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  • Electronic Resource  (3,817)
  • Loose Leaf
  • 2010-2014
  • 1975-1979  (3,817)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (3,254)
  • Ultrastructure  (563)
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  • Electronic Resource  (3,817)
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Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 156-159 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 155-155 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 187-188 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Whiskers, OV-17 ; Steroid profiling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 164-171 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, gradient technique ; Mobile phase composition programming by hardware construction ; Effluent composition curve analysis ; Numerical method for calculation and theory discussed ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of gradient elution under hydrostatic equilibrium is developed for the case where only one reservoir and one mixing chamber are used and where both solvents have equal densities. Given the shapes of the two vessels, effluent concentration curve equations are deduced for different mixing chamber-reservoir combinations. On the other hand, given the equation for the effluent concentration curve, the reservoir cross-sectional area, as a function of height, can be deduced when the mixing chamber has a constant cross-section. The varying cross-section of the reservoir is accomplished by inserting thin discs of different areas on top of one another inside a regular vessel of constant cross-section.Except for complicated gradients, a given gradient can be accomplished using a reservoir with a cross-sectional area which varies linearly with height. In the case of complex gradients, a reservoir having two or more linear segments becomes necessary. A numerical method is given for the calculation of the continuously varying reservoir cross-section for the exact duplication of a given gradient.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 189-190 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Tin-selective FPD ; Triphenyltin hydroxide ; TPTH ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method for the determination of triphenyltin hydroxide using capillary column gas chromatography with a tin-selective flame photometric detector has been developed. Triphenyltin hydroxide and its potential metabolites are converted to methyl derivatives and separated on glass capillary columns coated with OV-101. Derivatization of triphenyltin hydroxide, triphenyltin chloride, diphenyltin dichloride, phenyltin trichloride, and bis-triphenyltin oxide is nearly quantitative with a minimum of redistribution products. The selectivity of the flame photometric detector is cearly demonstrated by the comparison of chromatographic profiles obtained from using both the flame photometric and flame ionization detectors.The use of this chromatographic system in the analysis of triphenyltin hydroxide in a fortified water sample demonstrates the potential use of this system in organotin residue chemistry.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chromatography, theory ; Extra-column Contribution ; Band broadening “abt” concept ; Taylor equation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 197-198 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Absorption spectra ; Absorbance ratioing ; Factor analysis ; Principal components analysis ; Peak homogeneity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; Phosolipid separation, L/S ratio determination ; Quantitation above 100 ng, optimized ; Cupric acetate-phosphoric reagent superior to 3 other reagents ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 210-210 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 444-446 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns ; Sample capacity under comparable conditions forty times larger than in capillaries ; Equations given ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Equations have been derived from which the maximum sample size which may be loaded on a column without significantly affecting the performance may be calculated. It is shown that micro-packed columns can handle a sample which is as much as forty times larger than that which can be loaded onto wall-coated open tubular columns with comparable conditions.
