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  • 1985-1989  (35)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969  (15)
  • 1985  (35)
  • 1968  (15)
  • Cat
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 559-563 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Visual cortex ; Multiunit recordings ; Response variance ; Response covariance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The activity of pairs of neurons in the visual cortex (area 17) of anaesthetized, paralysed cats was recorded using two independently manipulated micropipettes. The number of spikes in the evoked responses of pairs of single neurons were analyzed for response covariance. Responses of the majority of cell pairs (83%) did not covary. Covariance was restricted to closeby neurons with distances of less than 150 μm and with identical orientation and ocular dominance preference.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Synaptology ; Cerebellum ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In a previous study observations in semithin sections of E-PTA-stained cerebellar cortex of the cat revealed differences in size of synaptic grids between the molecular and granular layer (Van der Want et al. 1984). In addition, synaptic size differences were observed between superficial and deep levels in the molecular layer. The present study was an attempt to analyze synapses in ultrathin sections of the cerebellar cortex with special emphasis on size differences of distinct types of synapses at different levels in the molecular layer. Climbing fibers were identified by means of anterograde transport of 3H-leucine injected in the inferior olive and parallel fibers were identified on account of fine structural criteria. Synaptic profiles were measured semi-automatically in the neuropil of the cerebellar cortex at the supra-Purkinje level and the subpial level. Measurements of the trace- and chordlength were obtained from random sections. The frequency distribution of the true diameters of the synapses was reconstructed with a discrete “unfolding”-procedure. The overall diameter at the superficial level was 390.2±1.5 nm, at the deep level 406.6±1.5 nin. Climbing fibers exhibited mean values of 431.9±4.7 and 461.3±4.1 nm at these levels and parallel fiber terminals mean values of 370.7±2.9 and 395.8±3.0 nm. The frequency distributions showed remarkable and statistically significant differences compared with the overall distributions observed at the superficial and the deep levels respectively. The frequency distributions of synaptic diameters at the superficial and deep levels also differ significantly. The results suggest that synapses are characterized by a specific size which might be related to the region of termination or might be determined by the afferent neuron. This is in agreement with earlier observations in E-PTA treated material.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral reticular nucleus ; Superior colliculus ; Retrograde transport of WGA-HRP ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Medium-sized and large superior collicular neurons were retrogradely labelled after small ejections of the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex in the lateral reticular nucleus of the feline medulla. The projection from the superior colliculus to the lateral reticular nucleus is bilateral with a contralateral predominance. It originates mainly from the intermediate, but also from the deep gray layer of the superior colliculus. Our observations provide evidence that the lateral reticular nucleus is an important target of tectal efferents. The findings are discussed in relation to the organization of other fiber connections of the superior colliculus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Quantitative anatomy ; Synaptic length ; Synaptic curvature ; Cerebeller cortex ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary At the supra Purkinje layer and the subpial level in the molecular layer of lobules V and VI of the cerebellar cortex of the cat, synaptic profiles were measured in ultrathin serial sections treated with either osmium tetroxide (OsO4) or ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). From trace and chord lengths of the intercepts of synaptic profiles the curvature and the mean caliper diameter of the synapse was calculated. In OsO4-material the curvature of synapses yielded an average angle of about 47 degrees and about 36 degrees in E-PTA material. Although these values are contrary to the assumption of a flat disc, which is commonly required in stereological procedures to estimate caliper diameter, the effect of the curvature on the estimation of the mean caliper diameter is limited. This is shown by serial reconstruction analysis of the largest diameter of synapses from maximal arc and chord length measurements at the subpial and supra Purkinje level. The results provide quantitative data concerning synaptic size, curvature and the frequency of intercepts per synapse at the subpial and supra Purkinje level in the cerebellar cortex in OsO4 and E-PTA material. In addition the advantages and disadvantages of E-PTA and osmiumtetroxide staining in quantitative analysis are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 105-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral cortex ; Corpus callosum ; Anterior commissure ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Large injections of horseradish peroxidase throughout major portions of the right cerebral hemispheres of four cats revealed extensive distributions of the neurons of origin of the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure and the hippocampal commissures in the uninjected left hemispheres. The distributions of labelled neurons were mapped by semiautomatic computer microscope. The radial and tangential neuron distributions presented here are of a higher density and greater extent than those in previously published studies based on injections of transportable label to more circumcribed areas of the cerebral cortex of the cat. Generally, commissural neurons in the cat were distributed in a bilaminar fashion with supragranular cells more numerous than infragranular cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 395-403 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus of the optic tract ; Direction-selective retinal ganglion cells ; Optokinetic reflex ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We have studied the physiological properties of ganglion cells in the retina of the cat. The experiments were designed to identify those ganglion cells which project to direction-selective cells in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), by demonstrating their antidromic activation at low threshold from an electrode in the NOT. These ganglion cells presumably provide the retinal drive to the optokinetic reflex. Altogether, 11 such ganglion cells were identified in a population of 578 cells studied. All 11 were W-cells, with slow-conducting axons. Five of the 11 had on-centre direction-selective receptive fields; the other 6 had a variety of receptive field patterns. Thus, on centre-selective cells form a much higher proportion of the retinal input to direction-selective cells in the NOT than of the overall ganglion cell population. However, their receptive field properties were too varied fully to account for the selectivity of NOT cells for horizontal stimulus movement. In summary the retinal input to the NOT appears to be formed principally or entirely by W-class ganglion cells, including many which are direction selective. It still seems necessary, however, to postulate, some non-retinal mechanism to account for all the receptive field properties of direction-selective NOT cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 463-469 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrous oxide ; Visual cortical cells ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The directional preferences, receptive field areas, peristimulus-time (PST) histograms and spontaneous activities of 112 feline visual cortical (area 18) cells were studied before, during, and after the administration of nitrous oxide. These cellular characteristics were altered by nitrous oxide inhalation; some quite substantially. The data indicate that the functional characteristics of cortical visual cells, such as the receptive field and the directional preference, are variable; and, among other factors, depend also on the anaesthetic administered to the animal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 485-490 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vision ; Cat ; Pupil dimensions ; Luminance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The relationships between luminance and height, width or area of the feline pupil were investigated in awake, normal adult cats whose pupils were photographed over a range of light levels with the aid of electronic flash. The results are compared with previous measurements of pupil width and height in awake animals (Kappauf 1943); and with estimates of pupil width, height and area in lightly-anaesthetised cats (Wilcox and Barlow 1975). The implications of these results for retinal illumination and colour discrimination are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 633-635 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Retinal ganglion cells ; Cat ; Optic nerve cut ; Retrograde labeling ; HRP
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After intracranial transection of the optic nerve in cats the retinal stump of the nerve was injected with HRP. Surviving retinal ganglion cells can be retrogradely labeled at least up to 15.5 months of postoperative survival.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 576-584 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase ; Lateral cervical nucleus ; Spinocervical tract ; Somatotopic termination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The labelling pattern of the feline lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) was investigated after pressure injections of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into cervical, thoracic or lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Sixteen cats received a 5–8 nl injection staining large parts of mainly the ipsilateral grey matter of a single segment. Light microscopic examination of frozen sections reacted with tetramethylbenzidine showed a somatotopic organization in the LCN. Rostral segments of the spinal cord projected mainly to rostroventral and medial parts of the ipsilateral LCN, while more caudally located segments projected to more dorsocaudal and lateral parts of the nucleus. Minor contralateral labelling with a similar somatotopic arrangement was seen in animals given cervical and lumbar injections. No significant labelling was found in the LCN of three control animals, the segmental injections of which were engaged mainly into the ipsilateral dorsal columns and the dorsolateral funiculus. Ultrastructural analysis in two animals which received multiple cervical or lumbar injections showed that about 70% of the peroxidase-positive structures in the LCN were boutons and the rest small myelinated axons. The precise termination pattern of ascending afferents to the LCN is compatible with the somatotopic organization of the other relay centres in the spino-cervicothalamic pathway.