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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 202 (1972), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Plasmacytoma (IgA) ; Cytodiagnosis ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem 37jährigen Patienten mit IgA-Plasmocytom zeigte sich während der zweiten Phase der Krankheit, die mit schweren cerebralen Symptomen und Hirnnervenausfällen verlief, eine ausgeprägte Pleocytose im Lumballiquor. Etwa 50–60% der Liquorzellen waren cytologisch und elektronenoptisch teils als reife, ganz überwiegend jedoch als entdifferenzierte Plasmocyten, das heißt als Myelom-Zellen, zu deuten. Übereinstimmend zum immunelektrophoretischen und quantitativen Befund von vermehrtem IgA-Paraprotein und Bence-Jones-Protein im Liquor ließ sich in den meisten Blastomzellen eine entsprechende spezifische Immunfluorescenz nachweisen. Das Auftreten von Myelom-Zellen im Liquor ist unseres Wissens noch nicht beschrieben worden und erklärt sich hier aus der (autoptisch bestätigten) leptomeningealen Lokalisation des Plasmocytoms. In solchen Fällen kann der liquorcytologische Befund die Diagnose entscheiden.
    Notes: Summary A 37-year-old male patient with monoclonal IgA dysproteinemia, severe brain symptoms and cranial nerve disturbances failed to show typical plasmacytoma findings in skull, bones, blood, bone marrow, spleen and lymphatic system. During a second recurrence of his illness a marked pleocytosis of the CSF was observed. 50 to 60% of the cells were classified cytologically and by electron microscopy as blastomatous plasmocytes, i.e. myeloma cells. Specific intracytoplasmatic immunofluorescence corresponded to the presence of IgA and Bence Jones paraprotein which was demonstrated in CSF by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Myeloma cells of CSF have never been described before. Autopsy of this case revealed an unusual type of plasmacytoma which involved the cerebrospinal leptomeninges and subarachnoid spaces mainly. The diagnosis in patients with this disease may be established for sure by the specific cytologic evaluation of the CSF.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 158 (1972), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Renal Potassium Excretion ; Insulin ; Glucose ; Osmotic Diureses ; Kalium (renale Ausscheidung) ; Insulin ; Glucose ; Osmotische Diurese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mannit in hypertonischer Lösung ruft bekanntlich eine osmotische Diurese mit erhöhter Natrium- und Kaliumausscheidung hervor. Hypertonische Glucoseinfusionen (Blutzuckerwerte 280–380 mg%) dagegen führen bei nieren- und stoffwechselgesunden Probanden trotz Entwicklung einer osmotischen Diurese zu einer verminderten Kaliumausscheidung bei nur gering gesteigerter Natriurese. Zusätzlich verabfolgtes Insulin verstärkt den kaliumretinierenden Effekt in Abhängigkeit von seiner Dosierung. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine direkte Insulinwirkung auf die renale Kaliumausscheidung annehmen. Unter den genannten Versuchsbedingungen wird ein Quotient für U/PKalium 〈 1 und gleichzeitig eine verminderte Natriumausscheidung bestimmt. Bei Patienten mit stärker eingeschränktem Glomerulumfiltrat (chronische Pyelonephritis) wird die bereits bestehende endogene osmotische Diurese durch intravenöse Glucosezufuhr (Blutzucker um 400 mg%) verstärkt und führt zu erheblicher Kalium- und Natriummehrausscheidung bei signifikant sinkenden Plasmaspiegeln dieser Elektrolyte.
    Notes: Summary In contrast to the increased excretion of sodium and potassium in mannitol-diuresis in healthy men, hypertonic glucose-infusion (bloodsugar 280 to 380 mg%) causes in spite of osmotic diuresis a decrease of potassium excretion and only a small loss of sodium. Insulin applied in addition raises this effect according to its dosage. It is suggested, that insulin modifies renal potassium excretion either by increasing reabsorption and/or decreasing secretion. Under these conditions the ratio U/Ppotassium was found 〈 1. In patients with markedly reduced glomerular filtration rate by chronic pyelonephritis endogenous osmotic diuresis is enhanced by glucose-infusion (bloodsugar 400 mg%). Now an increasing excretion both of potassium and sodium was found, while plasma levels of these ions decreased significantly.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 158 (1972), S. 129-151 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Preservation ; Porcine Liver ; Hypothermia ; Electron Microscopy ; Lysosomes ; Konservierung ; Schweineleber ; Hypothermie ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Lysosomen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 6 Schweinelebern wurden durch einfache Unterkühlung 24 Std konserviert und die Strukturerhaltung in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen elektronenmikroskopisch und enzymcytochemisch untersucht. Für die initiale hypotherme Kurzzeitperfusion diente eine mit Kalium und Glucose angereicherte modifizierte Ringer-Lösung, der bei 3 Lebern zusätzlich sog. Zellstabilisatoren (Chlorpromazin und Prednisolon) hinzugefügt worden waren. Schwerwiegende Schädigungen der Ultrastruktur in den Hepatocyten, wie Desorganisation, Fragmentation, Vesikulation und Degranulation des endoplasmatischen Reticulums, Mitochondrienschwellung vom Matrix-Typ, Verklumpung und Margination des Chromatins sowie Rupturen der Zellmembran mit Austritt von Cytoplasmabestandteilen und Kernen in die Disséschen Räume und Sinusoidlichtungen traten vereinzelt nach 6–9stündiger, in der Mehrzahl der Zellen jedoch erst nach 12stündiger Konservierung auf. Die Lysosomen blieben über 18 Std unverändert. Bemerkenswert waren früh einsetzende regressive Veränderungen in den Kupfferschen Sternzellen, die schon nach 6 Std vielfach zu Cytolysen führten. Der Zusatz von Chlorpromazin und Prednisolon zur Perfusionslösung blieb ohne morphologisch erfaßbaren Effekt auf die Erhaltung der Ultrastruktur.
