark and light areas. A single layer delimits the cytoplasm from the intercellular space. The latter is partly filled out with substance. In sections stained 2 to 4 days after skin biopsy the fibrils are distinct. On the basis of the variations in their opacity and ultrastructure three types of horny cells are clearly distinguishable. In cells of type 1 intensely stained keratohyalin and less opaque fibrillar substance occur. A distinct keratin pattern is not found. In cells of type 2 the fibrils show areas with distinct kerytohyalin and keratin pattern and transitional phases between these two stages of fibrillar differentiation. The keratin pattern representing the final stage of the fibrillar differentiation process is visualized through a successive “discoloration” of the filaments, whereas the interfilamentous substance retains the opacity of the keratohyalin. In cells of type 3 the entire fibrillar substance exhibits a keratin pattern. This consists of less opaque filaments with a diameter of 74 Å. The septa representing the interfilamentous substance are estimated as 30 Å at their thinnest points. These observations of the fibrils are completely comparable to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. In sections stained particularly more than 18 days after skin biopsy the fibrils exhibit pronounced changes in their staining properties with concomitant decrease in distinctness or a complete extinction of the keratin pattern. The observations of the modified plasma membrane and the intercellular space in stained sections correspond to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. The modified plasma membrane and the structures in the intercellular space appear with equal distinctness, whether the sections are stained 2 to 4, 6 to 12 or 14 to 21 days after skin biopsy.
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic promyelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Primary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic promyelocytes from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental phase is characterized by the elaboration of primary (azurophillysosomal) granules and the entire intracellular machinery is directed principally toward this goal. The promyelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary stages based upon morphological, histochemical and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of primary granulogenesis.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle ; Fibre types ; Small mammals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fasern des roten und langsamen M. soleus von Ratte, Kaninchen und Katze und des roten, jedoch schnellen, M. vocalis des Kaninchens wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit den verschiedenen Fasertypen aus dem M. tibialis anterior der Ratte und dem M. gastrocnemius des Kaninchens und der Katze verglichen. M. soleus und M. vocalis (einschließlich M. thyreoarytenoideus) enthalten nur einen mitochondrienreichen Fasertyp. Im schnellen M. vocalis ist der Z-Streifen schmal (50–60 nm), das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum ist gut entwickelt. Die Anordnung von Reticulum und Mitochondrion ist ähnlich wie in Herzmuskelzellen. Wie auch in anderen langsamen Muskeln verschiedener Tiere ist im M. soleus der Z-Streifen breit (100–120 nm), Triaden und Reticulum sind selten, und die Filamente bilden unregelmäßige Areale anstelle von Fibrillen. Hierin gleichen die Fasern des M. soleus den (mitochondrienreichen) C-Fasern eines entsprechenden gemischten Muskels; dagegen zeigen die Zwischentyp-(B-)Fasern schmale Z-Linien (50–70 nm), isodiametrische Fibrillen und mehr Triaden als die C-Fasern. Entgegen der bisherigen Vermutung, die auf der histochemischen Zuordnung der SoleusFasern zum Typ B und der Vocalis-Fasern zum Typ C beruht, ist daher anzunehmen, daß die langsamen motorischen Einheiten eines gemischten Muskels aus C- und nicht aus B-Fasern bestehen. In einigen Muskeln sind die Sarcomere der C-Fasern länger als die der B-(und A-) Fasern. Im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte verschwindet der Unterschied von 8,5% bei 2,6 μm Sarcomerlänge bei der Dehnung auf 2,8 μm mittlere Sarcomerlänge; vermutlich weil die Ruhedehnungskurve zunehmend steiler wird. Die isometrische Extraspannung im Tetanus ist bei 120% der Ruhelänge, d.h. bei 2,7 μm Sarcomerlänge. am größten. Daher muß bei 2,6 μm mittlerer Sarcomerlänge die Kraft der C-Fasern die der B-Fasern übertreffen. Rote Muskeln sind besser vaskularisiert als weiße Muskeln. Für die Mm. soleus und gastrocnemius der Katze verhalten sich die Kapillardichten (Kapillaren/mm2 Muskelfaserquerschnitt) wie 2,7∶:1. Dieser Wert entspricht dem Verhältnis zwischen den Größen für die Durchblutung (ml/min × 100 g) in Ruhe und bei maximaler Gefäßerweiterung.