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Learning ; Limbic system ; Memory ; Multiple lesions ; Plasticity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Previous investigations (Irle and Markowitsch 1982a, 1983, 1984) demonstrated that triple or fourfold lesions within the cat's limbic system fail to produce learning impairments, as opposed to lesions of single or double loci, when tasks of visual reversal, delayed alternation, and active two-way avoidance were used. On the basis of these results, limbic regions of the cat's brain might be considered unessential for intact learning and mnemonic functions. Therefore, in order to obtain indisputable information on the importance of the limbic system for learning and memory, lesions of nearly all limbic core regions of the cat were performed. Ten cats received lesions of seven limbic core regions: the septum, amygdala, anterior thalamus, mamillary bodies, cingulate cortex, subicular cortex, and the hippocampus proper. Nine of these animals were tested postoperatively in the acquisition of a visual reversal task, a spatial alternation and delayed alternation task, and an active two-way avoidance task, and were then compared to the performance levels of ten control animals. The experimental animals turned out to be unimpaired in all tasks tested; the performance scores in the visual reversal and delayed alternation task and — for some experimental animals in the active two-way avoidance task even indicate a slight, though statistically insignificant, facilitation in the learning behavior of these animals. It is assumed that the learning functions underlying the tasks used were taken over by other brain regions, which, prior to massive limbic lesions, may be suppressed or otherwise inhibited. Alternatively, utilization of spared tissue in the damaged limbic regions must be considered as the possible explanation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Retinal ganglion cells ; Atropine ; Optical blur ; Acuity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Two preparations were used to study the developmental effects of prolonged blurring of retinal images on the acuities of retinal ganglion cells. Five kittens were raised from three weeks to six months of age with daily administration of atropine to one eye. Another two kittens were raised from three weeks to 16 weeks with a contact lens of high refractive power fitted to one eye. Behavioural estimates of the visual acuity were made for two animals from each group. Animals of both groups demonstrated an amblyopia in the experimental eye: visual acuity varied from 1.8 to 2.5 cycles per degree compared with 6.0 to 7.5 cycles per degree when using the normal eye. The spatial resolving properties were measured for retinal ganglion cells within the amblyopic eyes of two lens-reared cats and three atropinized cats. Brisk-sustained (X) cells were recorded from along the naso-temporal division. The acuities of ganglion cells from the lens-reared cats were indistinguishable from those from normal cats at comparable eccentricities. However, for the cats raised with atropine administration, sub-normal acuities were determined for retinal ganglion cells from all regions that were studied in the experimental eye. We conclude that blur of retinal images produced by external means has no effect on the resolving power of retinal ganglion cells. The lowered ganglion cell acuities encountered with the atropinised cats must be attributable to a secondary effect of the atropine administration. Organic changes in the retinal blood vessel pattern support this contention.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1985), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Motor cortex ; Reticulospinal neuron ; Corticobulbar pathways ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The connections between the pericruciate cortex and the medullary reticulospinal (RS) neurons were studied in anesthetized cat. Intracellular recordings were made from reticulospinal neurons and the effects of stimulating different areas of the pericruciate cortex were compared. (1) EPSPs were elicited in all the 93 neurons studied which were antidromically activated by spinal stimulation and had an IS-SD notch on the ascending limb of their antidromic spikes. According to the conduction velocity (c.v.) of the axon and the minimal EPSP latency to cortical stimulation, the neurons could be divided into two groups, i.e. fast-conducting RS neurons (FRS neurons, c.v. 〉 45 m/s) and slow-conducting RS neurons (SRS neurons, c.v. 〈 45 m/s). The minimal latencies of FRS neurons were equal to or shorter than 2 ms whereas those of SRS neurons were longer than 2 ms. (2) EPSPs with short latency (〈 2 ms) could be evoked in FRS neurons by stimulating a relatively wide cortical area including the major part of precruciate area 4 and area 6, with a central area of strongest excitatory effect located in area 4 slighthly medial to the tip of the cruciate sulcus. Stimulation of the postcruciate area 4 only produced long latency EPSPs. (3) By extrapolation from the cortical and peduncular latencies and the conducting distances it was revealed that the earliest part of the minimal latency EPSPs were monosynaptically evoked in FRS neurons and were mediated by fastconducting corticobulbar fibers. (4) FRS neurons could be excited by stimuli applied to both ipsilateral and contralateral pericruciate cortex. The influence from the contralateral cortex was slightly stronger.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 499-511 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Tensor tympani motoneurons ; Somadendritic morphology ; Intracellular HRP ; Auditory nuclei ; Tensor tympani motor nucleus of V ; Trigeminal motor nucleus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The morphology of single tensor tympani motoneurons was investigated following antidromic identification and intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. Eight motoneurons were selected for complete reconstruction and quantitative analysis. The mean size of tensor tympani somata (26.3±1.8 μm) make this parvocellular cluster of motoneurons below the trigeminal motor nucleus a population of the smallest cranial motoneurons yet described. Axons emerged from either the soma or a primary dendrite. They coursed dorsolaterally frequently through the trigeminal motor nucleus before looping ventrolaterally into the Vth nerve. No collaterals were observed within the brainstem. The 5 primary dendrites of each cell branched heavily and, on average, exhibited 40 terminal branches with an average tree expansion of 1262.5 μm. The dendritic arborization extended far beyond the nuclear boundaries described by the distribution of cell bodies. These data suggest that the overall membrane area for synaptic innervation is large and thus it provides morphological evidence for the hypothesis that tensor tympani motoneurons receive divergent multisensory synaptic input. The latter assumption was supported by morphological and electrophysiological evidence including close the proximity of motoneuronal dendrites to auditory (superior olivary complex) and somatosensory (trigeminal) relay centers. Since no dendrite ever entered the trigeminal motor nucleus proper the tensor motoneuron pool is distinct from the trigeminal not only in terms of soma size, location and function, but also the disposition and expansion of the postsynaptic receptive field. Based on these criteria the tensor tympani motoneuron pool should no longer be regarded as an accessory trigeminal nucleus but be recognized in its own right as the tensor tympani motor nucleus of V.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Developmental plasticity ; Visual cortex ; Noradrenaline ; Cat ; 6-hydroxydopamine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ten kittens had cannulas inserted into their lateral ventricles for daily injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). At 5–6 weeks of age one eye was sutured shut, and one week later recordings were made from the visual cortex to assay the ocular dominance of a sample of cells. In six kittens the injections of 6-OHDA were continued until the day before recording, while in four kittens the injections were stopped around the time of eye suture, on the assumption that continued injections of 6-OHDA over several days has effects that are not specific to the noradrenaline (NA) system and that the two procedures might show different results. In all animals the concentration of NA in the visual cortex near the site of recording was reduced by approximately 90%. In all animals the ocular dominance histograms recorded from the visual cortex were shifted so that the majority of cells (83 ± 13%) were dominated by the open eye. There were no substantial differences between the two groups of experimental animals or between the experimental animals and two control animals that had cannulas implanted and ascorbate alone injected without 6-OHDA. We conclude that the concentration of NA in the visual cortex can be reduced substantially by injections of 6-OHDA into the lateral ventricle without preventing the shift in ocular dominance that usually occurs after suturing shut the eyelids of one eye.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 427-442 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Motor cortex ; Single unit activity ; Tracking ; Input switching
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In a previous study in the cat, we have reported that motor cortex neurons discharging before the initiation of an aimed forearm response (lead cells) are better timed to movement of a display (stimulus) than to the response. The present study was done to distinguish the coding of stimulus and response features in the discharge patterns of such early activity in motor cortex. Single neurons were recorded in the arm area of motor cortex in three cats performing the same pair of responses (forearm flexion and extension) but to display movements in either of the two directions by changing display polarity. The modulation of lead cell activity was contingent on the occurrence of the learned motor response and timed to the stimulus in all conditions. The majority of lead cells (88%, n = 50) fell into one of two distinct classes. In one class of neurons, force-direction (56%, n = 32), activity was contingent on a single direction of forelimb response (flexion or extension) and was thus independent of the direction of the display stimulus. The only muscles whose patterns matched the activity of this class of response-related neurons were forelimb flexors and extensors. In these neurons, the onset of modulation was timed to one or the other of the two stimuli according to the stimulus direction which elicited the appropriate response. Thus, the display-related input to these neurons varied according to the response required. In the second class of neurons, stimulus-direction (32%, n = 18), modulation was associated with a specific stimulus direction rather than the response direction. The pattern of activity of these neurons was similar to the pattern of EMG signals of shoulder and neck muscles during the different task conditions. The contraction of proximal and axial muscles corresponded to a second response elicited by the stimulus, namely attempts at head rotation towards the moving display and was independent of the conditioned forelimb response in both time of onset and direction. To test the possibility that stimulus-direction neurons participated in the control of head rotation we trained two of the animals to also produce isometric changes in neck torque in the direction of the moving display without making the forelimb response. The activity of stimulus-direction neurons was similarly modulated during performance of the neck task. By contrast, force-direction neurons examined during the neck task were either unmodulated or discharged after the neck response. These data suggest that force-direction neurons participate in response initiation and that their activity is triggered by stimuli specific for the task. The reorganization of the inputs to motor cortex is likely to result from gating