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  • 1955-1959  (728)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1890-1899
  • 1958  (728)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (621)
  • Chemical Engineering  (107)
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  • 1955-1959  (728)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1890-1899
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2553-2557 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus den Chloriden gesättigter, ungesättigter und aromatischer Mono- und Dicarbonsäuren lassen sich durch Umsetzen mit Kaliumfluorsulfinat die entsprechenden Säurefluoride unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen herstellen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1542-1545 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch den kupferkatalysierten Austausch des Halogens der Trimethyläther-bromgallussäure gegen das Phenolation des Diphenylmethylenäther-gallussäure-methylesters wurde der Diphenyläther II erhalten, aus dem einige neue Methylderivate und auch freie Dehydro-digallussäure dargestellt wurden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1555-1562 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkyl-trichloracetimidate (Ia) reagieren so rasch mit Säuren, daß normalerweise keine Imidoester-Salze II zu fassen sind, sondern sofort Spaltung in Alkylester und Trichloracetamid eintritt. Auf diese weise werden Alkylchloride und -flouride und Carbonsäure- und Phosphorsäureester dargestellt. Die Reaktion eignet sich zur Darstellung gemischter Phosphorsäureester vom Typ (CO)2P(O)OR′; der Mechanismus wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1616-1620 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bromalkyl-cyclopentanone (IIa-IId) lassen sich durch Kochen mit Kalilauge glatt in Cycloalkan-cyclopentanon-(2)-spirane überführen, von denen die Synthese der Spiroketone IIIa-IIId beschrieben wird. Weiter wird über die erste Darstellung des Bicyclo-[1.2.3]-octanons-(8) (IVb) berichtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1657-1659 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Mercaptale der 2-Desoxy-D-ribose lassen sich bei tiefer Temperatur mit 1 Mol. Benzoylchlorid in Pyridin partiell zu den 5-Benzoyl-2-desoxy-D-ribosemercaptalen benzoylieren. Daraus gewinnt man durch Abspalten von Mercaptan die 5-Benzoyl-2-desoxy-D-ribose, die zur 1.3.5-Tribenzoyl-2-desoxy-α-D-ribofuranose benzoyliert wird.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1671-1680 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der stufenweisen Methylierung des 6-Methyl-7-hydroxy- und 7-Hydroxy-2.4-dioxo-tetrahydropteridins werden Unterschiede zwischen der Substitutions-reihenfolge und der spektrophotometrisch bestimmten Dissoziations-Sequenz der aciden H-Atome festgestellt. Als Ursache dieses verschiedenartigen Verhaltens werden sterische Faktoren verantwortlich gemacht.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1713-1719 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Aroyl-propionsäuren kondensieren mit Ammoniumacetat unter Dimerisierung und Bildung von Pyrrolon-(2)-Derivaten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1732-1744 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Im sauren Caseinhydrolysat werden Harman, Dihydroharman, Harman-carbonsäure-(3), Harmalan-carbonäure-(3) und Tetrahydroharman-carbonäure-(3) nachgewiesen. Vermutlich entsteht zunächst die Tetrahydroharman-dicarbonsäure-(1.3) als primäres Umsetzungsprodukt von L-Tryptophan mit Brenztraubensäure, welche wiederum aus L-Serin stammt. Wahrscheinlich enthält auch das fermenthydrolysierte Casein Spuren von Harman und Harmalan-carbonsäure-(3).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1758-1763 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glucogitaloxin = 16-Formyl-purpureaglykosid B wurde aus den Äthanolextrakten von bei der Ernte mit Trockeneis eingefrorenen Blättern der Digitalis purpurea durch Chromatographie an Silicagel isoliert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1781-1788 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Decarboxylierung wäßriger Brenztraubensäure-Lösungen durch Aluminiumsalze verläuft mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit über die Para-Brenztrauben-säure. Diese bildet sich, bevorzugt unter dem Einfluß von komplexbildenden Metallionen, durch aldolartige Verknüpfung dreier Moleküle Brenztraubensäure. Durch Abspaltung von Waser entsteht daraus eine β. γ-ungesättigte Carbonsäure, welche unter der Wirkung des Aluminiumsalzes decarboxyliert. Das entstehende hypothetische Produkt lagert sich anschließend in das γ-Lacton der α-Methyl-α-hydroxy-β′-carboxy-adipinsäure um. Auch die offenbar nach dem gleichen Schema verlaufende Decarboxylierung des dimeren Kondensations-produktes der Brenztraubensäure, der α-Keto-γ-valerolacton-γ-carbonsäure, unter Bildung von Brenzweinsäure wird durch Aluminiumsalze beschleunigt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1794-1798 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Darstellung von Acetylzuckern mit freiem Lactol-Hydroxyl nach einer sehr vereinfachten Methode wird beschrieben.  -  Durch Kondensation dieser Substanzen mit Acetohalogenosen werden eine Reihe von neuen und einige schon bekannte nichtreduzierende Disaccharide als vollacetylierte Verbindungen gewonnen, diese in etwas besserer Ausbeute als bisher. Auch die Darstellung von Heptaacetyl-primverose ist verbessert. Weiterhin gelang die Darstellung einer 1-[β-D-Glucopyranosido]-fructose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1867-1880 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Umsetzungen von Verbindungen des allgemeinen Typs C6H5(CH3)N·[CH:CH]n·CO·R (R=H, n=1, 2; R=CH3, Alkyl-, Aryl-, n=1) mit magnesium-(lithium-) organischen Verbindungen R′ -  Me(R′=Aryl-, Aralkenyl-, Alkenyl-, Alkyl-, Acetylenyl-) führen in z. T. ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten zu ungesättigten Aldehyden und Ketonen des Typs R′·[CH:CH]n·CO·R.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1905-1909 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Abbau entsprechender Carbonsäuren werden die Aminopyridine IIIa und IIIb dargestellt und die Cyclisierung der daraus gewonnenen Diazoniumsalze untersucht. Hierbei entstehen die Ester der Dihydro-benzochinolin-carbon-säuren IIa und IIb.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1935-1941 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzaldehyd-äthylenacetal Sowie die Äthylenacetale einiger substituierter Benzaldehyde sind leicht autoxydabel. In allen Fällen wurden kristallisierte Acetalhydroperoxyde isoliert. Diese gehen durch Reduktion oder durch hydrolytische Abspaltung von Wasserstoffperoxyd in Glykolester über. Die Bromierung des Benzaldehyd-äthylenacetals führt unter Ringöffnung zum β-Bromäthyl-benzoat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1955-1960 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Haftfestigkeit anorganischer Redoxsysteme an Kationen- und Anionen-austauschern und das Reduktionsvermögen der beladenen Austauscher wurden untersucht.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1970-1978 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Hydrierung von as-p-Xylenol mit Nickel unter Druck werden alle 4 isomeren hexahydrierten Xylenole, mit Platinmohr in Eisessig drei davon, aber in wesentlich anderem Mengenverhältnis erhalten, über die sauren Phthalate getrennt und durch Derivate charakterisiert. Durch Oxydation zu zwei Ketonen wird die paarweise Zugehörigkeit zur Reihe des cis- und des trans- 1.4-Dimethyl-cyclohexans erkannt; über die beiden Ketoxime werden durch alkalische Reduktion zwei Amine erhalten, aus deren Umsetzung mit salpetriger Säure die konfigurative Stellung des Hydroxyls der Alkohole folgt. Eine der beiden früure von Skita vorgenommenen Konfigurationszuordnungen wird als irrtümlich erwiesen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1996-1999 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enamine werden mit α,β-ungesättigten Fettsäureestern in Cyclanon-carbon-säureester übergeführt und letztere durch Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure in γ-Amino-dicarbonsäuren umgewandelt. Auf diese Weise wurden γ-Amino-kork- und γ-Amino-azelainsäure erhalten.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2239-2246 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Addition aromatischer Aminoverbindungen an Acrylsäure-methylester bzw. Itaconsäure wurden Abkömmlinge des β-Alanins und der Pyrrolidoncarbonsäure dargestellt, da diese Verbindungsklassen von physiologischem Interesse sind.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2032-2039 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die beim Erhitzen von reinem Dimethylolharnstoff und die bei der alkalischen Kondensation von Dimethylolharnstoff oder Harnstoff mit 2 Moll. Formaldehyd entstehenden schwerlöslichen Produkte müssen ihren Infrarotspektren nach trotz wechselnder Zusammensetzung ähnlich aufgebaut sein. Eine cyclische Struktur wird durch einen Vergleich mit den Infrarotspektren einiger Verbindungen vom Urontyp unwahrscheinlich gemacht. Zusammensetzung und Spektren der untersuchten Stoffe sprechen am ehesten für Strukturen mit Methylenätherbrücken.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2061-2065 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus Abwasserfaulschlamm von Hefefabriken werden die Benzimidazol- und 5-Methyl-benzimidazol-cobalamin-Analoga in kristallisierter Form gewonnen. Ihre Struktur wird durch Abbau zu den entsprechenden Nucleotiden und Basen sowie durch Vergleich mit den biosynthetisch hergestellten „Cobalaminen“ sichergestellt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2089-2094 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die durch Kondensation von m-Aminophenol order m-Anisidin mit Benzoin gebildeten Derivate des 2.3-Diphenyl-indols enthalten die Hydroxy- bzw. Methoxygruppe in 4- und nicht in 6-Stellung.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2151-2157 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von 2.3;10.11-Dibenzo-perylen (I) mit Maleinsäureanhydrid wird ausschließlich das 1.12;2.3;10.11-Tribenzo-perylen-dicarbonsäureanhydrid (II) gebildet, bei dessen Decarboxylierung das 1.12;4.5;8.9-Tribenzo-perylen (XIII) entsteht. Dessen Struktur wurde durch eine unabhängige weitere Synthese bewiesen. Desgleichen wurde das isomere 1.12;4.5;8.9-Tribenzo-perylen (X) synthetisiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2143-2150 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Auflösung von reinstem Elektrolytchrom in Salzsäure, Bromwasserstoffsäure, Jodwasserstoffsäure, Schwefelsäure, Perchlorsäure, Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, oder Oxalsäure führt bei Luftabschluß zu Chrom(II)-Lösungen, die praktisch frei von dreiwertigem Chrom und infolge ihrer Reinheit ganz ungewöhnlich stabil sind.  -  Die Darstellung verschiedener, bisher nicht bekannter Salze aus wäßriger Lösung wird beschrieben, so u. a. des grünen Oxalats CrC2O4 · 2H2O, eines blauen Perchlorat-Hydrats sowie der blauen Hydrate CrCl2 · 4H2O, CrBr2 · 6H2O, CrJ2 · 6H2O und ihrer grünen isomeren Formen. Das bisher als extrem sauerstoffempfindlich bekannte blaue Sulfat CrSO4 · 5H2O ist in reinem Zustand an der Atmosphäre Jahre hindurch haltbar; es ist mit CuSO4 · 5H2O isotyp.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2216-2222 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unter verschiedenen mit Äthylenimin umgesetzten Alkoxy-p-benzochinonen kommt dem 2.6-Dimethoxy-benzochinon-(1.4) eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Es liefert in unerwarteter Reaktion nebeneinander 2.6-Bis-äthylenimino-hydrochinon und 2.3.5-Tris-äthylenimino-benzochinon-(1.4).
