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  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (1,532)
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  • 1975  (1,532)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (1,532)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 721-732 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zur quantitativen Beschreibung des Alkylierungsvermögens kernsubstituierter O,O-Dimethyl-O-phenyl-phosphate und -thiophosphate werden die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten ihrer Umsetzungen mit Trimethylamin und 4-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-pyridin (NBP) ermittelt und in Beziehung zu den Hammettschen Substituentenkonstanten σ, IR- und NMR-Daten sowie zu pKa-Werten gesetzt.Gute Korrelationen ergeben sich sowohl mit den Substituentenkonstanten σ insbesondere den σ°-Konstanten, als auch mit den chemischen Verschiebungen δCH3O der Estergruppierung. Die ermittelten Reaktionskonstanten ϱ bzw. ϱ° zeigen die Erhöhung des Alkylierungspotentials durch elektronenziehende Substituenten.Eine für praktische Belange brauchbare Abschätzung des Alkylierungsvermögens gelingt mittels δOH, vOH oder der pKa-Werte der phenolischen Esterkomponente als Korrelierungsparameter, während sich hierzu die Valenzschwingungen vP—O—Caryl nur bedingt und die 31P-Verschie-bungen nicht eignen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 757-760 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An den symmetrischen und antisymmetrischen SO2-Valenzschwingungen von einigen höheren n-Butyl- und Phenylsulfonen wird Fermiresonanz als Ursache der Bandenaufspaltung nachgewiesen. Zum Nachweis dient die Methode der Lösungsmittelvariation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 798-806 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phosphonsäuremonoalkylester bzw. Phosphonsäuren reagieren mit Epoxiden zu Phosphonsäure-alkyl-β-hydroxyalkyl- 5 bzw. -bis-β-hydroxyalkylestern 9 oder zu höhermolekularen Polyglykolestern. Durch intramolekulare Umesterung entstehen aus 5 bzw. 9 beim Destillieren unter Abspaltung von Alkohol bzw. Glykol cyclische Phosphonsäureester 6 bzw. 11.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 817-824 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Mischassoziationskonstanten von α,β-ungesättigten Estern mit Aromaten werden unter Annahme einer Dimerisierung der Estermoleküle und eines 1:1 Mischassoziats berechnet. Die Reihenfolge der erhaltenen Konstanten kann durch den I- und M-Effekt der elektronegativen Substituenten am Aromaten erklärt werden. Die Mischassoziation beruht auf einer Wechsel-wirkung zwischen dem positivierten β-Kohlenstoffatom der Ester und dem π-Elektronensystem des Aromaten.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 861-866 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Aminothiophen-3-carbonsäureester 1 reagieren mit Natriumalkoholat unter Ringöffnung und Recyclisierung zu 2-Hydroxy-3-cyan-thiophenen 2, von denen einige in Substanz als tautomere Δ3-Thiolenone-(2) vorliegen. Besitzen diese eine freie 5-Position, so kondensieren sie mit Aldehyden zu den 5-Arylidenthiolenonen-(2) 3, kuppeln mit Diazoniumsalzen sowie oxydativ nach HÜNIG und lassen sich zum Aufbau von Oxonolen 5 heranziehen sowie unter Dehydrodimerisierung zu 5,5′-Bi-Δ3-thiolenon-(2)-ylidenen 6 oxydieren. Verbindung 2c ist O-alkylier- und -acylierbar.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden die NIR-Spektren von 58 gesättigten und aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (KW) im Bereich der 2. Oberschwingung von 8000 bis 9000 cm-1 interpretiert. Daraus wird eine Strukturgruppen-Analysenmethode für gesättigte und aromatenhaltige KW-Gemische abgeleitet.Die mittleren Abweichungen der Strukturgruppengehalte betragen bei CH3-Gruppen ±0,27, CH2-Gruppen ±0,48, CH-Gruppen in gesättigten Strukturen ±0,38 und aromatischen CH-Gruppen ±0,19.Das ursprünglich für unverdünnte, flüssige Proben entwickelte Verfahren kann durch Aufnahme der Spektren bei Temperaturen über dem Schmelzpunkt der Probe auch zur Analyse fester KW-Gemische eingesetzt werden.Die Methode wird bezüglich ihres Informationsgehaltes mit anderen Strukturgruppen-Analysenmethoden verglichen, und Anwendungsbeispiele werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Geschwindigkeit der C—N-Spaltung bei N-Methyl- und N-äthylformanilid in wäßriger Schwefelsäure sinkt stark mit der zunehmenden Acidität des Mediums, was für das Vorherrschen der Hydrolyse im Verhältnis zur Decarbonylierung spricht. Die geringen CO-Mengen sind der Decarbonylierung der gebildeten Ameisensäure zuzuschreiben. Das Formanilid mit einem freien Wasserstoff am Stickstoffatom reagiert viel schneller auf beiden Wegen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die aus verschiedene Edelmetallen und Trägerkohlen unterschiedlicher Textur hergestellten Katalysatoren weisen eine unterschiedliche Hydrieraktivität gegenüber Nitrogruppen auf. Von den eingesetzten Katalysatoren besitzt der Pt/Rh-Norit SX-Kohle-Katalysator die größte Aktivität. Dabei besteht eine Relation zur Größe der zugänglichen inneren Oberfläche der Kohle für organische Moleküle (Methylenblau-Methode). Von den untersuchten Kohlen stellt die Norit SX-Kohle den besten Träger sowohl für Palladium als auch für Platin und Platin/Rhodium dar. Die Norit SX-Kohle besitzt das kleinste Schüttgewicht, das größte Adsorptionsvermögen für Methylenblau, eine hohe Benetzungswärme in Benzol und den geringsten spezifischen Widerstand.Die Hydriergeschwindigkeit der Natriumsalze der m-Nitrobenzolsulfonsäure und der 4,4′-Dinitrostilben-2,2′-disulfonsäure ist in wäßriger Lösung abhängig von der Katalysatormenge, der Konzentration der Nitroverbindungen und vom pH-Wert. Die Reduktion verläft bei beiden Substraten in konzentrierterer Lösung nach einer Reaktion nullter Ordnung in bezug auf die Nitroverbindungen. Sie nähert sich mit steigender Verdünnung einer Reaktion erster Ordnung bezüglich der Nitroverbindungen. Die größten Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten werden bei pH-Werten zwischen 3 und 5 erzielt. Der stufenlose Verlauf der Reduktion wird ebenfalls durch den Verlauf des Katalysatorpotentials während der Hydrierung bestätigt. An vergifteten Katalysatoren stellt sich das reversible Katalysatorpotential nicht ein.Die Platin/Rhodium-Kohle-Träger-Katalysatoren haben größere spezifische Widerstände als die entsprechenden Trägerkohlen. Durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an 5% Edelmetall-Kohle-Katalysatoren, die durch Reduktion von Edelmetallsalzen mit Formaldehyd in alkalischer Lösung in Gegenwart der Träger hergestellt wurden, können auf dem Kohleträger keine Edelmetallkristallite nachgewiesen werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rac. α-(Alkyl-, Aralkyl- und Arylacylamino)-propiophenone 1 werden von verschiedenen Kryptobasen stets zu entsprechenden (+) 2-Amino-1-phenylpropanolen-(1) 2 mit threo-Konfiguration reduziert. Die Reduktionsmittel Aluminiumisopropylat, auch im Gemisch mit Chloralu-minium-diisopropylat, oder Natriumborhydrid bewirken keinen Unterschied im sterischen Resultat.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der Addition von Phenolen und N-Methylanilinen an Arylcyanate wurde kinetisch untersucht. Aus dem Vergleich der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten geht hervor, daß steigende Lösungsmittelpolarität die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit sowohl für die Amin- als auch die Phenol-Addition herabsetzt (lgk = a - b · ET). Die Lösungsmittelaktivitätskoeffizienten weisen aus, daß der reaktionsverlangsamende Effekt durch eine bevorzugte Solvatation der Ausgangszustände hervorgerufen wird. Die Übergangszustände sind nur gering und in den untersuchten Lösungsmitteln annähernd gleich solvatisiert. Aus einem Vergleich der HAMMETT-Beziehungen lassen sich ϱ-Werte für die unterschiedliche Lösungsmittelbeeinflussung des elektronischen Substituenteneffekts auf Arylcyanate, Phenole und Arylamine ableiten.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der katalytischen Reduktion von chlorsubstituierten aromatischen Nitroverbindungen wird die hydrogenolytische Abspaltung des Chlors sowohl durch die Edelmetall-Komponente, als auch durch die Textur des Kohle-Trägers eines Edelmetall-Träger-Katalysators beeinflußt. Durch die gleichzeitige Verfolgung des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Hydriergeschwindigkeit und der Katalysatorbezugsspannung läßt sich ein Katalysator auf seine Brauchbarkeit für die katalytische Reduktion von halogensubstituierten aromatischen Nitroverbindungen zu den entsprechenden halogensubstituierten Aminoverbindungen prüfen. Die Palladium-Kohle-Trägerkatalysatoren spalten das Chlor in jedem Falle vollständig ab.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Von den geprüften Katalysatoren besitzt der Pt/Rh-Norit SX-Katalysator für die Reduktion von aromatischen Nitroverbindungen zu den entsprechenden Aminoverbindungen auch in methanolischer Lösung die größte Aktivität. Die Hydrierung erfolgt dabei stufenlos. Eine Ausnahme bilden jedoch die Nitrobenzoesäuren und deren Derivate. Sie werden stufenweise hydriert. Die Änderung der Hydriergeschwindigkeit tritt nach Aufnahme von zwei Molen Wasserstoff je Mol Substrat auf; dies entspricht einer Reduktion bis zur Phenylhydroxylaminstufe, die nachgewiesen werden konnte. Beide Reaktionsstufen unterscheiden sich auch durch ein unterschiedliches Katalysatorpotential.Im Gegensatz dazu werden die Nitrobenzoesäuren über Raney-Nickel sowie die Natriumsalze der Nitrobenzoesäuren in wäßriger Lösung auch in Gegenwart von Edelmetall-Kohle-Trägerkatalysatoren stufenlos hydriert. Die Hydriergeschwindigkeit unterschiedlich substituierter aromatischer Nitroverbindungen hängt von Art und Stellung der Substituenten ab. Als Lösungsmittel eignet sich für die Hydrierung von Nitroverbindungen besonders Methanol. Die Hydriergeschwindigkeit ist bei gleichen Substraten in Methanol annähernd um den Faktor 2, 7 größer als in Wasser.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 114
