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  • 1995-1999  (1,055)
  • 1980-1984  (1,461)
  • 1995  (1,055)
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  • 1980  (693)
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  • 1995-1999  (1,055)
  • 1980-1984  (1,461)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 107 (1995), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Hair ; Opiates ; Drug monitoring ; Ultrastructure ; Environmental conditions ; Hair damage Cosmetic treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Hair samples were taken at autopsy from the head of 1 male and 1 female subject both known as drug abusers. Some of the strands were bleached by in-vitro cosmetic treatment. The bleached hair as well as the original hair samples were partly exposed to water or soil prior to further investigations and drug monitoring. The exposure times were 4 weeks or 6 months for water and 6 months for soil. The hair fibers were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and by scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations. The electron microscope studies confirmed that all experimental conditions had produced morphological alterations in the hair fibers. After exposure to water or to soil for 6 months as well as after storage of the clipped bleached hair in tap water at room temperature for 4 weeks, drug monitoring of formerly positive hair samples gave negative results. After storage of natural hair in soil or in water for 4 weeks the opiate levels had dramatically decreased. The samples were screened by fluorescence polarization immunoassay after enzymatic digestion. The results were confirmed by GC/MS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Autoimmune myocarditis ; Cardiac myosin ; Dendritic cell ; Macrophage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The precise mechanism of myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to define the immunohistological and ultrastructural characteristics of the infiltrating cells, especially in the initial phase of the myocarditis. It was demonstrated that OX6-positive dendritic cells first infiltrated the cardiocytes on day 13 after immunization. After day 17, OX6-positive cells, which possessed elongated irregular-shaped processes on the cell surface but contained few phago-lysosomes in the cytoplasm, were located at the margin of an inflammatory field and inserted their processes into the sarcoplasm of cardiocytes. The central portion of the inflammatory field was occupied by ED1-positive inflammatory macrophages, which were rich in phagosomes and which were in contact with degenerating cardiocytes. No evidence was obtained which suggested that lymphocytes directly injured the cardiocytes. These results demonstrated ultrastructural evidence that the type of infiltrating cell that first injures cardiocytes is the cardiac dendritic cell. Inflammatory macrophages thereafter serve as scavengers of degenerating cardiocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hallervorden-Spatz disease ; Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy ; Axonal dystrophy ; Ultrastructure ; Cytoskeletal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of dystrophic axons (DAs) in the brain and peripheral nerve of a patient with familial infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) and in the brain of a patient with familial Hallervorden-Spatz Disease (HSD) revealed prevalent membrano-tubular or granulo-vesicular profiles with a graded pattern of evolution in INAD, while dense bodies, vesicles and amorphous material were pressent in HSD. DAs immunoreactivity with τ-protein and 200 kDa-neurofilament antibodies was stronger in HSD than in INAD. In both cases immunohistochemistry was positive for ubiquitin and negative for β-tubulin and β-amyloid. Distinct ultrastructural features and immunoreactivity pattern of cytoskeletal components suggest different pathogenetic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumours ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) represent a heterogeneous group whose classification frequently requires ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies. In a retrospective study of the ultrastructural findings of 24 gastrointestinal stromal tumours, whose light microscopic study has yielded ambiguous results and in which accurate diagnosis had required ultrastructural support, seven were found to have the characteristics of gastrointestinal autonomic nerve (GAN) tumours. In all of them the diagnosis was based on the presence of dendritic processes with dense neuroendocrine granules. Immunohistochemically, the seven tumours were negative for smooth-muscle markers. All stained positively for vimentin. NSE, chromogranin, and synaptophysin were positive in most of them, while S-100 protein was positive only in two cases. We present the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of seven GANT against the background of the GISTs of our series. We conclude that GAN tumours cannot be diagnosed by light microscopy alone but this tumour group displays characteristic electron microscopic and immunohistochemical features and appears to represent a distinct type of GIST.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer's disease ; Neurofibrillary ; tangles ; Amyloid ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Senile plaque and paired helical filament (PHF) formation are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanisms leading to these lesions still remain unclear. To understand them better, we have performed different immunolabellings of amyloid protein and PHF. We describe a very specific immunodetection of PHF with AD2, a monoclonal antibody directed against a hyperphosphorylated epitope of PHF-tau, and use double immunolabelling to show that PHF and plaque amyloid are discretely labelled by different antibodies. We also discuss different mechanisms of PHF maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Familial amyloid polyneuropathy ; Transthyretin ; Ultrastructure ; Lectin histochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed extensive quantitative analyses of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of two siblings with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) caused by a transthyretin (TTR) Gly42 mutation. Pronounced amyloid deposition was found in the sympathetic ganglia (SyG), dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and throughout the length of the peripheral nerve fibers with some accentuation in the more proximal portion. There was severe neuronal loss in the SyG and DRG together with nerve fiber depletion in the nerve trunk, while only a small amount of amyloid deposition with mild fiber loss was seen in the spinal roots. Sprouts of regenerating axons were very scanty even in the spinal nerves or roots. A teased fiber study mainly showed demyelinating fibers, but axonal degeneration was also present throughout peripheral nerves. An electron microscopic study showed fine amyloid fibrils in direct contact with the axoplasmic membrane of demyelinated axons and destruction of axons in some areas. Amyloid deposition within the PNS in this type of FAP resembled that in type I FAP (TTR Met30). However, direct axonal damage by amyloid fibrils appeared to be more prominent in our cases than in type I FAP. Lectin histochemistry using Ulex europaeus agglutinin I demonstrated preferential depletion of small neurons in the DRG and their primary afferent fibers in the spinal dorsal horn. Primary axonal degeneration and ganglionopathy due to amyloid deposition appear to be the pathogenetic mechanisms for peripheral neuropathy in this type of FAP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 91 (1995), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Protoplasmic astrocyte ; Secondary ; lysosome ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By hybridizing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with the glial cell-rich fraction prepared from an autopsied human brain, we established a hybridoma that produces a monoclonal antibody to protoplasmic astrocytes (PA). The antibody, named PRAS-1, consistently labeled cytoplasm of PA with a granular pattern. In a few cases, the cytoplasmic processes of several astrocytes in gray and white matter were also stained. The immunoreactivity was lost after periodic acid treatment or methylation, showing that the epitope is composed of a carbohydrate. The cytoplasmic reaction was resistant to protease digestion and lost after incubation in an organic solvent, suggesting that a glycolipid is the antigen. On the other hand, the reaction in the processes disappeared upon protease digestion. Ultrastructurally, the immunoreaction was localized to secondary lysosomes. Cross-reactivity was noted on a small number of incidental neurons, corpora amylacea, hepatocytes and esophageal epithelial cells. A long period of formalin fixation did not deteriorate the antigenicity. PRAS-1 was demonstrated to detect PA immunohistochemically on paraffin sections, and may be applicable to further investigations into development or neoplasms of human astrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Familial amyloid polyneuropathy ; Transthyretin ; Ultrastructure ; Lectin histochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed extensive quantitative analyses of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of two siblings with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) caused by a transthyretin (TTR) Gly42 mutation. Pronounced amyloid deposition was found in the sympathetic ganglia (SyG), dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and throughout the length of the peripheral nerve fibers with some accentuation in the more proximal portion. There was severe neuronal loss in the SyG and DRG together with nerve fiber depletion in the nerve trunk, while only a small amount of amyloid deposition with mild fiber loss was seen in the spinal roots. Sprouts of regenerating axons were very scanty even in the spinal nerves or roots. A teased fiber study mainly showed demyelinating fibers, but axonal degeneration was also present throughout peripheral nerves. An electron microscopic study showed fine amyloid fibrils in direct contact with the axoplasmic membrane of demyelinated axons and destruction of axons in some areas. Amyloid deposition within the PNS in this type of FAP resembled that in type I FAP (TTR Met30). However, direct axonal damage by amyloid fibrils appeared to be more prominent in our cases than in type I FAP. Lectin histochemistry using Ulex europaeus agglutinin I demonstrated preferential depletion of small neurons in the DRG and their primary afferent fibers in the spinal dorsal horn. Primary axonal degeneration and ganglionopathy due to amyloid deposition appear to be the pathogenetic mechanisms for peripheral neuropathy in this type of FAP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cerebellar degeneration ; Methylmercury ; intoxication ; Apoptosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report deals with the mechanism involved in the cerebellar degeneration following experimental methylmercury poisoning of male Wistar rats. The cerebellar granule cells of animals that exhibited typical hind leg paresis were shrunken and displayed marked nuclear pyknosis. At the ultrastructural level, the nuclei of these cells were condensed and fragmented, features which are characteristic of apoptosis. In situ staining for DNA strand breaks revealed that the pyknotic nuclei were positively labeled. DNA fragmentation was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis; a ladder pattern of multiples of approximately 200-base pair fragments, typical of apoptosis, was observed with the cerebellar DNA of the methylmercury-treated animals. These observations suggest that the degeneration of cerebellar granule cells by alkyl mercury compounds involves an apoptotic process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Neurofibrillary tangles ; Amyloid ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Senile plaque and paired helical filament (PHF) formation are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanisms leading to these lesions still remain unclear. To understand them better, we have performed different immunolabellings of amyloid protein and PHF. We describe a very specific immunodetection of PHF with AD2, a monoclonal antibody directed against a hyperphosphorylated epitope of PHF-tau, and use double immunolabelling to show that PHF and plaque amyloid are discretely labbeled by different antibodies. We also discuss different mechanisms of PHF maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Cytoskeleton ; Accessory nuclei ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oocytes of hymenopterans are equipped with peculiar organelles termed accessory nuclei. These organelles originate from the germinal vesicle (oocyte nucleus) and gather preferentially at the anterior pole. To gain insight into the mechanism of uneven (asymmetrical) distribution of accessory nuclei, the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the oocytes of two hymenopterans Chrysis ignita and Cosmoconus meridionator has been studied. It is shown that during late previtellogenesis two networks of microtubules are present along the contact zone between the oocyte and enveloping follicular epithelium. The external one is associated with belt desmosomes connecting neighbouring follicular cells. The internal network is composed of randomly orientated microtubules and separates transparent, organelle-free periplasm from the endoplasm. All cellular organelles and the germinal vesicle are localized in the endoplasm. Accessory nuclei are accumulated in the anterior endoplasm; they always lie in