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2418-2419 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus synthet. Ornithin werden die optischen Isomeren in guter Ausbeute durch Racemattrennung mittels Dibenzoyl-D-weinsäure in wäßrigem Isopropylalkohol gewonnen.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2427-2431 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die aus den Acylaminomalonsäure-dialkylestern durch partielle Verseifung leicht erhältlichen Monoester kondensieren sich mit Formaldehyd in Gegenwart von Dimethylamin unter Decarboxylierung zu α-Acylaminoacrylestern.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2446-2451 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung und die Eigenschaften von Aluminiumtrialkylätheraten des Anisols berichtet. Diese sind im Gegensatz zu den analogen Ätheraten des Diäthyläthers ausgezeichnete Polymerisationbeschleuniger für die Herstellung von Polyäthylen nach ZIEGLER.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1100-1106 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch säurekatalysierte Alkoholyse von α-Acetoxy-β-diketonen wurden α-Hydroxy-β-diketone dargestellt. In analoger Weise lieferte die durch Einwirkung von Blei(IV)-acetat auf das Dimethylacetal des Acetessigaldehyds gewonnene Acetoxyverbindung das Dimethylacetal des α-Hydroxy-β-ketobutyraldehyds.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1129-1131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Einige N-mono- und -disubstituierte Carbonamide wurden mit Benzolsulfochlorid in Pyridin in die Imido-sulfonate übergeführt und durch Einleiten von Schwefelwasserstoff thiolysiert. Diese Methode ergänzt die kürzlich beschriebene von Ketoximen ausgehende Synthese von Thioamiden, scheint ihr aber in Anwendungsbreite und Ausbeuten unterlegen zu sein.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Kondensation des 1-Acetyl-indoxyls (I) mit Cyanessigsäure führt unter bestimmten Bedingungen zu [1-Acetyl-indolyl-(3)]-acetonitril (II). Aus diesen entsteht durch alkalische Verseifung Heteroauxin (III) und durch Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid, unter gleichzeitiger Abspaltung der N-Acetylgruppe, Tryptamin (IV). Das aus 2-Chlor-5-amino-benzoesäure leicht zugängliche 1-Acetyl-5-benzyloxy-indoxyl (XI) wurde durch analoge Behandlung in Serotonin (XIV) umgewandelt.
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  • 33
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1165-1169 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Chlorierung von Fettsäuren mittlerer Kettenlänge erfolgt durch Einleiten von Chlor unter Lichteinwirkung mit guten Ausbeuten. Während dabei für die niederen Homologen Schwefel und Phosphorpentachlorid als Mischkatalysatoren ausreichen, sind für die höheren Thionylchlorid oder aber Jod und Phosphor als Katalysatoren nötig. Die Umsetzung des Säurechlorids führt zu sehr guten Ergebnissen; Ester lassen sich schlecht chlorieren.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1195-1200 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Während aus Chlorsulfonylisocyanat, CISO2NCO, und sekundären Aminen direkt N-Alkylderivate des Harnstoffsulfonsäure-amids entstehen, liefert die Umsetzung mit Ammoniak hauptsächlich das Harnstoffsulfonsäure-imid. Bei der Hydrolyse dieser Verbindung wird das gemischte Amid H2N—CO—NH—SO2—NH2 erhalten.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1214-1216 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Freie Zucker lassen sich, gelöst in Dimethylsulfoxyd, durch H-Ionen-Katalyse in ein Gemisch von Oligo- und Polysacchariden überführen: beschrieben am Beispiel der D-Glucose. Die Polysaccharide werden von den Oligosacchariden durch Dialyse (Cellophan) befreit und in der Ultrazentrifuge untersucht. Durch totale Hydrolyse wird D-Glucose zurückgewonnen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1239-1241 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Brom-äthylamin-hydrobromid setzt sich mit Thioharnstoff zum S-[β-Aminoäthyl]-isothioharnstoff-dihydrobromid um. Dieses Salz cyclisiert sich beim Erhitzen praktisch quantitativ zum 2-Imino-thiazolidin-hydrobromid (II).
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  • 37
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1266-1273 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus N-Pyridyl-(4)-pyridiniumchlorid-hydrochlorid oder dem daraus leicht erhältlichen Pyridyl-(4)-phenyl-äther werden mit primären und sekundären Aminen substituierte 4-Amino-pyridine gewonnen. Der Reaktionsmechanismus und, damit verbunden, die Stellungsabhängigkeit der Umsetzung werden untersucht und diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 38
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1295-1300 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzal-bis-pyridiniumbromid gibt ein Betain, das formal nur aus Benzaldehyd und Pyridin (1:1) zusammengesetzt ist und das alkalisch und sauer in diese Bestandteile zerfällt. Salz und Betain geben mit Nitrosodimethylanilin/Natriumcyanid das Nitron des Benzoylcyanids. - Das nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen erhältliche Methylen-bis isochinoliniumbromid wird charakterisiert; das entsprechende Bis-chinoliniumsalz existiert nicht.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1322-1329 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Für die bei der metallionenkatalytischen Spaltung von Estern der Phosphorsäure auftretende Substratspezifität dürfte in erster Linie die partielle Polarisierung der Esterbindung ausschlaggebend sein, da die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit des Reaktionszwischenproduktes vornehmlich den Umsatz bestimmt. Die geringere Spaltungsgeschwindigkeit der Di-Ester gegenüber derjenigen der Mono-Ester ist auf Affinitäts-Unterschiede der beiden Substratgruppen zum Katalysator zurückzuführen. - Elektronegative Substituenten in der Estermolekel bedingen nicht nur raschere Hydrolyse, sondern gleichzeitig auch eine Verschiebung der pH- Spaltungsoptima gegen das neutrale Gebiet hin.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1344-1347 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Michael-Addition von Dihydroresorcin an ω-Nitrostyrol und 1-Nitro-2-methyl-äthylen wurden Derivate des 5.6.7.8-Tetrahydro-benzoxazin-oxyds erhalten, während mit Nitroäthylen als einziges Reaktionsprodukt 1.1-Bis-[2-nitro-äthyl]-cyclohexandion-(2.6) isoliert wurde. Das Reaktionsprodukt aus ω-Nitrostyrol und Dihydroresorcin ergab bei der Hydrolyse mit Salzsäure α-Phenyl-γ-keto-korksäure. Die katalytische Hydrierung führte zu 3-Phenyl-4.5.6.7-tetrahydro-indolon-(4) und der entsprechenden Hexahydroverbindung.
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  • 41
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der spontanen Polymerisation des Phenylisocyanids bei Raumtemperatur entsteht neben Harzen ein blauer Farbstoff, der isoliert und als Indigo-dianil erkannt wurde. Substituierte und homologe aromatische Isocyanide liefern, wenn überhaupt, nur Spuren analoger Farbstoffe. Der Mechanismus dieser neuen, einfachen Indigo-Synthese wird diskutiert.