    Notes: Summary 6 porcine livers were preserved by simple hypothermia for 24 hrs. Ultrastructural alterations were studied at various intervals with electron microscopic and enzyme cytochemical methods. A modified Ringer's solution with increased concentrations of potassium and glucose was used for initial hypothermic shorttime perfusion. In 3 of 6 cases cell stabilizers (chlorpromazine and prednisolone) were added to the perfusate. Severe ultrastructural changes such as disorganization, fragmentation, vesiculation, and degranulation of endoplasmic reticulum, swelling of the matrix in mitochondria, aggregation, and margination of chromatin as well as rupture of the plasma membrane followed by the release of cellular constituents into the Dissé spaces and the sinusoids appeared in several liver cells after 6–9 hrs of preservation. In a significant number of cells, however, they were observed only after 12 hrs of preservation. In lysosomes there were no changes for more than 18 hrs of preservation. Especially interesting were early regressive alterations of Kupffer cells leading frequently to cytolysis already after 6 hrs of preservation. The addition of chlorpromazine and prednisolone to the perfusate had no effect on the preservation of ultrastructure.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 8 (1972), S. 260-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; radioimmunoassay ; total IRI in insulin-treated diabetics ; acid ethanol extraction of insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On décrit une méthode de routine pour le dosage de l'IRI (insuline immunoréactive) totale chez les diabétiques traités par l'insuline. La méthode comprend une extraction à l'acide-éthanol, très simple, pendant laquelle l'IRI liée aux anticorps est dissociée et séparée ainsi que l'IRI »libre« des protéines sériques, anticorps compris. La récupération de l'IRI par cette méthode est aux environs de 80%. Après la séparation, l'IRI totale isolée est mesurée par un dosage immunologique qui se sert de l'éthanol afin de séparer l'I125-insuline libre de celle liée aux anticorps. Chez 169 malades diabétiques traités par l'insuline à des doses allant de 6 à 120 unités par jour, l'IRI totale sérique à jeun était de 6 à 4374 μU/ml, avec une moyenne de 392 μU/ml. Pendant le traitement par l'insuline le taux de l'IRI totale est passé des niveaux normaux, enregistrés pendant les deux premiers mois, à des niveaux plus éleévs qui se stabilisent 5 mois environ apres le début du traitement. L'augmentation de l'IRI coïncide avec la formation d'anticorps. Les malades insulino-résistants présentent des valeurs très hautes d'IRI.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Für die Bestimmung des Gesamt-IRI (immunoreaktiven Insulins) bei Diabetikern, die mit Insulin behandelt wurden, wird eine Routinemethode beschrieben. Die Methode schließt eine einfache SäureÄthanol-Extraktion ein, wobei das antikörpergebundene IRI dissoziiert und zusammen mit dem „freien“ IRI von den Serumproteinen, einschließlich den Antikörpern, getrennt wird. Bei diesem Verfahren werden etwa 80% des IRI wiedergefunden. Nach der Trennung wird das isolierte Gesamt-IRI immunologisch gemessen. Für die Trennung des freien von dem an Antikörper gebundenen125I-Insulin wird Äthanol verwendet. Bei 169 Diabetikern, die mit 6 bis 120 E Insulin/Tag behandelt wurden, lag das Nuchternserum-Gesamt-IRI zwischen 6 und 4374 μE/ml (Mittelwert 392 μE/ml). Im Laufe der Insulinbehandlung stieg das Gesamt-IRI von Normalwerten, die während der ersten 2 Monate registriert wurden, auf ein höheres Niveau an, das sich nach etwa 5 Monaten Behandlungsdauer stabilisierte. Der Anstieg des IRI erfolgte gleichzeitig mit der Bildung von Antikörpern. Bei insulinresistenten Patienten ergaben sich sehr hohe IRI-Konzentrationen.
    Notes: Summary A routine method is described for the determination of total IRI (imraunoreactive insulin) in insulintreated diabetics. The method involves an easy acid ethanol extraction, whereby antibody-bound IRI is dissociated and separated, together with the “free” IRI from the serum proteins and the antibodies. The recovery of IRI in this procedure is about 80%. After the separation, the isolated total IRI is measured in an immunoassay, using ethanol for the separation of free and antibody bound125I-insulin. In 169 diabetic patients treated with insulin in doses of from 6 to 120 units/day, the fasting serum total IRI was between 6 and 4374 μU/ml, with a mean of 392 μU/ml. During treatment with insulin, the level of total IRI increased from normal values, registered during the first two months, to a higher level which became stable after about 5 months of treatment. The increase in IRI occurred simultaneously with the formation of antibodies. Insulin-resistant patients showed very high IRI levels.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Disturbance of Metabolism in the Neuron ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsies of a frontal gyrus from both schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic brains were examined by electron microscopy. The results in the schizophrenic brains are as follows: 1. Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, the Golgi apparatus was remarkably prominent. 2. Membranous structures, consisting of numerous interconnected tubules were observed in the nerve fibres. Abnormal structures appeared in the synapses and in many synapses vesicles were not observed. 3. Granular and vesicular material accumulated in large amount in the axon-oligodendroglial interface of myelinated nerve fibres: the material was gradually transferred from the axon-oligodendroglial interface to the inner mesoaxon and the outer layers of the myelin sheaths destroying some of the myelin sheaths. Mainly myelinated nerve fibres of medium size were involved. 4. A large amount of lipofuscin-like material was observed in the cytoplasm and the processes of the oligodendroglia. 5. Only the neuron and the oligodendroglia showed specific changes. Among the findings mentioned above, (3) was thought to be specific and originated from the disturbance of the metabolism of the neuron, due probably to some enzyme disturbance in the neuron.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Experimental Allergic Neuritis ; Extravasated Protein ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations on the perineurium in EAN are described. Extravasated serum protein was observed in the endoneurial space and also between the cellular laminae of the perineurium. A mechanism of macropinocytotic transport of protein across the perineurium is proposed. The observations are related to the known properties of the perineurium as a diffusion barrier and are interpreted as a mechanism by the perineurium to restore the composition of the endoneurial fluid.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 299-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Angiopathy ; Pig ; Arterial Lesions ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscope study of the central nervous system was performed in 5 pigs with cerebrospinal angiopathy. Characteristic lesions in arterioles and small arteries are insudations and necroses in the media with the endothelial cell layer essentially intact. Some smooth muscle cells within the insudate may show transformation into fibroblast-like cells. Due to the proliferation of these cells a new subendothelial cell layer is formed. In venules there are marked plasmarrhagias although the endothelium appears to be normal and the number of pinocytotic vesicles does not increase. In collagen fibrils the cross striation appears unaltered; the diameter of the fibrils varies between 0.05–0.4 μm. Swollen astrocytes around vessels and in the neuropil contain large numbers of osmiophilic spherical or polyhedrical coacervations in their cytoplasm mostly without a limiting membrane. These cytoplasmic inclusions most likely represent blood plasma constituents which may have penetrated from the perivascular space of arterioles and venules into the astrocytes. The morphological substrate of the blood-brain-barrier at the capillary level is altered only rarely. As the cause of porcine cerebrospinal angiopathy, toxins of E. coli are discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 145-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Colchicine ; Astroglia ; Oligodendroglia ; Drug-Induced Changes ; Glial Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbits treated with a single intracisternal injection of 100 μg colchicine dissolved in 50 μl water, got signs of neurological disturbances within a day and became quadriparetic in about two days. The glial cells in the brain, the brain stem and spinal cord were examined. Special emphasis was paid to those in the hypoglossal and dorsal vagal nuclei. Many of the astrocytes became hypertrophic after injection of colchicine and got an increased number of filaments and cell organelles, including mitochondria and dense bodies. The oligodendrocytes showed more or less marked changes, including lipid droplets and dense bodies. Several glial cells, rarely noticed in the controls, showed marked signs of reactive changes and did not fulfil the criteria for either astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. The results obtained are discussed in relation to those obtained after other types of treatment of nervous tissue. It is concluded that the glial changes are partly due to effects induced by colchicine, which inhibits the intracellular transport, but not the formation of cell constituents. Emphasis had to be paid to the fact that drug-induced changes in the glial cells may severely alter the metabolism and function of adjacent neurons.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes Virus, Type 2 ; Tissue Culture ; Intranuclear Tubules ; Microtubular Structures ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mature explants of mouse spinal cord and ganglia have been infected with Herpes virus hominis type 2. After 48 h, a high titer of virus was detected in the explant and typical herpes-like particles were seen by electron microscopy. They were more numerous in sensory neurons and Schwann cells than in the CNS possibly because of a more rapid propagation through the extracellular space in spinal ganglia. In the infected nuclei, besides the naked particles, numerous tubular formations were found, apparently resulting from virus infection and specific for herpes type 2. Their dimensions and fine structure are illustrated and compared to other microtubular formations. In the cytoplasm of theneurons, a dramatic disorganisation occurred and, in the Schwann cell, the plasma membrane underwent disruption. Consequently, the normal axon — Schwann cell intimate contact was lost.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leucodystrophy Metachromatic ; Electron Microscopy ; Prismatic Deposits ; Brain ; Peripheral Nerve ; Kidney ; Rectum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical history, light and electron microscopy findings are reported in four cases of infantile metachromatic leucodystrophy. By electron microscopy, the authors describe the various types of lesions and the different lipid deposits noticed in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the kidney and rectum. They stress the prismatic lipid deposits observed not only in the cerebral white matter and in the kidney but in the peripheral nerves as well.