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  • 113
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 481-486 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Splitting conditions for quantitative sampling investigated ; Injection amount and temperature should remain constant ; Standard deviation below 1% ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sample inlet splitters are used in capillary column gas chromatography. We have investigated the sample band broadening in the splitter and studied reproducibility and accuracy in quantitative analysis using a simple lab-made splitter. It was found that the results were dependent upon the operating conditions such as split ratio, splitter temperature, glass wool plug, injected sample volume and solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 517-523 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC, HPTLC ; Photometric scanning ; Radiation transfer equation ; Multilayer model (10 layers) ; Remission ; Transmission ; Sample concentration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantitative evaluation of TLC by direct photometric scanning is a promising method, in view of the development of cheap microprocessors: soon instruments for digital scanning will be commercialy available. In this paper we describe a multilayer model which seems to be a good approximation for solving the radiation transfer equation in the case of layer models with a gradient in an inward direction. Changes of remitted and transmitted light, in cases where a band lies in different layers, are presented. Examples shown are: the absorbance profile of a chromatographed band in the direction of scanning is approximated to that of an isosceles triangle; the concentration of the band is uniform, e.g. 0.3 A. U.; the concentration of the band is changing from 0 to 2.0 A. U. These results will serve to set up the correct algorithms for digital scanning and simultaneous determination in TLC.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 533-534 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Flow stabilization ; Gas velocity in micro-apertures ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 116
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 535-536 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Structure/k-value relations in TLC ; Epimeric 3-ethinyl-3-cholestanoles ; Influence of the composition of the mobile phase on Rf-values ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chromatographic behaviour of TLC on silica gel of 3 pairs of epimeric 3-ethinyl-3-cholestanoles is described.It is found that the k-values of this class of compounds are predominantly influenced by the stereochemical orientation of the hydroxyl group. 3-Ethinyl-3-cholestanoles with β-configuration of the hydroxyl group have larger k-values than their α-oriented epimers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Organic gas phase cigarette smoke ; Microprocessor-controlled ; Cryogenic preconcentration trap ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An automatic injection system for the analysis of gas phase smoke has been designed and evaluated using the microprocessor-controlled Hewlett-Packard 5830 gas chromatograph. The cryogenic preconcentration trap was constructed from relatively inexpensive and readily available materials. It was determined that the use of the preconcentration trap, as opposed to condensing the smoke on the head of the cold (-50°C) chromatographic column, significantly enhanced the resolution of the more volatile gas phase components. Data are presented which illustrate the injection system characteristics. In addition, chromatograms of gas phase smoke are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 475-480 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Photoionization detector (PID) ; Detection limit 50 to 100 pg nitrosamines at 10.2 eV ; Nitrosamine analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of a photoionization detector (PID) coupled to a glass capillary gas chromatography (GC2) separation system for the detection of carcinogenic nitrosamines was investigated. The components analyzed gave a linear response with a lower detection limit of 50 to 100 pg with the 10.2 eV ionization source. No detector response was obtained with an ionization energy of 9.5 eV.Chromatography of meat extracts indicated their complex molecular composition. Simple liquid chromatographic cleaning procedures significantly decreased the complexity of these samples, but not sufficiently for the accurate quantition of nitrosamine components.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 597-598 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 120
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 500-506 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 121
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 563-569 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, capillary ; sampling, sample discrimination, split ratio ; many factors influencing real amount sampled ; external calibration to be replaced by inner standard technique ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of pressure changes in the vaporizing GC injectors on the split ratio is investigated. It is shown that the true split ratio depends on a number of parameters and may strongly differ from the split ratio expected from the flows set before injection. Quantitation with split injection based on external standards has to be carried out very carefully (or should be replaced by the method with internal standard). The split ratio may strongly change during the splitting of the sample. There are a number of mechanisms causing some sample components to be retarded and hence to be split by a different ratio. The split injector is a device which still requires further development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 671-672 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC separation of Phosphatidylglycerol, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phospholipids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 123
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Porphyrin analyses in biological samples ; High performance liquid chromatography ; Medically important porphyrins directly and rapidly quantitated ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography on microparticulate columns of octadecylsilane with elution by a gradient of acetonitrile in phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, separated porphyrin free acids directly in urine for the first time. Interfering fluorescence was removed with a precolumn of large particle size at acid pH. Peak area fluorescence by the method of standard addition was related linearly to amount of a porphyrin from 5 to 60 nanograms. The method was reproducible to ± 13%, able to detect 0.3 nanograms of a porphyrin in a 1 ml urine sample in 45 minutes, and capable of detecting the typical clinical patterns of normal and porphyrinuric urines. Modifications make the method applicable to measurements in other biological samples and to research separations. With the added rapidity of analysis, the method could expand porphyrin analysis in routine clinical medicine.