mechanisms associated with behavioral set. Such neural gates could provide for the efficient transfer of any member of an array of behaviorally relevant stimuli to restricted sectors of the somatotopically organized motor areas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral geniculate nucleus ; ChAT-immunocyto-chemistry ; Cholinergic pathways ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In this study we demonstrate at the ultrastructural level that both the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the visual relay of the thalamus, and the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN), the visual segment of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), are densely innervated by fibres with Choline-Acetyl-Transferase (ChAT) like immuno-reactivity. These axons make synaptic contacts with interneurones considered to be inhibitory, both in the PGN and within the synaptic glomeruli of the dLGN. In addition, Chat positive terminals form intra- and extraglomerular synapses with dendrites thought to arise from relay cells. We interpret these results as evidence for direct cholinergic modulation of both relay cells and inhibitory interneurones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1985), S. 94-108 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral cortex ; Canal-neck interaction ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Interaction of semicircular canal and neck proprioceptive inputs was studied in the cerebral cortex of awake, intact cats. Neuronal responses were recorded extracellularly in the anterior suprasylvian gyrus of the left hemisphere. Stimulations consisted of horizontal rotations in the dark applied as sinusoids or position ramps. There were three stimulus conditions: (1) Pure canal stimulation; rotation of whole body. (2) Pure neck stimulation; rotation of trunk about stationary head. (3) Canalneck interaction; rotation of head about stationary trunk. (1) We recorded 105 neurons with either Type I or Type II canal response. These showed often pronounced non-linearities such as a clear firing increase upon rotation in the “on-direction” and hardly any decrease in the opposite direction. The responses reflected mostly angular velocity, but angular position signals were also obtained. (2) In 79 neurons, either Type I or Type II neck responses were obtained. They coded either angular velocity, velocity plus position, or position. (3) Canal-neck convergence was found in 67 of 88 neurons tested. In the majority of neurons, interaction was “dantagonistic” in the sense that the canal and neck responses tended to cancel each other during rotation of the head about the stationary trunk. These neurons could signal trunk rotation in space rather than head in space or head relative to trunk. Most of the remaining neurons showed a “synergistic” interaction such that the response upon head rotation was enhanced as compared to whole body or trunk rotation. These neurons might be involved in the dual task of monitoring head rotation in space and relative to trunk. Interaction was compatible with linear summation of canal and neck inputs in 70% of the neurons. In part of these, however, the assumption had to be made that the interaction had taken place already at some stage prior to the cortical neurons investigated. The response characteristics of cortical canal neurons are discussed in comparison to vestibular nuclear neurons. Furthermore, parallels are drawn between the observed canal-neck interactions in the cortical neurons and (i) interactions of canal and neck dependent postural reflexes in the decerebrate cat, and (ii) interactions of canal and neck induced turning sensations in man.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1985), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus ; Nucleus of the optic tract ; Monocular deprivation ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Six cats monocularly deprived by eye lid closure within the first week after birth showed the same deficits in the optokinetic reflex (OKR) when tested through the deprived eye as adults irrespective of whether the deprivation period was 6, 24 or 36 months. Closed loop gain (eye velocity/ stimulus velocity) during temporo-nasal stimulus movement was below 0.8 and approached zero at stimulus velocities above 20°/s. Naso-temporal stimulus movement was ineffective in eliciting OKR gain higher than 0.1 at velocities above 10°/s. 2. Different optokinetic deficits were found when the non-deprived eye was tested. In 3 cats OKR gain of the non-deprived eye was reduced with temporally directed stimulus movement when compared to normal whereas the gain of nasal OKR was uneffected. In these cats only monocular cells could be found in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), a pretectal cell aggregation involved in the optokinetic reflex pathway. In the other 3 cats the OKR of the non-deprived eye was not different from normal and could be elicited almost equally well in both directions. In these cats binocular cells were found in the NOT ipsilateral to the non-deprived eye. Again duration (6, 24 or 36 months) of monocular deprivation had no influence on this dichotomy. 3. In a cat with asymmetric OKR of the non-deprived eye, the removal of the visual cortex ipsilateral to the non-deprived eye produced a small but significant gain decrease for temporal OKR of the non-deprived eye but no change when the deprived eye was tested. Visual cortex lesion ipsilateral to the deprived eye in the same cat had also no effect on the deprived eye's performance but reduced nasal OKR gain for the non-deprived eye at high velocities. 4. The effects induced by long term monocular deprivation were not reversed after intensively forcing the use of the deprived eye by closing the non-deprived eye. Also enucleation of the deprived eye had no effect on the gain of the non-deprived eye. 5. These optokinetic deficits are discussed in relation to functional changes in the NOT.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 125-133 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Kitten ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Visual cortex
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The laminar pattern of cytochrome oxidase activity was studied in visual cortical areas 17,18 and 19 in adult cats and kittens, following electrophysiological determination of the boundaries of these areas in all but the youngest animals. The patterns of cytochrome oxidase staining and the cytoarchitectonic appearances of areas 17, 18 and 19 were compared. At all ages activity was especially high in the region of layers IV and VI in areas 17 and 18, and was low in all laminae in area 19. The results suggest that the degree of cytochrome oxidase activity in these regions of the visual cortex may be related to the strength and type of projection that they receive from the lateral geniculate nucleus. The cytochrome oxidase technique is a useful means of defining the 18/19 border, and may help locate the boundary between areas 17 and 18, in both adult cats and kittens.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 134-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Recurrent inhibitory system ; Variable gain regulator
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Inhibitory interactions between interneurones of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat were studied with an indirect method based on intracellular recordings of synaptic responses in principal cells. Recurrent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), evoked by antidromic activation of principal cell axons in the visual cortex, were depresse by a preceding stimulation of the optic tract or the visual cortex. Disynaptic feed-forward IPSPs, evoked by optic tract stimulation, were likewise depressed after cortex stimulation. The duration of the depression was in both cases about 100 ms. The effect was not due to conductance changes in the recorded principal cells or to activation of corticogeniculate fibres. The observations indicate that perigeniculate neurones, the recurrent inhibitory interneurones of the LGN, have mutual inhibitory connexions and that they also project to intrageniculate interneurones, the inhibitory cells in the feed-forward pathway to principal cells. These conclusions were supported by intracellular recordings from a few interneurones. No evidence was found for interaction between feed-forward interneurones activated from separate eyes or for a projection from intrageniculate interneurones to perigeniculate cells. The results point to an unexpected similarity in the organization of the recurrent inhibitory system of principal cells in the LGN and of spinal motoneurones. It is suggested that the recurrent system of the LGN serves as a variable gain regulator in analogy with a recently proposed model for the spinal system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Reticulo-hypothalamic-hippocampal system ; Cerebral blood flow ; ECoG ; Hippocampal electrical activity ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of stimulation of the medial and lateral reticulo-hypothalamic-hippocampal (RHH) systems on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and electrical activity of the hippocampus and neocortex was examined in 19 encéphale isolé cats. ECoG was recorded from posterior sigmoid gyri and marginal gyri and hippocampal activity from dorsal hippocampus. Changes in hippocampal activity were evoked by electrical stimulation of RHH systems. CBF was measured by external monitoring of the clearance of 133Xe given as a single bolus in the carotid artery. Stimulation of the lateral system resulted in desynchronisation of ECoG and hippocampal activity without changes in CBF. Stimulation of the medial system elicited desynchronisation in ECoG modulated by theta-like synchrony, theta activity in the hippocampus and a 45% CBF increase. After atropine administration, low frequency, high voltage waves appeared in both ECoG and hippocampal activity, but no change in CBF was observed. During stimulation of the medial system there were no changes in the type of electrical activity but the CBF response was still preserved (increase by 50%). Stimulation of the lateral system did not change either the type of electrical activity or the CBF. The results indicate that the two systems of neuronal pathways, which mediate two different patterns of electrical response in the dorsal hippocampus but similar ECoG activity in the neocortex, elicit different CBF responses. It is argued that the alterations of electrical activity of the neocortex and hippocampus mediated by these two pathways depend on the cholinergic system, whereas the CBF changes depend on a different mechanism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 350-362 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Pretectum ; Development ; Retinal afferents ; Visual responses ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Neuronal responses in the pretectum (PT) were analyzed in 4–16 week old kittens after visual and electrical stimulation and compared with adult responses from a previous study. All three retinal fiber types projecting to the adult PT could be electrically activated in kittens from 4 weeks on. There was a dramatic reduction of response latencies to electric shocks to retinal afferents applied at the optic chiasm (OX) and optic tract (OT) in postsynaptic cells as a function of age, involving X-, Y-, and Wfibers. At four through six weeks postnatally the reduction in latency was found to be due to enhanced signal transmission at the axonal terminal region. Latency reduction continued after six weeks of life due to sharp increases in conduction velocity of the afferent fibers. Different steps in the maturation