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Butanolide 1a - d mit kurz- und langkettigen Alkylgruppen in γ-Stellung und Diäthylaluminiumchlorid reagieren vorwiegend zu isomeren ungesättigten Säuren 3 - 5. Durch Ozonolyse wird die Lage der Doppelbindung bestimmt. Der Mechanismus dieser Reaktion wird auf Grund von bisher bekannten Ergebnissen, durch Umsetzung eines deuterierten Butanolids und durch kinetische Messungen aufgeklärt. Dimethyl-aluminiumchlorid reagiert unter diesen Bedingungen gleichartig.Umsetzungen aromatisch substituierter Butanolide 1e-g mit Diäthyl-aluminiumchlorid führen dagegen zu zwei gesättigten Säuren 8, und 9; Dimethyl-aluminiumchlorid ergibt nur eine alkylierte Säure 10.Die Butenolide 2a, b erweisen sich als äußerst stabil und ergeben sowohl mit Diäthyl-aluminiumchlorid als auch mit Dimethyl-aluminiumchlorid in niedrigen Ausbeuten nur ungesättigte Säuren 11a, b.In Gemischen reagieren Äthyl-aluminiumdichlorid und Diäthyl-aluminiumchlorid mit Butanoliden 1 wie selbständige Verbindungen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 319-328 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Darstellung von 10β-heterosubstituierten Testosteron-Analogen 6 aus entsprechend substituierten Östran-3β,5α, 17β-triolen 1 und 3,3-Äthylendioxy-östran-5α,17β-diolen 2 beschrieben.Die Überführung der Triole 1 in die Testosteron-Analogen 6 erfolgt durch selektive Oppenauer-Oxydation in 3-Stellung und anschließende Dehydratisierung oder durch Jones-Oxydation zu den 3,17-Dionen 3, anschließende Dehydratisierung und Reduktion der Ketogruppe am C-17. Ausgehend von den Ketalen 2 werden die Testosteron-Analogen 6 durch Ketalspaltung und anschließende Dehydratisierung erhalten.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 116
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 340-348 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 117
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 351-352 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 118
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Verdrängung von Isobuten aus Triisobutylaluminium durch Styrol ist im Gegensatz zu den bisher bekannten Verfahren ein vollständiger Umsatz zu Tri-(phenyläthyl)-aluminium auch ohne Katalysator zu erzielen, wenn die Polymerisation des Styrols durch Lichtausschluß verhindert wird. Im Reaktionsprodukt beträgt das Isomerenverhältnis von 1- zu 2-Phenyläthylgruppen nach gaschromatographischer Untersuchung der hydrolysierten Oxydationsprodukte im Mittel 35:65. Partielle Oxydationen weisen auf die bevorzugte Reaktion der 1-Phenyläthylgruppen des Tri-(phenyläthyl)-aluminiums hin. Zahlreiche Nebenprodukte (Diphenylbutane und -butene, Diphenylbutanole sowie 1,3-Diphenylbutanon-1) wurden mit Hilfe von Gaschromatographie, IR-NMR- und Massenspektren identifiziert. Deuterolyse des Tri-(phenyläthyl)-aluminiums führt zum Gemisch zweier unterschiedlich deuterierter Isomerer des Äthylbenzols; aus den NMR-Spektren ergibt sich eine durchschnittliche Isomerenverteilung von 37:63 für 1-zu 2-Phenyläthylaluminium. Tri-(phenyläthyl)-aluminium und Aluminiumtrichlorid reagieren in entsprechenden Molverhältnissen zu Di-(phenyläthyl)-aluminiumchlorid bzw. Phenyläthyl-aluminiumdichlorid, die im Hochvakuum destillierbar sind.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Retentionsindices von 4-Alkylthiacyclohexenen-(3) 4a-d und von 4-Alkylidenthiacyclohexanen 3a-d wurden auf Trennflüssigkeiten verschiedener Polarität (Squalan, Carbowax, Polyester, Phenylsilikonöl und Nitrilsilikonöl) im Temperaturbereich von 110° bis 130°C gemessen. An Hand der daraus erhaltenen Homomorphiefaktoren und der ΔI-Werte werden Zusammenhänge zwischen Molekülstruktur und Retentionsverhalten diskutiert. Eine gaschromatographische Zuordnung der exo/endo-Isomeren ist auf Grund der höheren Retentionsindices und ΔI-Werte der endo-Isomeren möglich.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 435-447 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nach dem Prinzip der KRÖHNKEschen Aldehydsynthese werden p-Dimethylaminophenyl-nitrone N-substituierter Glyoxylanilide 7a-f dargestellt, die in verdünnten Mineralsäuren zu N-substituierten Isatinen 11a-f umgewandelt werden. N-substituierte Anilinothiocarbonylmethylpyridiniumsalze 6a-e werden entweder aus α-Chlorthioacetaniliden 5 oder durch Umsetzung N-substituierter Anilinocarbonylmethylpyridiniumchloride 2 mit P2S5 gewonnen und bilden über entsprechende Phenylnitrone 8a-c bisher nicht zugängliche N-substituierte 2-Thioisatine 12a-c. Als Zwischenprodukte der Reaktion treten N-substituierte Glyoxylanilide auf. Semicarbazone, Thiosemicarbazone und Isothiosemicarbazone von N-substituierten Isatinen, 2-Thioisatinen und Glyoxylaniliden werden beschrieben.
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  • 121
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 491-502 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Allylvinyläther 1, Acrylsäureallylester 2, Heptadiensäuremethylester 3, Acrylsäure-N-allylamide 4, Diallylalkylamine 5 und Triallylamin 6 werden auf ihre Fähigkeit hin untersucht, in Gegenwart von Basen zu isomerisieren.Während die Verbindungen 1, 3 und 5 sich mit Basen isomerisieren lassen, beobachtet man bei der Behandlung von 2 und 4 mit NaOCH3 in Benzol bzw. Dimethylformamid Additionsreaktionen. Eine intramolekulare C—C-Verknüpfung konnte nicht festgestellt werden.Triallylamin 6 läßt sich mit K/Al2O3 bzw. Na/Al2O3 isomerisieren und zu einem Δ2-Tetrahydropyridin cyclisieren.
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  • 122
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 510-514 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 123
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 527-527 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 124
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 529-532 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Thiophosphorsäureamide Et2NP(S)(NH2)2 1 und (Me2N)2P(S)NH2 3 reagieren mit Phosgen in benzolischer Lösung quantitativ zu kristallinen, außerordentlich feuchtigkeitsempfindlichen Phosphoniumverbindungen [Et2NP(NH2)2Cl]Cl 2 bzw. [(Me2N)2P(NH2)Cl]Cl 4. Das chemische Verhalten der Äthylverbindung wird näher untersucht.
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  • 125
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 561-566 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substituierte 1,2-Diamino-6-methylmercaptopyridiniumsalze 2 reagieren mit methylenaktiven Nitrilen zu substituierten 2,7-Diaminopyrazolo[2,3-a]pyridinen 3, die auch aus substituierten 2-Amino-5-cyanmethylenthiopyranen 5 und Hydrazin erhältlich sind. Die Umsetzung von 2 mit Cyanamid führt analog zu 2,7-Diamino-s-triazolo[2,3-a]pyridinen 8. In Gegenwart von sek. Aminen kondensiert 2 zu Diaminodipyrido[2,1-a;2,1-d]tetrazinen 9.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 126
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 583-590 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Möglichkeiten zur Aktivierung von Kohlenmonoxid in quadratisch-planaren Rhodium- und Iridiumkomplexen des Typs MXCOL2 werden mit Hilfe eines iterativen erweiterten HÜCKEL-Verfahrens untersucht. Je nach der Elektronenstruktur der Liganden X und L wird das komplex-gebundene Kohlenmonoxid unterschiedlich stark negativiert und polarisiert, während dem zentralen Metallatom eine Transmitterrolle zufällt.Liganden mit starken π-Akzeptoreigenschaften erhöhen die elektrophile Reaktivität des Liganden CO gegenüber dem freien Molekül, binden den Liganden aber gleichzeitig fester an das Metall. Donorsubstituenten verstärken die reduktive Kraft der Komplexe, verschlechtern jedoch die lokale elektrophile Reaktivität des Carbonylkohlenstoffs, so daß in beiden Fällen fördernde und hemmende Reaktionseinflüsse nebeneinander stehen. Die erhaltene Elektronenverteilung spiegelt bekannte experimentelle Eigenschaften der Komplexe befriedigend wider.
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  • 127
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 653-656 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese von N-Sulfinyl-4-aminobenzophenon 1 beschrieben. 1 wird durch Kondensation mit Kalium-tert.-butylat in N,N′-Bis(4-benzoylphenyl)-schwefeldiimid 2 und unter Katalyse von Bortrifluorid-Ätherat in Poly-α-(p-phenylen)-benzylidenamin 3 übergeführt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 128
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 682-688 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peptide mit N-terminalem Norarginin (γ-Guanido-α-aminobuttersäure) lassen sich nach den üblichen Methoden der Peptidsynthese nicht darstellen. Die Alkalilabilität des NG-Nitronorarginins verhindert die α-Acylierung und führt ebenso wie die für die Peptidsynthese notwendige Aktivierung der Carboxylgruppe wegen der ausgeprägten Tendenz zu intramolekularen Ringschlüssen vorzugsweise zu cyclischen Produkten. Die Synthese von Norarginylpeptiden gelingt dagegen glatt, indem zunächst die entsprechenden Peptide der α,γ-Diaminobuttersäure mit selektiv abspaltbaren Schutzgruppen dargestellt und in diese nach Abspaltung der γ-Schutzgruppe die Nitroguanidogruppe eingeführt wird. Auf diese Weise wurde Nα-Z- bzw. Nα-Boc-NG-Nitronorarginyl-prolin synthetisiert und aus diesem das Nα-Z-NG-Nitro-norarginyl-prolyl-prolyl-glycinhydrazid gewonnen. Es stellt die durch Norarginin modifizierte N-terminale Peptidsequenz des Bradykinins dar.