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 589-590 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Sugars ; Oligosaccharides, cyclodextrins ; HPLC Amine Modifier I ; Amine-modified silica columns ; Soya-protein products ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 599-604 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography, capillary, glass ; Introduction by Desty in 1959 ; Spreading of liquids on a solid surface ; Roughness as a contributer to wettability ; The role of activity ; Deactivation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Both the invention of the capillary drawing machine and the preparation and successful use of the first glass capillary column were achieved by Desty and his group in 1959.This paper attempts to describe the glass capillary column in a general way, including the spreading of liquid phases of different polarity and solid surfaces with different chemical and geometrical structures, and surface activity (as a source of essential column characteristjcs such as film stability, adsorptive and catalytic activity, acidity, and thermostability). The model is entirely based on experimental evidence. It is shown that today's apolar columns may closely approach ideal performance, such as is conceivable at the present time, while a severe gap still exists between the actual and the ideal characteristics of polar columns. The problem lies in the necessity of using considerably active support surfaces for polar coatings, yielding columns with reduced upper temperature limits, and of restricted suitability concerning the nature of sample. It is hoped that progress in the field of surface roughening may produce an inert support which is wettable by polar phases.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 126
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 628-628 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 127
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 733-742 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, low pressure ; Preparative separations ; Reversed phase systems ; Comparison high pressure/low pressure separations ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An efficient system for preparative reversed-phase separations with packed glass columns is described. The advantage of this system is the use of relatively simple and inexpensive equipment.Column performance, load capacity, effect of the feed volume and the feed concentration on peak broadening are shown. The influence of the selectivity and the capacity factors on column load have been measured.The effect of the column dimensions is demonstrated by means of practical applications. The loading capacity of a column depends on the thermodynamic proporties of the separation system used. It is therefore not expedient in preparative chromatography to correlate the loading capacity of a column by means of grams dissolved per grams of adsorbent.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 128
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 751-751 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 129
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 698-698 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 130
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 729-732 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography ; Reversed phases ; Ion pair chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results of investigations with ion pair chromatography on RP2, RP8 and RP18 thin layers are described. Heptane sulphonic acid is used as ion pair former. The best results are achieved on RP18-layers with the counter ion in the mobile phase.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 752-754 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 133
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer Chromatography, TLC ; Flunitrazepam and clonazepam metabolites in plasma extract ; Quantitative analysis at 1 ng/ml plasma detection limit ; Whole procedure: ±15% standard deviation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A sensitive thin-layer chromatographic method is described for the determination of the 7-amino-metabolites of flunitrazepam and clonazepam. The same procedure is applicable to other 7-nitro-benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam. A purified plasma extract of the 7-amino-metabolites is separated by thin-layer chromatography. The primary aromatic amines are diazotized and coupled with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylene-diamine on the thin-layer plate. The quantities of the 7-amino-metabolites are directly evaluated by colorimetric densitometry. The lower limit of detection is in order of 0.5-10 ng cm-3 of plasma. The relative standard deviation of the whole procedure is less than ±15% in the range of 0.5-10 ng cm-3 for a single determination.The unchanged drugs can be reduced on the thin-layer plate and detected by the same method. Since this procedure is rather difficult to perform, it is advantageous to determine the 7-nitro-benzodiazepines in plasma by gas chromatography.The thin-layer chromatographic method was used to measure the 7-amino-metabolites in plasma of patients on either a flunitrazepam or a clonazepam oral dosing regimen.
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  • 134
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 48-48 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 135
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 49-50 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 136
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 137
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional high resolution gas chromatography with small bore glass capillary columns is simplified by use of a single 6-port flow switching rotary valve. The band spreading and tailing normally associated with mechanical valves is overcome by matching the internal valve passage diameters to that of the capillary column, and by minimizing unswept volumes in the fittings. selection of inert valve and transfer line materials effectively ellminates undesirable adsorption phenomena. The high thermal stability of the value permmits it to be mounted directly in the GC oven where it can be actuated externally. With slight modifications either packed or capillary pre-columns may be used for initial saperations. Application of enrichment, solvent removal and heart cutting are described.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 138
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 70-71 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Statistically correct data treatment in chromatography, GC, LC, TLC ; Quantitative analysis ; Error propagation on peak area measurements and data pair technique ; Peak height evaluation is preferable, precise read out tools needed ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 139
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 69-70 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Stationary phases, chemical stability in solutions ; SE 30, SE 54 in chloroform or toluene show rapid depolymerization (HCL-, Tetramethylammoniu hydroxide-traces responsible) ; Solutions with decreased molecular weight of silicon phase give decreased film thickness (Hg plug technique) and increased tailing in glass capillary impregnation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 140
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Sampling problems by syringe needle temperature ; Technical solution of the problems by cooling and heating up minimized masses ; Discrimination and standard deviation measured with test mixtures C18-C38 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On-column injection into a hot gas chromatograph oven involves the danger that the bottom part of the needle is warmed up above the boiling point of the solvent in the sample. Consequently parts of the sample are evaporated out of the needle instead of being introduced as a liquid into the capillary column. This causes losses and hence discrimination of the less volatile parts of the sample which remain in the needle.A technical solution is proposed using a system for cooling the capillary during the injection, down to the injection point in the oven.