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 50-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano Bodies ; Rod-Like Structures ; Inclusions ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By light microscopy, Hirano bodies are fusiform or spheroidal eosinophilic bodies, that are commonly observed in the hippocampi of the elderly and are especially numerous in patients with various dementias or degenerative diseases. Rarely, they have been demonstrated in other locations and even in animals. Ultrastructurally, the Hirano bodies are complex pleomorphic aggregates of intraneuronal fibrillary material found predominantly in the processes but occasionally in the perikarya. The Hirano bodies are assembled from multiple subunits, but occasionally in the perikarya. The Hirano bodies are assembled from multiple subunits, each consisting of two overlapping or intersecting expanses of parallel filaments. Depending on the plane of section and orientation, the subunit may appear as a lattice-work array of intersecting filaments, a row of regularly spaced punctate densities closely applied to a filament, or a broader feathery fibril. The subunits appear to be derived from the reorganization or precipitation of randomly dispersed finely filamentous material. Because of the diverse circumstance under which they are found, Hirano bodies are regarded as a non-specific manifestation of neuronal degeneration.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ionizing Radiation ; Late Effects ; Brain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The data with which this paper deals were obtained from white rats receiving limited head X-irradiation, tested for behavioral changes, and sacrificed for light and electron microscopic evaluation 1 year after the irradiation. No evidence was found for a general loss or change in cortical or subcortical neurons. On the other hand, there was bilateral focal degeneration in the fimbria of the fornix in the dorsal hippocampus. This involved considerable numbers of pyramidal and granule cells, presumably secondary to delayed vascular changes. Widespread hypertrophy of astrocytes was noted throughout the irradiated zone. Within each central necrotic zone invasive collagen, reticulin and fibrin were present. In general, blood vessels showed only occasional evidence of thickening. However, the blood vessels in the areas of frank necrosis in the fimbria and internal capsule exhibited intense thickening leading to hyalinization.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Batten's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Appendix ; Curvilinear Inclusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic findings in the appendix of a five-year-old child suffering from Batten's disease are presented. They revealed accumulations of curviform densities in smooth muscle cells, nerve cells and Schwann cells of the myenteric plexus of Auerbach. Typical lipofuscin pigment was not observed. The presence of transitional forms, however, suggesting progressive transformation of the inclusions into lipofuscin-like granules, is briefly discussed. It is proposed that, during life, electron microscopy of the appendix might be useful for the diagnosis or more specific classification of a form of storage disease.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroglia ; Identification ; Light Microscopy ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A simple method is described, using ultrathin sections, by which glial cells of all three types can be identified in the same section without using specialised techniques. Thesame cell can be identified by electronmicroscopy and thus allow for exact correlation of light and electron microscopic features. An outline description of glial types is given.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsy, Experimental ; Focus ; Aluminium Cream ; Neurone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats were given injections of 0.01 cc of alumina cream into the cortex of the medial surface, above the distal part of the sulcus cruciatus. Then for a month the animals were “stimulated” by intravenous injections of penicillin. The electron microscopic study revealed: 1. A proximal zone close to the alumina cream; it is an inflammatory focus characterised by the presence of an exudate in which macrophages, plasmocytes and collagen fibres are present. 2. A middle zone: the astrocytes are hypertrophied and fibrous; the neurons exhibit either neurofibrillary degeneration or considerable increase of the number of mitochondria. Hypertrophied astrocytes and “hyperchondriomated” neurons are envisaged as possible indications of disturbances of electrical activity. 3. A distal zone: in this region the alterations of the cortex disappear.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rod-Like Structures ; Ammon's Horn ; Electron Microscopy ; Age Incidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of rod-like structures (RLS) was made in 173 pathological and in 67 normal brains. The pathological brains included cases with varied neuropathological conditions: vascular, metabolic, degenerative, infectious, traumatic, neoplastic, etc. The ages of the patients ranged from newborn to 97 years. RLS were found in 152 pathological brains (89%) and in 50 normal brains (75%). RLS were localized in all but one case, in Ammon's horn, specifically in Sommer's sector and in the stratum lacunosum beneath Sommer's sector. There was no correlation between any group of diseases studied and appearance or number of RLS. The number of RLS in Sommer's sector increased with advancing age. In the middle age, ihowever, the stratum lacunosum showed a higher number of RLS. The results of this study idicate that there is no significant relationship between RLS and any pathological condition and therefore that they represent non-specific changes, although a correlation with advancing age is probable. Although RLS appeared to be intracellular, their exact localization was not established.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Colitoxin Shock ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Pig ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural alterations of the capillaries and venules in the central nervous system after intravenous application of coli endotoxin were studied in 193–7 weeks-old piglets (conventional, SPF and gnotobiotic). Slight lesions were found in the endothelium of capillaries and venules consisting of focal multiplication of microvilli, pinocytotic vesicles, vacuoles and dense bodies as well as occurrence of leukocytes adhering to the vascular surface being located in the vascular wall. There was severe extravasation in venules and occasionally in capillaries. The intercellular spaces of the neuropil were markedly widened and contained a plasma-like material. An increased number of lysosomes and osmiophilic depots were seen in the neuropil of 4 out of 19 animals resembling the lesions of porcine cerebrospinal angiopathy. Microthrombi, aggregations of platelets and erythrocytes were found in the vascular lumen indicating a disturbance of microcirculation after the application of coli endotoxin.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acanthocytosis ; Sural Biopsy ; Electron Microscopy ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of sural nerve biopsies is described in two brothers with normo-lipoproteinaemic acanthocytosis and an associated neurological syndrome. There was a severe reduction of myelinated fibres. The Schwann cells had an increased population of lysosomes and contained remnants of myelin. The myelin lamellae were often split at the intraperiod lines. Centrioles were found in Schwann cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 305-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Encephalitis, Viral, Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Nervous System, Central and Peripheral ; Crystalline Aggregates ; Filamentous Collections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The CNS and posterior root ganglia of rabbits experimentally infected with Borna virus were studied by electron microscopy. Intracytoplasmic crystalline arrays were common in the non-neuronal cell elements of the central and peripheral nervous tissues of all infected animals. Peculiar filamentous collections were seen occasionally in the central and peripheral neurons of one third of the inoculated rabbits. Control animals showed no such changes. In the affected tissues the nuclear density was increased. There were numerous cells grouped around the vessels or scattered singly or in clusters in the parenchyma. Amongst them plasma cells could be recognized as well as mononuclear cells of hematogenous origin, microglia cells in various reactive stages and macrophages derived from either of the latter cell types. The nonspecific character of the crystalline aggregates is emphasized. The questionable viral nature of the filamentous bundles is considered briefly; other explanations as to their nature are also mentioned. Finally, attention is drawn to the heterogeneous composition of the glial nodules and to the ultrastructural variability of the various cell types found in the inflamed tissues.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurofilament ; Neuropathy ; Electron Microscopy ; Neurofibrillary Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sural nerve biopsy was performed on a six-year-old girl with a slowly progressive distal mixed polyneuropathy. The nerve fiber population was reduced, and of those remaining, approximately half were greatly enlarged, measuring up to 35 microns in cross section. Longitudinal sections showed axonal enlargement to be segmental. Ultrastructurally, swollen axonal segments were filled with neurofilaments in closely-packed swirls which appeared to tie on occasion into granular electron-opaque condensations. Both, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers were involved, and some degree of onion-bulb formation was observed. Although masses of neurofilaments are found in peripheral axons in other disorders, none approaches the proportions encountered in this unique case.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 288-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nerve Growth Factor ; Peripheral Nerve Fibres ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy ; Phase Contrast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) antiserum causes neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia of newborn rats. Pre and post ganglionic sympathetic fibers from eleven such animals and eight controls were studied by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Quantitative techniques were applied to the study of different parameters of the axons and Schwann cells. Treated animals showed only 24% of the axonal population of controls and 34% of Schwann cells. This fiber loss was non-selective, affecting all fiber sizes. Schwann cells from treated animals enclosed fewer axons than normal and some contained none. Contrary to what is seen following transection of an unmyelinated nerve, regenerative axonal sprouting was not observed during the 6 week period studied. Schwann cell processes were elongated and unfolded, frequently engulfing bundles of collagen. NGF antiserum experiments provide a tool for the study of axonal and Schwann cell behaviour after neuronal loss avoiding the disadvantages of the traumatic disruption of neural architecture that results from experimental surgical lesions.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 335-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal Cord Ischemia ; Neurons ; Glycogen ; UDPG-transferase ; Glycogen Phosphorylase ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Partial ischemia of the spinal cord in adult cats was induced by abdominal aortic ligation. The most striking abnormality was an accumulation of glycogen in large motor neurons and astroglia in the peripheral anterior horns. Little or no histological and ultrastructural abnormalities were present in these regions. The first glycogen deposits appeared after 1/2 h in glial cells, whereas glycogen accumulation in neurons was first noticeable 1 h after ligation reaching a maximum in 24 h. A gradual decrease occurred with disappearance of glycogen at 10 days. Increase in UDPG-transferase was found preceeding glycogen appearance, and increase in glycogen-phosphorylase activity occurred later concurrent with glycogen accumulation. This unique neuronal glycogen deposition may be due to the UDPG-transferase normally present in γ-motor neurons of the anterior horns. Other possible mechanisms are also considered.