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  • 129
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 712-720 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der massenspektroskopische Abbau der 1-Aryl-3-[3-methyl-benzthiazolinyliden-(2)]-triazene 1, die in zwei isomeren Formen existieren, wird untersucht. Die Isomerenpaare unterscheiden sich z. T. signifikant in der Intensität, mit der die Primärfragmentierungen ablaufen. Die Unterschiede werden im Hinblick auf eine mögliche cis-trans-Isomerie diskutiert.
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  • 130
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 761-770 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese von 9 neuen photochromen Verbindungen beschrieben, die sich von 2-(2′,4′-Dinitrobenzyl)-pyridin 1 durch Einführen von weiteren Substituenten in die Methylengruppe, in 5′-Position des Phenylringes und in Position 4 des Pyridinringes ableiten.Die Synthese der α-Substitutionsprodukte erfolgt durch NBS-Bromierung und Mannich-Reaktion von 1 und durch Folgereaktionen der α-Bromverbindung und der Mannich-Base. In 5′- und 4-Position substituierte Dinitrobenzylpyridine werden durch Nitrierung der entsprechenden substituierten Benzylpyridine erhalten. 2-(2′,′ 4-Dinitro-5′ -natriumsulfonatobenzyl)-pyridin 9f ist wasserlöslich, thermisch stabiler als 1, und die blaue Farbform besitzt eine größere Lebensdauer als die von 1.
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  • 131
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 807-811 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diketone reagieren mit Palladium (II)-Verbindungen in einer stöchiometrischen Reaktion unter Dehydrierung zu α,β-ungesättigten Diketonen. Aus Cyclohexandionen entstehen die entsprechenden Dihydroxybenzole.
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  • 132
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 825-828 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ein einfacher Zusammenhang zwischen 13C-NMR-chemischer Verschiebung δ und π-Elektronendichte q wird auch bei heterocyclischen und verzweigten organischen π-Elektronensystemen gefunden, wenn der Einfluß der dem betrachteten Kohlenstoffatom benachbarten Atome auf die σ-Elektronenverteilung berücksichtigt wird.
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  • 133
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über Darstellung und Eigenschaften chelatbildender Blaugrünkuppler berichtet, die sich vom 5-[1-Hydroxy-naphthoyl-(2)-amino]-2-methyl-imidazo[4,5-h]-chinolin 1 ableiten. Das Farbkupplungsverhalten dieser Verbindungen und vor allem ihre Chelatbildungstendenz wird mit denen von 1-[1-Hydroxy-naphthoyl-(2)-amino]-naphthalin 2a, verglichen, um einen geeigneten Indikator für potentielle MeOn-Koordination anstelle der hier erwünschten MeNn-Koordination zu haben. Auf diesem Wege gelang es nachzuweisen, daß Verbindung 1 vorwiegend MeNn-Koordination betätigt, was auch durch die erfolgreiche Farbkupplung der Metallchelate dieses Liganden mit p-Phenylendiaminderivaten in Gegenwart eines Oxydationsmittels bzw. mit p-Nitrosodimethylanilin bewiesen werden konnte. Über Absorptionsverhalten und einige Farbstoffeigenschaften der Metallchelatfarbstoffe im Vergleich zu den metallfreien Verbindungen wird berichtet.
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  • 134
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Quantum Chemical Investigations on the Carbonylation of Nitroso Compounds. III The Influence of Metal Catalysts MXCOL2 on Selected Parts of the Potential Surface of the Carbonylation of NitrosomethaneThe first step of the reaction of nitroso compounds with carbon monoxide, fixed in transition-metal complexes of the type MXCOL2, is assumed to be an addition of the nitroso compound to the complex. By means of the EHT formalism, a relevant part of the potential surface of some adducts consisting of nitrosomethane and rhodium complexes RhXCOL2 with various ligands X and L has been calculated. The NO double bond in the adducts is destabilized by a considerable charge transfer from the complex to the nitroso component. Additionally, a positive overlap population between the oxygen of the nitroso group and the carbon atom in CO has been calculated. The reaction profil shows that acceptor ligands L favour the deoxygenation of the nitroso compound. Basing on the results obtained, a mechanism of the catalytic carbonylation of nitroso compounds is discussed.
    Notes: Für die Reaktion von Nitrosomethan mit Kohlenmonoxid und Komplexen des Typs MXCOL2 als Katalysatoren wird im ersten Schritt eine Addition der Nitrosoverbindung an den Metallkomplex angenommen. Wir berechneten einen relevanten Ausschnitt der Potentialfläche des Adduktes unter Variation der Liganden X und L für RhXCOL2-Komplexe im EHT-Formalismus. Im Addukt kommt es durch einen Ladungstransfer vom Komplex auf die Nitrosoverbindung zu einer Destabilisierung der N = O-Doppelbindung. Gleichzeitig wird eine positive Überlappungspopulation zwischen dem Sauerstoffatom der Nitrosogruppe und dem Kohlenstoffatom der Carbonylgruppe berechnet. Das gefundene Reaktionsprofil zeigt weiterhin, daß σ- und π-Akzeptorliganden L die Desoxygenierung der Nitrosoverbindung begünstigen. Auf Grund der erhaltenen Ergebnisse wird ein Mechanismus für die Carbonylierung von Nitrosoverbindungen diskutiert.
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  • 135
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten dritter Ordnung der Reaktion von Bromcyan mit substituierten Anilinen unter dem katalytischen Einfluß von Wasser wurden in wäßrigem Aceton bestimmt. Die langsamste Stufe der Reaktion ist der nucleophile Angriff des Anilins an ein Assoziat aus Bromcyan und Wasser. Die Reaktion verläuft wahrscheinlich über einen Sechszentren-Übergangszustand, wie aus dem Studium der elektronischen und sterischen Effekte und dem fehlenden Einfluß der Lösungsmittelpolarität sowie den scheinbaren Aktivierungsparametern hervorgeht. Die in diesem Prozeß gebildeten Arylcyanamide tautomerisieren zu Arylcarbodiimiden, welche ein weiteres Molekül Anilin in katalytischer Gegenwart von Wasser addieren und Diarylguanidine ergeben. Für diese zweite Stufe wurde ebenfalls ein Sechszentren-Übergangszustand anhand der elektronischen, sterischen und Lösungsmitteleffekte sowie der scheinbaren Aktivierungsparameter wahrscheinlich gemacht.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 136
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 890-896 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Für die Synthese von 4-Hydroxy-3, 5-di-tert.-butyl-phenylmethan-phosphonsäuredialkylestern 2 werden zwei einfache Verfahren beschrieben. 4-Hydroxy-3, 5-ditert.-butylbenzaldehyd gibt mit Phosphorigsäurediestern und primären Aminen wie erwartet α-aminosubstituierte 4-Hydroxy-3, 5-di-tert.-butyl-phenyl-methanphosphonsäureester 5, während mit sekundären Aminen überraschenderweise in einem Reaktionsschritt hydroxy-arylsubstituierte Methan-bis-phosphonsäureester vom Typ 6 entstehen.
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  • 137
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 881-889 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: p-Methyl-, p-methoxy-, and p-chlorobenzophenone condense with dimethyl homophthalate in the presence of sodium hydride to give the expected stereoisomeric half-esters 1 and 2. The (z)-configuration 2 was favoured in the two former ketones, whereas the (E)-configuration 1 prevailed in the latter. Configuration was determined by cyclisation of the derived dibasic acids 3 and 4 to the oxo-indenyl acids 7 and 8, also obtained by the action of aluminium chloride on the anhydrides 5 and 6. Cyclisation of the half-esters gave the indenyl esters 9 and 10. Structures are supported by i.r., u. v., and n. m. r. spectroscopic evidence. The ratio of isomers is interpreted in terms of the relative ease of ring cleavage of the intermediate δ-lactones 11 and 12.
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  • 138
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The title compound 4 underwent Sommelet and Stevens rearrangements induced by a number of bases. Ionization of the thenyl methylene group of 4 to the corresponding ylid 10 was the prevalent process, yielding subsequently N-[2-(2′-thienyl)-2-phenethyl]dimethylamine 12 and N-[α-(o-tolyl)-2-thenyl]-dimethylamine 13. The strong trend of the 2-thenyl ylids to produce large relative amounts of the Sommelet amine was confirmed. Minor products are N-[2-(2′-thienyl)-1-phenethyl]dimethylamine 15 and N-[α-phenyl-2-(3-methylthienyl)]dimethylamine 16 derived from the benzyl ylid 11.
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  • 139
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 919-925 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Kondensation von ω-Nitrocarbonsäureestern 1 - 3 mit aromatischen Aldehyden in Gegenwart von n-Butylamin bzw. Äthylendiamin entstehen ω-arylsubstituierte Nitrovinylcarbonsäureester 5 - 7. Die gleichen Verbindungen können durch Umsetzung von ω-Nitrocarbonsäureestern mit Benzal-n-butylamin dargestellt werden. Die Anwendung von Ammoniumacetat in Eisessig als Katalysator führt dagegen zu 5-Nitro-6-phenyl-piperidonen-(2) 9. Verbindung 9 a wurde mit LiAlH4 zu 2-Phenyl-3-amino-piperidin 10 a reduziert.