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  • 141
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 84-87 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Computerized data presentation in GC, LC ; Chromatogram reconstruction on graphics terminal for optimized data reduction ; Lab. Basic II programme presented allows run in terminal mode and as post analysis procedure ; Automatic parameter selection zoom feature range selection etc. ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes a Lab Basic II program which allows the reconstruction of GLC-chromatograms on a Hewlett-Packard 2648A graphics terminal, starting from raw data gathered by the HP-3354A Laboratory Data System. The introduction of a considerable number of automatic parameter selections restricts user's interventions. The program can be run in terminal mode or be recalled as a post-analysis program when working in autocall mode.
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  • 142
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 88-90 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC, HPTLC ; HPTLC as pilot technique for HPLC in reversed phase analysis, RP18/RP 2 tested ; log K'-plots linear to H2O/Methanol solvent mixtures ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Relationships between log k' values of polynuclear hydrocarbons and composition of water/methanol mixtures were determined for HPTLC on RP-18 silica and for HPLC using RP-2 silica. In spite of differences in the adsorbents used, a good correlation between HPLC and TLC parameters was found. In the TLC experiments, a sandwich tank with a modified solvent distributor was used.It has been reported that thin-layer chromatography is a good technique for the preliminary optimization of column chromatographic separations [1-5]. So far, the comparison of TLC and HPLC has been mainly restricted to silica as the adsorbent. Since TLC plates precoated with silanized adsorbents recently became commercially available, it seemed interesting to compare the chromatographic parameters obtained for the “reversed phase” systems with the two techniques (see also ref. 6).
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  • 143
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 144
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 499-499 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 145
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 146
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 507-511 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High performance chromatography ; Chemically bonded hydroxyalkyl phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Grignard and trichlorosilane coupling methods have been applied to the synthesis of surface-modified silicas carrying alkyl chains of varying length, terminally substituted by a hydroxyl group. The new phases have been characterized chromatographically using aromatic hydrocarbons, substituted anilines and metal acetylacetonates.
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  • 147
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 108-108 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 148
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid Chromatography, HPLC ; Cannabis extract, 11 constituents separated ; Quantitation by electrochemical detector ; Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabinol down to 2-20 ng ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple, isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (EC) was used to study Cannabis constituents. Several Cannabis extracts and reference standards were examined. A total of eleven constituents were separated, and three major cannabinoids; Δ8, Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) were identified. A linear relationship was established for the quantitation of the halucinogenic constituent Δ9 THC. Minor contaminants in Δ9 THC reference standard, which were not detected by gas chromatography (GC) were detected for the first time. The detection limits of Δ9 THC and related cannabinoids were in the low nanogram range (2-20 ng).