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  • 23
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 11-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Microglia ; Cerebral Cortex ; Cold Lesion ; Electron Microscopy ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural appearances of microglia in the rat cerebral cortex were examined following experimental cold lesions. It was found that microglia toop up extravascularized plasma by pinocytosis. These pinocytotic vesicles coalesced to form large vacuoles of medium electron density, which subsequently decreased in size and increased in density and morphological complexity. Concurrently the microglial cells underwent dedifferentiation and division. Between 3 and 7 days after making the cold lesion it was difficult to distinguish between phagocytes of microglial and haematogenous origin. The relationship of microglia to haematogenous phagocytes is discussed.
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  • 24
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Experimental ; Cats ; CSF Turnover ; Ependyma ; Subependymal Tissue ; Extracellular Space ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study of the ependymal and subependymal regions of experimental hdrocephalic cats was made. Hydrocephalus was induced by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) turnover was measured in all experimental cats by ventricular perfusion just prior to glutaraldehyde fixation. The cats were sacrificed at 7 (acute hydrocephalus) and at 21 or more days (chronic hydrocephalus) after kaolin. The major pathological findings were: flattened and outstretched ependymal lining, detachment of ependymal cells and rarefaction of subependymal areas with increase in the extracellular space. The significant morphological alterations in acute hydrocephalus, characterized by a marked decreased rate of CSF absorption, were flattening and outstretching of ependymal cells with minimal rarefaction of subjacent tissues. In the acute animal with a measurable amount of CSF absorption, and more clearly, in the chronic animal with higher rates of CSF absorption, detachment of ependymal calls, significant rarefaction of subependymal tissues, and marked increased subependymal extracellular space were the predominant changes. It is concluded that these pathological changes provide the morphologic substrate for transventricular absorption of CSF.
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  • 25
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Nuclear Bodies ; Tubular Inclusions ; Nucleocapsids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this case of documented subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), electron microscopy of a brain biopsy revealed a previously unreported “fingerprint” configuration of tubular inclusions or nucleocapsids. The pattern resembled that of the whorled filamentous nuclear bodies which are so frequently encountered in ultrastructural studies of this disease. Furthermore, an apparent tubule was seen running parallel to filaments within the nucleus of still another affected cell. These findings lend support to the concept that nuclear bodies are converted into and/or synthesize nucleocapsids.
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  • 26
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 282-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Jimpy Mouse ; Electron Microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Mouse Mutant ; Myelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corpus callosum of Jimpy mouse brain was investigated with the electron microscope in 14, 21, 29 days old animals, and compared with that of normal littermates. Myelination was almost lacking in Jimpy; this absence seems to be due to an agenesis rather than a destruction. The oligodendrocyte cell line is severely disturbed; adult oligodendrocytes are absent in all the animals studied, even in 29 days animals. The few oligodendrocytes present are young; they are found in the vicinity of the few myelinated fibers. Features suggestive of oligodendrocyte death were found both in corpus callosum and neighbouring cortex. The astrocyte cell line develops normally; evidences of cell reactivity such as increase of glycogen and gliofilaments were found. Microglia were present in large numbers and contained several types of inclusions, whose signification is discussed. It is concluded that the defect of myelination in Jimpy mice is closely related to abnormalities found in the oligodendrocyte line.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 158-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain Stab Wound ; Glycogen Reaction ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Abnormal accumulation of glycogen around cerebral stab wounds was studied histochemically, electron microscopically, and quantitatively in rats 4, 13, 28 days old and in adult (90–150 days old) animals. Glycogen did not accumulate around stab wounds in 4 and in 13-day old rats, whereas a considerable accumulation of glycogen was present in the 28 day and in adult animals. There was a close parallelism between the amount of glycogen accumulated and the degree of maturation of oxidative enzyme activity as reflected by succinic dehydrogenase activity in the cortex. In 28 day and in adult animals, a pale central necrotic core was surrounded by a zone of reduced enzyme activity. The region of glycogen accumulation was located peripherally to this zone.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spongy Degeneration ; Cerebellum ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical studies were performed on the cerebellum from a 9 month old Jewish boy with spongy degeneration. Histologically, the main pathological changes were noted in the Purkinje cell layer, the deeper areas of the granular cell layers and the subcortical white matter. Ultrastructurally, multiple vacuoles were present within the swollen cytoplasm and processes of protoplasmic astrocytes in the cortex, while in the subcortical white matter vacuoles were observed within splitting myelin lamellae as well as within astrocytes. There were also abnormal mitochondria within swollen protoplasmic astrocytic cytoplasm and processes which in ATPase preparations showed little or no reaction product. However, the fibrillary astrocytes were not swollen and contained intact mitochondria which showed normal reaction product in ATPase preparations. Since the myelin changes are known to be nonspecific and secondary to abnormal fluid accumulation, the characteristic distribution of the multiple vacuoles in the central nervous system in this disorder seems primarily to be related to swelling of the protoplasmic astrocytes.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lipid Composition ; Axonal Loss ; Ganglioside Deficit ; Schilder's Disease ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of Schilder's diffuse sclerosis with a four-year history of progressive neurologic deterioration in a boy dying at ten years of age is reported. The asymmetry of the process was indicated during life by the clinical findings. A unicentric focus of demyelination was found with the initial stages in the occipital and temporal white matter and a subacute reaction in the rostral cerebral white matter, brain stem, and cerebellum. Electron microscopic study confirmed the extensive axonal loss. No particles compatible with a virus structure were identified. Analysis of the regional composition of cerebral lipids demonstrated large deficits of cerebroside, sulfatide, cholesterol, total phospholipid, sphingomyelin, and ganglioside in the occipital lesion. A significant but less complete deficit of lipids was found at the lesion margin in frontal white matter. An increase of cholesterol esters was demonstrated at this site as well. The normal-appearing white matter of rostral frontal lobe showed a decreased level of ganglioside and normal concentrations of the other structural lipids. This decreased ganglioside concentration of grossly normal white matter suggest the advisability of considering Wallerian degeneration in interpreting the analytical data obtained in the study of the demyelinating disorders. The morphological and biochemical findings indicate the progressive spread of the axonolytic and myelinolytic process in the pathogenesis of Schilder's diffuse sclerosis.