of visual response specifity were found for neurons of different functional types. Possible relationships are discussed between the development of neuronal responses of pretectal cells and the maturation of oculomotor behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 363-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Pretectum ; Development ; Cortical influence ; Receptive field properties ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The sensory corticopretectal projection in the cat and in its postnatal development were investigated combining neuroanatomical and electrophysiological techniques. The anatomical pattern of fiber termination was studied in relation to age using the anterograde HRP tracing method. Large injections were made in areas 17 and 18 of one or both hemispheres in 1–13 week old kittens and cats. Terminal label in the ipsilateral pretectum was seen only after the fourth week of life. Electrical stimulation in the same cortical areas evoked postsynaptic orthodromic excitation in 9–18% of cells at 4 weeks increasing to about 60% in the adult. In cats, but not in kittens, successful stimulation depended on the retinotopic matching of stimulation and recording sites. In adult cats a high incidence of direction and velocity tuning and a high degree of binocularity were seen in cells driven by the cortex as opposed to cells not so driven. Cortex driven cells in cats and kittens received convergent retinal input mainly via direct W-fibers, whereas cells not driven from cortex shock mainly received delayed W-fiber input. In kittens visual responses lacked sensitivity for direction and high movement velocity of patterns until 6 weeks postnatally, whereas ocular dominance distribution was not age-dependent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 411-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vision ; Motion after-effects ; Cat ; Visual cortex
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Responses of striate cortical neurones to bars of optimal orientation and width, moving with fixed velocity, were recorded in the lightly anaesthetized cat. Effects of periods of pre-adaptation with square-wave gratings of variable spatial frequency and velocity, drifting continuously in each cell's preferred or null directions, were investigated. Variations of cells' directional bias and responsiveness to oriented bars were assessed in relation to the degree and time-course of pre-adaptation to drifting gratings, compared with the preceding level of firing when exposed to uniform backgrounds of the same average luminance. All cells showed some susceptibility to pre-adapting moving gratings: subsequent responses to a bar were initially depressed in the direction of pre-adaptation and, in direction-biased or bidirectional cells, were enhanced in the opposite direction, compared with bar responses following exposure merely to a uniform background. These effects were strongest and most consistent amongst standard complex cells and weakest amongst special complex cells: maximal effects were obtained with adapting gratings of optimal velocity and spatial frequency.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Strabismic amblyopia ; Cat ; Retina ; Acuity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of different types of experimental strabismus on the acuities of retinal ganglion cells. Six kittens were raised from twenty-one days of age with an esotropia surgically induced by myectomy of the lateral rectus muscle and a large portion of the superior oblique muscle. The results are compared with those, previously reported, from five other cats also made esotropic, but by tenotomy of the lateral rectus. All animals tested behaviourally were amblyopic in the strabismic eye. For square wave gratings, the visual acuities were 1.0 to 2.5 cyc/deg through the strabismic eye compared with 6.0 to 7.5 cyc/deg through the non-deviating eye. The cut-off spatial frequencies were determined for 132 brisk sustained cells from five of the myectomized strabismic cats. There was a loss of approximately 20% in cut-off spatial frequency when compared with both normal and tenotomized cats. A correlate of the physiologically observed difference between the tenotomized cats and the myectomized cats was also found in the morphology of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus. The tenotomized cats showed no evidence of cell shrinkage in laminae receiving a projection from the amblyopic eye whereas in the myectomized cats large differences were observed in cell cross-sectional areas between laminae receiving input from the amblyopic eye and those receiving input from the non-deviating eye. Together, these findings indicate that the presence of a neural deficit in the retina of strabismic cats is associated with the actual removal of extra-ocular muscle and probably has little to do with the optical quality of images arriving at the retina.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Corpus callosum ; Binocular depth perception ; Stereoacuity ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The role of the corpus callosum in the mediation of binocular depth perception was examined by measuring monocular and binocular depth discrimination thresholds in cats which had undergone section of the corpus callosum shortly after birth. Three kittens had the posterior callosum sectioned at the age of eleven days. A fourth kitten underwent a sham operation and one additional animal served intitially as an unoperated control. Monocular and binocular depth thresholds were measured for all kittens when they were between three and five months old. Although there was some individual variability, none of the callosum-sectioned kittens showed any deficits of binocular depth perception relative to normal animals. The initially unoperated kitten had its callosum sectioned at five months and was retested following surgery. Its performance did not change from preoperated levels. Finally, the three neonatal callosum-sectioned kittens underwent section of the optic chiasm when they were six months old, causing a complete breakdown in binocular depth discrimination. The results are interpreted to indicate that although the corpus callosum may be a sufficient pathway for the maintenance of stereopsis in cat, it is not necessary.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Area 20 ; Corticofugal connections ; Pupilloconstrictor area ; Near reflex ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Following injections of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP-WGA) and tritiated leucine into area 20 of the cat, terminal labeling was observed in visual areas 19, 21, the splenial visual area, the lateral suprasylvian area as well as in premotor, association and limbic related cerebral cortical regions. Labeled terminals in the subcortex were distributed in the caudate nucleus, the claustrum, the putamen, the anterior ventral nucleus, the intralaminar nuclei, the caudal division of the intermediate lateral nucleus, the lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex, the parvocellular C laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. In HRP-WGA preparations, retrogradely labeled somata were observed in these regions with the exception of certain subcortical structures. The projections are discussed with respect to the possible role area 20 plays in the cortical control of pupillary constriction.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): β-Carbolines ; FG 7142 ; Benzodiazepines ; Diazepam ; Ro 15-1788 ; Drug dependence ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The β-carbolines, which are potent ligands for benzodiazepine receptors, antagonize the pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines. In the cat, the stable β-carboline derivative methylamide-β-carboline-3-carboxylate, FG 7142, and the specific benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 reversed behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes produced by a single dose of diazepam. Surprisingly, the β-carboline did not elicit signs of withdrawal when given after 22 days of a daily dose regimen of diazepam, while Ro 15-1788 precipitated an acute abstinence syndrome largely characterized by tremors, increased muscle tone, back arching, myoclonic jerks and pupil dilatation. Unlike Ro 15-1788, the β-carboline produced effects of its own such as behavioral states of arousal and fearfulness. These findings indicate that the β-carboline functionally interacts with benzodiazepine receptors in a manner unlike that seen with typical agonists and antagonists.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Arterial chemoreceptors ; Cat ; Control of breathing ; Electrical stimulation ; Intracranial chemosensitivity ; Oesophageal pressure ; Respiration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Ventilatory responses to stimulation of chemoreceptor afferents were studied in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cat. Short bursts of electrical stimuli were applied, at various times in the inspiratory or expiratory phase of consecutive breaths, to the carotid sinus (CSN) and aortic nerves (AN) and to the ventral medulla (VM), and effects on tidal volume (V T), inspiratory, expiratory and cycle durationst I,t E,t tot) and in ventilation (E) were measured. The responses evoked by stimulating CSN, AN and VM were qualitatively the same, although there were quantitative differences. It was found that effects of stimulation in expiration were restricted to the expiratory phase, and vice versa for inspiration. Stimulation during both inspiration and expiration resulted in increasedV T, by increasing end-inspiratory or decreasing end-expiratory lung volume, respectively, and also increased ventilation, E. These effects were most marked in response to stimulation in inspiration. During both phases there was an increasing effect with increasing delay of the stimulus,t St, from onset of inspiration or expiration, respectively. There was a continuous increase int I, from below control to above control values, with increasingt St during inspiration and similarly fort E during expiration. Hence, the total respiratory cycle duration was shortened when a stimulus was applied early in either phase, and was prolonged, when it was applied late. The results show that stimulation of peripheral and of central chemoafferents exerts qualitatively similar effects on respiration. The central neuronal mechanisms generating both inspiration and expiration show the same changes in reactivity in the respiratory cycle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International orthopaedics 9 (1985), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Schlagwort(e): Hip Capsule ; Cat ; Afferent receptors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié les propriétés des nerfs afférents à la capsule de la hanche, chez le chat en imprimant à l'articulation des mouvements de rotation et sur des préparations de capsule isolée et ouverte en l'étirant directement grâce à un dispositif mécanique. In situ, on a trouvé deux types de nerfs afférents, les uns ayant en réponse à la rotation articulaire une étendue complète de sensibilité et les autres seulement une sensibilité limitée. Sur la capsule isolée les nerfs afférents sont indentiques en ce qui concerne le seuil et la sensibilité et on ne trouve aucun récepteur complet. On en conclut que les récepteurs de toute l'étendue de la sensibilité qui pénètrent les nerfs articulaires de la hanche sont des fibres en fuseau d'origine musculaire et non des récepteurs capsulaires. Sur ces bases et sur les résultats précédemment obtenus chez l'animal et chez l'homme, les auteurs discutent le rôle des récepteurs articulaires dans la cénesthésie et le sens des positions.