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  • 140
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 943-952 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zur Einschätzung des Alkylierungsvermögens der cyclischen Schwefelsäureester 1,2-Äthylensulfat 1, 1,3-Propylensulfat 2 und 1,3-Butylensulfat 3 wurden die Geschwindigkeiten ihrer Umsetzungen mit 4-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-pyridin (NPB) in Acetophenon bei 20-50°C gemessen und analog ermittelten Parametern des Dimethylsulfats 4, Diäthylsulfats 5, 1,3-Propansultons 6, 1,4-Butansultons 7 und p-Toluolsulfonsäuremethylesters 8 gegenübergestellt. Die resultierende Reaktivitätsabstufung unterscheidet sich z. T. von der, die man bei der Hydrolyse in Wasser erhält, doch erweist sich in beiden Fällen 1,2-Äthylensulfat 1 als jeweils reaktivstes Agens. Aus LD50-Bestimmungen (Maus, i. p.) geht hervor, daß 1,2-Äthylensulfat auch die höchste akute Toxizität der untersuchten Verbindungen besitzt.
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  • 141
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 926-932 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nach Aufnahme und Interpretation von Massenspektren aller isomeren Octane bei schonenden Anregungsbedingungen (12 eV, etwa 70 °C Ionenquellentemperatur) gelingt deren Einteilung in fünf Gruppen jeweils strukturähnlicher Verbindungen, deren quantitative Bestimmung auf zwei Arten möglich ist: aBestimmung von Gruppen durch Trennbarkeit des Gemischspektrums in Teilspektren, wenn die Gruppenspektren untereinander unabhängig sind;bBestimmung von Gruppen als „Quasikomponenten“ nach der Matrixmethode, vor allem bei Mehrfachbelegung der Auswertepeaks.Die Methode wird erfolgreich bei der Untersuchung eines technischen Paraffingemisches angewendet; mittlere Abweichungen der Ergebnisse werden mitgeteilt.
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  • 142
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die individuelle Gemischanalyse durch die Kombination von Gaschromatographie und Massenspektrometrie hat im allgemeinen eine starke Datenhäufung in kurzer Zeit zum Ergebnis. Zur raschen und sicheren Interpretation der Massenspektren von Paraffinen wird ein Identifizierungsverfahren für alle isomeren C5—C9-Alkane vorgeschlagen. Es basiert auf Intensitätsvergleichen charakteristischer, nicht unbedingt intensiver Peaks und gestattet eine vollständige Selektion der Verbindungen. Das Verfahren wurde nach der Programmierung für den elektronischen Kleinrechner C 8205/D 4a erstmals praktisch erprobt, und bei allen Testversuchen wurde eine Wiederfindungsrate von 100% gefunden.
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  • 143
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 938-942 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die 1H-NMR-Spektren des 1,1′-Diäthyl-3-benzoyl-harnstoffs, -thio- und selenoharnstoffs (1a, b, c) werden im Temperaturbereich von +60°C bis -60°C aufgezeichnet und die beobachteten Veränderungen, Verlagerung des NH-Signals und Einfrieren der Rotation um die CN(C2H5)2-Bindung, diskutiert, die Aktivierungsenergien dieser behinderten Rotation berechnet und die Werte bezüglich des Doppelbindungscharakters der Heteroatome O, S, Se analysiert.
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  • 144
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 953-958 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Tautomeric Properties, and Hydrogen Bonds of 2-Heteroarylamino-thiazoles2-Heteroarylamino-thiazoles have been prepared by the method of HANTZSCH from heteroaryl-substituted thioureas. UV and IR spectra indicate the amino form for these compounds. In solid state, they are associated through N—H…N bonds, the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring serving as an acceptor of protons.
    Notes: 2-Heteroarylamino-thiazole lassen sich nach der Methode von HANTZSCH aus heteroaromatisch substituierten Thioharnstoffen darstellen. Die UV- und IR-spektroskopische Untersuchung zeigt, daß diese Verbindungen in der Aminoform vorliegen. Sie sind im festen Zustand über N—H…N-Brücken assoziiert, wobei das Ringstickstoffatom des Thiazols als Protonenakzeptor fungiert.
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  • 145
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 990-994 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Relative Rates of Autoxidation of Some Alkyl Benzenes and OlefinsThe relative rates of 26 alkyl aromatic compounds (including indene and tetralin) and of 6 olefins were determined by competitive oxidation in the temperature range of 30-170°C. The relative rates of autoxidation of ring-substituted toluenes can be correlated by the HAMMETT equation with σ as well as with σ+. The values of ϱ are expectedly negative and low. The studied olefins are oxidized considerably easier than alkyl aromatic compounds. Surprisingly, norbornene which possesses no activated C—H-bonds is oxidized with a high relative rate.
    Notes: Die relativen Autoxydationsgeschwindigkeiten von 26 Alkylaromaten (einschließlich Indan und Tetralin) und 6 Olefinen wurden durch Konkurrenzoxydation bei 30 bis 170°C bestimmt. Die relativen Autoxydationsgeschwindigkeiten der untersuchten kernsubstituierten Toluole lassen sich entsprechend der HAMMETT-Gleichung sowohl mit σ wie mit σ+ korrelieren, erwartungsgemäß erhält man relative kleine negative Werte für ϱ. Die untersuchten Olefine werden wesentlich leichter oxydiert als Alkylaromaten. Besonders überraschend ist die hohe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von Norbornen, das keine aktivierten Allyl-CH-Bindungen enthält.
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  • 146
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 959-964 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3-Amino-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinesThe reaction of 3-cyanopyridine-2-thiones 1 with hydroxyl-amine-O-sulfonic acid leads to 3-cyanopyridine-2-sulfenamides 2 which in the presence of bases immediately cyclize to form 3-amino-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridines 3. Side reaction is the oxidation which occurs predominantly in the reaction of 1 with chloramine to form the disulfides 4. With chloramine, the isothiazolopyridine is obtained only in the case of 4,6-dimethyl-3-cyano-pyridine-2-thione.
    Notes: 3-Cyanpyridinthione-(2) 1 reagieren mit Hydroxylamin-O-sulfonsäure zu 3-Cyan-pyridin-(2)-sulfenylaminen 2, die in Gegenwart von Basen sofort zu 3-Amino-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinen 3 cyclisieren. Nebenreaktion ist die Oxydation zu den Di-(pyridyl-2)-disulfiden 4, die bei der Umsetzung von 1 mit Chloramin  -  das nur mit dem 4,6-Dimethyl-3-cyanpyridinthion-(2) 1a zum Isothiazolopyridin 3a reagiert  -  dominiert.
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  • 147
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 965-978 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Diels-Alder Reactions. IV. Studies on the Codimerization of Cyclopentadiene with ButadieneThe reaction of cyclopentadiene with butadiene between 120°C and 170°C yields only about 35% exo/endo-2-vinylbicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-(5); 4,7,8,9-tetrahydroindene, dicyclopentadiene and the homodimers of butadiene are formed as inevitable by-products. The parallel and consecutive reactions which take place in the system cyclopentadiene/butadiene were separately studied as far as possible, and the activation parameters were determined. Surprisingly, in the homodimerization of butadiene the activation parameters for the symmetry-allowed formation of 4-vinylcyclohexene and the symmetry-forbidden formation of trans-1,2-divinylcyclobutane and of cyclooctadiene-(1,5) show very similar values.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Cyclopentadien mit Butadien im Temperaturbereich 120-170°C liefert wegen der unvermeidlichen Nebenreaktionen nur etwa 35% exo/endo-2-Vinylbicyclo[2,2,1]hepten-(5), daneben entstehen etwa 3% 4,7,8,9-Tetrahydroinden sowie die Homodimeren des Cyclopentadiens und des Butadiens.Die bei der Umsetzung von Cyclopentadien mit Butadien ablaufenden Parallel- und Folgereaktionen wurden soweit wie möglich getrennt kinetisch untersucht und die Aktivierungsparameter bestimmt.Überraschenderweise liegen bei der Homodimerisierung von Butadien die Aktivierungsparameter der symmetrieerlaubten Bildung von 4-Vinylcyclohexen und die der symmetrieverbotenen Vier- und Achtringbildung sehr nahe beieinander.
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  • 148
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 979-989 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Diels-Alder-Reactions. V. Kinetic Modelling of the Reactions Taking Place in the Codimerization of Cyclopentadiene with ButadieneWith the aid of independently determined rate constants of the 11 reactions which must be considered, the dependence of concentration on time for the most important products of the reaction between cyclopentadiene and butadiene can be calculated only with unsufficient accuracy. Using optimization procedures (sequential simplex procedure and the procedure of SILLEN) it is possible, however, to recalculate rate constants from the experimental dependence between concentrations and time. These recalculated rate constants permit a calculation of the dependence between the concentrations of all products and the reaction time, which very well agrees with the experiment.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe der unabhängig bestimmten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der 11 zu berücksichtigenden Reaktionen lassen sich die Konzentrations-Zeit-Verläufe der wichtigsten bei der Umsetzung von Cyclopentadien mit Butadien entstehenden Produkte nur mit unbefriedigender Genauigkeit berechnen. Aus den experimentellen Konzentrations-Zeit-Verläufen lassen sich jedoch mit Hilfe von Optimierungsverfahren (angewandt werden das sequentielle Simplex-Suchverfahren und das Verfahren nach SILLEN) die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Einzelreaktionen zurückrechnen, und diese zurückgerechneten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten gestatten eine sehr gut mit den Experimenten übereinstimmende Berechnung der Konzentrations-Zeit-Verläufe.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 149
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 995-1004 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Anodic Behaviour of Carbazoles and Indolo[3,2-b]carbazolesThe anodic oxidation of some substituted or condensed carbazole derivatives 1-6 has been investigated in acetonitrile using platinum electrodes. Substitution of the carbazoles in the 3-, 6-, and 9-positions prevents the anodic dimerization occurring otherwise in these positions. In these cases the electrochemical formation of stable cation radicals is possible. A stabilization of these anodie primary products and a decrease of the half-wave potentials is also effected by enlarging the π-electron system as in N-p-anisyl-dibenzo[e,g]carbazole 2, in the indolo[3,2-b]-carbazoles 3 and in 9,9′-diphenyl-3,3′-dicarbazyl 4. Due to the distortion of the C—N-bonds neither a change of half-wave potentials nor a stabilization of the cation radicals by donor substitution or mesomeric effects has been observed in the case of N-p-anisylcarbazole 1 h, 1,4-bis-(9-carbazyl)-benzene 5 and 4,4′-bis-(9-carbazyl)-biphenyl 6 in comparison with N-phenyl-carbazole 1 e. The electrochemical preparation of 4 and the spectroscopical investigation of the cation radicals of some of the compounds are described.