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  • 30
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 122-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mercury Intoxication ; Nerve Cells ; Dorsal Root Ganglion ; Cerebellum ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary When given to rats, both organic and inorganic mercury compounds were found to be neurotoxic. After CH3HgCl intoxication, focal cytoplasmic degradation was the most characteristic lesion observed in the neurons of the dorsal root ganglion. A large cytoplasmic vacuole was formed in many neurons as a result of such lesions. After HgCl2 poisoning, the dorsal root ganglion neurons developed peripheral vacuoles, which were formed by the retraction of the neuron from its surrounding satellite cells. Extensive fragmentation of these neurons occurred as such vacuolation progressed. Multiple small lesions varying from 0.1–1.2 μ were found in the neuronal cytoplasm after both organic and inorganic mercury intoxication. Mercury could be demonstrated histochemically to have a close association with these lesions. In the anterior horn motoneurons, neither mercury compound produced any permanent pathological lesions in the nerve cell bodies, although there was severe dilatation of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope at early stages of the intoxication. In the cerebellum, both organic and inorganic mercury compounds produced extensive coagulative or lucid changes in the granule cells. Degeneration of the Purkinje cells was also found at late stages of the poisoning.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Sural Nerve ; von Recklingshausen's Disease ; Schwann Cell ; Onion Bulb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of photo and electron microscopical preparations of a biopsied sural nerve from a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease is reported. In the toluidine blue stained Epon-sections the number of myelinated fibers per square millimeter was moderately decreased and the number of large myelinated fibers was severely reduced. Large, circular, lamellated structures which resemble the onion bulb were observed. These structures are different from the previously reported onion bulb in their size and core structure which contains usually a degenerated nerve fiber. Some consideration was given to the origin of these onion bulb-like lamellated structures.
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  • 32
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Segmental Demyelination ; Remyelination ; Axon/Schwann Cell Relationship ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations were made of early remyelination after segmental demyelination in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) and experimental diphtheritic neuropathy. In EAN 71% of axons which had been demyelinated were invaginated each within a single Schwann cell; remyelination associated with this cellular relationship was in accordance with the spiral myelin concept, 29% of demyelinated axons in EAN were initially enveloped each by several Schwann cell processes and the associated mechanism of remyelination was by “tunication” resulting in a transient irregular distribution of myelin lamellae around the axon circumference. In diphtheritic neuropathy regeneration more closely paralleled development in ontogeny. 88% of demyelinated axons were invaginated each within one Schwann cell, only 12% of axons were each enveloped by more than one Schwann cell process. Early remyelination by tunication was not observed in diphtheritic neuropathy. Additional loosely associated Schwann cell processes lying within the “old” Schwann cell basement membrane occurred frequently in both experimental conditions. Schmidt-Lanterman clefts, “redundant” myelin, and “desmosomes” were observed in the sheaths of incipient remyelination.
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  • 33
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 275 (1972), S. 299-313 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Human Blood Platelets ; Inhibition of Serotonin Uptake ; Lipid Solubility ; Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents ; Serotonin Release ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Beta-adrenergic blocking agents inhibit serotonin uptake by human blood platelets; in addition they induce release of the previously accumulated amine in vitro. Propranolol was the most active drug, followed by alprenolol, Kl 255, Kö 592, INPEA, oxprenolol, pindolol, Kö 1366, practolol, and sotalol. Kinetic analysis revealed a mixed type of inhibition of serotonin uptake. A significant correlation between these parameters and the lipid solubilities of the respective drugs was found. In contrast to the active serotonin uptake labelled β-sympatholytics were accumulated by the platelets passively, i. e. independently of temperature and of time of incubation. The degree of accumulation by human blood platelets and human erythrocyte ghosts was again correlated with the hydrophobicity of the compounds. Therefore, it is concluded that these effects of β-adrenergic blocking agents are mainly unspecific in nature, depending on the lipid solubility of the drugs, and leading to conformational changes within the membranes. This assumption is supported by the electron microscopical findings in human platelets, indicating ultrastructural changes and cell lysis.
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  • 34
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    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insulin ; Iodoacetate ; Glycolysis ; Muscle Metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1,2-Bisphosphoenolpyruvate (bis-PEP), a new intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism, accumulates in the incubation medium of rat diaphragms. The metabolic properties of this intermediate have been studied. Bis-PEP is determined after isolation, by its radioactivity and the total phosphorus content. The production is stimulated by insulin. The addition of adrenalin and monoiodoacetate to media containing insulin causes a further increase in concentration of bis-PEP in the medium. When incubating with glucose labeled in the first or the sixth carbon atom, the dilution of the isotope incorporated into bis-PEP is different. The use of 1-14C-glucose gives rise to the production of bis-PEP with low specific activity; this dilution is counteracted by the addition of monoiodoacetate to the medium. The addition of non-radioactivedl-glyceraldehyde to the medium causes a doubling of the total amount accumulated and an approximately equal increase in isotope dilution. The addition of inert hydroxypyruvate decreases the dilution factor without increasing the total amount. When glycogen in the diaphragms is labeled by preliminary incubation with14C-glucose, labeled bis-PEP can be isolated from a second, non-radioactive medium. Anaerobiosis does not inhibit production. Assuming that in the intact diaphragm as in isolated systems the effect of monoiodoacetate is first and foremost on glyceraldehydedehyrogenase, it is suggested that the synthesis of bis-PEP takes place at a point above the formation of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.
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  • 35
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 540-561 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Cholesterol ; Fats ; Insulin ; Lipoprotein lipase ; Lipoproteins ; NEFA ; Nicotinic acid ; Pre-β-lipoproteins ; Serum lipids ; Triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudé 84 sujets diabétiques a fin de mettre en évidence la frequence et le type des complications hyperlipidémiques au cours de la maladie diabétique. Pour déterminer quelques aspects de la pathogénèse, des patients ont reçu une diète hyperglucidique (CHO 75–80%), des autres ont reçu un surplus diététique de beurre (30% des calories totales), des autres enfin ont été tratés par acide nicotinique (2 g/die pendant 8 jours). Les résultats ont mis en évidence que une hyperlipémie est très fréquente au cours de diabète mais elle jamais atteint à des niveaux élevés; le type II est rare tandis que prédomine le type IV; il y a même la présence de un type «mélangé» (II+IV) e de «sinking pre-β». L'hyperlipémie, caractérisée par une légère réduction de la lipoprotéine-lipase, n'est pas modifiable ni par des diètes hyperglucidiques ni avec le surplus de gras saturés; au contraire l'action de l'acide nicotinique a réduit l'hyperglycémie et la bande pre-β. La légère hyperlipémie habituelle des diabétiques semble causée par une aumentation de l'afflux de NEFA au foie et par un déficit de la rémotion plasmatique de VLDL. Excéptionnellement une «grosse» hyperlipemie complique le diabète de la maturité ou le diabète en acido-cétose; en ces cas il s'agirait plus de une association de plusieurs gènes morbides que de une interdèpendence pathogénétique.