    Notizen: Summary The properties of the afferent fibres from the capsule of the hip joint have been studied in the cat in situ, in relation to joint rotation, and in an isolated capsule preparation which was opened and stretched directly with an actuator. In situ two types of afferent fibres were found, those having a full range of sensitivity and others having only a limited range in response to the joint rotation. When studied in isolated tissue the afferent fibres of the capsule were uniform in threshold and sensitivities, and no full range receptors were found. We conclude that the full range receptors which enter the articular nerve of the hip are spindle afferents and not capsule receptors. On the basis of these and previous results in animals and man the role of joint receptors in kinaesthesia and position sense is discussed.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Centriolar antigen ; Basal body ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An antigen common to purported centriolar and basal body regions of a variety of cell types was previously visualized by immuno-fluorescence microscopy. The present study demonstrates the localization of the antigen relative to the defined basal body structures of ciliated tracheal cells at the electron-microscopic level. After ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide-glutaraldehyde-saponin (EGS) fixation and permeabilization, immunoferritin labeling is consistently found associated with amorphous electron-opaque material in proximity to basal bodies and their ciliary rootlets, but not with basal body microtubules themselves. This distribution pattern is distinct from that of other proteins found in the apical region of ciliated cells, such as calmodulin. It is proposed that the dense material may be analogous to pericentriolar material of centrosomes.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 541-552 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oligodendroglia ; Neuroglia ; Perineuronal satellites ; Interfascicular glia ; Pons ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Morphology, microtopography and numerical density of oligodendrocytes were analyzed by light microscopy in the pontine gray and middle cerebellar peduncle of adult cats. The cells were selectively stained by use of the dicyanoargentate technique (Ogawa et al. 1975) that visualizes the entire cell population including perikarya and characteristic features of processes. On the basis of different microtopographical relations to neuronal perikarya and/or transversely oriented axon bundles, six groups of oligodendrocytes were separately analyzed: interfascicular, intrafascicular, perifascicular, perineuronal satellite, perifascicular-perineuronal, and “neuropil” cells. The cell morphology did not co-vary with any of these groups, but the shape of oligodendrocytes was on an average more elongated in the peduncle than in the pontine gray. The average cell density was similar in the gray and white matter (55000–56000 cells/mm3). However, 76% of the cells were concentrated near neuronal perikarya and axon bundles in a volume fraction of only 34%. Between adjacent neurons and axon bundles the cell density was even higher suggesting an additive behavior of these two topographical groups of oligodendrocytes. Axon bundles within the pontine gray contained only very few oligodendrocytes (density 6% that of the peduncle). These observations and quantitative data suggest that the perifascicular cells belong to the group of oligodendrocytes that are topographically related to axons (similar to interfascicular glia of the white matter) rather than to neuronal perikarya or neuropil.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral microvasculature ; Inflammatory reaction ; Polymorphonuclear leukocytes ; α-Bungarotoxin ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Postcapillary venules represent the segment of the microvasculature most vulnerable to inflammatory processes. While there is a considerable body of data on the peripheral vasculature, little is known about the primary events occurring during inflammatory reactions in cererbral blood vessels. We introduce here a model by which the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes through the CNS endothelial barrier can be studied. Alpha-bungarotoxin is used as a chemotactic agent and is shown, for the first time, to act by activating the complement cascade. Leukocytes migrate through the endothelium transcellularly. Two modes of migration are described: (i) a direct mode whereby the cells use temporary pores in the vessel wall as portals, and (ii) an indirect mode whereby the leukocytes leave the vascular compartment after being enveloped by and incorporated into endothelial cells. The functional implications of these findings lead us to conclude that the direct mode of migration is a causal agent in the massive breakdown of the blood-brain barrier under acute inflammatory conditions.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Substance P ; Cardiovascular system ; Central nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mapping ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of substance P-immunoreactivity (SP-IR) in the brainstem and spinal cord of normal and colchicine-pretreated cats was analysed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Numerous SP-IR fibers are present in the nucleus solitarius, nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, various parts of the formatio reticularis, substantia grisea centralis mesencephali, locus coeruleus and nucleus parabrachialis. SP-IR perikarya occur in the substantiae gelatinosa and intermedia of the spinal cord, the nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini-pars caudalis, the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, and the nucleus solitarius, as well as in the adjacent formatio reticularis and the medullary nuclei of the raphe. In addition, SP-IR cell bodies are located in the nuclei raphe magnus and incertus, ventral and dorsal to the nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (Gudden), nucleus raphe dorsalis, substantia grisea centralis mensencephali, locus coeruleus, nucleus parabrachialis and colliculus superior. The results indicate that SP-IR neurons may be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions both at the central and peripheral level. A peripheral afferent portion seems to terminate in the nucleus solitarius and an efferent part is postulated to originate from the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and from the area of the nuclei retroambiguus, ambiguus and retrofacialis.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Marginal glia ; Superficial nerve cells ; Brain stem ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch perfusionsfixierte Gehirne von erwachsenen Katzen werden in der Glia marginalis des Hirnstamms unterschiedlich gebaute Bezirke beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß über dem Nucleus paragigantocellularis und über dem Ncl. “z” swischen den Fasern der Glia marginalis Nervenzellen liegen. Über dem erstgenannten Kern stellen diese Zellen möglicherweise das morphologische Substrat der chemosensiblen Felder dar, die durch die physiologischen Untersuchungen von Loeschcke, Mitchell u.a. bekannt geworden sind.
    Notizen: Summary In the marginal glia covering the brain stem of the cat, regional differences are described in paraffin sections of brains which had been fixed by perfusion of Bouin's fluid. It is shown that between the glia fibres covering the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the nucleus “z” there are nerve cells. It is suggested that in the region of the nucleus paragiganto-cellularis these cells are the morphological substrate of a chemosensible zone described in physiological experiments by Loeschcke, Mitchell and others.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Capillary density ; Postnatal development ; Corpus callosum ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch das Corpus callosum perfusionsfixierter Gehirne von 19 Katzen im Alter von einem Tag bis zu 2 1/2 Jahren wurde das Capillarvolumen bestimmt. Es beträgt bei der neugeborenen Katze 0,81 Vol.-%. In der 2. Lebenswoche beginnt eine Zunahme, die in der 5. Woche ein Maximum von 2,92 Vol.-% erreicht. Im Verlauf der 6. Woche setzt eine zunächst rasche, von der 7. Woche an aber nur noch langsam verlaufende Abnahme ein, bis bei einem Lebensalter von etwa 1 Jahr ein für das erwachsene Tier charakteristischer Wert um 1,5 Vol.-% erreicht wird. Die Abnahme des Capillarvolumens hängt mit der Markscheidenbildung und der dadurch bedingten Zunahme des Fasermaterials zusammen.