    Notes: Summary Muscle fibres of the red and slow contracting soleus of rat, rabbit and cat and of the red however fast contracting thyreoarytenoid of rabbit are compared with different fibre types in the anterior tibial muscle of rat and in the gastrocnemius of rabbit and cat. With respect to fibre types soleus and thyreoarytenoid (including m. vocalis) are homogeneous and both being rich in mitochondria. The fast thyreoarytenoid shows a narrow Z-line (50–60 nm) and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of reticulum and mitochondria resembles more that of heart muscle cells than of skeletal muscle fibres. Like many slow contracting muscles of different animals the soleus fibres display a wide Z-line (100–120 nm), few triads, little reticulum and irregularly shaped areas of myofilaments instead of fibrils. In that soleus fibres equal fibres of type C (rich in mitochondria) in a corresponding heterogeneous muscle, whereas intermediate (type B) fibres reveal narrow Z-lines (50–70 nm), isodiametrically shaped myofibrils and more triads than C-fibres. Therefore it is far more likely that the slow motor units of a mixed muscle consist of C-fibres than of B-fibres. This is at variance with the histochemical designation of soleus fibres as type B and thyreoarytenoid fibres as type C. In some muscles in C-fibres the sarcomeres are longer than in B-(and A-)fibres. In the anterior tibial muscle of rat this difference is 8.5% at a mean sarcomere length of 2.6 μm, and disappears at a mean length of 2.8 μm, probably due to the steeper slope of the length tension diagram at rest. Since the isometric extratension in a tetanus is highest at 120% resting length (corresponding to about 2.7 μm sarcomere length), the force of C-fibres exceeds that of B-fibres at 2.6 μm but not at 2.8 μm sarcomere length. Red and white muscle differ with respect to vascularisation. The relation between the densities of capillaries in soleus and gastrocnemius of cat is 2.7∶:1 and equals the relation between the blood flows through these muscles during rest and maximum vasodilatation.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic myelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Secondary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic myelocyte from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental stage is characterized principally by the elaboration of secondary (specific) granules. In addition, there is a modest decrease in cell size, a decrease in the number and mean size of primary (azurophil) granules, a decrease in the number of polysomes, free ribosomes and mitochondria, a depletion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in cytoplasmic glycogen, an increase in chromatin aggregations and a loss of nucleoli, and the formation of a markedly indented nucleus. The myelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary phases based upon morphological and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of secondary granulogenesis.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial body ; Calcitonin ; Turtle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial body of fresh-water turtles,Pseudemys scripta andChrysemys picta, ultrastructurally and histochemically resembles the gland of other vertebrate groups and the homologous thyroid parafollicular cells of mammals. Characteristic features of all of these tissues are secretory granules measuring approximately 150–250 mμ, a distended endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi regions and large numbers of free ribosomes. Unusual features of the turtle ultimobranchial body are an abundance of large cytoplasmic bodies measuring 800–1000 mμ and a dense, homogenous material within the lumina of the ultimobranchial follicles. The large cytoplasmic bodies usually occur near the luminal portion of the cells and are of similar electron density to the luminal contents, suggesting a possible functional relationship of these two glandular components.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze Fracture ; Microvasculature (chick) ; Ground substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissues of the young chick and chick embryo were prepared in a relatively unaltered condition by the freeze-fracture technique. The ultrastructure of the microvasculature and surrounding interstitial region is compared with that seen in conventional thin-sectioned material. In the undifferentiated vessels of the 3-day chick embryo, no distinct basement lamina can be distinguished in either type of preparation. In the 3-week chick, a continuous basement lamina is present beneath the endothelium only in chemically fixed and sectioned tissue; it cannot be distinguished from the remaining interstitial substance in freeze-fracture preparations. Blood-tissue exchange may depend on permeability characteristics of the entire interstitial region rather than on the basement lamina alone.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rabbit ; Pinocytosis ; Enzymes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the occurrence, at the light microscopic level, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the pigment epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris in the albino rabbit can be divided into two zones not previously described, viz. a central zone close to the pupil, approximately corresponding to the area occupied by the iridic sphincter muscle, and a peripheral zone extending to the ciliary body. The central zone which is in intimate relation with the lens was found to have a high content of both phosphatases. At the fine structural level it exhibits a marked pinocytotic activity in the epithelium at the interdigitations between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy revealed that acid phosphatase is localized to the walls of the pinocytotic vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase is in evidence at the surface membrane folds and at microvillous processes between the epithelial cells and the adjoining muscle cells. Unlike the distribution of the acid phosphatase, that of the alkaline phosphatase does not differ fundamentally in the two zones at the fine structural level. In a series of dehydrogenases studied, staining with a view to succinic-, isocitric- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases revealed an evenly distributed content of enzyme throughout the epithelium. As to the lactic- and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, contents seem to be lower in the pupillary than in the peripheral zone.