    Notes: Die anodische Oxydation einiger substituierter oder kondensierter Carbazolderivate 1-6 wurde in Acetonitril an Platinelektroden untersucht. Substitution des Carbazols in 3-, 6- und 9-Stellung verhindert die sonst in dieser Position ablaufende anodische Dimerisierung und ermöglicht die elektrochemische Erzeugung von stabilen Radikalkationen. Eine Stabilisierung dieser anodischen Primärprodukte und eine Erniedrigung des Halbstufenpotentials wird auch durch Vergrößerung des π-Elektronensystems im N-p-Anisyl-dibenzo[c, g]carbazol 2, in den Indolo[3,2-b]carbazolen 3 und im 9,9′-Diphenyl-3,3′-dicarbazyl 4 erreicht. Infolge der starken Verdrillung der C—N-Bindung wird hingegen weder beim N-p-Anisyl-carbazol 1 h durch Donor-Substitution noch bei 1,4-Bis-(9-carbazyl)-benzol 5 oder 4,4′-Bis-(9-carbazyl)-biphenyl 6 durch mesomere Effekte eine Veränderung des Halbstufenpotentials oder eine Erhöhung der Radikalionenstabilität im Vergleich zum N-Phenylcarbazol 1 e beobachtet. Die präparative elektrochemische Darstellung von 4 sowie die spektroskopische Untersuchung der Radikalionen einiger Verbindungen werden beschrieben.
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  • 150
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 1015-1026 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical Synthesis of the Dodecanucle otide dpT—T—T—T—T—T—C—A—T—C—A—TFor studies on the specifity of enzymes, the dodecanucleotide dpT—T—T—T—T—T—C—A—T—C—A—T was required. Its chemical synthesis is reported starting with the mononucleotides dpT, dpC and dpA.
    Notes: Zu Enzymspezifitätsuntersuchungen wurde das Dodecanucleotid dpT—T—T—T—T—T—C—A—T—C—A—T benötigt. Es wird seine chemische Synthese, ausgehend von den Mononucleotiden dpT, dpC und dpA, beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 151
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 1027-1034 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Autoxidation of Derivatives of NorbornenenNorbornene, bicyclo[2, 2, 1]2-heptene-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester, bicyclo-[2, 2, 1]2-heptene-5-carbonitril, 5-methylbicyclo[2, 2, 1]2-heptene-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester and dicyclopentadiene are easily oxidized by molecular oxygen; the corresponding exo-epoxides are formed as main products by attack on the norbornene double bond.
    Notes: Norbornen, Bicyclo[2, 2, 1]hepten-(2)-carbonsäure-(5)-methylester, Bicyclo[2, 2, 1]hepten-(2)-carbonsäure-(5)-nitril, 5-Methylbicyclo[2, 2, 1]hepten-(2)-carbonsäure-(5)-methylester und Dicyclopentadien werden von molekularem Sauerstoff leicht oxydiert; als Hauptprodukte bilden sich unter Angriff auf die Norbornendoppelbildung die entsprechenden exo-Epoxide.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemical Investigations by means of 13C NMR Spectroscopy. 2-Methoxycarbonyl-cyclohexanols and their AcetatesThe 13C NMR spectra of cis-(1) and trans-(2) 2-methoxycarbonyl-cyclohexanol and of cis-(3) and trans-(4) 2-methoxycarbonyl-cyclohexyl acetate are reported, and the signals are assigned by means of substituent shift increments. The so interpreted spectra allow conclusions concerning the configuration and predominant conformation of the compounds. It is shown that an upfield shift of the substituted carbon atom does not necessarily imply the axial position of the substituent.
    Notes: Die 13C-NMR-Spektren von cis-(1) und trans-2-Methoxycarbonyl-cyclohexanol (2) sowie von cis-(3) und trans-2-Methoxycarbonyl-cyclohexylacetat (4) werden mitgeteilt, und die Signalzuordnung aus Substituenteninkrementen wird dargestellt. Aus den zugeordneten Spektren kann die Konfiguration der Verbindungen und ihre Vorzugskonformation abgeleitet werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine Hochfeldverschiebung des substituierten C-Atoms nicht notwendigerweise mit axialer Anordnung des Substituenten verbunden ist.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 153
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 1049-1053 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 154
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 1035-1039 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: (2,2-Dimethyl-2H-benzimidazole)-copper (I) Perchlorate ComplexesReaction of bis(o-phenylenediamine)copper(II) perchlorate with acetone yields (2,2-dimethyl-2H-benzimidazole)-copper(I) perchlorate 1. This complex gives with aceto- and benzonitrile the deeply coloured compounds C6H4N2C(CH3)2. CuClO4 · 2 RCN (R = CH3, C6H5). o-Phenylendiaminemonohydrochloride reacts with acetone to 2,2,4-trimethyl-1H-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]1,4-diazepine-hydrochloride; KOH yields the free base 2. The presence of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-benzimidazole in the primary Cu-complex and the structure of 2 are proved by 1H- and 13C-NMR-spectra.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Bis-(o-phenylendiamin)-kupfer(II)-perchlorat mit Aceton führt zu einem (2,2-Dimethyl-2H-benzimidazol)-kupfer(I)-perchlorat-Komplex 1. Dieser reagiert mit Aceto- und Benzonitril unter Bildung der tieffarbigen Verbindungen C6H4N2C(CH3)2 · CuClO4 · 2 RCN (R = CH3, C6H5). o-Phenylendiaminmonohydrochlorid bildet mit Aceton 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1H-2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]1,4-diazepin-hydrochlorid. Daraus resultiert mit KOH die freie Base 2. Das Vorliegen von 2,2-Dimethyl-2H-benzimidazol im ursprünglichen Cu-Komplex, sowie die Struktur von 2 wurden durch 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren gesichert.
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  • 155
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 1054-1056 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Qualitative Characterization of Isomeric n-Alkene Mixtures by 13C NMR Spectra
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  • 156
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 1040-1048 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die STOBBE-Kondensation mit Homophthalsäure-dimethylester. Teil 1Die Kondensation von Methyl-α-thienylketon, Methyl-α-furylketon und Phenyl-2-thienylketon mit Homophthalsäure-dimethylester in Gegenwart von Kalium-tert.-butanolat oder Natriumhydrid als Kondensationsmittel ergab hauptsächlich die (z)-Halbester. Die Struktur und Konfiguration der Produkte wurde chemisch und spektroskopisch ermittelt.
    Notes: The condensation of methyl 2-thienyl, methyl 2-furyl, and phenyl 2-thienyl ketone with dimethyl homophthalate in the presence of either potassium t-butoxide or sodium hydride as condensing agent, gave predominantly the (z)-half estersThe nomenclature of cis/trans isomers follows the IUPAC Tentative rules, Section E, Fundamental Stereochemistry, J. org. Chemistry 35, 2849 (1970). See also N. R. El-Rayyes, J. prakt. Chem. 315 (2), 300 (1973). (E) = trans-(Heterocyclic ring/CO2CH3) (Z) = cis-(Heterocyclic ring/CO2CH3). The structure and configuration of the products were inferred by chemical and spectroscopic means.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 157
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Repair of a fractured membrane bone, the quadratojugal (QJ), has been studied in the newly hatched chick. Complete open fractures never united by bony fusion, even in birds maintained for six months post-fracture. Extraperiosteal connective tissue invaded the fracture gap and formed thick fibrous bundles which stabilised the fracture. Cartilage of two types formed on these bones. One was derived from periosteal cells and the other from osteoblasts or osteocytes. Considerably more cartilage formed in bones partially fractured than in those completely fractured. The “periosteal” cartilage did not form if the periosteum was removed at the time the bone was fractured. This was because, although the fibrous layer of the periosteum regenerated, the cambial layer did not. Metaplastic cartilage did form in the absence of the periosteum.Isolating fractured bones within polyethylene or glass tubes prevented accumulation of a blastema between the bony fragments. Cartilage did not form in side the tubes but did form where the ends of the tubes abutted onto the bones.Large defects in the bones (4 mm gaps, 4 mm of bone in the place of the QJ) healed via fibrous union with minimal osteogenesis and no chondrogenesis.Severing M. depressor mandibulae at the time the bone was fractured inhibited chondrogenesis, favoured osteogenesis and resulted in development of a pseudarthrosis.The potential for differentiation of the cells of the QJ and the role of adjacent tissues as they related to repair of the fracture was discussed, and the ability of cells from membrane bones to become chondrogenic emphasized.
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  • 158
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of 24 and 48 hours' cold stress on the hamsters' adrenomedullary follicles and on the medullary ATPase activity was studied by light and electron microscopy. Only norepinephrine cells were depleted after this stress, and exocytosis seemed to be the mechanism involved in the release of catecholamine. Follicles containing these cells expanded and their lumina became narrow. A few other cellular and follicular changes also occurred and are described.ATPase activity was apparent in control organs along the endothelial linings, in neural elements and macrophages, and in approximately 40% of the linings of follicular lumina. Cold stress did not alter this pattern.These results have been compared with previous findings and the possible functions of the follicular lumina are discussed. It is concluded that they are unlikely sites for catecholamine storage or release.