direct contact with the subcortical network. Treatment with colchicine results in the disappearance of the periplasm as well as in the redistribution of cellular organelles including accessory nuclei. Presented findings suggest that subcortical microtubules play an important role in the positioning of accessory nuclei throughout the ooplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 16 (1995), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hämatopoietische Stammzellen ; CD 34+-Progenitorzellen ; Morphologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Antigenität ; Funktion ; Key words Haematopoietic stem cells ; CD 34+ progenitor cells ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Antigen expression ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Pluripotential haematopoietic stem cells and their progeny, the so-called committed precursor cells, i. e., progenitor cells which are already lineage-restricted, may be identified by the membrane-bound expression of CD 34. In accordance with this peculiar property it became possible to enrich and characterize primitive precursor cells by using different methods of cell separation techniques, which involved fluorescence staining or ferro-magnetic particles bound to CD 34 antibodies. Recently conducted studies demonstrate that CD 34-positive (CD 34+) stem cells of the peripheral blood represent a relatively uniform cell population with almost round nuclei, a finely dispersed chromatin pattern and a small portion of weakly basophilic cytoplasm. From the cytological viewpoint they resemble so-called large stimulated lymphocytes (virocytes). Ultrastructural studies are compatible with a paucity of organelles and a lymphoid character of these progenitors. In comparison, the stem cell population, derived from the bone marrow consists of more heterogeneous elements. These are generally larger and reveal an admixture of fairly immature as well as more differentiated cells, sharing bean-shaped or indented nuclei with prominent nucleoli and a more extended cytoplasm. CD 34+ progenitors from the peripheral blood and those from the bone marrow display a co-expression of CD 43 (MT1) and CD 45 (LCA). Furthermore, different subpopulations exhibit – dependent on their origin (blood/bone marrow) and to a various extent – lineage-restricted markers like CD 33, CD 38, CD 61, CD 20, CD 11a/c, glycophorin C und CD 15 (LeuM 1). The recently developed immuno- and ferromagnetic enrichment methods for CD 34+ progenitor cells are considered innovative tools for modern oncology. These techniques play an important role in the treatment of haematological malignancies and advanced tumours in the context of autologous and, although so far rarely applied, heterologous stem cell transplantation procedures.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hämatopoietische Stammzellen, d. h. Progenitorzellen, die bereits in Richtung einer bestimmten Zellreihe festgelegt sind, lassen sich immunzytochemisch durch Nachweis der membranständigen Expression von CD 34 darstellen. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaft ist es möglich geworden, Vorläuferzellen durch unterschiedliche Zellseparationsverfahren anzureichern und genauer zu charakterisieren. Neuere Untersuchungen zeigen, daß CD 34-positive (CD 34+-) Stammzellen des Blutes einer relativ uniformen Zellpopulation angehören. Zytologisch deuten sie in Routinefärbungen Aspekte sog. lymphoider Reizformen bzw. Virozyten an. Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen bestätigen den relativ organellenarmen Charakter der Progenitorzellen. Vergleichsweise stellt sich die entsprechende Zellpopulation aus dem Knochenmark als wesentlich heterogeneres Zellgemisch dar. Sowohl die CD 34+-Stammzellen des Blutes wie des Knochenmarks weisen eine Expression von CD 43 (MT1) und CD 45 (LCA) auf. Weiterhin zeigen Subpopulationen in Abhängigkeit von ihrem Vorkommen (Peripherie/Knochenmark) und in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung linienspezifische Marker. Die kürzlich entwickelten, v. a. immunomagnetischen Anreicherungsverfahren für CD 34+-Stammzellen stellen bedeutende Perspektiven für die moderne Onkologie dar. Sie sind insbesondere für die Therapie hämatologischer Neoplasien und fortgeschrittener maligner Tumoren im Rahmen von Stammzelltransplantationen, von größter klinischer Bedeutung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Apospory ; Aposporous initial ; Aposporous embryo sac ; Ultrastructure ; Panicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucellar ultrastructure of apomictic Panicum maximum was analyzed during the meiocytic stage and during aposporous embryo sac formation. At pachytene the megameiocyte shows a random cell organelle distribution and sometimes only an incomplete micropylar callose wall. The chalazal nucellar cells are meristematic until the tetrad stage. They can turn into initial cells of aposporous embryo sacs. The aposporous initials can be recognized by their increased cell size, large nucleus, and the presence of many vesicles. The cell wall is thin with few plasmodesmata. If only a sexual embryo sac is formed, the nucellar cells retain their meristematic character. The aposporous initial cell is somewhat comparable to a vacuolated functional megaspore. It shows large vacuoles around the central nucleus and is surrounded by a thick cell wall without plasmodesmata. In the mature aposporous embryo sac the structure of the cells of the egg apparatus is similar to each other. In the chalazal part of the egg apparatus the cell walls are thin and do not hamper the transfer of sperm cells. Structural and functional aspects of nucellar cell differentiation and aposporous and sexual embryo sac development are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris L. ; Aluminium ; Nutrients ; Mycorrhiza ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium chloride (AICI3) treatments (50 and 150 mg/l) on 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were studied in a sand culture during 2 growing periods in an open field experiment. Even by the end of the first growing period, a decline was observed in the concentrations of Ca, Mg and P within the needles, and of Ca and Mg in the roots. After the second growing period, increased N and K concentrations were observed in the needles of Al-treated seedlings. Both the needles and roots of Al-treated seedlings showed, after the second growing period, a decline in growth and increased concentrations of AI as the amount of AICI3 in the nutrient solution increased. Al-induced changes in needle structure were found to be symptomatic of a nutrient imbalance, particularly of Mg and P. Al-stress did not result in any observable changes in root anatomy or in the number of mycorrhizas. Scots pine proved to be rather resistant to Al-stress, indicating that direct Al-injuries are not likely in the field, though Al-stress may be a contributing factor in the formation of nutrient imbalances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: JVS mouse ; Systemic carnitine deficiency ; Mitochondrial abnormality ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A mouse with juvenile visceral steatosis (the JVS mouse) has been recognized as a novel animal model for systemic carnitine deficiency. We examined cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells in JVS and control mice by light and electron microscopy. Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells of these mice at 4 weeks of age exhibited a ragged-red appearance after trichrome staining. Electron microscopy, demonstrated increased numbers of mitochondria and lipid droplets in the cells. Compression or distortion of the myofibril bundles, primarily due to the increased number of mitochondria, suggests the possible existence of a functional disturbance of the cardiac and skeletal muscle. In the urinary bladder, only one or two large lipid droplets and slightly increased number of mitochondria were recognized in the perinuclear region of the smooth muscle cells. At 8 weeks of age, the mouse enzyme histochemistry specific for mitochondria, such as cytochrome c oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase, and oil red O staining, confirmed further increases in the number of mitochondria and lipid droplets in the heart. However, the accumulation of these organelles in the skeletal and smooth muscle cells was no greater than that noted in JVS mice at 4 weeks of age. In the cardiac muscle cells, autolysosomes or autophagic vacuoles containing electron-dense membranous, lamellar or whorled structures closely associated with mitochondria and pseudoinclusion bodies in the nucleus were recognized, and bundles of myofibrils were buried under numerous mitochondria, suggesting the existence of disturbed contractile function in the heart of JVS mice. These results indicate that this murine strain associated with systemic carnitine deficiency exhibits a generalized mitochondrial abnormality in the muscle system especially in the heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 427 (1995), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Niemann-Pick disease ; Mouse ; Lung ; Electron microscope ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical and morphological aspects of BALB/c mice with many features of the Niemann-Pick disease type C in man (NP-C mouse) have been studied extensively. However, the pulmonary pathology has not been studied extensively and we describe here some unique ultrastructural features of the lung in the NP-C mouse. Ultrastructurally, macrophages in younger mice contained osmiophilic dense granules and annulolamellar structures, but larger multilamellar concentric structures increased in the macrophages of older mice. In contrast, endothelial cells and type I pneumocytes showed membrane-bound bodies with dense granules and vesicular or vesiculogranular structures as well as amorphous materials. Type II pneumocytes were unremarkable throughout. Our study suggests that endothelial cells and type I pneumocytes are the major site of metabolic derangement resulting in pronounced morphological changes with granular and round membranous structures in the lungs of NP-C mouse. Alveolar macrophages with multilamellar concentric structures may be a result of disturbed disposal of surfactant material from type II pneumocytes rather than that from storage material of type I pneumocyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Axo-axonal synapse ; Neuromuscular synapse ; Motoneuron ; Ultrastructure ; Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A pair of antagonistic motoneurons, one excitatory and one inhibitory, innervates the distal accessory flexor muscle in the walking limb of the crayfish Pro- cambarus clarkii. The number and size of synapses formed by these two axons on the muscle fibers (neuromuscular synapses) and on each other (axo-axonal synapses) were estimated using thin-section electron microscopy. Although profiles of nerve terminals of the two axons occur in roughly equal proportions, the frequency of occurrence of neuromuscular synapses differed markedly: 73% were excitatory and 27% were inhibitory. However, inhibitory synapses were 4–5 times larger than excitatory ones, and consequently, the total contact areas devoted to neuromuscular synapses were similar for both axons. Axo-axonal synapses were predominantly from the inhibitory axon to the excitatory axon (86%), and a few were from the excitatory axon to the inhibitory axon (14%). The role of the inhibitory axo-axonal synapse is presynaptic inhibition, but that of the excitatory axo-axonal synapse is not known. The differences in size of neuromuscular synapses between the two axons may reflect intrinsic determinants of the neuron, while the similarity in total synaptic area may reflect retrograde influences from the muscle for regulating synapse number.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Stem cells ; Testis ; PGP 9.5 ; Ultrastructure ; Tubular whole-mounts ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The spermatogonial stem cell line in prepubertal and adult bovine testis was studied by electron microscopy and protein gene product 9.5 immunohistochemistry. Three successive spermatogonia precursor cell configurations were observed. Small basal stem cells were found to possess a spherical shape and nuclei with two to three nucleoli. They were observed in prepubertal testes (25 and 30 weeks) and in low numbers during all the stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the adult. Aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells are the dominating germ cell type in the 25-week-old and 30-week-old calf. In the adult seminiferous epithelium, they cause expansion of the basal tubular compartment as they form dense groups containing up to 15 cells. These groups are observed concomitantly with cycling A-spermatogonia and preleptotenes at the beginning of spermatocytogenesis. At the end of A-spermatogonia propagation, the aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells separate and intermingle with cycling A-spermatogonia. The spermatogonia precursor cells can later be found together with I-spermatogonia as members of an interconnected cellular network of medium-sized cells. When the I-spermatogonia divide to form the smaller B-spermatogonia, the precursor cells, which stay connected with the cycling spermatogonial population, pass through a growth phase. They can now be considered as committed spermatogonia precursor cells and are continuously being transformed into A1-spermatogonia to start a new round of spermatocytogenesis. Ultrastructurally, all members of the precursor cell line are similar. However, a number of features have been found to show a quantitative increase (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria) or to exhibit a rising degree of complexity (nucleolus) during the progression from basal stem cells to committed spermatogonia precursor cells.