    Abstract: Resumen Los autores han estudiados una serie de 84 diabéticos, al objeto de determinar la frecuencia con que la diabetes se complica con una hiperlipemia y el tipo de esta última. Para determinar algunos aspectos de la patogenesis, una parte de los pacientes se sometió a dieta hiperglucídica (carbohidratos 75–80 %), otra recibió un suplemento dietético de mantequilla (equivalente al 30% de la totalidad de calorías) y, finalmente, otra fue sometida a un tratamiento con ácido nicotínico (2 gramos diarios durante 8 días). Los datos obtenidos han demostrado que la hiperlipemia se da muy frecuentemente durante la diabetes pero que habitualmente no alcanza grados elevados; el tipo II se da con escasa frecuencia; predomina el tipo IV de hiperlipoproteinemia; y también se da la presencia de un tipo «mixto» y en un cierto porcentaje figuran también las «sinking pre-β». La hiperlipemia, caracterizada preferentemente por una leve reducción de la lipoproteinlipasa, no ha resultado susceptible de modificaciones ni con la dieta hiperglucídica ni con el suplemento de grasas saturadas; en cambio, tanto la hiperglicemia como lafaja pre-β se ha atenuado bajo el tratamiento con ácido nicotínico. La leve hiperlipemia habitual del diabético parece pues que se vincule a una hiperafluencia de NEFA al hígado y a un déficit de la eliminación plasmática de VLDL. En casos excepcionales una «gran» hiperlipemia complica la diabetes de la madurez o la diabetes quetonúrica; en tales casos más que una interdependencia patogenética parece que lo que está en juego es una asociación de genes morbosos plúrimos.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato una serie di 84 diabetici, al fine di accertare la frequenza con cui il diabete si complica con una iperlipemia, nonché il tipo di questa. Per determinare alcuni aspetti della patogenesi, parte dei pazienti sono stati sottoposti a dieta iperglicidica (carboidrati 75–80 %), parte hanno ricevuto un supplemento dietetico di burro (pari al 30 % delle calorie totali), mentre altri sono stati sottoposti a trattamento con acido nicotinico (2 g/die per 8 giorni). I dati ottenuti hanno consentito di accertare come una iperlipemia sia molto frequente in corso di diabete, ma come essa non raggiunga abitualmente gradi elevati; il tipo II è scarsamente frequente, mentre predomina il tipo IV di iperlipoproteinemia; vi è presenza anche di un tipo «misto», mentre in una certa aliquota figurano anche le «sinking pre-β». L'iperlipemia, per lo più caratterizzata da una lieve riduzione della lipoprotein-lipasi, non è risultata modificabile né con la dieta iperglicidica né con il supplemento di grassi saturi; sia l'iperlipemia che la banda pre-β si sono invece attenuate sotto trattamento con acido nicotinico. La lieve iperlipemia abituale del diabetico sembra quindi legata a un iperafflusso di NEFA al fegato e a un deficit della rimozione plasmatica di VLDL. In casi eccezionali, una «grossa» iperlipemia complica il diabete della maturità o il diabete chetonurico; in questi casi, più che una interdipendenza patogenetica sembra in gioco l'associazione di geni morbosi plurimi.
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  • 36
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 900-923 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Fat cells ; Glucose uptake ; Insulin ; Kinetic constants ; Rat epididymal tissue ; Second order kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après avoir mesuré le captage de glucose par les adipocytes de rat, on calcule les valeurs de K (constante de semi-saturation) et de V (captage maximum à des concentrations de glucose saturantes). L'insuline accroît le captage de glucose, tandis que le mannose et le 3-O-méthylglucose l'interdisent. Plusieurs préparations cellulaires donnent des valeurs différentes en ce qui concerne K, V et la sensibilité à l'insuline. On prend en considération l'effet possible de la teneur en triglycérides des adipocytes sur ces différents paramètres. Cependant, le caractère non-linéaire de certains diagrammes où les deux variables sont transformées dans leurs valéurs réciproques et certaines corrélations entre les divers paramètres cinétiques laissent penser à deux systèmes de captage de glucose dans les adipocytes de rat.
    Abstract: Resumen Se calculan los valores de K (constante de semisaturación) y de V (captación máxima y concentraciones de glucosa saturantes), por medio de mediciones de la captación de glucosa por parte de adipocitos de rata. La insulina aumenta la captación de glucosa, mientras que la manosa y el 3-O-metilglucosa la inhiben. Preparados celulares diversos facilitan diferentes valores por lo que se refiere a K, V y la sensibilidad a la insulina. Se considera el posible efecto del contenido de triglicéridos de los adipocitos según esos diversos parámetros. Sin embargo, la falta de linealidad de algunos diagrams en los que las variables se han transformado en sus recíprocos y ciertas correlaciones entre los varios parámetros cinéticos dan lugar a que se pueda suponer que en los adipocitos de rata puedan existir dos sistemas de captación de la glucosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Da misurazioni della captazione di glucosio da parte di adipociti di ratto vengono calcolati i valori di K (costante di semi-saturazione) e di V (captazione massima a concentrazioni di glucosio saturanti). L'insulina aumenta la captazione di glucosio, mentre il mannosio ed il 3-O-metilglucosio la inibiscono. Preparati cellulari diversi forniscono differenti valori per quanto riguarda K, V e la sensibilità all'insulina. Viene considerato il possibile effetto del contenuto in trigliceridi degli adipociti su questi diversi parametri. Tuttavia, la non linearità di alcuni diagrammi in cui entrambe le variabili sono trasformate nei loro reciproci e certe correlazioni tra i varî parametri cinetici fanno pensare che negli adipociti di ratto possano esserci due sistemi di captazione del glucosio.
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  • 37
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 865-899 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: cAMP ; Chlorpropamide ; Diabetes ; Glibenclamide ; Glibornuride ; Glucagon ; Insulin ; Methylxanthines ; Sulphonylureas ; Tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A présent, il est certain que les sulfanilurées exerçent essentiellement leur action au niveau du pancréas, stimulant la sécrétion insulinique et interdisant la sécrétion du glucagone. Dès la découverte des substances hypoglycemisantes par la voie orale, le développement de nouvelles sulfanilurées encore plus fortes a fait l'objet d'un très vif intérêt. Tout récemment, par la synthèse d'un nouveau composé plus puissant appartenant au groupe des sulfanilurées — la glibenclamide (HB 419, Daonil®) —, des progrès encourageants ont été réalisés, notamment en ce qui concerne le traitment du diabète chez les individus d'un âge mûr. Nombre de patients dépendant de l'insuline atteints de cette forme de diabète peuvent être traités en effet avec de la glibenclamide. Parfois, il se peut que des hypoglycemies masquées se manifestent, ce qui témoigne de l'activité intense de cette substance. La glibenclamide se diversifie des autres sulfanilurées du fait des différentes modalités qui provoquent la sécrétion d'insuline. Cette substance agit également synergiquement avec le glucose stimulant cette sécrétion. Aucun autre médicament hypoglycemisant ne permet, chez l'animal aussi bien que chez l'homme, d'accroître dans une mesure autant considérable la tolérance des glycides. La glibenclamide semble exercer son influence au niveau de la cellule B sur le même récepteur ou avec le même mécanisme agissant avec le glucose.