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  • 159
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 149-169 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The previously described ability of reserpine and parachlorophenylalanine to induce the accumulation of lipid droplets in ventricular cardiac muscle cells of the bat was investigated. Lipid droplet accumulation was assessed qualitatively by light microscopy and quantitatively by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs. An hypothesis that the action of the drugs was an indirect one, mediated by the cardiac adrenergic innervation, was framed and tested. Lipid droplet accumulation occurred during a time of intense sympathetic activity, that of arousal from hibernation. The ability of the two drugs to produce the effect was antagonized by prior sympathectomy with 6-dopamine. The effect was mimicked by administration of exogenous norepinephrine together with inhibitors of its catabolic enzymes, monoamine oxidase and catechol-omethyl transferase. These observations are all consistent with the initial hypothesis and raise the possibility that endogenous norepinephrine in the cardiac sympathetic innervation might be, at least potentially, auto-toxic.
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  • 160
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rat anterior pituitaries were cytologically studied following cultivation in organ culture, with and without the addition of hypothalamic and cortical extracts. Although five distinct cell types could be identified with classical stains in the uncultivated glands, the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique (using antibodies against STH, LTH, FSH, LH and TSH) showed that not all of the immune-specific cell types were being identified with the classical stains. This discrepancy was magnified following culture as chromophilic cells seen with classic stains decreased in number with an increase in culture time. The peroxidase technique, however, revealed that all cells remained constant in type and number regardless of time in culture. While the addition of either hypothalamic or cortical extract to the culture medium produced cytological alterations demonstrated by the classical dyes, the antibody technique showed no such alterations. Such a comparison of staining techniques emphasizes the hazards of relying solely on histological procedures to reveal the hormonal activity of the pituitary gland.
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  • 161
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 251-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The intestinal mucosa of the platypus takes the form of numerous transverse surface folds. These folds are made up of a lamina propria covered by pseudostratified epithelium which lies on a thick modified basement membrane. The cells of the intestinal epithelium consist of columnar cells which generally resemble typical intestinal epithelium and cuboidal cells, which are undifferentiated in appearance, show few organelles and possess an electron lucent cytoplasm. Numerous desmosomes are found between the adjacent cell membranes of both cell types. Villi are absent and appear to be represented by the large surface folds.Intestinal glands are composed of columnar epithelium similar to that found in the intestinal glands of other mammalian species. Groups of these glands drain into common tubular ducts which follow a tortuous course and empty into the intestinal lumen between the surface folds.The peculiar morphological features of the platypus intestinal mucosa raise questions concerning traditional concepts of intestinal gland formation as well as the origin and migration of intestinal epithelium with regard to this particular species.
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  • 162
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 163
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 627-633 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Granular cell indices (GCI; Dunihue and Robertson, '57) in kidneys of fetal and newborn rats were determined by examining sections stained with Bowie's technique. Some fetuses were delivered prematurely by Caesarean section a day earlier than the expected delivery, and were then nursed by a foster mother. Similarly, postmature Caesarean newborn rats were obtained; retention one day beyond the normal gestation was induced by maternal progesterone injections.The GCI was strikingly increased within a day after birth, followed by an immediate decrease thereafter. This was also observed in both premature and postmature newborn rats. It seems that this temporary increase of the GCI is not attributable solely to the age of rat, but follows only the separation from the maternal environment.
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  • 164
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 635-640 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The change in the localization of glucose 6-phosphatase activity within the liver lobule of the mouse was studied during development. From one day before birth to three days after birth, a uniform localization of the activity was observed throughout the lobule. This uniform localization of the activity gradually changed to that of the adult type, characterized by a relatively higher activity in periportal areas, between three to ten days of age. This indicates that the postnatal growth of the liver is accompanied by a change in the pattern of the localization of this enzyme activity within the liver lobule. Further, the biochemical results showed that the elevated activity after birth was reduced to the level seen in adult at ten days of age. Thus, the reduction in the level of the enzyme activity during ten days after birth corresponds to a redistribution of the enzyme activity within the liver lobule.
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  • 165
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 685-687 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 166
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 705-710 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the upper strata of mammalian epidermis are flattened and aligned to form regular columnar units. It has been suggested that the position of the smaller underlying basal cells is related to the overlying cell columns. Examination of the position of metaphase figures in sheets of mouse epidermis indicated that mitosis occurs principally in cells lying just within the periphery of the cell columns but that there is no alignment of interphase basal cells within the columnar peripheries which could account for this position of mitosis.
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  • 167
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Palatal processes from 14-day fetal C57BL mice were cultured under varying conditions for 48 hours and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border occurred when single palatal processes were explanted onto Millipore filters, plasma clots, or lens paper in subjacent contact with nutrient medium. Paired processes under the same culture conditions demonstrated typical midline epithelial disruption and mesenchymal fusion. Regions of mesenchymal necrosis occurred in processes growth on nutrient agar in a dish or submerged in nutrient medium. In similar cultures medial epithelial disruption did not occur in single processes and mesenchymal fusion of paired processes was either delayed or did not occur. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border in single palatal processes, and mesenchymal fusion in paired palatal processes, occurred when palates weregrown on nutrient agar supported above but in contact with nutrient medium. The results indicated that responses of palatal epithelium and mesenchyme may be altered by different in vitro procedures. These observations emphasize that many factors must be considered in interpreting developmental changes in palatal processes grown in vitro.
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  • 168
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mitochondrial population of sustentacular cells in the testis of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, has been examined by electron microscopy. Three distinct types of mitochondria have been observed. The first and most common mitochondrial type is a “typical” organelle with a rod-like profile containing tubular to plate-like cristae. The second mitochondrial form is characterized externally by irregular bulbous protrusions and internally by increased numbers of tubular cristae. The third mitochondrial type, which is usually ovoid in profile, has the most unusual internal membrane configuration, consisting of pleated folds pierced by regular rows of fenestrations. Mitochondrial type one is found in all sustentacular stages, mitochondrial type two first appears in sustentacular cells surrounding early spermatids, and mitochondrial type three is observed only in sustentacular cells surrounding spermatozoa. These observations indicate that discrete subclasses of mitochondria are present in sustentacular cells of Xenopus.
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Frog retinae, fixed only in buffered glutaraldehyde, were embedded for sectioning in glutaraldehyde polymerized with urea. In suitably thin sections globular substructures were seen in negative contrast after ionic staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, or after staining with neutralized phosphotungstic acid. Efforts to extract at least some of the lipid from sections before ionic staining enhanced the visualization of the “globules.” Exposure to KMnO4 solution, used as an oxidative section stain, also outlined globular substructure in negative contrast, but with the additional feature that positively stained surface “leaflets” associated with the aqueous compartment were well defined. Staining sections with OsO4 vapor resulted in positively stained membranes, but without any evident substructure. However, when sections which previously had been exposed to OsO4 vapor were secondarily stained with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate, positively stained globular substructures then were revealed.The globular substructures always were centered in the hydrophobic core region of the disc membranes, and symmetrically spanned the full thickness of this layer. The diameter of individual particles approximated 50-55 Å. Reasons are presented for the supposition that the evident globules incorporate at least hydrophobic components of rhodopsin molecules. Findings are discussed in relation to various models of disc membrane organization that have been proposed in recent years.
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  • 170
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 91-101 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the myoneural junctions in the body wall muscles has been studied in Branchiobdella pentodonta Whit. A single junctional type has been found. Within the terminal axon there are two types of vesicles, which differ in number, size and electron opacity. The junctional gap contains the basement membrane. The post-junctional membrane displays concave patches on which slender projections arising from the outer lamina of the sarcolemma extend into the junctional gap. These concave patches overlie a cytoplasmic lamina made up of electron dense material.
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  • 171
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pellets of progesterone plus 1 % 16α-hydroxy-progesterone (16α-OH), testosterone plus 1 % 16α-OH, and estradiol-17β plus 1 % 16α-OH were implanted in the right uterine fat mass in ovariectomized (O) and ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) mice. Three weeks later they were killed and the diameters of the ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and the inferior vena cava were measured and averaged. The averages were compared with averages for O and OH mice bearing pellets of glass and of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17β without 16α-OH. It is concluded that in castrate mice the size of ovarian and uterine veins is influenced not by the presence or absence of the uterus but by sex steroids, that progesterone usually causes decreases while testosterone and estradiol-17β cause increases in vein diameter, and that both the presence of the uterus and the administration of 1 % 16α-OH are associated with partial inhibition of increases in vein size induced by steroids. Uterine hypertrophy and urinary bladder distention resulting from the administration of testosterone and estradiol-17β were not prevented by the addition of 1 % 16α-OH.
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  • 172
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 71-89 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopic observations are reported on the intestine of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. The lungfish has a spiral valve rather than a true stomach. Segments of mucosa from this area reveal, by transmission microscopy, that most cells have distinct striated borders with parallel microvilli. Fibrils within the core of the microvilli extend deeply into the cytoplasm. Microvilli on the surface of goblet cells are less regularly arranged than those of absorptive cells. Interspersed among the cells with striated borders are cells, similar in cytologic appearance except that they are covered with tufts of kinetocilia. By transmission electron microscopy, abnormal cilia having one complete complement of microtubules plus incomplete sets from other cilia which share some of the peripheral doublets of the complete cilium are enclosed by a single membrane. Cilia are usual in the intestine of many lower forms but ordinarily absent in higher vertebrates. Their functional significance in this primitive fish is unknown.
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  • 173
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the hepatocyte of the fetal stumptail monkey was examined with the aim of defining a possible model for studies of fetal drug metabolism. Hepatocytes from fetuses of 80 and 160 days gestation, as well as from one animal one week of postnatal age, were examined and compared to human fetal hepatocytes at 12 and 16 weeks gestation. Marked variation was observed in the amount of lipid and the distribution of organelles within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte in the monkey population. These differences were attributed to genetic variation. Two changes were seen which correlated with developmental age. The amount of hemopoietic tissue decreased and the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum increased as the animal matured. The problems of genetic variation and the relative number of hepatocytes at different stages of development were discussed relative to the use of this animal as a model for fetal durg metabolism studies. Attention to both of these problems is considered necessary for the interpretation of biochemical data in future studies.