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human testis ; Gonocyte ; Spermatogonium ; Germ cell degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor cells ; Amines ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor cells in the epithelium and the basiepithelial nerve net of the prostomium of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with electron microscope with special regard to the presence of monoamines. The receptor cells are found in groups of about 40 intermingled with supportive cells. After pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixation with potassium permanganate a few receptor cells in each group and some nerve fibres in the basiepithelial nerve net contain small granular vesicles (about400 Å) characteristic for monoaminergic neurons. The distribution and relative number of these receptor cells and nerve fibres coincide well with previous reports on fluorescent receptor cells and varicose fibres. That the monoamine-storing small granular vesicles not are visualized until pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline is in accordance with recent microspectrofluorometric analysis, which shows that dopamine is the only primary monoamine present in the epithelium. In the epithelium there are occasional receptor cells and nerve fibres containing large vesicles (1000–1800 Å) which resemble the neurosecretory vesicles in the central nervous system. Photoreceptor cells having an intracellular cavity with microvilli and cilia have infrequently been observed at the base of the epithelium. No synapses on the mucous cells have been noticed. Nor have any synaptic specializations been observed in the basiepithelial nerve net. The morphological conditions necessary for the existence of possible axo-axonal synapses are briefly discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 483-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hermaphroditic Gonad ; Gastropoda ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Spitzenbereichen der Zwittergonadenacini fertiler Tiere der Pulmonatenspezies Planorbarius corneus sind drei Zelltypen stets gleichzeitig anzutreffen: Oocyten, Spermatiden und Begleitzellen. Die Abgrenzung der Acinusspitze gegen das interacinäre Gewebe hin bildet die Basalmembran des wandständigen Begleitzellepithels. Die Oocyten werden follikelartig von den ineinander verzahnten und durch Desmosomen verknüpften Begleitzellen umgeben. Nur in der Acinuskuppe liegen sie der hier stark verdickten Basalmembran unmittelbar auf. Die Spermatiden sitzen nur mit ihrem anterioren Zellpol den Begleitzellen apikal auf und sind durch Desmosomen mit ihnen verknüpft. Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Spermatiden während der Spermiohistogenese werden an drei gegeneinander abgrenzbaren Spermiohistogenesestadien aufgezeigt. Dabei finden die Kernstruktur, das Auftreten von Tubulikörpern und das Abstreifen des Restplasmas vom Mittelstück besondere Beachtung. Den recht uneinheitlich strukturierten Begleitzellen kommen für Oocyten und Spermatiden Ernährungs- und Transportfunktionen zu. Sie phagocytieren überfällige Geschlechtszellen. Es können jedoch trotz ihrer heteromorphen Struktur keine prinzipiell verschiedenen Begleitzelltypen mit jeweils nur einer spezifischen Funktion unterschieden werden. Das in früheren lichtmikroskopischen Arbeiten als Begleitzellprodukt beschriebene „Kinoplasma“ erweist sich als kernwärts wanderndes Restplasma der Spermatiden.
    Notes: Summary Three species of cells always coexist in the tips of hermaphroditic gonad-acini of fertile Planorbarius corneus: oocytes, spermatids and auxiliary cells. The basement membrane of the auxiliary cell epithelium separates the acinus tips from the interacinary tissue. Like follicles the oocytes are enclosed by interlocked and desmosomically attached auxiliary cells. Only in the utmost tips of the acinus the oocytes are in direct contact with the here dilated basement membrane. The spermatids are attached to the auxiliary cells only with their anterior cell-pole and connected with these by desmosomes. Alterations of the spermatid-ultrastructure during the spermiohistogenesis can be studied in three separate stages of the spermiohistogenesis. Particular attention is given to the nuclear structure, the tubular bodies and the shedding of residual plasma from the middle-piece. The rather irregularly structured cells serve oocytes and spermatids as mediators for nutrition and transport. Occasionally occurs phagocytosis of germ-cells. Basically, even though their structures vary, auxiliary cells are not restricted to one specific function. The “Kinoplasma”-described in previous light microscopic studies as a product of the auxiliary cells, proves to be spermatidic residual plasma moving towards the nucleus.
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical vessels ; Guinea-pig ; Innervation ; Intermuscular contacts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Umbilical vessels of guinea-pig fetuses were studied shortly before birth. In all umbilical cords investigated an innervation of the umbilical vessels is lacking. The intrafetal parts of the umbilical vessels on the other hand are richly innervated. A marked difference in the amount of nerve fibres and the pattern of innervation is found between artery and vein. The artery is supplied by a dense nerve plexus which spins around the media and which originates from nerve bundles within the outer adventitial layers. The comparatively scanty innervation of the vein exhibits a more coarsely meshed net pattern. The nerve bundles in the vein exhibit a close affinity to the vasa vasorum. Number and type of the close contacts between the muscle cells are different in the various sections of the umbilical vessels. Similar to the distribution of nerves they are almost absent in the vessels of the umbilical cord, numerously, however, in the intrafetal parts. Contrary to the innervation, the close contacts in the vein are developed more numerously and more broadly than in the corresponding artery.
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