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stem cells ; Testis ; PGP 9.5 ; Ultrastructure ; Tubular ; Whole-mounts ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The spermatogonial stem cell line in prepubertal and adult bovine testis was studied by electron microscopy and protein gene product 9.5 immunohistochemistry. Three successive spermatogonia precursor cell configurations were observed. Small basal stem cells were found to possess a spherical shape and nuclei with two to three nucleoli. They were observed in prepubertal testes (25 and 30 weeks) and in low numbers during all the stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the adult. Aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells are the dominating germ cell type in the 25-week-old and 30-week-old calf. In the adult seminiferous epithelium, they cause expansion of the basal tubular compartment as they form dense groups containing up to 15 cells. These groups are observed concomitantly with cycling A-spermatogonia and preleptotenes at the beginning of spermatocytogenesis. At the end of A-spermatogonia propagation, the aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells separate and intermingle with cycling A-spermatogonia. The spermatogonia precursor cells can later be found together with I-spermatogonia as members of an interconnected cellular network of medium-sized cells. When the I-spermatogonia divide to form the smaller B-spermatogonia, the precursor cells, which stay connected with the cycling spermatogonial population, pass through a growth phase. They can now be considered as committed spermatogonia precursor cells and are continuously being transformed into A1-spermatogonia to start a new round of spermatocytogenesis. Ultrastructurally, all members of the precursor cell line are similar. However, a number of features have been found to show a quantitative increase (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria) or to exhibit a rising degree of complexity (nucleolus) during the progression from basal stem cells to committed spermatogonia precursor cells.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Mab 6.17 ; Reactive astrocyte ; Diencephalon ; Spinal cord ; Confocal microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A specific monoclonal antiserum (Mab 6.17) inducing a strong immunostaining of the neuromuscular junction has been used to detect the possible occurrence of the corresponding antigen throughout the intact or lesioned central nervous system of adult rats. In intact animals, 6.17-immunolabeling was essentially detected in astrocyte-like structures located in white matter fasciculi of the brain, such as the optic tract, corpus callosum, fornix, and in the white matter of the spinal cord. The astroglial nature of such 6.17-immunolabeled profiles was verified by performing double or triple immunofluorescent labeling with Mab 6.17 and with specific antisera against astrocytic markers, such as S100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. In the white matter, all the structures reactive to Mab 6.17 were also reactive to antibodies against S100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. On the other hand, astrocytes of the grey matter that were immunoreactive to S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein but negative to vimentin, were devoid of 6.17-immunoreactivity. After lesions including stab wound through the diencephalon or transection of the spinal cord, a marked increase of 6.17-immunostaining was noted in the regions surrounding the lesions. In these regions, 6.17-immunolabeling was associated with S100-, GFAP- and vimentin-positive astrocytes constituting the glial scar. The ultrastructural localization of 6.17-immunoreactivity indicated that, similar to glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, the recognized antigen was mainly associated with gliofilaments. These observations indicate that, in the central nervous system of adult rats, Mab 6.17 recognizes a molecule associated with gliofilaments, which is essentially associated to reactive astrocytes expressing high levels of vimentin.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Intestine ; small ; Intraepithelial lymphocytes ; Microcinematography ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In previous ultrastructural studies we have shown that at the tip of intestinal villi in guinea pigs, effete enterocytes are separated into two portions: a thin apical cytoplasm to be exfoliated into the lumen and a major basal portion to be ingested by lamina propria macrophages. During this process, intraepithelially disposed, large granular lymphocytes interdigitate with enterocytes in a complex manner. In the present study, the relation between the enterocytes and the lymphocytes in the villous epithelium of the guinea pig small intestine is described by use of transmission and scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to visualize the roles and activities of the lymphocytes more clearly. The lymphocytes project numerous pointed processes into effete enterocytes, even piercing them. Enterocytes are deeply indented or perforated, probably as a result of the encroaching lymphocyte processes. Some enterocytes are separated into apical and basal portions by numerous large excavations in the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that repeated perforating penetration of the lymphocytes induces cell cleavage. Supporting this supposition, our microcinematographic observations demonstrate the alternate protrusion and withdrawal of processes of lymphocytes. The processes advance with a pointed end, and subsequently, retract with a rounded end in a cycle of 8–18 seconds.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Myenteric plexus ; Smooth muscle ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure ; Intestine ; small ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. External muscle and myenteric plexus from the small intestine of adult guinea-pigs were maintained in vitro for 3 or 6 days. Myenteric neurons and smooth muscle cells from such organotypic cultures were examined at the electron-microscopic level. An intact basal lamina was found around the myenteric ganglia and internodal strands. Neuronal membranes, nuclei and subcellular organelles appeared to be well preserved in cultured tissues and ribosomes were abundant. Dogiel type-II neurons were distinguishable by their elongated electron-dense mitochondria, numerous lysosomes and high densities of ribosomes. Vesiculated nerve profiles contained combinations of differently shaped vesicles. Synaptic membrane specializations were found between vesiculated nerve profiles and nerve processes and cell bodies. The majority of nerve fibres were well preserved in the myenteric ganglia, in internodal strands and in bundles running between circular muscle cells. No detectable changes were found in the ultrastructure of the somata and processes of glial cells. Longitudinal and circular muscle cells from cultured tissue had clearly defined membranes with some close associations with neighbouring muscle cells. Caveolae occurred in rows that ran parallel to the long axis of the muscle cells. These results indicate that the ultrastructural features of enteric neurons and smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine are well preserved in organotypic culture.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Ultrastructure ; Antifreeze ; Proteins ; Secretion ; Lipid ; Flounder, Pleuronectes americanus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liver tissue was sampled from flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) throughout the year with the intention of documenting changes in the ultrastructure coincident with the production and secretion of antifreeze proteins. In the winter, hepatocytes are dedicated to the production of these proteins and, in the female, also reproductive proteins. In both sexes, liver cells in the summer contain abundant lipid and glycogen stores. In the female, there is a conspicuous hepatocyte transformation from a fat-filled cell in the summer to one with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in the winter. Large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum (11.2 mg/gm) were recovered after subcellular fractionation of female wintertime liver. The increased appearance of secretory organelles and the high number of nucleolar profiles observed in winter animals is consistent with the elevated demand for protein secretion and synthesis in both sexes. The fractional volumes occupied by lipid droplets and mitochondria were different when comparisons were made between sex and season. Females contained a greater volume of lipid than did males, and summer animals contained more lipid than those in winter.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 473-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Glycosaminoglycans ; Cupromeronic Blue ; Lung ; Connective tissue ; Ultrastructure ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential components of the extracellular matrix contributing to the mechanical properties of connective tissues as well as to cell recognition and growth regulation. The ultrastructural localization of GAGs in porcine lung was studied by means of the dye Cupromeronic Blue in the presence of 0.3 M MgCl2 according to Scott’s critical electrolyte concentration technique. GAGs were observed in locations described as follows. Pleura: Dermatan sulphate (DS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) attached in the region of the d-band of collagen fibrils, interconnecting the fibrils; heparan sulphate (HS) at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membrane of the mesothelium and blood vessels. Bronchial cartilage: Abundant amounts of GAGs were observed in three zones: pericellular, in the intercellular matrix and at the perichondrial collagen. By enzyme digestion a superficial cartilage layer with predominantly CS could be distinguished from a deep zone with CS and keratan sulphate. The structure of the large aggregating cartilage proteoglycan was confirmed in situ. Airway epithelium: HS at the whole surface of cilia and microvilli and in the basement membrane of the epithelial cells. Alveolar wall: CS/DS at collagen fibrils, HS at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membranes of epithelium and endothelium.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 473-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Cupromeronic Blue ; Lung ; Connective tissue ; Ultrastructure ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential components of the extracellular matrix contributing to the mechanical properties of connective tissues as well as to cell recognition and growth regulation. The ultrastructural localization of GAGs in porcine lung was studied by means of the dye Cupromeronic Blue in the presence of 0.3 M MgCl2 according to Scott's critical electrolyte concentration technique. GAGs were observed in locations described as follows. Pleura: Dermatan sulphate (DS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) attached in the region of the d-band of collagen fibrils, interconnecting the fibrils; heparan sulphate (HS) at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membrane of the mesothelium and blood vessels. Bronchial cartilage: Abundant amounts of GAGs were observed in three zones: pericellular, in the intercellular matrix and at the perichondrial collagen. By enzyme digestion a superficial cartilage layer with predominantly CS could be distinguished from a deep zone with CS and keratan sulphate. The structure of the large aggregating cartilage proteoglycan was confirmed in situ. Airway epithelium: HS at the whole surface of cilia and microvilli and in the basement membrane of the epithelial cells. Alveolar wall: CS/DS at collagen fibrils, HS at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membranes of epithelium and endothelium.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Muscle growth ; Hypertrophy ; Hyperplasia ; Histochemistry ; Fish ; Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fibre-type differentiation of the lateral musculature has been studied in Sparus aurata (L.) and Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) during larval development. Histochemical and ultrastructural techniques show two presumptive muscle layers and two germinative zones of presumptive myoblasts. At hatching, myotomal muscle consists of a monolayer of thin undifferentiated cells near the skin (first germinative zone) overlying another mono-layer of small diameter fibres extending hypaxially and epaxially away from the transverse septum. Below this, there is a much thicker, deep layer of fibres, generally large in diameter and polygonal in shape. The presumptive myoblasts are located between these two layers of fibres in the second germinative zone. Initially, the superficial and deep muscle fibres show high and low myosin ATPase activity, respectively. Both layers grow by generating new fibres from the two mentioned germinative zones. At the end of larval life, the superficial layer changes its histochemical profile from high to low myosin ATPase activity and, at the same time, intermediate or pink muscle fibres can be observed by oxidative activity (the NADH-TR reaction). Morphometric analysis shows a significant increase in mean fibre diameter during successive ages, as shown by the Student's t-test (hypertrophic growth). Skewness and kurtosis values of fibre diameters point to the generation of a new fibre population from the germinative zones (hyperplastic growth).