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  • 174
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The oocytes of types 2, 3, 4 and 5 follicles from the normal spiny mouse were examined with the electron microscope. Multiple juxtanuclear Golgi bodies, mitochondria associated with flattened granular endoplasmic reticulum, and large nucleus are the main features of the type 2 follicle oocyte. The numbers of mitochondria and Golgi apparati increase significantly at later stages. Small mitochondrial aggregates lacking “intermitochondrial cement” are seen in the ooplasm of types 3, 4 and 5 follicles. “Lamellar complexes” comprising two to six elongate flattened rough ER cisternae and intercisternal filaments begin to appear in the oocyte of the type 3 follicle. The intercisternal filaments may be observed as punctate-, dashed-, and solid-lines in cross sections. In tangential sections the filaments display a paracrystalline structure. In the type 4 follicle oocytes, the “lamellar complex” becomes more extensive; polysomes and ribosomal fibrils are juxtaposed to the “lamellar complexes.” Bundles of ribosomal fibrils are abundant in the ooplasm of the type 5 follicle. The origin of ribosomal filaments and the functional significance of “lamellar complexes” are discussed.
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  • 175
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 215-235 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A culture system utilizing single skeletal muscle fibers from adult rats was developed to study the origin and behavior of mononucleated myoblasts during muscle regeneration. The single fibers are removed manually from the leg and thigh muscles of 300-400 gm rats and maintained in vitro embedded in a fibrin clot overlain with culture medium. Regenerative events were monitored by continuous observation of the cultured fibers. During the first few hours in vitro the fibers undergo degenerative changes including the formation of myofibrillar contraction clots and pyknosis of myonuclei. The endomysial tube (basement lamina) remains intact along the entire length of the fiber and forms transparent chambers bridging the contraction clots. Single fibers are free of endomysial cells and display no cellular outgrowth in culture, except at the cut ends. In contrast, a rich outgrowth of endomysial connective tissue cells is found with bundles consisting of two or more fibers. Isolated mononucleated cells, presumed to be muscle satellite cells, are present within the endomysial tube of single fibers at the onset of the culture period. There is no evidence that myonuclei contribute to the formation of mononucleated cells. The satellite cells enlarge and begin to proliferate during the second day in vitro to form clones of presumptive myoblasts within the endomysial tube. The early clones have a cell doubling time of about 22 hours and exhibit mitotic synchrony. After 5-7 days in vitro the satellite cell progeny begin to fuse to from multinucleated myotubes within the endomysial tube of the original fiber. The myotubes display spontaneous contractile activity and may extend throughout the length of the endomysial tube.
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  • 176
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adult and half grown healthy male and female cats were used in this study. The white and gray matter of the dorsolateral region in the upper lumbar levels of the spinal cord were examined by electron microscopy after fixation by aldehyde perfusion and commonly used methods of embedding, sectioning and staining. The report is limited to description and illustration of specialized junctions of astrocytes. In addition to previously described astrocyte-astrocyte gap junctions, astrocytes are connected by gap junctions to oligodendroglia cells and to neurons. Astrocytes also are connected with each other and with neurons by junctions characterized by wide (250 Å) gaps containing opaque gap material and by dense material adhering to the inner surfaces of the plasma membranes. The results suggest a morphological basis for adhesion and intercommunication between all adult derivatives of the embryonic neural tube.
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  • 177
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The third ventricle of monkeys has been examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two populations of supraependymal (SE) cells were distinguished on the basis of morphology and location. One type has been previously reported (Coates, '72, '73a,b,c). Another, type 2 SE cell, is now described.Type 2 SE cells were found in the third ventricle of both sexes and in all age groups although the numbers varied highly from animal to animal. The most common site for type 2 SE cells was the floor and transition zone of the third ventricle. Visualized with SEM, these cells had variable morphology, but may be characterized by a small cell body, few non-branching processes some of which were flared and surface features such as ruffled membranes. Type 2 SE cells most likely correspond to Kolmer or epiplexus cells originally described in association with the choroid plexus. As such, they are probably phagocytes.
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  • 178
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Studies were carried out, using transmission electron microscopy, of the cilia of the nephrons of rat and human kidneys. Cilia were observed in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, in the proximal tubule, the distal tubule, including the macula densa, and the collecting duct. They had a number of characteristic features, including the presence of a centriole adjacent to the basal body, long, slender cross-striated rootlets, and a typically organized basal body. The shaft of the cilia differed from the typical 9 + 2 pattern of organization. Near the base of the cilia the pattern was 9 + 0. In the middle portion, one or more of the peripheral doublets had been displaced centrally to give an 8 + 1 or a 7 + 2 pattern, while towards the tip the pattern became more irregular and the doublets were reduced to single microtubules. We have hypothesized that these cilia may be vestigial. They may, if motile, have some minor stirring function, or they may play a sensory role, as has been postulated for similarly structured cilia in other sites.
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  • 179
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The structural development of individual nephrons has been investigated in the kidneys of young rats by microdissection.Superficial, intercortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in Wistar-Konárovice rats aged 2 to 60 days have been followed. At two and five days of age the superficial nephrons were in an early stage of anatomical development. At this time intercortical and juxtamedullary nephrons were more developed, and basically resembled similar structures in adult animals with the exception that the loops of Henle did not have a thin ascending limb.At ten days of age all three types of nephrons were differentiated with the exception that the intercortical nephrons did not possess a thin ascending limb of Henle's loop.At selected stages of development there appears to be a direct relation between the length of the superficial nephrons and the weight of the kidney. Since individual segments of these nephrons do not grow at the same proportional rate, this relationship does not hold when compared to kidney weight.
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  • 180
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rana pipiens larval beaks consist of column cells, sheath cells and basal cells which supply cells to column and sheath. Each column consists of disk-like precone cells, cone cells and keratinized cone cells; they are cells in different stages of the process of keratinization.Beaks first appear externally at embryonic stage 24. Epidermal cells align at the tip of the jaw at stage 21. They increase in number and change in shape. Keratinization starts at stage 23. By stage 24, the apical column cells are keratinized and the histological organization is set for the whole larval period.During the larval period, the numbers of column cells increase until stages VIII or IX, stay relatively constant during mid-larval stages, and decrease at late larval stages. The beak is completely shed at stage XX. The widening of the beaks goes on during the entire larval period. Along the cutting edge of the jaw the booth spikes increase in number and in individual width as the animal grows older and larger.Thyroid hormone causes a premature reduction of the column cell number and a precocious beak loss. The loss of beak at metamorphic climax is a thyroid dependent event.
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  • 181
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    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Despite intensive and ingenious investigation, the origins and ultimate fate of the osteoclast remain shrouded in mystery. This brief review evaluates some of the recent experimental approaches used in the study of the osteoclast, especially whether they form from intra- or extra-skeletal progenitor cells, whether from the same osteoprogenitor cell as the osteoblast, and whether, once formed, they may modulate to osteoblasts.That osteoprogenitor cells can, and do, become osteoclasts is well founded, as is the conclusion that such progenitor cells originate as blood-borne, extraskeletal cells. Evidence that sessile, intra-skeletal, progenitor cells can form osteoclasts is less direct. There is good evidence that osteoclasts both shed and take-up nuclei, but no direct evidence that nuclear shedding is accompanied by death of the osteoclast, and no direct evidence for the fate of the shed nuclei. Whether the same osteoprogenitor cell can produce either an osteoblast or an osteoclast also remains an open question.
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  • 182
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    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 183
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    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopic investigations by others have revealed “hair-like” projections from the endothelial surface of the rabbit aorta. We have confirmed by transmission electron microscopy that endothelial microvilli are found, in a limited number of areas in the aortic arch, particularly at the presumed site of fetal origin of the ductus arteriosus and near the origin of the subclavian artery.The microvilli are almost uniform in diameter (about 0.1 μm) and are as long as 3 μm in length. The outer leaflet of the limiting membrane shows a fuzzy appearance, and thin filaments are recognized in their interiors.A profuse array of endothelial microvilli was also found over the entire surface of the large arteries of human fetuses. The possible hemodynamic significance of these processes is discussed.
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  • 184
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 35-53 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fetal preputial glands from 14- to 17-day old mouse embryos undergo comparable growth, branching, and display similar degrees of cytodifferentiation when cultured in vitro on medium lacking hormones, on this medium in the presence of either of the fetal gonads, and on medium supplemented with testosterone dipropionate. Conversely, morphogenesis of these anlagen is markedly suppressed by estrogen and an anti-androgen, Cyproterone acetate. These observations demonstrate that acquisition of androgen-sensitivity is a late event in the morphogenesis of the preputial gland and correlate with the developmental properties of preputial mesenchyme as demonstrated in earlier studies on the epithelio-mesenchymal interaction.
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  • 185
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 71-81 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural investigation of liver from ten radiothyridectomized adult male albino rats, made hyperthyroid by administration of desiccated thyroid for eight to ten weeks, revealed changes in hepatic organelles, but no differences between centrilobular, midzonal and periportal hepatocytes of a single lobule. The mitochondria were enlarged with an increase in matrix density, but no increase in number of mitochondria or alterations in membranes or criste was observed. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum appeared slightly increased and dilated in treated rats, while stacked cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were seldom seen. Large vacuoles, which often contained follicular material and frequently opened into the spaces of Disse, were observed at the periphery of hepatocytes. The vacuoles may arise from invaginations of the cell membrane along these spaces to increase the surface area and to act as channels for liver metabolites. Moreover, in hyperthyroid rats hepatic glycogen was uniformly depleted. Whether these changes were a primary effect of thyroid hormone or secondary to metabolic alterations is unclear.