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  • 43
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1404-1410 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch „topochemische“ Umsetzung von festem α-Pyridoin mit Benzoylchlorid wird das Dibenzolderivat (als Hydrochlorid) erhalten. Dieses und das früher analog hergestellte Diacetylderivat erleiden schon beim Kochen mit Äthanol Äthanolyse unter Bildung der Monoacylderivat der Ketol-Form. p-Toluol-sulfonsäurechlorid dehydriert α-Pyridoin in Pyridinlösung zum α-Pyridil.  -  Bei Umsetzungen mit Phenyl- und Methylphenylhydrazin verhält sich α-Pyridoin z. T. anders als das Benzoin.  -  α-Pyridoin bildet eine schwarzviolette, nicht sehr beständige 1:1-Kupfer-Komplexverbindung.
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  • 44
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1411-1415 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthese und einige Umwandlungen des Diazoketons „Azi-α-pyridil“ werden beschrieben.
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  • 45
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1438-1452 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine verbesserte Analysenmethode gestattet es, die bei der Reaktion des 2-Fluor naphthalins mit Phenyl-lithium und nachfolgender Carboxylierung entstehenden drei isomeren Phenyl-naphthoesäuren quantitativ zu erfassen; die Umsetzung wird über 1.2- und 2.3-Naphthin als Zwischenstufen formuliert. Der über 1.2-Naphthin reagierende Anteil liefert 2-Phenyl-1- und 1-Phenyl-2-naphthoesäure im gleichen Verhältnis, gleichgültig ob man von 1- oder 2-Fluor-naphthalin ausgeht. 1-Fluor-naphthalin gibt mit überschüssigen n-Butyl-lithium nach Carboxylierung die beiden 1.2-isomeren n-Butyl-naphthoesäuren sowie mit tert. Butyl-lithium nach Hydrolyse 1- und 2-tert.Butyl-naphthalin. Das intermediäre 1.2-Naphthin addiert dabei die lithiumorganischen Verbindungen unabhängig von deren Raumbedarf im konstanten Verhältnis 66 : 34 in den Positionen 2 und 1. Für den Vorzug der Anlagerung in 2 werden elektronische Faktoren verantwortlich gemacht.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1488-1494 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-[β-Brom-äthyl]-benzaldehyd reagiert mit Hydroxylamin unter Ringschluß zu 3.4-Dihydro-isochinolin-N-Oxyde (II). Weitere N-Oxyde werden nach dem gleichen Verfahren hergestellt. II geht bei 250° in Isochinolin, beim Erhitzen mit Acetanhydrid in 2-Acetyl-1-oxo-1.2.3.4-tetrahydro-isochinolin über. Auch aus Pyryliumsalzen lassen sich mit Hydroxylamin N-Oxyde herstellen.
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  • 47
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1512-1515 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Propan-disulfonsäure-(1.3)-anhydrid läßt sich mit Ausbeuten von 90% und darüber gewinnen, wenn man die Disulfonsäure mit Phosphoroxychlorid 1 Stde. auf 80° erwärmt. Es reagiert leicht mit Ammoniak, Aminen und Alkoholaten.
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  • 48
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1801-1805 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das durch zwei Ätherbrücken in ebener Anordnung stabilisierte Triphenylmethyl ist in Lösung und im kristallisierten Zustand praktisch vollständig dissoziiert.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Gegenwart von Trialkylaminen lassen sich aromatische α-Ketonitrile gut zur Acylierung von Verbindungen mit aktiver Methylengruppe verwenden. Diese Acylierungsmethode ermöglicht die Darstellung von C-Monoacylverbindungen unter milden Bedingungen. Analog reagieren Cyanameisensäure-äthylester und Cyanameisensäure-diäthylamid unter Einführung der Carbäthoxy- bzw. Carbamidgruppe.
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  • 50
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1851-1855 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine Dicarbonsäure der Bi-[1.2.3-triazolyl]-Reihe wurde in die Spiegelbild-isomeren getrennt. Die optische Aktivität erklärt sich aus der Behinderung der freien Drehbarkeit der beiden Triazolringe.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 51
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 52
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2296-2304 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dem durch Umsetzung von C6H5PCl2 mit C6H5PH2 in Äther in fast quantitativer Ausbeute erhaltenen „Phosphobenzol“ kommt die Formel (C6H5P)4 zu; es besitzt wahrscheinlich eine P4-Ringstruktur. Eine Reihe von Umsetzungen und Derivaten dieses Tetraphenyl-cyclo-tetraphosphins wird beschrieben. Die Elektronendonatorqualitäten der P4-Ringatome erweisen sich als sehr gering. Die Annahme von MAHLER und BURG, daß die Ringstruktur durch zusätzliche pπ-dπ-Bindungen zwischen den einzelnen P-Atomen und ihren beiden jeweiligen Ringnachbarn stabilisiert wird, scheint sich demnach zu bestätigen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2336-2341 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über den Nachweis der Existenz des ungeladenen Di-cyclopentadienyl-rhodiums (II), Rh(C5H5)2, berichtet, das sich durch Neutronenbestrahlung aus Ruthenocen im Sinne von \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {}^{104}{\rm Ru}\left({{\rm C}_5 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 \buildrel {\left({{\rm n},\gamma } \right)} \over\longrightarrow {}^{105}{\rm Ru}\left({{\rm C}_5 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 \buildrel {\beta ^ -, \gamma } \over \longrightarrow {}^{105}{\rm Rh}\left({{\rm C}_5 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 \buildrel {\beta ^ - } \over \longrightarrow $$\end{document} bildet. Die Verbindung ist erwartungsgemäß sublimierbar und oxydations-empfindlich.
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  • 54
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2358-2365 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Fortführung der Untersuchungen über die dienophilen Eigenschaften von Dehydrobenzol wurde dieses mit N-Methyl-pyrrol in Reaktion gebracht, wobei die aus einer 1.4-Addition hervorgehenden Verbindungen VI und VII als Haupt-produkte zu isolieren waren. Ihr Entstehungschemismus wird diskutiert und zum Schluß auf die Bedeutung des HOFMANN-Abbaus bei endo-Ammonium-hydroxyden hingewiesen.
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  • 55
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2388-2394 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Norcampher läßt sich in flüssigem Ammoniak mit Na-Acetylid mit etwa 90-proz. Ausbeute in 2-Äthinyl-bicyclo-[1.2.2]-heptanol-(2) überführen. Mit Dimethylformamid als Lösungsmittel gelang es auch, 3-Methyl-norcampher (exo-Apocamphenilon), 3.3-Dimethyl-norcampher (Camphenilon) und π-Brom-d-campher zu äthinieren und die Ausbeute an Äthinylcarbinol bei der Äthinierung von d-Campher und d-Fenchon gegenüber den bisherigen Verfahren zu verbessern.  -  Von einigen bicyclischen Äthinylcarbinolen wurden die entspr. Halogenäthinylcarbinole bzw. die Carbamate dargestellt.