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine, small ; Intraepithelial lymphocytes ; Microcinematography ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In previous ultrastructural studies we have shown that at the tip of intestinal villi in guinea pigs, effete enterocytes are separated into two portions: a thin apical cytoplasm to be exfoliated into the lumen and a major basal portion to be ingested by lamina propria macrophages. During this process, intraepithelially disposed, large granular lymphocytes interdigitate with enterocytes in a complex manner. In the present study, the relation between the enterocytes and the lymphocytes in the villous epithelium of the guinea pig small intestine is described by use of transmission and scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to visualize the roles and activities of the lymphocytes more clearly. The lymphocytes project numerous pointed processes into effete enterocytes, even piercing them. Enterocytes are deeply indented or perforated, probably as a result of the encroaching lymphocyte processes. Some enterocytes are separated into apical and basal portions by numerous large excavations in the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that repeated perforating penetration of the lymphocytes induces cell cleavage. Supporting this supposition, our microcinematographic observations demonstrate the alternate protrusion and withdrawal of processes of lymphocytes. The processes advance with a pointed end, and subsequently, retract with a rounded end in a cycle of 8–18 seconds.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myenteric plexus ; Smooth muscle ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure ; Intestine, small ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract External muscle and myenteric plexus from the small intestine of adult guinea-pigs were maintained in vitro for 3 or 6 days. Myenteric neurons and smooth muscle cells from such organotypic cultures were examined at the electron-microscopic level. An intact basal lamina was found around the myenteric ganglia and internodal strands. Neuronal membranes, nuclei and subcellular organelles appeared to be well preserved in cultured tissues and ribosomes were abundant. Dogiel type-II neurons were distinguishable by their elongated electron-dense mitochondria, numerous lysosomes and high densities of ribosomes. Vesiculated nerve profiles contained combinations of differently shaped vesicles. Synaptic membrane specializations were found between vesiculated nerve profiles and nerve processes and cell bodies. The majority of nerve fibres were well preserved in the myenteric ganglia, in internodal strands and in bundles running between circular muscle cells. No detectable changes were found in the ultrastructure of the somata and processes of glial cells. Longitudinal and circular muscle cells from cultured tissue had clearly defined membranes with some close associations with neighbouring muscle cells. Caveolae occurred in rows that ran parallel to the long axis of the muscle cells. These results indicate that the ultrastructural features of enteric neurons and smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine are well preserved in organotypic culture.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Liver ; Ultrastructure ; Antifreeze ; Proteins ; Secretion ; Lipid ; Flounder ; Pleuronectes americanus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Liver tissue was sampled from flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) throughout the year with the in-tention of documenting changes in the ultrastructure coincident with the production and secretion of antifreeze proteins. In the winter, hepatocytes are dedicated to the production of these proteins and, in the female, also reproductive proteins. In both sexes, liver cells in the summer contain abundant lipid and glycogen stores. In the female, there is a conspicuous hepatocyte transformation from a fat-filled cell in the summer to one with well- developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in the winter. Large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum (11.2 mg/gm) were recovered after subcellular fractionation of female wintertime liver. The increased appearance of secretory organelles and the high number of nucleolar profiles observed in winter animals is consistent with the elevated demand for protein secretion and synthesis in both sexes. The fractional volumes occupied by lipid droplets and mitochondria were different when comparisons were made between sex and season. Females contained a greater volume of lipid than did males, and summer animals contained more lipid than those in winter.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Avian brain ; Preoptic nucleus ; Sexual behaviour ; Ultrastructure ; Sexual dimorphism ; Coturnix japonica (Aves ; Phasianiformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The medial preoptic nucleus is a sexually dimorphic structure whose cytoarchitecture, afferent and efferent connections, and functions have been previously described. No detailed ultrastructural study has, however, been perfomed to date. Here we describe the ultrastructural organization of this important preoptic structure of the male quail. Neuronal cell bodies of the medial preoptic nucleus generally show extensive development of protein-synthesis-related organelles (rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes), and of secretory structures (Golgi complexes, secretory vesicles, dense bodies). Previous morphometrical studies at the light-microscopical level have demonstrated the presence of a medial and a lateral neuronal population distinguished by the size of their cell bodies (the medial neurons are smaller than the lateral neurons). The present ultrastructural investigation confirms the difference in size, but no difference has been observed in the ultrastructural organization of the neurons. In both the medial and the lateral part, the nucleus is characterized by a large variety of cell bodies, including some that, on the basis of their ultrastructure, can be considered as putative peptidergic neurons. Close contacts are frequently observed between adjacent cell bodies that are normally arranged in clusters. Various types of synaptic endings are also present, suggesting a rich supply of nerve fibers. A few glial cells are scattered within the nucleus. In view of the crucial role of this region in regulating quail sexual behavior, the large heterogeneity of neurons and of afferent nervous fibers suggest that this region might have an important role in the integration of information arriving from different brain regions.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Small intestine ; Pacemaker ; Interstitial cell ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two types of interstitial cells have been demonstrated in close association in the deep muscular plexus of rat small intestine, by electron microscopy. Cells of the first type are characterized by a fibroblastic ultrastructure, i.e. a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and absence of the basal lamina. They form a few small gap junctions with the circular muscle cells and show close contact with axon terminals containing many synaptic vesicles. They may play a role in conducting electrical signals in the muscle tissue. Cells of the second type are characterized by many large gap junctions that interconnect with each other and with the circular muscle cells. Their cytoplasm is rich in cell organells, including mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. They show some resemblance to the smooth muscle cells and have an incomplete basal lamina, caveolae and subsurface cisterns. However, they do not contain an organized contractile apparatus, although many intermediate filaments are present in their processes. They also show close contacts with axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles. These gap-junction-rich cells may be regular components of the intestinal tract and may be involved in the pacemaking activity of intestinal movement.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Serotonin ; Ultrastructure ; Immunogold label ; Mucosal nerves ; Goldfish ; Carassius auratus ; Tilapia ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In order to establish a possible role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and serotonin as (neuro)transmitters involved in the regulation of fish intestinal epithelium, we studied the presence of VIP and serotonin at the ultrastructural level in the intestinal mucosa of tilapia and goldfish. A low percentage of varicosities near the basal membrane of the tilapia intestinal epithelium was found to label for VIP or for serotonin, whereas in the goldfish, this percentage was much higher. The varicosities usually contained large granular and small clear vesicles. Immunogold labeling indicated that serotonin and VIP were localized in the large granular vesicles. Unlabeled large granular vesicles and small clear vesicles were usually also present in varicosities with serotonin- or VIP-labeled vesicles. In the goldfish, the serotonin-labeled varicosities were close to the epithelial cells, and direct contacts between serotonin-labeled nerve fibres and epithelial cells could sometimes be visualized. However, synaptic membrane specializations were never observed. In tilapia, the distance between the VIP- or serotonin-labeled varicosities and the epithelial cells was large (more than 2 μm).
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Small intestine ; Pacemaker ; Interstitial cell ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Two types of interstitial cells have been demonstrated in close association in the deep muscular plexus of rat small intestine, by electron microscopy. Cells of the first type are characterized by a fibroblastic ultrastructure, i.e. a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and absence of the basal lamina. They form a few small gap junctions with the circular muscle cells and show close contact with axon terminals containing many synaptic vesicles. They may play a role in conducting electrical signals in the muscle tissue. Cells of the second type are characterized by many large gap junctions that interconnect with each other and with the circular muscle cells. Their cytoplasm is rich in cell organells, including mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. They show some resemblance to the smooth muscle cells and have an incomplete basal lamina, caveolae and subsurface cisterns. However, they do not contain an organized contractile apparatus, although many intermediate filaments are present in their processes. They also show close contacts with axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles. These gap-junction-rich cells may be regular components of the intestinal tract and may be involved in the pacemaking activity of intestinal movement.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axo-axonal synapse ; Neuromuscular synapse ; Motoneuron ; Ultrastructure ; Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A pair of antagonistic motoneurons, one excitatory and one inhibitory, innervates the distal accessory flexor muscle in the walking limb of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The number and size of synapses formed by these two axons on the muscle fibers (neuromuscular synapses) and on each other (axo-axonal synapses) were estimated using thin-section electron microscopy. Although profiles of nerve terminals of the two axons occur in roughly equal proportions, the frequency of occurrence of neuromuscular synapses differed markedly: 73% were excitatory and 27% were inhibitory. However, inhibitory synapses were 4–5 times larger than excitatory ones, and consequently, the total contact areas devoted to neuromuscular synapses were similar for both axons. Axo-axonal synapses were predominantly from the inhibitory axon to the excitatory axon (86%), and a few were from the excitatory axon to the inhibitory axon (14%). The role of the inhibitory axo-axonal synapse is presynaptic inhibition, but that of the excitatory axo-axonal synapse is not known. The differences in size of neuromuscular synapses between the two axons may reflect intrinsic determinants of the neuron, while the similarity in total synaptic area may reflect retrograde influences from the muscle for regulating synapse number.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH-diaphorase ; Nitric oxide ; Thymic medulla ; Ultrastructure ; Chick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive cells in the chick thymus were studied at the electron-microscopic level. The formazan, a marker for the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, labelled cystic, undifferentiated, endocrine-like and myoid cells in the medulla. Some lymphoid and reticulo-epithelial cells were also lightly labelled. The reaction product was predominantly bound to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in all the cells labelled and also to the nuclear envelope and outer membrane of mitochondria. The Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane were free of the reaction product.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: NADPH-diaphorase ; Nitric oxide ; Thymic medulla ; Ultrastructure ; Chick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive cells in the chick thymus were studied at the electron-microscopic level. The formazan, a marker for the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, labelled cystic, undifferentiated, endocrine-like and myoid cells in the medulla. Some lymphoid and reticulo-epithelial cells were also lightly labelled. The reaction product was predominantly bound to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in all the cells labelled and also to the nuclear envelope and outer membrane of mitochondria. The Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane were free of the reaction product.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian brain ; Preoptic nucleus ; Sexual behaviour ; Ultrastructure ; Sexual dimorphism ; coturnix japonica (Aves, Phasianiformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The medial preoptic nucleus is a sexually dimorphic structure whose cytoarchitecture, afferent and efferent connections, and functions have been previously described. No detailed ultrastructural study has, however, been perfomed to date. Here we describe the ultrastructural organization of this important preoptic structure of the male quail. Neuronal cell bodies of the medial preoptic nucleus generally show extensive development of protein-synthesis-related organelles (rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes), and of secretory structures (Golgi complexes, secretory vesicles, dense bodies). Previous morphometrical studies at the light-microscopical level have demonstrated the presence of a medial and a lateral neuronal population distinguished by the size of their cell bodies (the medial neurons are smaller than the lateral neurons). The present ultrastructural investigation confirms the difference in size, but no difference has been observed in the ultrastructural organization of the neurons. In both the medial and the lateral part, the nucleus is characterized by a large variety of cell bodies, including some that, on the basis of their ultrastructure, can be considered as putative peptidergic neurons. Close contacts are frequently observed between adjacent cell bodies that are normally arranged in clusters. Various types of synaptic endings are also present, suggesting a rich supply of nerve fibers. A few glial cells are scattered within the nucleus. In view of the crucial role of this region in regulating quail sexual behavior, the large heterogeneity of neurons and of afferent nervous fibers suggest that this region might have an important role in the integration of information arriving from different brain regions.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Estradiol receptor ; Breast cancer cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of estradiol receptor in serial sections of estradiol-deprived and estradiol-stimulated MCF7 cells was studied by using mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with different domains of the receptor and goat-antimouse IgG/6 nm gold. In the nucleus and the cytoplasm of estradiol-deprived cells, the receptor was detected by all three monoclonals (13H2, HT 65 and MA1-310). The antibodies 13H2 and MA1-310 detected receptor associated to the microfilament bundles in the cytoplasm. Higher densities of antireceptor attachment to the nuclear areas were accompanied by a reduction in the attachment to the cytoplasm after estradiol stimulation of the cells. The results confirm earlier observations on the presence of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in estradiol-deprived cells and support the premise of an es- tradiol-induced translocation of this ligand-dependent transcription regulator.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Estradiol receptor ; Breast cancer cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of estradiol receptor in serial sections of estradiol-deprived and estradiol-stimulated MCF7 cells was studied by using mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with different domains of the receptor and goat-antimouse IgG/6 nm gold. In the nucleus and the cytoplasm of estradiol-deprived cells, the receptor was detected by all three monoclonals (13H2, HT 65 and MA1-310). The antibodies 13H2 and MA1-310 detected receptor associated to the microfilament bundles in the cytoplasm. Higher densities of antireceptor attachment to the nuclear areas were accompanied by a reduction in the attachment to the cytoplasm after estradiol stimulation of the cells. The results confirm earlier observations on the presence of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in estradiol-deprived cells and support the premise of an estradiol-induced translocation of this ligand-dependent transcription regulator.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Pinealocytes ; Secretory rudimentary photoreceptors ; Ultrastructure ; Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the presence of atypical pinealocytes as components of epiphyseal follicles in the adult South American opossum Didelphis albiventris. Their main characteristic is a bulbous-shaped apical cytoplasmic extension which protrudes towards the follicular lumen among the microvilli and cilia of neighbouring ependymal cells. They resemble the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes of sauropsids and developing photoreceptors in the retina of newborn mammals. Morphological characteristics enable us to classify them as cells of the receptor line.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pineal organ ; Pinealocytes ; Secretory rudimentary photoreceptors ; Ultrastructure ; Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report the presence of atypical pinealo-cytes as components of epiphyseal follicles in the adult South American opossum Didelphis albiventris. Their main characteristic is a bulbous-shaped apical cytoplasmic extension which protrudes towards the follicular lumen among the microvilli and cilia of neighbouring ependymal cells. They resemble the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes of sauropsids and developing photoreceptors in the retina of newborn mammals. Morphological characteristics enable us to classify them as cells of the receptor line.