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  • 186
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 187
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 755-765 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nerves in the tongues of adult and immature rats were examined with respect to their permeability to exogenous cytochrome-c (mol wt 12,000) injected into the tongue. The distribution of cytochrome-c was determined in cryostat sections on the basis of the peroxidase activity of this protein. Nerves of 14-day-old rats were permeable to injected cytochrome-c. The larger nerves of older animals showed only localized accumulations of cytochrome-c reaction product both between and within axons adjacent to endoneurial blood vessels. Reaction product was not found, however, in association with blood vessels penetrating nerves of the tongue that were not within the limits of tracer spread. In the smallest nerve branches, thin linear strands of reaction product filled the interstices between the nerve fibers.
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  • 188
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The first group norms on the periodic occurrence of tumescence in the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas were obtained in 9 captive subjects. Individual mean cycle lengths for 8 adult females in 2 experiments ranged from 25.9-36.3 days with overall means of 31.1 and 32.5 days. The one subadult female had a mean cycle length of 40.7 days. The median and modal duration of maximal labial tumescence were 1.8 and 1 day, respectively. Data from 3 animals on which menses were recorded during 6 cycles yielded relatively consistent postswelling phase durations of 8-11 days and durations of menstruation of 1-2 days. The data from 2 conceptions of 1 female suggested that time of ovulation was closely associated with the day of detumescence. These data are discussed in terms of certain differences as well as similarities which exist between the gorilla and its closest relative, the chimpanzee. The contribution of these data to the area of comparative reproduction is enhanced because of the significant taxonomic affiliations of the gorilla species.
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  • 189
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 190
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Smooth muscle cells were demonstrated adjacent to the aqueous outflow pathway in rabbit eyes. The cells were arranged as a discontinuous band, one to three layers thick and extended from the termination of Descemet's membrane to the ciliary body. Most of the cells were oriented with their long axes at right angles to the aqueous plexus, but many were arranged in a direction parallel to the plexus. The organization of the cells suggests that their contraction would exert a bi-directional force, and therefore, affect aqueous outflow resistance.
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  • 191
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The diameters of the ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and the inferior vena cava were measured during stages of the estrous cycle in intact and hysterectomized mice and at intervals during pregnancy in mice with embryos in both uterine horns or in only the left horn. At metestrus I vein sizes were the least and were not significantly different in intact and hysterectomized mice. Ovarian and uterine veins showed the same or increased diameters at other stages of the cycle; veins enlarged progressively during pregnancy in intact mice. Non-gravid uterine horns showed little size increase as compared to gravid horns. Increases in vein diameter appeared to be correlated with local production of reproductive hormones.Evidence for transuterine migration of embryos was observed in 21 of 53 mice in which one uterine tube had been ligated or one ovary had been removed.
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  • 192
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 123-136 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) on the hematopoietic events in the embryonic spleeen of C57Bl/6J mice was examined by light and electron microscopy. Following PHZ injections to the mothers, the embryonic spleen revealed a marked increase in erythroid precursors, with a shift to mature cells. This phenomenon was part of a more generalized stimulation of erythropoiesis, expressed by a shift to mature red cell precursors in the embryonic livers and an increase in the percentage of non-nucleated cells in the embryonic peripheral blood. Concomitantly stimulation of phagocytosis in the spleen of embryos in the early gestational days and increased vascularity were observed, and a later effect of granulocytopoietic stimulation. The effect on erythropoiesis in the embryonic spleen might be a sequence of erythropoietin stimulation, either in the mothers or the fetuses, due to anemia and hypoxia following PHZ injections.
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  • 193
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Notochords were isolated from Hamburger-Hamilton stages 13-15 chick embryos by trypsinization and microdissection. These were shown by electron microscopy to be completely devoid of extracellular materials or mesenchymal contaminants. Cultivation of notochordal isolates was carried out on a non-collagenous (Falcon Plastic) substratum for 0 to 48 hours. At 12 hours of in vitro incubation, a discontinuous basal lamina could be demonstrated on the surface of notochordal cells. This was followed by the appearance of microfibrils of various sizes and other components of the extracellular matrix. By 48 hours of in vitro incubation, the same extracellular materials which surround the notochord in vivo (notochord sheath) could be demonstated in vitro.Autoradiographic studies show that tritiated proline is taken up by notochordal cells and secreted to the extracellular space where label is associated with basal lamina, microfibrils and ground substance. When cis-hydroxyproline, a known collagen-specific inhibitor is added to the system, tritiated proline label is located primarily intracellularly and fewer areas of active fibrillogenesis are noted. This suggests that ultrastructurally recognizable materials produced by notochordal cells in vitro may be at least partially collagenous. Significantly, these materials are produced in vivo at the same time (following stage 10) that notochordal tissues actively induce somite differentiation and cartilage formation. It seems reasonable that a biochemically or ultrastructurally identifiable component of the extracellular matrix may possibly mediate such induction.
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  • 194
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 447-471 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Potassium pyroantimonate has been employed in this study to localize calcium in the vascular smooth muscle of the thoracic aorta of the rabbit. The pyroantimonate ion precipitates sodium, magnesium and calcium. Incubation of the isolated thoracic aorta in a high potassium bathing medium which does not contain sodium, magnesium or calcium depletes the tissue of sodium. Addition of 10.8 mM CaCl2 to the incubation medium results in welllocalized depositions of reaction product, presumably that of calcium pyroantimonate, in mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and at the plasma membrane. Some or all of these organelles may, therefore, play a vital role in the contractionrelaxation cycle of vascular smooth muscle.
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  • 195
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 499-513 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Bile canaliculi in the rat liver have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. They appear as half tubules carved out of the hepatocytes' surface. In several cases the bile channel bifurcates to form two or three long branches running on the same face of the cell. Therefore, by SEM it seems obvious that the same side of an hepatocyte may be used for bounding two or more bile canaliculi.Some bile canaliculi display a flexuous course and show lateral sacculations. Some of them are large and apparently similar to the short lateral branches of the bile canaliculus; others are smaller and arise obliquely from the subjacent cortical areas of the hepatocyte cytoplasm. These latter structures are best observed in stereo-views in which they appear as narrow intracellular projections bordered with a few microvilli, actually opening into the lumen of the bile canaliculus. The SEM results suggest that these sacculations probably correspond to short intracellular branches of the bile canaliculi.Zones of minimal distance (0.1 μ) between the space of Disse and the bile channel have been frequently observed. They are actually the zones where the intercellular clefts arising from the subendothelial space of Disse come into closest contact with the bile canaliculus and might serve as sites of simple diffusion of substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In mice of both sexes ranging in age from five days to two years, the development and time course of diurnal rhythm and light-related variations in pineal glycogen were systematically studied by a semiquantitative histochemical method. When the animals were maintained under the usual diurnal lighting conditions (12L:12D), the diurnal rhythm and light-related changes in pineal glycogen appeared first at 22 days of age and persisted until two years. The glycogenic response was most prominent between 60 and 150 days, and declined slightly in mice older than one year.The glycogenic response and cell size tended to differ in the distal, middle and proximal portions of the body of the pineal. These regional differences changes with the ages of the animals.When mice were kept in continuous darkness for seven days starting from 15, 23 or 60 days of age, the pineal showed a diurnal rhythm in pineal glycogen.When mice were kept in altered light regimens such as continuous darkness, continuous lighting or 6L:6D from birth up to 30 days, no diurnal variation in pineal glycogen developed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975), S. 267-291 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Seminiferous tubules from testes of normal and efferent ductule ligated mice were examined with the electron microscope. The tubules in the ligated animals were markedly distended and at most stages of the seminiferous cycle the epithelium exhibited a series of circumferentially-oriented ridges. Cross-sectional profiles of these ridges were studied with particular emphasis on the Sertoli cell junctional specializations and their relationship to the germinal cells.In the ligated specimen the basal cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells is highly attenuated, often appearing as a thin process resting on the basement lamina. Where the cytoplasm of one Sertoli cell ends, it meets in apposition with the cytoplasm of an adjoining Sertoli cell, and at these sites, junctional specializations are present. The ridges are comprised of a stalk of apical Sertoli cell cytoplasm, often appearing like an inverted cone, with young spermatids aligned along the lateral surfaces and the more mature spermatid population embedded within the apical cytoplasm. Junctional specializations were observed along these lateral Sertoli cell surfaces. In some instances, they formed a free surface, but usually early spermatids were in contact with the junctional specializations. With respect to the more mature spermatids, the acrosomal component was typically found in relation to a junctional specialization. Germ cells at the spermatocyte stage were also noted in relation to the Sertoli cell junctional specializations.The findings suggest that spermatocytes cross the Sertoli cell barrier and gain access to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule through the disengagement of the inter-Sertoli cell junctional complex. It is proposed that when the inter-Sertoli cell junctional specializations separate, the spermatocytes come in apposition with the newly freed junctional surfaces and remain in relation with them through the ensuing divisions. It appears that at some point, firm adhesion between germ cells and the junctional specializations occurs; the spermatid progeny may thus maintain contact with the original inter-Sertoli cell junctional specializations until their release into the tubule lumen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Luteal cell fine structure was studied in hysterectomized control and hysterectomized, prostaglandin-treated (1-5 days) guinea pigs. In hysterectomized control animals, luteal cells were hypertrophied and were characterized by an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER) suggesting steroidogenic activity. With one day of prostaglandin treatment, little change in the cytological appearance had occurred. After two, or three days of treatment, cells showed a decrease in size and an apparent increase in the number of lipid droplets. Following four days of prostaglandin treatment, luteal tissue was characterized by the presence of large amounts of collagen in the intercellular spaces and by the invasion of fibroblasts. Areas of degenerating luteal cells with numerous myelin figures and lipid droplets were observed. After five days of prostaglandin treatment, most of the luteal cells had undergone extensive luteolytic changes. Typically they contained coalescing lipid droplets, myelin figures and crystalloids, and were surrounded by collagen fibers. These observations suggest that prostaglandin F2α does effect structural luteolysis in this species in the absence of uterine tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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