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  • 149
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 591-591 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 150
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 630-631 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPTLC ; Liquid scintillation counting ; Specific radioactivity ; Phospholipids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 151
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Vapor-phase sampling ; Sample preparation, extraction by carbon dioxide under high pressure, Freon 12 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two new sample preparation procedures that produce solvent-free extracts especially suitable for use with high resolution GC are described. One is based on Soxhlet extraction in a pressurized container that permits the use of liquid carbon dioxide as the extractant; the other utilizes refluxing difluorodichloro-methane (Freon 12) to isolate entrained volatiles from gas streams.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 216-220 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, at 25O°C ; Sampling via precolumn enrichment ; Precolumn backflush, reinjection after trapping the volatiles ; Rejection of non-volatiles ; Automation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel sampling system for isothermal capillary gas chromatography of medium- or low-volatility mixtures is described and test results are reported using flame ionization detection. The system features a loading and positioning chamber for glass vials which can carry a dilute sample in up to 0.2 ml of a volatile solvent. The output from the glass vaporization chamber is trapped onto a packed precolumn operated in the backflush mode. The analytes are further transferred over a wall-coated capillary trap prior to isothermal capillary GLC. Repeat-cycle operation of the sampling system requires 10 channels of a processor for time control over 5 solenoid valves and 3 static heaters. Preliminary results with long-chain n-alkanes in the submicrogram range showed no unwanted effects. The principal claim of the system is an improved rejection of non-volatiles.
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  • 153
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; Separation of Zn, Cu, Al, Ga, In as oxinates ; Styragel 60A and Merckogel OR-PVA 2000 layers used ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gel chromatographic behavior of 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine, abbreviated HOx) complexes of zinc, copper, aluminum, gallium and indium has been investigated on thin layers of Styragel 60A and Merckogel OR-PVA 2000 mostly in chloroform and p-dioxan media. Except for the stable Cu(Ox)2, the other oxinates exhibit either hydration or decomposition in gel-solvent-solute systems, which leads to strong retention or tailing on gel layers. An excess of 8-hydroxyquinoline present in solvents allows the oxinates to be stabilized, so that well-defined compact spots come out and migrate. For the Zn(Ox)2 the formation of a self-adduct is strongly suggested on the basis of gel chromatographic behavior. Elution with the solvent containing pyridine also yields evidence of the adduct formation of zinc oxinate-nitrogen base.
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  • 154
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 243-245 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography, instrumentation ; Detectors with dual ionization cells, ECD, FID ; Applications in packed and capillary GC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to avoid splitting at the column outlet for simultaneous multidetection, a new line of detector heads with the ionization cells coupled in series has been developed.The electron capture plus flame ionization detector (EC+FI-D) has been evaluated from the point of view of the sensitivity, the linear dynamic range and separation efficiency in a capillary column GC system. The performances of each section are the same as when a single ionization detector head is used.
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  • 155
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC/MS Interface ; Glass ; Open split ; HMDS glass surface deactivation ; Glass capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new all-glass interface for GC/MS designed to fully exploit the potential of glass capillary columns is described. The system works in the open split mode and has high versatility with respect to column changing. It is especially suitable for mass spectrometers, which are not exclusively dedicated to GC/MS work. Two chromatograms illustrate the properties of the described interface.
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  • 156
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 247-247 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer Chromatography, TLC ; Petri dish chamber for anticircular separation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 157
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 268-268 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 158
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 282-282 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 159
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 283-287 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Sampling technique ; Semi-automation of head space sampling ; Application to water pollution, coffee aroma, light hydrocarbons in crude oil ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Head space GC using a special electropneumatic sampling system works well in combination with glass capillaries. Because a homogenous gas mixture is already present most problems inherent with inlet splitters are thus avoided. In cases where the high vapor pressure of the sample can cause problems with the pressure controlled sampling system, the use of narrow bore glass capillaries provides the necessary inlet pressure. The use of this powerful and convenient analytical tool for water pollution analysis, flavour analysis and the analysis of volatiles in crude oil samples is shown by examples.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 160
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Mobile phase flow programming ; Comparison with temperature programming ; Short capillaries offer considerable shorter analysis time when flow programmed ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The technique of programming the carrier gas flow rate in gas chromatography, especially in connection with the use of capillary columns shorter than 10 m can significantly accelerate GC analyses. Equations for calculation of the parameters of the exponential flow function and retention data are described. The effects of flow programming in a short capillary column are shown in a few chromatograms. Different programming rates are tested and compared with temperature programming.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 161
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 259-260 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer Chromatography, TLC ; Improvement of sampling by preconcentration ; Tenfold enrichment (and more) possible by using a sandwich tank principle in continuous mode technique ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is demonstrated that horizontai sandwich tank with two cover plates can be used to preconcentrate sample solutions. Narrow sharply-defined starting zones are obtained just outside the smaller cover plate when the series of spots of the sample solution are applied on the thin layer and predeveloped with a volatile solvent. After evaporation of the solvent, the whole area of the TLC-plate is covered with two plates and developed with a suitable solvent.