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 108 (1995), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Botrychium ternatum ; Rhizome ; Ultrastructure ; Vascular cambium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vascular cambium ofBotrychium ternatum rhizome varied according to age, position and season was studied by light and electron microscopy. Cambium at the 6th internode (6-year-old cambium) had the greatest number of active cambial cells in August and September, thus it was in the most active stage. The active cells were characterized by the presence of a large vacuole, few storage materials such as starch grains within plastids or lipid droplets, a thin tangential wall; and various cell organelles in the thin peripheral layer of cytoplasm. When the 6-year-old cambium reached its dormant season after November, the dormant cells were filled with numerous storage materials and had few cell organelles. Our observations suggested that the initiation and cessation of cambial activity may be correlated with the annual life cycle of this plant: the vegetative and reproductive leaves began to emerge in June and July, respectively, and the sporophyll withered in November after the spore dispersal. Most cambial cells at the 10th internode, which remained in a dormant state throughout the year, were filled with numerous storage materials. Our results indicated that the activity of vascular cambium in the 10th internode was determinate.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Embryogenesis ; In vitro culture ; Isolated pollen ; Nicotiana tabacum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We used electron microscopical techniques to study ultrastructural changes during the acquisition of embryogenic competence in immature pollen grains ofNicotiana tabacum, isolated at the early- or mid-bicellular stage and cultured in vitro under starvation conditions. Cytoplasmic and nuclear changes during the starvation treatment are reported. Dedifferentiation of plastids, dilation of the wall of the generative cell, the appearance of a large vacuole, loss of nuclear pores in the vegetative nucleus, changes in chromatin and nucleolar structure, and a decrease in the size of the nucleolus were observed. We suggest that these events are the first step in the switch from generative to vegetative generation during pollen embryogenesis.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Metabolite accumulation ; Vismia guianensis ; Callus cultures ; Plant regeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The accumulation and tissue localization of antitumoral vismione A in the in vitro regenerated plants ofVismia guianensis DC. were investigated. Chemical and light and electron-microscope analyses revealed that vismione A, detected as phenolic black globules in the vacuoles, was accumulated in the leaf, mainly in the palisade, and in small amounts in the primary body of the stem (epidermis and first cortical layer). Vismione A is neither present in the secretory cavities and ducts of the leaf nor in the secretory ducts of the stem. In the leaves of the regenerated plants, the amount of vismione A reached 0.5% FW, compared to 0.1% in the leaves of the parent plant. The optimization of the in vitro regeneration of plants was obtained in MS medium enriched with BAP (1 ppm). The best results for the rooting of regenerated plants were achieved with MS medium containing half-strength salts and 10−5 MIBA.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: LDL ; Rat heart ; Ultrastructure ; Coronary vasculature ; Contractile function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study we examined the action of native and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) on coronary vascular and cardiac function and ultrastructure in rat hearts perfused isovolumically in the Langendorff mode. Responses of the coronary resistance vessels to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, histamine, and the endothelium-independent vasodilator, NaNO2, were measured together with contractile function (rate-pressure product) before and after perfusion for 20 min with native — or oxidized-LDL at a concentration of 100 µg protein/ml. Ultrastructural damage was assessed via electron microscopy of perfusion-fixed heart specimens. When compared to findings in untreated, control hearts, both native and oxidized LDL significantly reduced the responsiveness of the coronary resistance vessels to histamine and NaNO2, by about 50%. The rate-pressure product was decreased more by oxidized-LDL (41%) than by native-LDL (26%). Electron microscopy showed no ultrastructural abnormalities in the vasculature or myocytes of control hearts. The administration of both native- and oxidized-LDL caused distortion of endothelial cells, increased levels of pinocytotic vesicles in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells, detachment of blood vessels from surrounding tissue, and some regions of myocyte injury with evidence of mitochondrial injury and fluid accumulation. Our results show that both native- and oxidized-LDL are toxic to the isolated heart preparation. They inhibit coronary vascular responsiveness to vasodilators, reduce contractile function, and produce damage to cardiac ultrastructure.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Sarcoidosis ; Heart ; Endomyocardial biopsy ; Epithelioid cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 49-year-old man with cardiac sarcoidosis is presented. He suffered from congestive heart failure, and left ventricular asynergy and reduced function was evident by echocardiogram and left ventriculogram. A light microscopic examination of the endomyocardial biopsy revealed nonspecific myocarditis without giant cells or noncaseating granulomas. Under an electron microscope, however, several epithelioid cells were found in the specimen. The serum level of lysozyme was elevated. The patient had a past history of sarcoidosis of the eyes and lungs 22 years previously. Cardiac diseases presenting epithelioid cells other than sarcoidosis were clinically ruled out. Thus, the diagnosis of cardic sarcoidosis was made based on both clinical and ultrastructural findings, and corticosteroid therapy was initiated. In the second biopsy, performed 4 months later, a noncaseating granuloma was found. Generally, the incidence of histological diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis by light microscopy is relatively low in endomyocardial biopsy specimens. The present case suggests that the addition of an ultrastructural examination may improve the diagnostic usefulness of the endomyocardial biopsy in cardiac sarcoidosis, since electron microscopy can clearly identify the presence of even one epithelioid cell.