    Abstract: Resumen Actualmente se considera como un hecho cierto que las sulfanilureas actúan principalmente a nivel del áncreas estimulando la secreción insulínica e inhibendo la de glucagón. Desde la época en que fueron descubiertas las substancias hipoglicémicas orales, ha sido objeto de vivo interés el desarrollo de sulfanilureas nuevas y más potentes. Recientemente, a través de la síntesis de un compuesto muy potente perteneciente al grupo de las sulfanilureas — la glibenclamida (HB 419, Daonil®) —, se han realizado progresos alentadores sobre todo en el tratamiento de la diabetes de la edad madura. En efecto, muchos enfermos insulinodependientes afectos de dicho tipo de diabetes pueden pasar a la glibenclamida. A veces se pueden virificar hipoglicemias disfrazadas, que prueban la intensa actividad de esta substancia. La glibenclamida se diferencia de las demás sulfanilureas por las diversas modalidades con que provoca la secreción de insulina. Además, actúa sinérgicamente con la glucosa en el stímulo de dicha secreción. Ningún otro producto hipoglicémico es capaz, tanto en el hombre como en el animal, de aumentar en medida tan notable la tolerancia glucídica. La glibenclamida parace actuar a nivel de la célula B en el mismo receptor o con el mismo mecanismo con que actúa la glucosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Attualmente, è considerato un fatto certo che le sulfaniluree agiscano principalmente a livello del pancreas, stimolando la secrezione insulinica ed inibendo quella del glucagone. Sin dall'epoca della scoperta degli ipoglicemizzanti orali, lo sviluppo di nuove e più efficaci sulfaniluree è stato oggetto di vivo interesse. Recentemente, attraverso la sintesi di un nuovo ed assai efficace composto appartenente al gruppo delle sulfaniluree — la glibenclamide (HB 419, Daonil®) —, incoraggianti progressi sono stati compiuti, soprattutto nel trattamento del diabete dell'età matura. Molti pazienti insulino-dipendenti affetti da tale tipo di diabete possono essere infatti passati alla glibenclamide. Talvolta possono verificarsi ipoglicemie mascherate, a dimostrazione dell'intensa attività di questa sostanza. La glibenclamide si differenzia dalle altre sulfaniluree per le diverse modalità con cui provoca la secrezione di insulina. Essa agisce inoltre sinergicamente con il glucosio nello stimolare tale secrezione. Nessun altro farmaco ipoglicemizzante è capace, sia nell'animale che nell'uomo, di aumentare in misura altrettanto notevole la tolleranza glicidica. La glibenclamide sembra agire a livello della cellula B sullo stesso recettore o con il medesimo meccanismo con cui agisce il glucosio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Complex formation ; Cysteine ; Cystine ; Insulin ; Tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Par la méthode chromatographique de la gel-filtration sous les mêmes conditions réalisées pour l'isolement du complexe insuline tryptophane, aucune formation de complexes avec cysteine et cystine n'a été vérifiée.
    Abstract: Resumen Empleando el método cromatográfico da la gel-filtración, en las mismas condiciones actuadas para el aislamiento del complejo insulina-triptófano, no se ha observado formación de complejos con la cisteina y la cistina.
    Notes: Riassunto Impiegando il metodo cromatografico della gel-filtrazione, nelle medesime condizioni attuate per l'isolamento del complesso insulina-triptofano, non è stata osservata formazione di complessi con la cisteina e la cistina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Antilipolytic effect ; Glycerol release ; Insulin ; Isolated fat cells ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les Auteurs ont étudié l'effet antilypolytique de l'insuline sur la lypolyse induite par la noradrénaline. Après avoir choisi une dose minime d'hormone capable d'exercer sûrement une action antilypolytique, les Auteurs ont comparé des insulines de type différent, y compris l'insuline humaine, afin de déterminer l'existence éventuelle d'une efficacité différente.
    Abstract: Resumen Los autores han estudiato el efecto antilipolítico de la insulina sobre la lipolisis inducida por la noradrenalina. Tras haber elegido una dosis mínima de hormón capaz de desarrollar una acción antilipolítica segura, los autores han comparado entre ellas insulinas de diferentes especies, incluso de la humana, con la finalidad de determinar la posible existencia de una diversa eficacia.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato l'effetto antilipolitico dell'insulina sulla lipolisi indotta dalla noradrenalina. Dopo aver scelto una dose minima di ormone capace di esercitare una sicura azione antilipolitica, gli AA. hanno confrontato tra loro insuline di specie differente, compresa quella umana, allo scopo di determinare l'eventuale esistenza di una diversa efficacia.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 15-45 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Biological activity ; Connecting-peptide (C-peptide) ; Diabetes ; Functioning islet cell tumor ; Immunological activity ; Insulin ; Obesity ; Proinsulin ; Serum C-peptide ; Serum proinsulinlike material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La molécule de la proinsuline, precurseur à chaîne unique de l'insuline, commence par la chaîne B de l'insuline, continue à travers un peptide contenant quelque 30–35 acides aminés, par rapport à l'espèce, et se termine par la chaîne A de l'insuline. De nombreuses enquêtes expérimentalesin vitro ont révélé que la transformation de la proinsuline en insuline est liée à la formation des granules de sécrétion et que le C-peptide n'est pas métabolisé à l'intérieur des cellules B. Il a été démontré que la proinsuline et le C-peptide sont présents dans le sérum de sujets normaux, obèses et diabétiques. A jeun, la concentration de la proinsuline sérique représente environ 40 % de celle de l'insuline (c'est-à-dire 25 % de l'IRI sérique totale). Après une administration de 100 grammes de glucose, on a observé une diminution du rapport proinsuline/insuline. Dans quelques sujets ayant une tumeur fonctionnante des îlots de Langerhans, les valeurs de la proinsuline peuvent être extrêmement élevées, jusqu'à représenter environ 80–90 % de l'IRI sérique. La détermination du C-peptide dans le sérum a été effectuée par une méthode radioimmunologique spécifique. Après glucose, on a observé une augmentation des valeurs sériques du C-peptide. Dans des sujets normaux, obès et diabétiques et dans des sujets avec insulinome, les valeurs sériques du C-peptide et de l'insuline étaient essentiellement équivalents, si elles étaient évaluées sur base molaire. La présence de la proinsuline et du C-peptide dans la circulation a suscité un interêt considérable pour un effet éventuel biologique de ces substances. En dépit des résultats contrastants concernant l'activité biologique de la proinsuline, probablement à cause des techniques différentes utilisées, les effets métaboliques de la proinsuline dans les différents tissus sont très semblables à ceux de l'insuline. Par contre, le C-peptide ne semble pas posséder d'activité biologique. Il n'est pas encore certain si la proinsuline et le C-peptide présents dans la circulation exercent quelque action spécifique au niveau des tissus périphériques ou bien s'ils représentent simplement une conséquence passive du mécanisme de sécrétion de l'insuline.