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  • 56
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2485-2495 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Isocyclische und heterocyclische Verbindungen mit zwei zueinander ortho-oder peri-ständigen Halogenmethyl-Gruppen bilden mit primären aliphatischen Aminen bei Zimmertemperatur cyclische, tertiäre Amine vom Dihydro-pyrrol- bzw. Tetrahydro-pyridin-Typus. Sek. Amine reagieren unter gleichen Bedingungen zu cyclischen, quartären Ammoniumsalzen, die im Falle von sek. Ringbasen als Kondensationspartnern spirocyclische Konstitution besitzen.  -  Reaktionserfolg und Ausbeute schwanken in weiten Grenzen je nach der Natur der angewandten Halogenmethylverbindung.
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  • 57
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2459-2471 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Anlagerung monosubstituierter Acetylenverbindungen an p-Benzochinon und mehrkernige Chinone mit Hilfe der Lithiumsalze der Acetylenderivate in flüssigem Ammoniak oder absol. Toluol führt je nach den Versuchsbedingungen zu Mono- oder Dichinolen, die im sauren Medium leicht Umlagerungen erleiden.
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  • 58
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2534-2537 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetylierte Zuckermercaptale ergeben mit 1 Mol. Brom in wasserfreiem Medium Halbmercaptalbromide, aus denen weitere Derivate von Mercaptalen und Acetalen gewonnen werden können. Die Umsetzung acetylierter Thioglykoside mit 1 Mol. Brom unter Ausschluß von Wasser führt unter Waldenscher Umkehrung zu Acetobromzuckern. Es wird die erstmalig gelungene Synthese der β-Acetobromglucose beschrieben.
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  • 59
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 60
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2578-2580 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: p-Toluolsulfonyl-isocyanat und Phenyl-isocyanat setzen sich im Schmelzfluß mit N-substituierten Säurehydraziden zu substituierten 1.2.4-Triazolonen-(5) um.
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  • 61
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 170-174 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Virtually all filtration literature has been concerned with constant rate or constant pressure with greater emphasis on the latter. In contrast to these types of operations, industrial filtrations involving centrifugal pumps are accomplished under variable-pressure - variable-rate conditions. In spite of its importance virtually no work has been reported in connection with variable-rate - variable-pressure filtration. Formulas developed for constant pressure and constant-rate filtration are not in general applicable to operations effected by centrifugal pumps. Methods solving variable-pressure - variable-rate filtration problems are presented.A method of determining average filtration resistance as a function of compressive pressure under variable-pressure - variable-rate conditions is discussed, and formulas for determining point filtration resistance from data for average resistances are presented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the individual film coefficients of mass transfer for two binary liquid-liquid systems of differing physical properties, namely methyl isobutyl carbinol-water and methylethyl ketone-water, in a 4-in. diam. extraction column operated as a spray column and with 1/2-in. Raschig ring packing. The value of Ht for the dispersed phase was found to be a constant, C1 for a given system in a given column. The Ht values for the continuous phase could be correlated by the equation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$(H_t )_c = C_2 (V_c /V_d )^n $$\end{document} Values of the constants C1, C2, and n are tabulated along with the values found by earlier investigators for other systems and column packings. The Ht values have been reduced to area base coefficients by the expression for droplet surface area proposed by Gaylor and Pratt (3).Presaturation of either phase was found to have no effect on mass transfer rates. There appears to be relatively little difference in the efficiency of spray and packed columns for systems of low interfacial tension, but for high interfacial-tension systems packed columns are considerably more efficient than spray columns.While no definitive correlations for the effect of physical properties are proposed, there are some indications that n is a function of the viscosity ratio of the two liquid phases and that C2 is a function of the 1/4 power of the groups (dΔργ/μ2c)(μc/μa) and (NS c)c. No correlation was found for the effect of physical properties on (Ht)d.
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for condensing Freon-114 (tetrafluorodichloroethane) and steam at several pressures. The condition of the vapors ranged from saturation to 180°F. of superheat. The condensing tube containing embedded thermocouples was 3/4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. long. Visual observation showed that steam condensed by dropwise condensation in part. Increase of superheat in the vapor at constant pressure caused a lowering of the tube-wall temperature, which was indicative of a lowering of the surface temperature of the condensate. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature below the saturation temperature was computed from the experimental tube-wall temperatures, the heat flux, and Nusselt's equation for the condensate-film resistance. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature is correlated with degree of superheat. An interfacial coefficient of heat transfer between the superheated vapor and the condensate surface is reported based on the computed surface temperatures. Schrage's analysis and equations for relating mass and heat transfer with conditions at an interface were simplified and used to correlated the experimental condensing load with the degree of superheat.
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and momentum transfer studies have been made for the flow of gases through fixed beds consisting of randomly packed, solid metallic particles. The experimental technique employed in these studies made possible for the first time the procurement of gas-film heat transfer data under steady state conditions and in the absence of mass transfer effects. Electric current passed through the metallic particles of the bed created within the particles a steady generation of heat, which was continuously removed by gases flowing through the bed. Several direct temperature measurements of both gases and solids within the bed made possible the direct calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the gas film to produce the Colburn heat transfer factor jh, which has been found to correlate with the modified Reynolds number, Reh = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)ϕ]. The shape factor ϕ was established in these studies for cubes and cylinders and was found to be identical to their respective sphericities.Pressure-drop measurements produced a friction factor fk of the Blake type, which yielded separate curves for each shape when correlated with the modified Reynolds number Rem. No simple relationship was found to exist between the heat transfer and friction factors. A single correlation of the pressure-drop data was obtained for the modulus fkoϕn when correlated with a Reynolds number of the type Rem = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)]. The exponent n varies with the particle shape.Experimental runs have been carried out for 3/16, 1/4, 5/16-in. spheres, 1/4 and 3/8-in. cubes, and regular cylinders using hydrogen and carbon dioxide to extend the range of molecular weights beyond that of air, used for the majority of these runs. A particle-size, column-diameter effect was found to exist for both heat and momentum transfer. This effect becomes significant in the low Reynolds region.