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  • 162
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 270-272 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 163
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 278-280 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 164
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 282-282 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 165
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillarym, glass ; Complete separation of bile acids in serum from cholesterol ; Analysis time less than 15 min, adaptable to GC/MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proposed combination of a rather simple procedure for sample preparation with capillary gas-liquid chromatography using a barium carbonate/polyethyleneglycol 20,000 column and a Grob-type on-column injector permits measurement of bile acids in serum with high separation efficiency, short analysis time and complete separation of bile acids from cholesterol. The method can be adapted to combined capillary gas-liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 166
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Surface roughening ; Amorphous silica ; Deactivation ; Column performance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method for the preparation of wall-coated glass capillary columns after surface roughening by means of amorphous silica is described. After the glass capillary has been leached, a small quantity of amorphous silica is deposited evenly on the inner surface. This is done by passing a plug of dilute water glass through the capillary, followed by a flow of gaseous hydrochloric acid. The roughened surface is stabilized, deactivated and finally coated.This paper furnishes details of the technique and information about the performance of a number of columns prepared by the method.
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  • 167
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 378-384 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Glass capillaries for low volatile polar natural products analysis ; Application to N-TFA-dipeptide, TMS-ribose, TMS-manno-samin, peptide sequence analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two published procedures for glass capillary column production are applied to produce capillaries for chromatography of polar natural compounds. Soda lime glass capillaries, after leaching with aqueous HCL, are either treated with colloidal silicic acid or with barium carbonate and coated with either Silar 7CP or SE 52. A test mixture as well as polar carbohydrate and peptide mixtures are chromatographed on the different columns and their chromatographic properties are evaluated. Combined capillary gas chromatography-electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry are used for identification of the peptide sequence.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 168
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 393-394 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 169
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 411-415 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Enantiomer amino acids separated on chirally functionalized polysiloxane phase ; McReynolds constants of chiral phase given ; HCl gas pretreatment, colloidal silicic acid deposition best wall preparation ; Racemisation tested ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glass capillaries coated with Chirasil-Val, a chirally functionalised polysiloxane, are capable in principle of resolving all protein amino-acid enantiomers in a single run and within a short analysis time, thus allowing for example the quantitative amino acid determination by enantiomer labelling. The elution characteristics of the individual amino acids however are also dependent upon the chemical nature of the capillary wall surface, and a surface pretreatment is found to be necessary if all protein amino acids are to be analysed. Of the various methods of pretreatment tested, etching of borosilicate glass with gaseous HCl followed by deposition of colloidal silicic acid is considered to be the most suitable.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 170
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 436-440 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; „bo“ data (starting peak width) in valveless multidimensional operation studied ; Heart cutting, trapping, re-injection effects measured ; Band broadening caused by connections small (160 ms2) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to permit valveless MDSS operation and easy column change, the hardware designed contains several connections. These can give rise to extra-column band broadening effects. In order to quantitate such effects, the packed-capillary column configuration (without trap) was used. The band broadening caused by the connections was found to be small: 120 ms2. A more practical approach was used to check the performance of the trap (re-injection) in the capillary-trap-capillary column configuration. Here the results obtained with re-injection from the trap were compared with results obtained in transfer and heart-cutting modes while the trap was heated. Re-injection was tested with n-alkanes ranging from n-C6 to n-C28. A starting peak width of 1.6 s was found.
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  • 171
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 456-460 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Theory ; Linearity between peak width and retention data ; Evaluation of GC equipment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The linearity of the relationship between σT,t2 and (1 + k)2 is studied with the view of using it for the evaluation of GC equipment. Based on appropriate analytical expressions it is concluded that in general this relationship is not linear and that practical procedures for column evaluation should be developed that take this non-linearity into account.