    Notizen: Summary Postnatal changes of capillary density have been determined in paraffin sections through the corpus callosum of 19 cats. At birth the capillary density amounts to 0.81 vol.-%. In the 2nd week of postnatal life it begins to increase and reaches a maximum of 2.92 vol.-% in the 5th week. From the 6th week onwards there is an initially steep and later on less pronounced decrease until at an age of about 1 year a value of about 1.5 vol.-% is reached, which is maintained in adult life. — The decrease in the percentage of capillary volume seen after the 5th week is caused by the rapid increase in fibrous material due to myelination.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Alumina Cream ; Intracerebral Injection ; Pathology of Growing Brain ; Myelination ; Demyelination ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Zum Studium der Reaktion des jugendlichen und erwachsenen Gehirnes auf einen chronischen Reiz wurden bei Katzen verschiedenen Lebensalters intracerebrale Injektionen von Aluminiumhydroxyd vorgenommen. Die Tiere wurden nach Überlebenszeiten von 7 Tagen, 40 Tagen und 3 Monaten durch Perfusion mit Bouinscher Lösung getötet. Die histologische Untersuchung der Gehirne ergab eine Reihe von Unterschieden, je nachdem ob die Injektion vor oder nach der Markscheidenbildung erfolgt war. Besonders auffällig war der Befund, daß in der noch unmyelinisierten weißen Substanz jugendlicher Tiere kein Hirnödem und keine Gliose auftritt. Obgleich durch fluorescenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen gezeigt werden konnte, daß das Aluminium von der Injektionsstelle aus weit in das umgebende Hirngewebe eindringt und dort über lange Zeit festgehalten wird, werden bei den jungen Tieren die Markscheiden später bis in die unmittelbare Umgebung des Herdes normal angelegt. Bei erwachsenen Tieren kam es dagegen in der Nachbarschaft des Herdes stets zu einem starkem Ödem der weißen Substanz, zum Zerfall der Markscheiden und zu einer ausgebreiteten Gliose. Weitere Unterschiede in der Reaktionsweise des Gehirnes jugendlicher und erwachsener Tiere, die den Cortex und insbesondere die marginale Gliafaserschicht betreffen, werden im einzelnen beschrieben und diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary In order to compare the reaction to chronic irritation of young and adult brain intracerebral injections of alumina cream were made in cats of various ages. The animals were killed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid after a survival time of 7 days, 40 days, and 3 months. Histological investigation revealed gross differences in the reaction according to whether the intracerebral injections had been made before or after myelination. Particularly striking was the finding that in the non-myelinated white matter of young animals there was no edema and no subsequent gliosis. Although alumina, as evidenced by fluorescence microscopy after staining with Morin, spreads into the tissue surrounding the focus, subsequent myelination appeared to be normal even in regions close to the site of injection. In contrast, injection into the brains of adult animals was followed by edema, widespread demyelination and gliosis of the white matter near the site of injection. Further differences between young and adult animals were found in the reaction of the grey matter and particularly of the marginal glia.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 326-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Subcellular fractionation ; Parallel fiber axons ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Fractionation of the cat cerebellum has revealed that the parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex break into two types of fragments which can be recognized in thin sections and in suspensions of negatively stained material. Fragmented material correlates well with electron micrographs of parallel fibers in situ. Parallel fiber axons and their bulbous presynaptic expansions sediment mainly into two subfractions. One unique layer consists of the intersynaptic tubular pieces of parallel fiber axons. Another layer is enriched in the synaptic portions which make contact with Purkinje spines. The possible contaminants of these fractions are discussed. These fractions may permit analysis of the chemical organization of conducting vis à vis synaptic membranes from a known anatomical source. This material was presented as a preliminary report at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, November 1966, and is contained in J. Cell. Biol. 31, 52A, 1966.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 234-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Tactile discrimination ; Dorsal column-medial lemniscus ; Spino-cervico-thalamic tract ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The role of two spinal sensory pathways, the dorsal column (DC) pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract (SCTT), involved in tactile discrimination was studied. Pour lesion groups of cats (DC lesion, SCTT lesion, combined DC and SCTT lesion, and sham-operated) were tested to discriminate various degrees of roughness. Animals with either the SCTT or the combined lesions performed at around 50–60% level under all the conditions tested. On the other hand, those with the DC lesion and sham-operations generally attained 80–100% level of performance. A difference between the DC group and sham-operated group was found in their rate of learning and ability for finer discrimination. These results are interpreted as an indication that a duplicity in transmission of tactile sensation exists, the DC pathway being more specific than the SCTT.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The EEG frequency content in cats, anaesthetized by Nembutal and artificially ventilated, was altered by means of injections of either additional Nembutal or of Metrazol. The EEG in cerveau isolé preparations was also changed in the same way. The regional cortical blood flow was determined by means of the 85Krypton technique. A high correlation was found between the frequency content of the EEG, measured by means of manual frequency analysis, and the regional cortical blood flow. The cortical blood flow increased when the mean frequency increased, and vice versa. A similar correlation was found when the EEG mean frequency was changed by means of sensory stimulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Effects of hypoxia ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The relationship between cortical blood flow and the frequency content of the EEG was studied in a circumscribed area of the exposed cerebral cortex in cats under nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. Autoregulation of the cortical blood flow was also tested during step-changes of the arterial blood pressure. Observations were made before and after an episode of severe hypoxia. 2. An episode of systemic hypoxia disrupted the normal high correlation between cortical blood flow and EEG frequency content. In the post-hypoxic period cortical flows of up to about three times normal values were recorded together with brain swelling and a slow wave EEG. The hyperemia and swelling subsided during 1–2 h after the hypoxic episode, and were accompanied by partial or complete recovery of the EEG. In the post-hypoxic period a defective autoregulation of the cortical blood flow to changes in the systemic blood pressure was demonstrated. 3. The cerebral post-hypoxic state with hyperaemia, brain swelling, EEG depression, and loss of autoregulation of blood flow, is probably caused by an accumulation of anaerobic metabolites which lead to cerebral tissue acidosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral cortex ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Nauta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The corticothalamic projections from the gyrus proreus and the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere have been studied in the cat with the silver method of Nauta. The gyrus proreus projects upon the following nuclei (for abbreviations, see list on page 133), ipsilateral R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc. VPI and to the contralateral principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The medial wall of the rostral hemisphere projects bilaterally upon R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc, VPI, VPL, the dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The ipsilateral thalamic projection is more abundant than the contralateral. The latter appears to increase in amount as the lesion is placed successively more ventrally on the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere. Some degenerating fibers cross in the corpus callosum and descend in the contralateral internal capsule but the majority cross in the dorsal part of the anterior commissure and reach the medial aspect of the anterior limb of the contralateral internal capsule. A somatotopical organization of the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere has been demonstrated. The rostrocaudal part projects upon the ipsilateral VPL lateralis (VPLl) and nucleus cuneatus and the contralateral nucleus gracilis and VPL medialis (VPLm). The caudal part of this cortical area sends fibers bilaterally to VPM, VPMpc, and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The intermediate part, which also includes agranular cortex on the medial wall, projects upon ispsilateral VPLm and nucleus gracilis and upon contralateral VPLl and nucleus cuneatus. — The fibers to the ventro-basal complex, dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are rather thick. The corticofugal fibers to the other thalamic nuclei are quite thin. — The findings are discussed in light of relevant anatomical and physiological observations in the literature and special emphasis has been laid on reported observations on the “supplementary motor” area.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 153-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): SII ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Somatotopical localization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The corticothalamic projection from the anterior ectosylvian gyrus in the cat has been studied with the silver impregnation method of Nauta. The second somatosensory cortical area (SII) projects upon the ipsilateral nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the posterior thalamic region (PO) and to a slight extent upon the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (R), the centrum medianum (CM), the parvocellular part of VPM (VPMpc) and the nucleus ventralis posterior inferior (VPI). A somatotopical arrangement in the projection upon the ventro-basal (VB) complex has been demonstrated and a topical arrangement in the corticothalamic fibers from SII to PO is also evident. The transitional area between SII and the second auditory cortex sends fibers mainly to the entire magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (MGmc) and to a lesser degree to the principal division of this nucleus (MGp). The corticofugal fibers from SII follow various and rather complicated circuitous routes before they end in the different thalamic nuclei. The experimental findings are discussed in the light of recent anatomical and physiological observations. It is shown that zones B and C of SII which have been shown by Carreras and Andersson (1963) to possess a large number of place and modality specific neurons project upon the VB-complex. On the other hand, zone A which contains a majority of place and modality unspecific neurons sends its fibers exclusively to PO. Finally the problem of thalamocortical projections to SII is briefly discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 210-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Sensorimotor cortex ; Pontine nuclei ; Somatotopical localization ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Small lesions (in some cases bilateral) were made in the cerebral primary sensorimotor region in altogether 21 adult cats and the ensuing degeneration in the pontine nuclei was studied with the silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Glees. Using thermocoagulation it was possible to obtain lesions restricted entirely to particular cortical regions (for example the “hindlimb region” in the posterior sigmoid gyrus). The main results are as follows: 1. All parts of the primary sensorimotor region send fibres to the pontine nuclei. The projections from the posterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus are relatively scanty. 2. The cortical “motor” area (the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the coronal gyrus) and the “sensory” area (the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus) do not project to identical pontine regions, although both projections are organized in principally the same way. 3. The “motor” and “sensory” areas both project in a somatotopical manner onto two longitudinally oriented sharply delimited columns. In both projections one column is located medial and one lateral to the longitudinal fibre bundles of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Within the medial columns the “hindlimb” is represented ventrally with “face” most dorsally, within the lateral columns the “hindlimb” is located most caudally, with “forelimb” and “face” successively more rostrally. 4. The present results are in agreement with physiological observations on the cerebrocerebellar relations, but show that the pontine projection from the primary sensorimotor cortex is organized in a more complex manner than hitherto assumed.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Temperature ; Interval histograms ; Optic nerve ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In 13 Katzen wurde die Aktivität von 128 Einzelfasern des N. opticus bei Temperaturen zwischen 27 und 39° C abgeleitet und direkt einer Intervallanalyse zugeführt. Die Durchschnittsfrequenz sank mit abnehmender Temperatur von 56/sec bei 39–37° C auf 21/sec unter 29° C. Bei Temperaturen über 35° C wurden nur unimodale oder zweigipfelige Verteilungen mit gehäuften Mehrfachentladungen gefunden. Unter 35° C traten multimodale Intervallhistogramme und Übergangstypen auf, bei denen einer Verteilung mehrere Gipfel aufgesetzt erschienen. Unter 29° C wurden nur mehrgipfelige Verteilungen beobachtet. In der phasischen Reaktion der Neurone wurden mit der Temperaturabnahme Latenzen länger und Hemmungen stärker. Unter 30° C konnte der Reaktionstyp des Neurons oft nicht mehr erkannt werden. Das vermehrte Auftreten multimodaler Verteilungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen ließe sich durch Verminderung von Interaktionen in der Retina erklären. Die Anregung zu dieser Untersuchung wurde von Herrn Professor Dr. Hans Bornschein gegeben.