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  • 65
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the rate of heat transfer by natural convection is the temperature-density relationship of the convecting fluid. The importance of this factor is amplified when the heat is being transferred to a medium which has a maximum density.This investigation consisted of measuring the heat transfer rates, velocity gradients, and temperature profiles when heat is transferred from a flat vertical plate to water in the region of 4°C. In some experiments the flow in the boundary layer was observed to be downward while at other conditions of plate and fluid temperature a dual motion (both up and down) was noted, thus establishing a basic difference in the heat transfer mechanism and precluding a unified theory. Theoretical consideration is given to each mechanism and a criterion is derived to predict the flow regime which will prevail at fixed conditions of plate and bulk temperatures.An analogue computer was used to establish theoretical velocity and temperature profiles. The theoretical values agree reasonably well with the measured values; however, the experimental temperrature gradients near the wall were not sufficiently accurate to be extrapolated to determine a point heat transfer coefficent.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 114-124 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer from 3/8- and 1/2-in.-diameter spheres of adipic acid and from 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8- and 3/4-in.-diameter spheres of benzoic acid into a controlled stream of water passing in laminar flow through a 3-in.-diameter pipe is found to be correlated by the single equaton NSh = 2 + 0.95 NRe0.5 NSc0.33 for sphere Reynolds numbers between 100 and 700. The limitations on the application of this equation, due to mass transfer by natural convection, are discussed. Correlations are also obtained for transfer from separate regions of the sphere surface.Skin-friction-drag coefficients for single fixed spheres have been calculated from reported pressure distributions for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 1,000.Good agreement is obtained between the mass transfer j factor and other reported values for heat transfer, but comparison with the calculated frictional forces indicates that the equality proposed by Colburn (3) does not hold, because the distributions of the mass transfer and the skin friction over the surface differ.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 6M 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 69
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A corresponding-states correlation of low-density binary- and self-diffusion coefficients is presented. The equations are simple to use, are sufficiently accurate for most calculations, and correlate those data used in their derivation somewhat better than calculations based on the Lennard-Jones potential if potential parameters have to be estimated from the critical properties. The Enskog kinetic theory of dense gases is used in modified form to obtain an expression for the high-density diffusion coefficient for isotopic mixtures in terms of the viscosity and compressibility of the gas. Generalized viscosity and compressibility charts are then used to construct a graph for predicting a reduced self-diffusion coefficient as a function of reduced temperature Tr = T/Tc and reduced pressure pr = p/pc. The effect of the pressure on the Schmidt number, Sc = μ/ρD, is also discussed. Finally the extension of this chart to nonisotopic mixtures is considered.
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 223-230 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of absorption of chlorine from chlorine-nitrogen mixtures into solutions of ferrous chloride in 0.203 N aqueous hydrochloric acid was studied in a short wetted-wall column. Dimensional analysis and the film and penetration theories were used to infer, from the absorption rate data, that the chemical reaction between chlorine and the ferrous ion is second order. The absorption-rate results for experiments with a dilute gas phase agreed with theoretical predictions for absorption accompanied by a second order reaction with a reaction rate constant of 188 liters/(g. mole) (sec.). The results for experiments with pure chlorine gas deviated from the rest of the results, and they did not agree with the theoretical equations. It was shown that the assumption of a three-step mechanism for the chemical reaction, including the formation of a complex ion and the decompositon of this complex ion, explains, at least qualitatively, the deviations observed for the pure chlorine gas runs.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 6J 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 72
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 73
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A reduced-state viscosity correlation has been constructed from the available data of the inert gases. For the development of this correlation, the fragmentary experimental data for argon were utilized along the lines proposed for thermal conductivities by Owens and Thodos (21) in order to determine the effect of pressure on viscosity. In addition, the only available low-pressure viscosity data for neon and helium have been incorporated in this correlation to produce for the first time the effect of subatmospheric pressures. This correlation covers the range of pressures included between PR = 40 and PR = 0.015 × 10-4 and extends up to temperatures of TR = 100. It has been found that the effect of subatmospheric pressures on viscosity does not become significant above pressures of 1 mm. of mercury. However, at lower pressures, viscosity is found to decrease rapidly, particularly in the regions below absolute pressures of 0.01 mm. of mercury.Viscosities calculated with the reduced state correlation produce an average over-all deviation of 0.93% for neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. In these comparisons the available viscosity data for the gaseous and liquid states of these substances have been included. Deviations of the same order of magnitude are produced for helium in the gaseous state; however, these deviations become excessive for viscosities of helium in the liquid state.The application of the final reduced state correlation has been extended to a number of diatomic and polyatomic gases and found to apply well to the diatomic gases only.
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 266-268 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The correlation of Kolodzie and Van Winkle (3) for predicting dry plate orifice coefficients through perforated plates originally covering a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 20,000 has been extended to apply to Reynolds numbers as low as 400. The correlation applies to column diameters ranging from 3 to 15 in.
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region of the system show a wide variation in their phase behavior. As part of an investigation of the factors responsible for this variation, the P-V-T-x relations of the ammonia-n-butane system were determined at the liquid-vapor phase boundaries from near room temperature to the highest temperature and pressure at which the liquid and vapor coexist. Ammonia and n-butane form an azeotrope whose composition varies from 81.7 mole % ammonia at 300 1b./sq. in. to 86.3 mole % at 1295 1b./sq. in. The critical locus possesses a minimum temperature point similar to other binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region. The experimental results support the hypothesis that binary systems that form azetropes exhibit a characteristic pattern of P-T-x relations in the critical region that is distinctively different from systems that do not form azeotropes.