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  • 47
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    Protoplasma 185 (1995), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Embryo sac ; Embryogenesis ; Megasporogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes taking place during megasporogenesis of a mistletoe (Viscum minimum) were examined at both light and electron microscopy levels. No distinct ovules, integuments, or ovarian cavity are present at any stage of development. The multicellular archesporium originates in the center of a solid ovary. Several functional megasporocytes are developed from the archesporial cells, either adjacent to each other or separated by unspecialized cells. The megasporocyte is much larger than surrounding cells, is invested by a thick wall, and possesses a large nucleus and amyloplasts. Although plasmodesmata are absent even between the adjacent megasporocytes, cells enter meiosis simultaneously. Following meiosis a linear tetrad is formed. Double and treble linear tetrads are frequently observed. The development of the embryo sac conforms to the monosporic or Polygonum type of megasporogenesis. However, the bisporic or Allium type of development is occasionally observed in preparations. Factors determining the pattern of development are discussed. As in other plant species which follow the monosporic type of development, only one functional megaspore cell undergoes further development while others degenerate. Unlike the healthy functional megaspore cell, the degenerating cells have large starch grains and electron-dense cytoplasm. At a later stage of development, the degraded cells are absorbed by the surrounding tissue.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Allergenic protein ; Oleaceae ; Pollen ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Immuno-localization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of mature pollen grains of several Oleaceae species (Olea europaea, Fraxinus excelsior, Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum vulgare, andForsythia suspensa) was studied and the immunolocalization of Ole e I, the major allergen of olige pollen, was determined by immunogold labelling. The five Oleaceae pollens studied here showed different intensities of labelling. The Ole e I allergen was localized throughout the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of gold particles in other cell compartments, such as nuclei, pastids, mitochondria, dictyosomes, lipid bodies, and cell wall, as well as the absence of labelling in control preparations, indicate the specificity of immunolocalization. We conclude that endoplasmic reticulum of the mature pollen grain is a storage site for allergenic proteins and is probably also involved in their synthesis.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pieris canidia ; Nosema mesnili ; Microsporidia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of a microsporidiumNosema mesnili found in the Malpighian tubules ofPieris canidia is described. The life cycle includes meronts, sporonts, sporoblasts, and spores, with typical diplokaryon in each stage. The first two stages are amorphous forms with the former having a thinner cell wall. The spore has 11 coils of the polar filament. This protozoan is a chronic pathogen to its insect host and might have potential as a biological control agent.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Microgametogenesis ; Microsporogenesis ; Pollen development ; Tapetal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The process of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis was studied at the ultrastructural level in wild-typeArabidopsis thaliana ecotype Wassilewskija to provide a basis for comparison with nuclear male-sterile mutants of the same ecotype. From the earliest stage studied to mature pollen just prior to anther dehiscence, microsporocyte/microspore/pollen development follows the general pattern seen in most angiosperms. The tapetum is of the secretory type with loss of the tapetal cell walls beginning at about the time of microsporocyte meiosis. Wall loss exhibits polarity with the tapetal protoplasts becoming located at a distance from the inner tangential walls first, followed by an increase in distance from the radial walls beginning at the interior edge and progressing outward. The inner tangential and radial tapetal walls are completely degenerated by the microspore tetrad stage. Unlike other members of the Brassicaceae that have been studied, the tapetal cells ofA. thaliana Wassilewskija also lose their outer tangential walls, and secretion occurs from all sides of the cells. Exine wall precursors are secreted from the tapetal cells in a process that appears to involve dilation of individual endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that fuse with the tapetal cell membrane and release their contents into the locule. Following completion of the exine, the tapetal cell plastids develop membranebound inclusions with osmiophilic and electron-transparent regions. The plastids undergo ultrastructural changes that suggest breakdown of the inclusion membranes followed by release of their contents into the locule prior to the complete degeneration of the tapetal cells.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Carrot hypocotyl explant ; Flow cytometry ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cellular events occurring in carrot hypocotyl explants during long-term and pulse treatment with 2,4-D were followed using different techniques (light and transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, PCNA staining). Different morphogenetic pathways were induced under the various experimental conditions. Nevertheless, in the explants the activated cells were the same (provascular cells) and they showed very similar structural and ultrastructural changes. The long-term treatment with 2,4-D induced rapid re-activation of the cell cycle.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Embryogenesis ; Heat shock ; Induction ; Microspore embryogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus cv. Topas microspores, isolated and cultured near the time of the first pollen mitosis and subjected to a heat treatment of 24 h, can be induced to develop into haploid embryos. This is a study of microspore structure during induction and embryo determination. Early during the 32.5 °C incubation period the nucleus moved away from the edge of the cell, and granules, 30 to 60 nm in diameter, appeared in the mitochondria and as a cluster in the cytoplasm. Cells divided symmetrically and at the end of the heat treatment, acquired the features of induced bicellular structures described previously. The features persisted as the cells divided randomly within the exine for 4–7 days following heat induction. Multicellular structures released from the exine underwent periclinal divisions resulting in protoderm differentiation of the globular embryo, thus determining embryo development. The cytoplasm of early heart-stage embryos contains abundant polyribosomes. Non-embryogenic development was indicated by large accumulations of starch and/or lipid and thickened cell walls or an unorganized pattern of cell division following release of the multicellular structures from the exine. Embryogenesis is discussed in terms of induction, embryo determination and development.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cyclopiazonic acid ; Golgi apparatus ; Micrasterias ; Secretory pathway ; Tunicamycin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Both tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation of proteins, and cyclopiazonic acid, which inhibits the Ca2+-dependent ATPase in the ER, influence the secretory pathway at the ER level and lead to a cessation of cell growth inMicrasterias. Electron microscopical investigations reveal that the mode of action of the two inhibitors differs. While tunicamycin treatment results in a disintegration of the Golgi bodies into small vesicles, cyclopiazonic acid prevents products being supplied from the ER, resulting in the dilatation of ER cisternae and a reduction in the number of Golgi cisternae, combined with a loss of dictyosomal activity. The disturbed cell wall formation under tunicamycin indicates that N-linked glycosylation of proteins is required for normal cell growth inMicrasterias. Moreover, our studies reveal that changes in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration, as a consequence of ATPase inhibition in the ER by cyclopiazonic acid, may inhibit wall material secretion by interrupting the normal ER-dictyosome association.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Turfgrass snow mold ; Typhula ishikariensis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed thatTyphula ishikariensis penetrated into bentgrass leaves either through cuticles or stomata either by single hyphae or infection cushions formed on host surfaces. Time course study on infected leaves showed that penetration through stomatal subsidiary cells and their adjacent cells seemed to occur earlier than that through epidermal cells located farther from stomata. More than 30% of epidermal cells were infected by 10 days after inoculation. When hyphae penetrated through an intact cuticle of epidermal cells, they seemed to dissolve host cell walls enzymatically at penetration sites. Physical pressure also seemed to be involved in penetration.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Gonadogenesis ; Early germ cell ; Teleost ; Ultrastructure ; Fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Heterosexual gonad development in a sparid species, Lithognathus mormyrus, was studied by histological and cytological examination, during the first three years of life. Gonad bisexuality is achieved after two months of development, according to the cytological dynamics known in sparids. In one-year-old fishes, a variability in the gonad morphology of the juvenile is shown: three different types of ovotestis have been identified within the same cohort: ovotestes with testicular prevalence (25%), testicular and ovarian equivalence (20%), and ovarian prevalence (55%). This morphological variability of the juvenille ovotestes was consistent with the histological analysis of the sexual structure of the adult stock at the first sexual maturity, which constituted 55.5% of functional males (stemming from the first types of ovotestis) and 44.5% of primary females (from the third type). The plasticity of sexual expression in sparids is emphasized, revealing the potentialities of the ovotestis.
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  • 56
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Salivary gland tumors ; Inverted ductal papilloma ; Ultrastructure ; Cytokeratin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural features and cytokeratin expression of inverted ductal papillomas of minor salivary gland origin were studied. Under the electron microscope, an increased number of desmosomes and mucus-like granules in some cells were the most striking features. Immuno-histochemical study revealed that tumor cells displayed strongly positive reactions with cytokeratins 13 and 14, and less strong reactions with cytokeratins 7, 8, 18 and 5D3. These results support the hypothesis that an inverted ductal papilloma can be derived from the proximal portion of a salivary gland excretory duct.
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  • 57
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 30-34 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cartilage grafting ; Cryopreservation ; Cell biology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although transplantation of preserved cartilage has assumed a role of great importance in reconstructive surgery, there are many divergent and contradictory opinions with regard to the outcome of cryopreserved cartilage. This study was formulated to assess the functional state of chondrocytes after cryopreservation. Freeze injury and survival were studied using the trypan blue dye exclusion test, functional assay for cell adhesion and transmission electron microscopy. The methods applied clearly proved that a greater part of the cartilage cells was irreversibly damaged by cryopreservation. Findings demonstrated that cryopreserved cartilage remained non-viable and was not ablt to originate new cartilage. Thus, such cartilage will be reconstruction of parts of the skeleton subject to mechanical stress. The feasibility of cryopreservation techniques for providing vital cartilage substitutes needs further evaluation.
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  • 58
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1807-1810 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends prepared from poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN) show only partial miscibility judged from their glass transition temperatures. Two distinct mechanical behaviors are observed: brittle for the blends 〈 20 wt% of PBN, while ductile 〉 20 wt% of PBN. The experimental modulus and strength values of the blends are within the predicted values according to Kleiner and Paul models, respectively. This means that PEN/PBN blends are somewhat compatible based on their tensile properties. Especially for 20 wt% of PBN blend, the high modulus and strength are observed. The viscosity of the blend is high, which may imply a somewhat entangled morphology in the amorphous state.
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  • 59
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 60
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1821-1833 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper consides the effects of compatibilization with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the propertie of immiscible blends of polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 (N6). We prepared the blends by three different mixing processes; single-step blending, two-step blending with reactive premixing, and two-step blending with nonreactive premixing, to determine the effective mixiing process for fine morphological structure thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Dynamic melt reheological properties were measured to examine the modification of elastic properties by the compatibilizer. In addtion, thermal analysis was also carried out to detect the change in crystallization and thereby to probe the degree of compatibilizaton. The results show that compatibilized blends prepared by teh single-step process exhibit improved phase morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties for dried conditions, compared with other blend types. Finally, the water absorption test indicates that the added compatibilizer yields enhanced water resistance in spite of the strong intrinsic hydrophilicity of N6. In particular, two-step blending with reactive premixing is most effective in improving water resistance and reducing degradation of mechanical properties after moisture absorption.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1834-1851 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A hybrid two-/three-dimensional solution technique is presentedto model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer moeling using Darcy's low. The 3-D flow field is only solved for regions where all three velocity components are significant, thus largely reducing the number of unknowns. Elsewhere, the commonly used 2-D approximation for flow in thin gaps between plates is employe.d The method is applied to regions where the flow splits, such as T-joints. Because of the uncertainties associated with an accurate determination of the permeability in these regions, a simplified decompled procedure is procesed, which reduces the computational complexity. In this procedure, the flow front is advanced using the 2-D formulation. The 2-D formulation also provides the boundary conditions for the subsequent computation of the 3-D flow field without feedback of flow field information to the 2-d model. The governing equations are solved using boundary fitted coordinate systems (BFCS) together with the finite difference method (FDM). Numerical as well as algebraic grid generation and domain decomposition are employe dto generate grids that always concide with the continuously deforming and enlarging flow domain. Results that include the trackingof numerical tracer particles to visualize the three-dimensionality of the flow field are presented for isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid through a T-joint. This detailed flow field description is expected to form the basis for a rather accurate simulation of quantitities that largely depend on the fluid particle pathlines, such as the degree of cure. The method is also extendable to shear-thinning fluids as well as to 3-D flow in the vicinity of the flow front.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1872-1877 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Smoluchowski equation for the breakup and coalescence of dispersed droplets has been solved for flowing polymer blends. A scaling form for the distribution of droplet sized derived and published for a system of clusters with fragmentation and coagualation was used in our dervation. Equations are developed here for the average droplet size and for the characteristic time of transition to steady state flow of blends with a high content of the dispersed phase. Expressions reasonably describing the average size of droplets for all concentrations were obtained by a theory modification. Measured dependences of droplet size on the blend composition can be matched only if simultaneous collisions of three and more droplets are considered. The results of the theory indicate that the mechanism of droplet breakup (formation of pieces with the same or different volumes) has only a small effect on their average size in concentrated systems. The dependence of droplet size on the shear rate in flow is determined by properties of the blend components, and is generally nonmonotonic.
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  • 63
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1878-1883 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 films with an overall content of 71 wt% LDPE, 24 wt% nylon-6, and 5 wt% PE-based tie-layer adhesive were reprocessed under both minimal and extensive mixing conditions. Thermal and mechanical properties, oxygen and water vapor permeability, and morphology of the reprocessed samples were determined. The modulus and yield stress of the reprocessed films fell between those of the pure homopolymers, whereas percent elongation at break and energy-to-break for all reprocessed films were less than those of the homopolymers. In minimally reprocessed film, layering of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and nylon-6 was retained, whereas in extensively mixed samples, nylon-6 domains were spherical and ranged from 0.2 to 7 μm. Minimally reprocessed film exhibited good O2 and H2O vapor barrier properties, whereas extensively-mixed samples had poor barrier properties. Properties of well-mixed blends prepared both with and without adhesive showed that 5 wt% adhesive did not compatibilize the LDPE and nylon-6 components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1895-1898 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new stress monitoring technique, a stress-tracking device, is described here. It has been used to study some important properties of epoxy resin. Residual stresses, including a curing shrinkage stress and a cooling shrinkage stress, were measured automatically and continuously during curing and cooling. Simultaneously, information such as an apparent gelation time and glass transition temperature were obtained directly during the experiment. These epoxy resin properties were related to the extent of cure. Varying cure temperature produced changes of cure behavior, which resulted in different residual stresses.