    Notizen: Summary The activity of 128 single fibers of the optic nerve was recorded in 13 cats at temperatures between 27 and 39° C. Nonsequential interval histograms were computed on line. Decreasing temperature diminished the mean frequency of the fiber activity from 56/sec at 37–39° C to 21/sec below 29° C. Above 35° C the histograms were unimodal or bimodal, the first peak caused by repetitive discharges. Below 35° C multimodal histograms appeared; in some distributions several peaks were superimposed. At temperatures below 29° C only multimodal distributions were obtained. The phasic response of the neurons to light showed an increase of latency and of inhibition according to the decrease of temperature. Often the type of the response of the neuron could not be recognized below 30° C. During hypothermia interactions in the retina may be reduced and this may explain why multimodal distributions occur more frequently.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 299 (1968), S. 261-284 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Electrophysiology ; Single Units ; Bulbar Trigeminal Nuclei ; Katze ; Elektrophysiologie ; Einzelneurone ; Bulbäre Trigeminuskerne
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Funktionelle Eigenschaften der excitatorischen Verbindungen von Cortex, Thalamus und Peripherie zu 438 Neuronen der bulbären Trigeminuskerne wurden untersucht. Es konnten Beziehungen zwischen den Latenzzeiten der Antworten auf ipsilaterale, periphere Einzelreize, contralaterale thalamische Einzel- und Serienreize (N. ventralis posteromedialis) und contralaterale corticale Einzel- und Serienreize (somatosensorisches Projektionsgebiet S I, S II) nachgewiesen werden. 2. Für die Gesamtheit der Neurone wurde mit zunehmender Latenzzeit der Entladung auf periphere Reize eine Zunahme der prozentualen Ansprechbarkeit und der Latenzzeit der Antwort auf zentrale Reize beobachtet. 3. Die Neurone, deren periphere, thalamische und corticale Antworten Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz und mehr folgten, hatten im Mittel kürzere periphere Latenzzeiten als Neurone, die Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz nicht folgten. 4. Bulbäre Neurone, die mit thalamischen Reizen antidrom erregt wurden (lemniscale Neurone), unterschieden sich im Mittel von den übrigen Neuronen durch kürzere Latenzzeiten für periphere und zentrale Reize. 5. Es wurden lemniscale Neurone beobachtet, die mit corticalen Reizen monosynaptisch erregt werden konnten. 6. Neurone mit kleinen peripheren rezeptiven Feldern hatten im Mittel kürzere Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize als Neurone mit großen rezeptiven Feldern. 7. Die periphere Reizantwort von Neuronen konnte durch vorausgehende thalamische und corticale Reize gehemmt werden. Im Mittel wurde die Hemmung bei Neuronen mit Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize häufiger beobachtet. 8. Mögliche Bahnen, die an der Übertragung thalamo-bulbärer Effekte beteiligt sind, wurden diskutiert und schematisch dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit statistischen Methoden geprüft.
    Notizen: Summary 1. Functional properties of excitatory connections from cortex, thalamus and periphery to a total of 438 trigeminal bulbar neurons of the cat have been investigated extracellularly. For the sample considered, correlations between latency of response to ipsilateral electrical single stimuli, contralateral electrical thalamic single and serial stimuli (N. ventralis posteromedialis) and also contralateral electrical cortical single and serial stimuli (somatosensory areas S I, S II) were established. 2. With increasing peripheral latency of response, the percentage of neurons responding to central stimulation increased as well. 3. Neurons following thalamic, cortical or peripheral stimulation frequencies of 50 cps or more showed in the average shorter latencies of response compared with neurons that could not be driven with 50 cps stimulation. 4. Bulbar neurons antidromically invaded by stimulation of the thalamus showed shorter latencies to peripheral, thalamic and cortical stimuli compared with other neurons. 5. Lemniscal neurons that could be activated monosynaptically by cortical stimulation have been observed. 6. Neurons with a small peripheral receptive field had in the average a shorter latency to peripheral stimuli than neurons with a large receptive field. 7. Responses to peripheral stimuli could be inhibited by preceding thalamic and cortical stimuli. 8. Possible pathways that are involved in transmission of thalamo-bulbar effects have been discussed and schematically represented. 9. All results have been examined by means of statistical methods.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 303 (1968), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Hippocampus ; Corpus geniculatum laterale ; Katze ; Mikroelektrophorese ; Acetylcholin ; Hippocampus ; Lateral Geniculate Body ; Cat ; Microelectrophoresis ; Acetylcholine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary 1. Hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones in anaesthetized cats (Chloralose-Urethane) were examined with multibarrelled microelectrodes, testing their responsiveness to microelectrophoretic application of acetylcholine and photic stimulation. 2. In the ventral hippocampus and in the lateral geniculate body 60% of all neurones responded to acetylcholine. 3. Hippocampal neurones were activated with relatively short delay, often less than 1 sec. By contrast, lateral geniculate neurones responded with a latency period of 2–12 sec. The recovery time after acetylcholine-microelectrophoresis was found to be 10–20 sec in both regions. 4. The response of hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones to photic stimulation was enhanced by local application of acetylcholine; even during phenobarbital depression the photic responses were restored by acetylcholinemicroelectrophoresis.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung 1. Neurone im Gebiet des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale der mit Chloralose-Urethan narkotisierten Katze wurden mit mehrkanüligen Mikroelektroden auf ihre Ansprechbarkeit auf mikroelektrophoretisch appliziertes Acetylcholin und auf optische Reizung untersucht. 2. Im ventralen Hippocampus und im Corpus geniculatum laterale wurden 60% aller untersuchten Neurone durch Acetylcholin aktiviert. 3. Die Neurone des Hippocampus wurden nach relative kurzer Latenz, oft weniger als 1 sec, aktiviert. Neurone des Corpus geniculatum laterale dagegen zeigten eine Latenz von 2–12 sec. Die Zeit nach der Mikroelektrophorese bis zur Wiedererreichung der normalen Aktivität betrug 10–20 sec für beide Gebiete. 4. Die Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese verstärkte die Reizantwort der Neurone des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale auf visuelle Reizung. Die nach Phenobarbital abgeschwächte Antwort auf visuelle Reizung wurde durch Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese wieder verstärkt.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 43-62 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Neuronal activity ; EEG-cortex ; Hypoglycemia ; Cat ; Neuronale Aktivität ; EEG-Cortex ; Hypoglykämie ; Katze