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The basic differential equations are developed for the prediction of saturation-time curves for the drainage of packed beds in either gravitational or centrifugal fields. The only mathematical solution existing at present, a series solution, is provided for these equations. A film drainage function is included to describe the movement of liquid along the surface of the particles when the main liquid level has passed through the pores of the bed. This method of analysis has been used successfully to predict the drainage of packed beds in a 9-in.-diameter hydroextractor. The important value of capillary suction head is best found from ancillary tests with Haines apparatus, but the value can be found with reasonable accuracy from the change in drainage rate as the liquid surface enters the upper surface of the packed bed. When these two rates are available, the permeability can also be found, and all the major variables are obtained from the drainage test on either the hydroextractor cake or the packed bed under gravity drainage.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 324-329 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments in which a liquid film runs over a vertical string of spheres surrounded by a concentric tube through which air is blown upward have shown that loading in a packed tower is due to the formation of standing waves on the liquid film. In the ball-and-tube system a wave is formed just below the equator of each ball, owing to the pressure gradient within the air stream as it accelerates through the narrowing gap between the ball and the tube. Interfacial shear and surface tension are of secondary importance. The similarity between the characteristics of the ball-and-tube system and those of the randomly packed tower suggests that loading in the latter system is also due to wave formation. With this concept of loading, a correlation has been dérived.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local boiling heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for nucleate boiling around the outer circumference of horizontal copper tubing. The tubes used were of 16 B.W.G. hard-temper copper with outside diameters of 1 1/4 and 2 in; the liquids boiled were methanol and n-hexane. The maximum peripheral variation occurred with the 1 1/4-in. tube in methanol where an over-all ΔT of 30.2°F. gave local outside coefficients varying between 249 and 548 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.). The minimum variation was found to occur in the same system, in which an over-all ΔT of 72.3°F. gave coefficients varying between 856 and 910 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(F.°). The results, plotted in polar coordinates, showed a cardioid configuration for methanol with the maximum coefficients occurring at the bottom of the tube. The n-hexane results had the general shape of horizontal ellipses with maximum coefficients occurring at the sides of the tube.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 460-464 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The radial variation of void fraction in randomly packed beds of spheres, cylinders, Raschig rings, and Berl saddles was investigated. After packing, the beds were filled with paraffin, which was then allowed to solidify. Slabs were cut from the bed, and annular rings were removed by two different experimental techniques. An analysis of experimental error revealed that reproducibility, for the sample size used, between different parts of the same bed and different beds was quite good.For highly irregular shapes such as Berl saddles results indicate that the void fraction decreases regularly from one at the wall to the average porosity at about 1 particle radius from the wall. This is in agreement with work of other investigators using irregularly shaped packings; most commercial packings would probably fit in this category.For regularly shaped particles results are quite different. For spheres and cylinders cycling was observed for more than 2 particle diam. into the bed, the amplitude decreasing as distance from the wall was increased. The maxima and minima were observed at integral multiples of the particle radius. For Raschig rings a hump was observed at about 1/2 particle radius from the wall. The void fraction then decreased to its average value at 1 particle radius and then remained constant.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 494-494 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 499-500 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 498-498 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the problem of heat transfer with simultaneous heat generation in viscous tubular flow is presented. The temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients which are obtained apply to compressible as well as incompressible Newtonian and power-law non-Newtonian fluids with constant physical properties and to systems in which the heat generation is an arbitrary function of radius. An example of heat transfer with frictional heat generation in a non-Newtonian fluid is also presented, and the solution to the problem in which a fluid enters a tube in laminar flow with an arbitrary temperature profile is given, with a consideration of a first approximation to the case of heat transfer in a turbulent fluid in which heat is being generated.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 332-337 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of local heat transfer coefficients in a baffled tubular heat exchanger for five baffle spacings and two tube spacings (23/16-in.-pitch, four-tube bundle, and 11/4-in.-pitch, fourteen-tube bundle) is reported. Shell-side air-flow rate was constant for all runs. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficient around the tubes and along the length of the tubes for each tube spacing and baffle spacing was investigated. Average shell-side heat transfer coefficients were evaluated from local values and were found to agree with average values reported in the literature. These average values varied with the six-tenths power of the mass velocity in the heat exchanger. The average Nusselt number and the pressure drop across the exchanger each increased at about the same rate as the number of baffles was increased from two to ten. The average heat transfer rate decreased with decreased tube spacing. This effect was evident from the local heat transfer coefficients, and it is explained on the basis of the mechanism of flow around tubes. An eddy flow zone was detected between the baffles. Average heat transfer rates in the eddy and crossflow zones were almost equal and were about 15% below the average rate in the longitudinal-flow zone. The variation of the average heat transfer coefficient along a tube definitely showed the effects of baffles. High coefficients occurred in the baffle holes and in the baffle windows.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 356-361 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been developed for the calculation of van der Waals' constants both a and b for hydrocarbons usually encountered, including the aliphatic, naphthenic, and aromatic types. With these constants critical temperatures and pressures can be calculated directly.Methods recently made available (12, 13, 14, 15) allow the calculation of these constants through the use of substitution values involving the replacement of hydrogen atoms by methyl groups in a definitely prescribed pattern. In this study van der Waals' constants are directly calculated from a consideration only of the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon. This approach has become possible through the assignment of group contributions to different types of carbon atoms, which can be combined in any manner to produce the van der Waals' constants representative of the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 380-382 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The axial dispersion of water flowing through fixed beds was determined by measuring and recording the dispersion of a pulse input of dye at one or two points downstream of the injection site. Dispersion coefficients at various flow rates were obtained in systems of 1/2-, 1-, 3-, and 5-mm. spheres and 2- and 6-mm. rings each packed in a 1.5-in. I.D. column. Data were also obtained with 3-mm. spheres in a 1-in. I.D. column. Bed length was varied from 6 to 36 in. Void fractions of from 0.365 to 0.645 were represented by the systems studied. One gas system was studied at Reynolds numbers below unity.The results of the water study indicate that the dispersion coefficient increases linearly with the Reynolds number in the range of Re = 0.5 to 100. Beyond that point the Reynolds number exponent decreases through 0.85 to a value of about 0.25 at a characteristic breakpoint in the region of Re = 350 to 400. Pressure-drop data secured for the systems studied clearly indicate that the cited breakpoint in dispersion behavior is identical with the well-known region of flow transition as characterized by the friction-factor-Reynolds-number relationship within a given system.The dispersion values for the 5- and 6-mm. particles, while obeying this Reynolds-number functionality, are of lower magnitude.A theory based upon bed-v⊙id cell-mixing efficiency is developed, and this efficiency is shown to be directly proportional to the Peclet number, which at the condition of perfect void-cell mixing should attain a value of about 2.Anomalous behavior was noted in two respects: (1) the pulse amplitude change between two stations is greater than that predicted by either diffusion or cell-mixing theory, lending strong support to a bed-capacitance effect, and (2) short-bed studies revealed unusually high dispersion coefficients, reflecting short-circuiting, that is, poor cell-mixing efficiencies in these shallow beds, presumably owing to entrance effects, yet independent of the mode of pulse injection.The dispersion of a pulse of air injected into a stream of helium flowing through a gas chromatographic column was briefly investigated. At Re 〈 1, E was found to be about equal to the calculated molecular diffusivity of this gas system.