    Abstract: Resumen La molécula de la proinsulina, precursora en cadena única de la insulina, inicia con la cadena B de la insulina, continua a través de un péptido compuesto de unos 30–35 aminoácidos, en relación con la especie y termina con la cadena A de la insulina. Numerosas investigaciones experimentalesin vitro sugieren que la transformación de la proinsulina en insulina se vincula a la formación de los gránulos de secreción y que el C-péptido no se metaboliza dentro de las células B. Se ha demostrado que la proinsulina y el C-péptido se hallan presentes en el suero de individuos normales, obesos y diabéticos. En ayunas, la concentración de la proinsulina serosa alcanza el 40 % aproximadamente de la correspondiente a la insulina (es decir, el 25 % del IRI sérico total). Tras suministro de 100 gramos de glucosa se ha observado una disminución de la relación proinsulina/insulina. En algunos individuos con tumor activo en las islas de Langerhans, los valores de la proinsulinemia pueden llegar a ser muy elevados, hasta alcanzar casi el 80–90 % del IRI suerosa. La determinación del C-péptido en el suero se ha efectuado por medio de un método radioinmunológico específico. Tras glucosa se ha observado un aumento de los valores suerosos del C-péptido. En individuos normales, obesos y diabéticos y en individuos con insulinoma los valores suerosos del C-péptido en circulación ha suscitado notable interés bajo el aspecto de un posible efecto biológico de esas substancias. A pesar de que con respecto a la actividad biológica de la proinsulina los resultados se presentan más bien en contraste, probablemente en función de las diversas técnicas seguidas, los efectos metabólicos de la proinsulina en los varios tejidos son muy parecidos a los de la insulina. Por el contrario, el C-péptido no parece tener actividad biológica alguna. Todavía no se conoce con seguridad si la proinsulina y el C-péptido presentes en la circulación desarrollan alguna función espécifica a nivel de los tejidos periféricos o si simplemente son una consecuencia pasiva del mecanismo de secreción de la insulina.
    Notes: Riassunto La molecola della proinsulina, precursore a catena unica dell'insulina, inizia con la catena B dell'insulina, prosegue attraverso un peptide composto di circa 30–35 aminoacidi, in rapporto alla specie e termina con la catena A dell'insulina. Numerose indagini sperimentaliin vitro suggeriscono che la trasformazione della proinsulina in insulina sia legata alla formazione dei granuli di secrezione e che il C-peptide non venga metabolizzato all'interno delle cellule B. É stato dimostrato che la proinsulina e il C-peptide sono presenti nel siero di soggetti normali, obesi e diabetici. A digiuno, la concentrazione della proinsulina sierica rappresenta circa il 40 % di quella dell'insulina (ovvero circa il 25 % dell'IRI sierica totale). Dopo somministrazione di 100 g di glucosio, è stata osservata una diminuzione del rapporto proinsulina/insulina. In alcuni soggetti con tumore funzionante delle isole di Langerhans, i valori della proinsulinemia possono essere molto elevati, fino a rappresentare circa l'80–90 % dell'IRI sierica. La determinazione del C-peptide nel siero è stata eseguita per mezzo di un metodo radioimmunologico specifico. Dopo glucosio, è stato osservato un aumento dei valori sierici del C-peptide. In soggetti normali, obesi e diabetici e in soggetti con insulinoma i valori sierici del C-peptide e dell'insulina erano essenzialmente equivalenti se valutati su base molare. La presenza della proinsulina e del C-peptide in circolo ha suscitato notevole interesse nei riguardi di un eventuale effetto biologico di queste sostanze. Nonostante che nei riguardi dell'attività biologica della proinsulina i risultati siano piuttosto contrastanti, probabilmente in rapporto alle diverse tecniche impiegate, gli effetti metabolici della proinsulina nei varî tessuti sono molto simili a quelli dell'insulina. Al contrario, il C-peptide non sembra possedere alcuna attività biologica. Non è ancora certo se la proinsulina e il C-peptide presenti in circolo svolgano qualche funzione specifica a livello dei tessuti periferici oppure se essi rappresentino semplicemente una conseguenza passiva del meccanismo di secrezione dell'insulina.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 270-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocytosis ; Locomotion ; Membrane turnover ; Hyalodiscus simplex ; Morphometry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hyalodiscus simplex zeigt während der normalen Fortbewegung eine auf den Uroidbereich beschränkte permanente Endocytoseaktivität, durch die kontinuierlich Zellmembran und extrazelluläres Milieu ins Innere der Zelle aufgenommen wird. Nach unter-schiedlich langer Inkubation in einer 2.5% igen Thorotrastlösung kann die Markierungssubstanz bei ihrer Passage durch die Zelle morphologisch verfolgt werden. Das endocytierte Thorotrast gelangt in ein intrazelluläres Membransystem, welches für die Verdauung verantwortlich ist und dessen Gesamtoberfläche in der Größenordnung der Zelloberfläche liegt. Verschiedene, funktionell miteinander in Verbindung stehende Vakuolen stellen die charakteristischen Komponenten des intrazellulären Verdauungssystems dar. Die morphometrische Auswertung der Markierungsversuche hat gezeigt, daß der Membran-Turnover etwa 2% pro Minute beträgt. Hyalodiscus simplex benötigt demnach bei normaler Lokomotion zur vollständigen Regeneration der Zellmembran eine Zeit von 7,5–8 Std. Da die Oberfläche trotz permanenter Endocytoseaktivität auch nach unterschiedlich langer Thorotrastinkubation stets konstant bleibt, darf vermutet werden, daß die endocytotisch aufgenommene Zellmembran durch einen noch unbekannten Mechanismus wieder regeneriert wird.
    Notes: Summary During locomotion Hyalodiscus simplex is active in permanent endocytosis at the uroid region. Thereby plasma membrane and extracellular medium are translocated into the cell interior. After different periods of incubation in a 2.5% solution of thorotrast the tracer can morphologically be followed during the passage through the cell. The ingested thorotrast is collected within a vacuolar system. This system is involved in intracellular digestion and composed of different types of vacuoles, which are structurally separated but functionally interconnected. Its total surface area approximately corresponds to the surface area of the entire cell. As demonstrated by morphometric analysis, the membrane turnover is about 2% per minute. Therefore, in the migrating amoebae 7.5–8 hours are required for the complete regeneration of the plasma membrane. Since the surface area of the cell remains constant despite of permanent endocytotic activity the ingested plasma membrane must be continuously regenerated by an unknown mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 551-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic capillaries ; Intestinal villus ; Muscularis mucosae ; Guinea pig, Monkey ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zentralen Chylusgefäße in den Zotten des Duodenum und Jejunum von Meerschweinchen und Affe zeigen die Strukturbesonderheiten, die für die Lymphkapillaren des Dünndarms charakteristisch sind. Die Endothelzellen sind durch ihre langen Ausläufer in komplizierter Weise miteinander verzahnt. Sie können an diesen Stellen auseinanderweichen und größeren Chylomikronen den Durchtritt vom extrazellulären Raum in die Lymphkapillaren ermöglichen. Marklose Nervenfasern und vor allem glatte Muskelzellen der Muscularis mucosae treten mit dem Endothel der Lymphkapillaren in Kontakt. Das Zusammenwirken der Endothelverzahnungen mit der Zottenpumpe, die auf den Kontraktionen der glatten Muskelzellen beruht, wird im Hinblick auf den Lymphtransport diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The central lacteals in the villi of duodenum and jejunum (Macaca mulatta, Cavia cobaya) exhibit the same structural peculiarities as the lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine in general. The endothelial cells overlap extensively at their margins. At these points they may be separated from each other so enabling larger chylomicra to pass from the extracellular space into the lumen of the lacteal. Nonmyelinated nerve fibres as well as smooth muscle cells of the Muscularis mucosae in particular contact the endothelium of the lymphatic capillaries. The co-operation of the endothelial interdigitations with the villus pump, realized by the contractions of the smooth muscle cells, is discussed as mechanism of the lymph transport.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus (Frog) ; Tubero-hypophysial system ; Neurosecretory cell types ; Releasing factors ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigation of neural isolated and normal pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum showed the presence, in Rana temporaria, of a tubero-hypophysial neurosecretory system. A striking structural resemblance between this parvicellular, aldehydefuchsin negative, tubero-hypophysial neurosecretory system and the magnocellular, aldehydefuchsin positive, hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system was observed. Six different neurosecretory cell types are described, characterized by different shape and size of their respective secretory granules. The nature of the secretory product of these cells is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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