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  • 65
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1899-1906 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processing of microcellular foam was investigated for the feasibility of production of tough and lightweight polyurethanes. To increase the nucleation rate in a gas-supersaturated resin, ultrasonic excitation was applied to the mixture of polyol(polyether-based polyol) and isocyanate(diphenyl methane diisocyanate). A microcellular structure was produced by two sequential steps, i.e., supersaturationof the polyol resin with nitrogen gas at elevated pressure and ultrasonic bubble nucleation right after the impingement mixing of two components of the polyurethane system. Theoretical analyses based on nucleation theories were employed to predict the rate of nucleation in the gas-supersaturated polyurethane. The rate of nucleatio in the resin was predicted by classical nucleation and cluster theories. In the experimental investigation, ultrasonic excitation was applied to increase the nucleation rate in the resin that had been saturated by nitrogen at a saturation pressure 〈 2.0 MPa.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1917-1922 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 (PP.PA) blends containing maleic anhydride grafted elastomers were prepared by reactive blending. Three different types of core shell morphologies were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The midulus of these elastomer midified PP/PA (70/30) blends with core shell type morphology is compared to predictions derived from the Kerner model. The multiphase morphology of these blends could be modeled by sequential application of the Kerner equation to two-phase subinclusions. Using morphological data ontained by TEM, good agreement between experimental and calculated values was ontained. The results are used to tailor PP/Pa-6 blends combining stiffness and toughness.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1931-1937 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors limiting the use of thermoplastics in engineeing applications is the inadequacy of existing design data. Much of the data do not span appropriate ranges of stress, strain, time, or temperature. This study addresses the need to develop an accelerated method for generating long-time design data to support the innovative use of engineering thermoplastics. In particular, stress relaxation tests (SRT) were performed on polycarbonate (PC) and midified poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO), and used to generate time-dependent design data through the short-time measurement of the material's current state without dependence on elastic modulus. The test results and analyses reported here indicate the SRT method to be an efficeint means of generating accurate and repeatable creep and secant modulus data which may be directly used in design. Therefore, SRT shows great potential both as a design parameter development tool, and as a quality control instrumetn for assessing batch-to-batch variability.
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  • 68
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 88-94 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; Spindle cell carcinoma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A spindle cell carcinoma of the breast was investigated by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Histologically, the tumor was composed of an admixture of carcinomatous parts and sarcomatoid element composed of atypical spindle cells. Ultrastructurally, carcinomatous cells had numerous tonofilaments and desmosomes, and occasional intracytoplasmic lumina. In contrast, spindle cells possessed numerous intermediate filaments and a few weak junctions. Immunohistochemically, carcinomatous cells showed positive reactions for epithelial markers, but spindle cells for vimentin, only. Thus, the carcinomatous cells had characteristics of epithelial cells, but the spindle cells had characteristics of mesenchymal cells. These features were distinguishable by both electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry.
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  • 69
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Atypical meningioma ; Anaplastic meningioma ; Ultrastructure ; Brain invasion ; Recurrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the cytologic features of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas, 11 tumors from 4 patients were examined by electron microscopy and compared to 10 classic meningiomas. Although all of the classic meningiomas had oval nuclei, many cytoplasmic organelles, typical regular interdigitation of cell processes, and many well-developed desmosomes with many intermediate filaments, atypical meningiomas showed irregularlyindented nuclei, poorly-developed interdigitation of irregular cell processes, and a decreased number of desmosomes. Anaplastic meningiomas were composed of immature cells with scant cytoplasm and poorly-developed cell processes. Mitoses were occasionally observed. The intercellular spaces were obvious, and immature desmosomes with small amounts of filaments were rarely found. A high recurrence rate and metastases can be predicted from the presence of loose contacts between tumor cells and frequent mitoses in atypical and anaplastic meningiomas.
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  • 70
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 126-129 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ki-1 ; B-cell lymphoma ; Giant cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 55-year-old woman had complained of swelling on the left side of the neck for 3 weeks. The tumor involved lateral cervical, and inguinal lymph nodes and the faucial tonsil on the left side. The histological diagnosis was Ki-1 positive, non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, with diffuse large cells and bizarre giant cells. Under electron microscopic examination, the tumor cells contained markedly cleaved nuclei, many mitchondria and lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum. This is the fourth case of Ki-1 positive B-cell lymphoma reported in Japanese literature.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Adenoid cystic carcinoma ; Esophagus ; Ultrastructure ; Carcinogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings of a primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the esophagus from a 71-year-old male patient are described. An oval tumor in the middle intrathoracic esophagus was resected. The tumor appeared similar to a submucosal tumor and was histologically diagnosed as primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the esophagus. The patient has survived for 10 years postoperatively with no evidence of recurrence. Histologically, the tumor showed a cribriform, tubular or solid pattern. A small focus of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was found independently. Immunohistochemical results for keratin groups, S-100 protein and smooth muscle actin (αSMA) revealed similar profiles in the ACC tumor tissues and small ducts of the normal esphageal glands. By electron microscopy, tumor cells were found markedly similar to the small duct cells of the normal esophageal gland. These findings. indicate that ACC may originate from the esophageal glands, especially from cells of the small duct including intercalated duct.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Heart transplantation ; Cyclosporin ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Allograft rejection ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined ultrastructural changes and did immunohistochemical studies of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in biopsied samples obtained from the heart of a 16-year-old Japanese boy with dilated cardiomyopathy and from the transplanted donor heart. In the right ventricle of the diseased heart, a small number of atrial granules containing ANP were found in the perinuclear area of the cardiomyocytes and near areas lacking some myofibrils. Although no evidence of rejection was seen in the right ventricle of the transplanted donor heart under the light microscope, electron microscopy revealed moderate degeneration of cardiomyocytes and injuries to capillary endothelial cells. We did not find atrial granules, although the serum ANP level was elevated. These data suggest that the ultrastructural changes in the transplanted heart were related to a mild rejection, the effects of cyclosporin, or the effects of a domino heart transplantation from a patient with cystic fibrosis. Because of the absence of atrial granules in the right venticle, it is postulated that the high serum ANP level may be attributed to merely an increased secretion of ANP from atrial granules in the atria, without secretion of ANP in the ventricles.
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  • 73
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 200-209 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Rat ; Endometrium ; Eosmophil ; Macrophage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic changes in the endometrial stroma during the following 5 stages of the estrous cycle in normal rats were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Diestrus: Macrophages migrated into the endometrial stroma from blood vessels. Proestrus: Eosinophils migrated into the endometrial stroma from blood vessels. They possessed specific crystalloid granules and small granules. Estrus: The endometrial stroma was swollen and stromal cells degenerated. Eosinophils contained a few or no crystalloid granules, while the number of small granules increased. Metestrus-1: Epithelial projections protruded through the basal lamina and established focal adhesions to stromal cells. Stromal cells also adhered to one another. Metestrus-2: Most eosinophils were engulfed by macrophages. In this report, we discuss the interaction of epithelial cells with endometrial stromal cells during the normal estrous cycle.
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  • 74
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 445-445 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 604-618 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By “reverse engineering” the functions of a specific biological system, habituating control strategies are developed for process control applications. A habituating control system has the distinguishing property of more more manipulated inputs than controlled outputs; with the inputs differing significantly in their dynamic effect on the outputs and in the relative costs of manipulating each one. A habituating controller coordinates the use of all the available inputs to achieve high-performance output objectives while simulatneously minimizing the cost of taking control action.The “baroreceptor reflex,” the control system responsible for short-term blood pressure regulation, provides the biological paradigm for the analysis and design of the habituating control structure. Its main characteristics are discussed from a process control perspective, indicating that the robust, high-performance control, characteristic of biological systems is partly due to such habituating control architectures. The broad range of potential process applications is illustrated with two examples. Two basic strategies are presented for the design of habituating controllers for linear systems with two inputs and one output: the direct synthesis approach and the model predictive approach. Compared to previous techniques for multiple-input, single-output systems, the direct synthesis strategy is straightforward and systematic. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of habituating control compared to conventional techniques for which the number of inputs and outputs are equal.