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  • 172
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 461-474 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Limitations by temperature, in trace analysis, by irreversible adsorption ; Sample capacity, separation efficiency ; Multidimensional GC advantageous ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glass capillary gas chromatography is a high resolution separation method which allows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of even complex mixtures, which may contain many components-also isomeric-in a wide range of volatilities, polarities and concentrations.The principal limitation of gas chromatographic application is given by an insufficient volatility of the species to be separated. Elevated temperatures have to be applied if the application range is to be extended and to achieve steep peak profiles, i.e. low detection limits at high resolution. The use of elevated temperatures is limited, of course, by the temperature stability of both the solvent (stationary liquid and support) and the solutes.The problems of trace analysis for low volatility compounds at high resolution and its limitational parameters regarding sampling, separation and detection are discussed.The applicability of glass capillary columns in this field is influenced by the following parameters: tailing behaviour; irreversible adsorption of polar and decomposition of unstable solutes; thermal stability of stationary liquid (including the support deactivation); separation efficiency and sample capacity (film thickness).Multidimensional gas chromatography using capillary columns coupled either with a packed or another capilllary column for preseparations may be applied with advantage in the analysis of complex mixtures.
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  • 173
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 527-528 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Leaching compared to etching ; Leaching by 20% HCI at 240°C ; Metal ions eliminated from glass surface ; Silica layer formed on leached surface ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Enantiomer resolution ; Chiral stationary phase, chemically-bonded ; Enantiomer separation of α-amino acid derivatives by N-formyl-L-valyl-aminopropylsilanized silica (FVA-silica) phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 175
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 540-540 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 176
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 541-546 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 177
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 576-576 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, capillary and packed ; injection device for easy use of both column types ; avoids permanently rebuilding the chromatograph ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 178
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 581-582 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention indices and substituent constants ; Phenols ; Polar stationary phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 179
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 536-539 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Photoionization detector ; Detector cell volume contribution to band broadening ; Flow rate effects on volumetric-based peak variance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 180
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 549-549 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 181
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 679-686 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 715-719 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Sample introduction ; Direct manual operation at the capillary inlet ; Micro pipette is coupled onto cold separation capillary ; PTFE connection used ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Separation of polychloro biphenyls ; Separation of organochlorine pesticides ; Splitless automated injection ; Residue level ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complicated PCB mixtures can be separated in individual compounds using glass capillary gas chromatography, (GC)2. Depending on extraction and clean-up procedure it is also possible to separate and determine organochlorine pesticides at the same time.This (GC)2 technique can be used to determine the contents of individual chlorinated biphenyls in milk products and animal feedstuffs and in the analysis of complicated extracts of soil and vegetable material.Practical aspects concerning connection of the capillary, automatic splitless injection, repeatability of the retention time, quality of the column with respect to separation and adsorption and degradation of DDT are discussed.The detection of individual chlorinated biphenyls is possible at the ppb level in fats and vegetable materials, using an extraction and clean-up procedure, based on saponification of the sample.Preliminary results for milk, obtained from several areas, are shown.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 184
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 746-748 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Pt/Ir tubing ; Interfacing and coupling of columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 185
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 413-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteal cells ; Secretory granules ; Sheep ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of the sheep has been examined at the mid-stage of the estrous cycle when progesterone secretion is active. Secretory granules are associated with the secretion of this hormone, and the evidence indicates that the granule membrane becomes incorporated into the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Further evidence of this process has been obtained from studies on the uptake of horseradish peroxidase by the luteal cells.