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. An Katzen wurden EEG-Veränderungen durch Hypoglykämie hervorgerufen und mit den Aktivitätsveränderungen corticaler Neurone verglichen, wie sie sich bei intracellulären und „quasi-intracellulären“ Ableitungen darstellen. Es zeigte sich, daß pathologische EEG-Veränderungen erst bei niedrigen Blutzuckerwerten (zwischen 30 und 25 mg-%) auftreten und daß es erst bei Werten unter 10–15 mg-% zur elektrischen Stille kommt. 2. Während des flachen, desynchronisierten EEG des wachen Hirns vor Hypoglykämie lassen sich keine Beziehungen zwischen den kleinen EEG- und statistisch verteilten Zellpotentialen nachweisen. — Während der regelmäßigen 8–10/sec- Spindelgruppen, die bei tiefer Hypoglykämie häufig zu beobachten sind, findet sich eine enge Korrelation zwischen den einzelnen Oberflächen-negativen Spindelwellen und Zelldepolarisationen, die meist unterschwellig sind. 3. Bei den langsamen Wellen der δ-Frequenz finden sich ähnliche, aber weniger enge Korrelationen für die flachen, „monomorphen“ δ-Wellen. Andere Formen von langsamen Potentialkomplexen des Cortiocogramms, die im Tintenschreiber als „polymorphe“ δ-Wellen imponieren können, zeigen etwas andere, aber für den einzelnen Wellenkomplex jeweils konstante Beziehungen zur Zellaktivität. 4. Die steilen Wellen wurden unterteilt in primär positive und in primär negative bi- (oder auch tri-)phasische Potentiale. Die primäre Phase der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale ist im Durchschnitt kürzer (unter 20–40 msec) als die negative Phase der primär-negativen Phase (über 100 msec). Die meist überschwellige Zelldepolarisation, die in der Regel zu einer kurzen Gruppenentladung führt, fällt mit der primären Phase, also entweder der positiven oder der negativen zusammen. Die Phasenkoppelung, d. h. die „Synchronisation“ mit dem EEG-Potential, ist jedoch im Fall der primär-positiven Phase enger und die Dauer der Depolarisation kürzer als im Fall der primär-negativen steilen Potentiale. Diese Befunde werden als Hinweis auf eine stärkere Synchronisation der Aktivität der corticalen Nervenzellpopulation im Fall der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale gewertet. 5. Die verschieden engen Phasenkoppelungen und die je nach Steilheit der Wellen wechselnden Phasenbeziehungen zwischen Zellaktivierung und oberflächennegativen resp. -positiven Potentialen werden an Hand eines einfachen Modells der Elektrogenese von EEG-Potentialen erklärt, das den Synchronisationsgrad cortico-petaler und cortico-fugaler Faseraktivität sowie die Summation postsynaptischer Potentiale corticaler Neurone berücksichtigt.
    Notizen: Summary 1. The EEG, recorded monopolarly from the pial surface, was investigated during insuline induced hypoglycemia in acute cats and compared with the activity of cortical cells recorded with intra or “quasi-intracellular” electrodes. 2. Pathological changes of the EEG were observed only when the blood glucose fell below 25–30 mg-%. Electrical silence was observed at blood glucose levels below 15–10 mg-%. 3. The essentially flat, “desynchronized” EEG of the awake animal before hypoglycemia did not show any relation between the small, irregular fast EEG- potentials and the statistically distributed cellular potentials. —During the regular 8–10/sec spindles (Fig. 3) a close correlation was found between the single surface- negative spindle waves and the mostly subthreshold compound cellular EPSP's. 4. Slow waves of δ-frequency showed similar but less close correlations, if the waves were of regular appearance comparable to “monomorphic” δ-waves (Fig.4A). Other forms of slow complex potentials (Fig.4B and C), which correspond to “polymorphic” δ-waves in an EEG-record (e.g. Fig.4C and Fig.2d) may show different relations between cellular and EEG-activity which were, however, consistent for each type of complex wave. 5. Sharp waves were divided into primary positive and primary negative bi- (or tri-)phasic potentials. The primary positive phase was always shorter (below 20–40 msec) than the primary negative phase (above 100 msec). The mostly suprathreshold cellular depolarization, which may lead to a short burst of discharge, coincided with the primary, i.e. either the primary positive or the primary negative phase (Fig. 7 shows records from the same cell and different EEG-phenomena). The phase coupling, i.e. the “synchronization” with the EEG-potential, is closer in the primary positive than the primary negative waves, and the duration of the cellular depolarization is also shorter in the former case (compare Fig.7B I–III with 7B IV). This can be interpreted as stronger synchronization of cellular activity during the short primary positive waves. 6. A causal relation between cortical neuronal activity and EEG-potentials is assumed. Differences in the closeness of phase coupling and the changing phase relation between cellular and EEG-activity according to the form and steepness of cortical EEG-potentials are explained by a simple model of electrogenesis of EEG-potentials, which takes in account the degree of synchronization of corticopetal and cortico-fugal fibre activity as well as the summation of postsynaptic potentials of cortical neurones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Sleep EEG ; Experimental Epilepsy ; Cat ; Schlaf-EEG ; Experimentelle Epilepsie ; Katze
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Wacho- der Schlaf-Aktivierung der fokalen Epilepsien wird bei 20 epileptischen Katzen im chronischen Experiment untersucht (Kopeloff-Methode). Die Narben wurden im Nucleus amygdaloideus (Pars basolateralis), Hippocampus dorsalis, Formatio reticularis mesencephali, Isocortex gesetzt. Bei einer Untersuchungsdauer der einzelnen Tiere zwischen 3 und 60 Tagen, wurden insgesamt 442 Std in Polygraphie (EEG, EMG, Augenbewegungen) abgeleitet. Die Tiere zeigten innerhalb der ersten 7 Tage Krampfpotentiale im EEG und die meisten ab der 2. Woche Krampfanfälle. Bei Katzen mit subcorticalen Narben war keine Veränderung der Dauer, der Verteilung und der Organisation der einzelnen Schlafstadien nachweisbar. Die im Ruhe-EEG vorhandenen Paroxysmen wurden während des langsamen Schlafes nicht aktiviert und fokalisiert. Im paradoxen Schlaf waren die Krampfpotentiale völlig desaktiviert, es traten einzelne Spindeln auf. Die Tiere mit Narben im Isocortex zeigten im langsamen Schlaf seltene Paroxysmen. Während der häufigeren kurzen Phasen des paradoxen Schlafes war eine Fokalisierung der Spitzen im Bereich der Läsion nachweisbar, jedoch, keine Aktivierung. Bei allen Tieren war die ausgeprägteste Aktivierung der Krampfbereitschft stets in dem von uns als „Wach mit motorischer Inaktivität“ bezeichnete Phase zu bemerken. Daher wird angenommen, daß dieser Zustand bei der Katze mit dem Einschlafstadium des Menschen vergleichbar ist.
    Notizen: Summary The activation of focal epileptic activities during wakefulness, slow and REM sleep was studied in chronic experiments in 20 epileptic cats (Kopeloff's method). The lesions were produced in the nucleus amygdaloideus (pars basolateralis), hippocampus dorsalis, formatio reticularis mesencephali and in the isocortex. Each animal was observed from between 3 to 60 days and a total of 442 hours of polygraphy (E.E.G., E.M.G, Eye movements) were recorded. Within the first 7 days all animals showed E.E.G paroxysms and most of them showed seizures from the beginning of the second week. In those cats with subcortical lesions there was no change detected in the duration, distribution and organisation of the different sleep phases. The paroxysmal E.E.G activity seen in the wakeful animal were not activated or focalised during slow-wave sleep; in REM sleep the paroxysms disappeared completely, only a few spindles were seen. Animals with lesions in the isocortex rarely showed paroxysms during the slow wave sleep. However, during REM sleep a clear focalisation was seen, although there was no additional activation in the area of the lesion. In all animals the most significant of the paroxysms was seen during a state which we should like to describe as; “Awake without any motor activity”. It is assumed that this state corresponds to the state of falling asleep in man.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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