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 389-392 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results from precise calculations for fractionation of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures show that the relative separations between components are rationalized in a simple manner in terms of the relative volatilities. A quantitative criterion for sharpness of fractionation with complex mixtures, the Fractionation Index, is suggested. This function is useful for general correlation purposes. It also enables prediction of the detailed compositions of the products from a proposed fractionation and thereby simplifies the computation procedures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 409-412 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to study effects of wetting on heat transfer in the nucleate boiling regime, stearic acid was boiled in contact with different crystal planes of single crystals of copper. One crystal plane being wetted by the acid more completely than the other, they are called wetted and nonwetted surfaces. In the region of low heat flux, where heat transfer is primarily nonboiling natural convection, the nonwetted crystal required higher values of temperature difference than the wetted crystal for the same flux. At high values of heat flux, though not in the vicinity of the critical temperature difference, the situation was reversed; that is, the nonwetted surface required lower temperature difference than the wetted surface.In the present studies, stearic acid was boiled at about 465°F., corresponding to a pressure of 17 mm. of mercury. Heat flux ranged from 3,450 to 63,300-B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.), and temperature difference between the copper crystal and the stearic acid ranged from 38° to 132°F. The corresponding range of heat transfer coefficient was from 91 to 510 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 439-444 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: That phase equilibrium exists at the gas-liquid interface during gas absorption is usually assumed in the analysis and design of absorption equipment, but the validity of this assumption has been in doubt since Higbie's pioneering gas-absorption studies. Accurate measurements are reported herein of the absorption rates at 25°C. of carbon dioxide into short water jets in which the liquid was in laminar flow. The jets issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm. diam., flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of carbon dioxide at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. The measured absorption rates are in excellent agreement with predictions based on unsteady state diffusion theory, when one assumes interfacial equilibrium. It is concluded from these results and those of other investigators that equilibrium prevails at a freshly formed, relatively clean, carbon dioxide-water interface and that the same statement probably applies to the absorption of other slightly soluble gases in water.Evidence is discussed which indicates that an accumulation of minute quantitities of surface-active materials may seriously reduce the rate of gas absorption, either by affecting the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system or perhaps by offering resistance to the transfer of solute molecules across the interface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 453-459 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the results of a previous investigation on the continuous counter-current extraction of sugar beets (3) and its correlations. The relationship between the continuous diffusion and the simple diffusion is discussed from the standpoint of extraction rate.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 465-471 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental plate efficiency and pressure drop data were obtained on the n-octane-toluene system in a 5 plate, 6 in. diam. column at atmospheric pressure. Hole sizes of 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 5.68 and 12.5% free areas; weir heights of 1, 2, and 3 in.; and plate spacings of 6, 12, 18, and 24 in. were studied. Reflux ratios of one, two, four, five, ten, and total were utilized to determine the effect on efficiency.It was found that hole diameter, free area, plate spacing, and a wide range of reflux ratio had relatively small effect on efficiency and pressure drop; however weir height and lower reflux showed relatively larger effects on both variables.Efficiencies and pressure drops were lower than those predicted from published correlations particularly at low flow rates.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 485-489 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper flow patterns of liquids in an agitated vessel of 11 1/2-in.I.D. were measured with the radioisotope of cobalt as a means of measurement. Flow patterns of representative types of impellers, namely paddle, turbine, and propeller, were studied. Water and glycerine solutions were used as liquids the viscosity of which ranged from 1 to 108 cp. Effects of geometrical factors of agitated systems on flow patterns were investigated, in particular those of baffles.Experimental results obtained were analyzed, and a curve showing the relation between flow patterns and power consumption by the agitation was made.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 10D-11D 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the incomplete displacement of gas from the valley between two parallel ridges by a liquid-drop front advancing over the ridges are calculated. The significant parameters are found to be the liquid density, surface tension, contact angle, and geometry of the ridges. The solution may be obtained analytically or, more conveniently, graphically. Surface roughnesses are divided into four classes, one of which can stably switch from liquid - to gas - fill, and another vice versa. This may account for some of the hysteresis effects reported in bubble nucleation. It is pointed out that surfaces consisting predominately of cavities are more likely to follow these considerations than grooved surfaces, owing to displacement of gas by advance of liquid along the grooves. An example important in boiling and cavitation theory is worked out, and qualitative agreement with the literature is shown.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coolant flow distribution among parallel passages in a nuclear reactor (or boiler or heat exchanger) can be very sensitive to variations in heat input, channel dimensions, etc. In a previous paper this flow sensitivity was defined in terms of certain partial derivatives, which were related by analytical expressions to fluid properties and operating characteristics. Flow sensitivity contributes largely to potential malfunction, reduced efficiency, or failures. The use of valves and orifices was quantitatively evaluated for supercritical water in the earlier paper. The scope of this paper is to consider the utility of mixing headers. These mixing chambers are located along the flow passage as a common receiver for parallel flow from many channels. The headers, in turn, supply subsequent lengths of heated passages in parallel. Analytical expressions are derived for the effect of headers on flow, outlet-fluid enthalpy, and channel-wall temperatures. The limiting cases of minimum and complete mixing in the headers are considered and numerical results for water at supercritical pressures are given to show the marked increase in stability obtained by use of intermediate mixing headers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 53-57 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Problems in heat conduction involving a moving boundary are encountered in the freezing of liquids and in other situations. Such problems are difficult to solve, and exact solutions are almost unknown. A graphical method for obtaining numerical solutions to problems of this type which can be described in terms of one space coordinate is derived and is demonstrated in two examples involving the freezing of liquids. The method, which does not require specialized knowledge or equipment, takes into account both sensible heats and latent heat.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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