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  • 186
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 373-386 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypogastric ganglion (rat) ; Vacuolated neurons ; Catecholamine fluorophore ; Ultrastructure ; Testosterone ; Castration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vacuolated neurons (VN) of the main hypogastric ganglion of the male rat were studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method for the histochemical demonstration of catecholamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was performed to identify the fluorophores and to quantify the FIF. The thiocholine method (Koelle-Gomori) was used to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity. The fine structure of the VN was studied using glutaraldehyde/OsO4 fixation. (1) In the untreated adult male rat VN represent only a small population of the total number of hypogastric neurons (0.8–1.2%). The vacuoles are similar to those of the VN from the corresponding female ganglion. (2) The VN are considered to be adrenergic due to the nature of their fluorophore, indicating a primary catecholamine. (3) The first VN appear in the hypogastric ganglia at the age of 7 weeks. After testosterone administration to young rats, VN are found at the age of 4 weeks. (4) The basic fine structure of the VN is similar to that of other ordinary neurons of the hypogastric ganglia. (5) The content of the vacuoles could not be identified. (6) Indications of degeneration were not observed in the VN. (7) The VN are interpreted as being a functional stage of the “short” adrenergic neurons, which are under the control of steroid hormones. (8) Fifteen months after castration, no VN could be found in the hypogastric ganglia, while their number was normal in the corresponding control animals.
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  • 187
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Filum terminale ; Spinal cord ; Glial cells ; Ultrastructure ; Frog (Rana pipiens)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The filum terminale, or terminal portion of the spinal cord, was studied in normal adult frogs (Rana pipiens) by means of light and electron microscopy. Astroglial cells are the predominant elements in this region. The rostral portion of the filum terminale consists mainly of (1) a peripheral dense ring of myelinated and some unmyelinated nerve fibers, and processes of astrocytes terminating at the subpial space; (2) an intermediate zone, in which astrocytes are the main cellular elements in addition to a few degenerated neurons; and (3) a central region where the central canal is lined by dark and light ependymal cells. In the caudal portion of the filum terminale, the amount of neuropil is greatly reduced. This region is formed mainly by astrocytic glial cells and very few neuronal elements. The central canal in the caudal portion is located ventrally and contains a lining consisting almost exclusively of dark ependymal cells.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
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  • 189
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 190
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 4-4 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 191
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 5-6 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 192
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 6-6 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 193
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 7-10 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; Fluorescence ; Ion-pair extraction ; Amines ; Post-column reaction ; Auto-analyser ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detection system is described which is based on fluorescent ion-pair formation between tertiary amine drugs and dimethoxyanthracene sulphonate. A dynamic micro-extraction principle is then used to isolate the ion-pairs from the excess reagent. The band broadening of this extraction detector was kept below 20% using standard auto-analyser equipment. With the enhanced selectivity and sensitivity of this approach it was possible to analyse chloropheniramine in urine at ppb concentrations using a pre-column clean-up trace enrichment step.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary ; Injection errors by sample discrimination ; Specific sorption within the syringe needle ; Pull back sample insert needle, warm up, inject than ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The discrimination of the high boiling components of a C9 to C44 alkane test mixture in a vaporizing injector (analysed with stream splitting on a capillary column) is mainly due to a selective elution of the sample out of the syringe needle. Different methods of handling the syringe needle are tested. The discrimination is quantitated and correlated with the material left in the needle. The poorest method of injection was found to retain the sample in the needle when the latter is introduced into the vaporizer. The sample should be pulled back into the barrel of the syringe and the needle allowed to warm up in the injector before the sample is transferred into it. The solvent flush technique may be preferred for components sensitive to the hot metal surface of the needle.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chromatography theory ; Elementary principles ; General equations for eff. plates in conically shaped columns ; Conical columns are more efficient than composite ones ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of composite chromatographic columns has been re-examined and general equations relating their efficiency to those of individual columns were derived. The derivations were based on elementary principles without reference to the principle of variance additivity. Derived also, were general equations for the efficiency of columns with continuously varying diameters, HETP and other properties from which formulae for special cases of practical interest were deduced. An example comparing the efficiencies of two columns, one conical and the other composite was given. The calculations show clearly that the conical column is superior in efficiency for the same total length and total retention volume.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 72-73 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Split injection problems even at ratios 1:100 and 0.06 ml injection ; Band broadening effects, leading tail caused by reverse solvent effect for early peaks rel. to late solvent peak ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 74-74 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Fluocortolon ; Corticoids ; LiChrosorb Si 60/dichlormethan, methanol, water preferable to reversed phase systems ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 268-269 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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