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 649-657 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution of the liquid phase within a three-phase monlith reactor is determined using tracer studies. The actual liquid residence time in the monolith, relevant for reactor design purposes, is calculated from overall residence time measurements using deconvolution by Fourier transform. The liquid-phase residence time decreases as liquid or gas flow rates increase, but the reactor Peclet number remains approximately constant. The residence time distribution and calculated values of the Peclet number reveal that the liquid phase is substantially well-mixed. Comparison with results from experiments in a single glass capillary reveals that the monolith channels become predominantly liquid-filled, particularly as the liquid flow rate becomes a significant fraction of the total flow rate.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear thinning of ternary microemulsions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), water, and dodecane in the range 103 to 106 s-1 is documented over a wide range of compositions. A marked transition in the characteristic shear rate is observed accompanying the structural transition from bicontinuous to water-in-oil (w/o) droplets as previously reported from diffusion and small-angle scattering techniques. Results in the w/o region are consistent with those for a dispersion of hard spheres. The shear thinning of the bicontinuous structure, however, occurs at much higher shear rates, implying a shorter time and length scale for disruption of the equilibrium liquid structure by the flow field.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 666-676 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive mathematical model for describing the process of dissolution of a spherical polymeric particle in a convective field is developed. It includes the process of glass transition, reptation of macromolecules, disengagement of these molecules from the gel-liquid interface, and diffusion in the boundary layer surrounding the gel-liquid interface. Different controlling regimes for the dissolution process are identified and quantitatively delineated in this moving boundary problem. Analytical solutions for the estimation of dissolution time for various limiting cases are presented. Key predictions from the model are verified by comparison with preliminary experimental data. A novel feature of a particle-size-independent dissolution of polymeric particles below a critical size brought out by the model is verified experimentally. The findings have pragmatic implications in diverse areas, such as polymerization, drag reduction, and microlithography.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 658-665 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactive ion etching kinetics of InP studied uses BCl3/Ar and BCl3/Ar/O2 as etchants. High-temperature etching using BCl3 and Ar increases the etch rate negligibly. However, the addition of 30% oxygen in the gas feed increases etch rates by a factor of 10,000 up to 1.5 micron/min at wafer temperatures of 250°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that oxygen removes the boron species adsorbing on the InP surface by scavenging the boron to form volatile boron oxides. To study the gas-phase chemistry, optical emission spectroscopy is used to monitor atomic chlorine intensity at different gas mixtures. The chlorine intensity shows a Gaussian-type dependence with oxygen addition, which is similar to the etch rate dependence. Two regimes of etching found are: at temperatures below 150°C, the etching is limited by the removal of indium chlorides; above 180°C, the etching is reaction-limited. The surface morphology shows that the etch profile becomes rougher as a result of increased chemical etching. At high power densities (0.21 W/cm2) and intermediate temperatures (150°C), near vertical wall shapes are obtained. A kinetic model for the high-temperature etching is developed, as well as a rate law based on the InCl formation reaction. The rate law compares favorably with experimental etch rate results.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 683-690 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cubic equation of state mixing rule of Wong and Sandler is reformulated in a way that eliminates one of its parameters and so that it can go smoothly from activity coefficient-like behavior to the classical van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule merely by variation of its parameters. The parameters in the reformulated mixing rule can be obtained from correlation of vapor-liquid equilibrium data or from the two infinite dilution activity coefficients for each binary pair in the mixture. When these activity coefficients are estimated from the UNIFAC group contribution model, the mixing rule becomes completely predictive. The correlative and completely predictive forms of this mixing rule are tested here and shown to be accurate for five difficult binary systems and one ternary mixture over large ranges of temperature and pressure.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1099-1112 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Non-Newtonian fluid flow in porous media is encountered in a variety of applications. Aspects of single-phase flow of power-law fluids in porous media are examined. First, homogenization theory is used to derive a macroscopic law. It is shown that the single-capillary power law between flow rate and pressure gradient also applies at the macroscopic scale, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently small. Homogenization theory confirms the validity of the use of pore network models to describe flow of power-law fluids, although not necessarily of fluids of a more general rheology. Flow in pore networks is next used to explore various pore geometry effects. Numerical simulations show that approaches based on an effective medium or on the existence of a critical path, which carries most of the flow, are valid in narrow- or wide-pore-size distributions, respectively. The corresponding expressions agreed well with the numerical results in the respective ranges. An analysis presented for Bethe lattices leads to closed-form expressions in two limits: for an effective medium and near percolation. The behavior near percolation generalizes the results of Stinchcombe (1974) for the linear (Newtonian) case.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1122-1134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of mass transfer from a Newtonian fluid to a swarm of spheroidal adsorbers under creeping flow conditions is considered using the spheroid-in-cell model to represent the swarm. The flow field within the fluid envelope for the Kuwabara type of boundary conditions is obtained form the analytical solution of Dassios et al. (1994). The complete convective diffusion equation is used to describe mass transport within the envelope so that moderate and strong diffusional terms can be taken into account. A new set of boundary conditions is used that respects mass flux and concentration continuity across the outer surface of the cell and maximizes the applicability of the spheroid-in-cell model in the convection-to-diffusion transition regime. The resulting elliptic problem in two dimensions is solved numerically. Results for the upstream and downstream concentration profiles reveal that tangential diffusion is very significant and should not be neglected for moderate and low Peclet number values. Also, the classical Levich-type of formulation, which is theoretically valid for very weak diffusional terms only, can in practice be modified to predict with fair accuracy the overall Sherwood number and the adsorption efficiency of prolate and oblate spheroids-in-cell even in moderate Peclet number cases.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1153-1164 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Filtration on horizontal surfaces facing upward is accompanied by sedimentation. Material balances that are based solely on the volume of filtrate and neglect sedimentation flux lead to an understatement of the solids deposited in the cake and potentially large errors in calculated values of the average specific resistance αav. In a gravitational sedimentation experiment with kaolin, the value of αav neglecting sedimentation was 3.75 times greater than the value including the effect of sedimentation. In addition to errors due to neglect of sedimentation, CATSCAN studies show that the slurry concentration above the cake increases with time, contrary to usual assumptions. In a manner similar to batch sedimentation in a closed cylinder, characteristics of constant composition arose from the cake surface. Approximate predictions based on a combination of traditional sedimentation and filtration theory were in accord with the CATSCAN data. Existing filtration theory must be substantially modified to account for the effect of sedimentation.
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1165-1170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cross-linked terpolymers of allyl acetylacetone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized in the oil phase of a bicontinuous microemulsion stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. The resulting material is porous, with a surface area of 58 m2/dry g. It selectively adsorbs copper, picking up 0.07 meq/dry g from a 0.1-M solution. This is less than the total apparent capacity of 0.65 meq/dry g inferred from titration with base and much less than the amount in conventional, nonselective resins, which is typically 5 meq/dry g. Breakthrough curves in packed beds and across membranes of this material seem consistent with uptake controlled by chemical reaction compromised by dispersion. Nonporous membranes of this material do not show facilitated transport.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1171-1183 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general numerical method is developed for multicomponent chromatography for the case where a pH gradient occurs and several buffering species are present that become adsorbed together with the components being separated through an ion-exchange mechanism. Acid-base equilibrium relations are used to determine the ionic compositions in the liquid and adsorbed phases and are solved using a single-variable Newton's method. The differential material-balance relations are integrated numerically using the method of characteristics. The transport relations are incorporated using a matrix analog of the linear-driving-force approximation. The resulting method accounts for the adsorption of each ionic form of each buffering species, for multicomponent diffusional interactions arising from induced electric fields, for volume and concentration overloading of proteins, and for changes in the adsorption capacity caused by pH variations. Numerical calculations illustrate factors govening the selection of the adsorbent and buffer components for use in separating mixtures of proteins using retained, internally generated pH gradients.
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2187-2197 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical computation of the LDV results of Kliafas and Holt is reported for a turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a square-sectioned 90° bend. A Eulerian model with generalized Eulerian solid surface boundary conditions for the particulate-phase momentum exchanges with solid walls are included. The turbulent closure is effected by using the gas-phase RNG-based k-∊ turbulence model, and the particulate turbulence diffusivity is related to the turbulent viscosity of the gas phase. Comparisons are made with experimental data for the mean streamwise velocities of both phases, the streamwise turbulence intensity of the gas phase, and the particulate concentration distribution in the bend. The localized high particulate concentration near the outer curve of the bend that occurs at large Stokes number is accurately predicted. Empirical computational evidence is presented for a relaxation of the minimum particle number density required to allow the use of a continuum model.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2198-2211 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In roll coating as in other coating processes the coating liquid often suffers changes in properties on the time of the coating flow, that is, from fractions of a second upward depending on the amount of recirculation and recycling. The agents of change may be chemical reaction, colloidal aggregation, or evaporation. Hence the mean residence time and the residence time distribution of the liquid are important to designers and operators of coating processes. Here, building on the examination of roll-coating systems by Benjamin et al. (1995), the residence times of liquid coated by representative arrays of multiple rolls in the “forward roll” mode and relatively starved feed condition (neglecting the possibly significant effects of “rolling banks” and other internal recirculations when they are present) are analyzed. The dynamic response of these transfer coaters to step changes in the feed gap and to periodic gap changes, as from roll and bearing run-out, are also analyzed. No reports of operating or laboratory experiments are available for comparison. Nevertheless the results make plain how these quality-limiting features may depend don the number of rolls used; their sizes, speed, and arrangement, and the properties of the coating liquid.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2250-2260 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distributed parameter models of the single channel of a monolith combustor have been derived from progressively simplified assumptions. Simulation results are compared to assess the importance of the different physicochemical phenomena occurring in the combustor and to identify the simplest adequate model. For typical operating conditions of the hybrid combustor (gas and wall temperature not exceeding 1,073 and 1,273 K, respectively, high flow rate and pressure, natural gas as fuel), the results show that variations of gas properties have to be considered while homogeneous combustion can be neglected. Assumption of the approximate radial profile of axial velocity with invariant parabolic shape, rather than the rigorous solution of momentum balance and the continuity equation, provides accurate results. Moreover, for simulation of ceramic monoliths, backward heat transmission by wall conduction can be neglected with a substantial saving of computational labor.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2274-2281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work the experimental observations are explained with the aid of a simple air-entrapment model based on the concept of two levels of porosity of fiber mats. A simple model that includes liquid bypassing with initial air trapping, subsequent capillary invasion of regular fiber bundles with air compression, and finally mobilization is proposed to explain air-entrapment phenomena. The simple model successfully rationalizes the observed air trapping and compression during initial liquid-fiber contact. An empirical equation for the mobilization efficiency is adapted to the model to estimate void content. The velocity dependence of the trapped void content predicted by the model is in good agreement with observations.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2282-2291 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The low-temperature nitridation of gallium arsenide, silicon and transition metals was investigated using hydrazine. Gallium nitride films were grown on gallium arsenide (GaAs) by direct reaction of the semiconductor surface layers with hydrazine et 200-400°C. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses show that the films are primarily gallium nitride with a small oxide impurity. Thin nitride films (∼15 Å) were grown on silicon by reaction with hydrazine at 300-500°C. Ellipsometry results suggest that the film growth goes through different phases following linear, parabolic and logarithmic functions with time. XPS analysis shows that the nitride films could be formed at much lower temperatures than possible with ammonia (300 vs. 600°C). The formation of numerous transition metal nitrides (Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, Si, Ta, Ti, V, and W) by reaction with hydrazine at 400°C is demonstrated, as well as the chemical vapor deposition of boron nitride films from diborane and hydrazine reactants. The temperature at the mixing point was critical in determining the final composition of the film. A 1-D transport model suggests that the reaction rate at 400°C was kinetically limited. The results also agree qualitatively with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2314-2317 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1281-1294 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady formation of fibers in the air-gap wet-spinning process is analyzed, in which solidification of the fiber material is brought about by the diffusional exchange of solvent and nonsolvent in a coagulation bath. The concentration profile within the fiber is determined, and a simple model is given for the change of the material behavior with changing concentration. The material behavior of the uncoagulated spinning solution is described by a constitutive model for viscoelastic liquids that allows the incorporation of a relaxation-time spectrum. The behavior of the solidified fiber is described by a model for rubberlike elastic solids. The effects of variable fiber temperature and skin friction on the fiber motion are also taken into account. The computed velocity profiles are compared to experimental data. These data were obtained by spinning three samples of nominally identical spinning solutions. Even though the theoretically predicted profiles agree well with those obtained with the first two samples, they completely fail to do so for the third. This failure is attributed to the unexpected extreme sensitivity of the model predictions to the width of the dynamic spectrum that is used to infer the relaxation-time spectrum. It is also found that the velocity profile depends rather strongly on the initial conditions for the stress.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1306-1318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laser flash photolysis of the hydrogen abstraction reaction of triplet benzophenone (3BP) from 2-propanol and 1,4-cyclohexadiene in supercritical ethane and fluoroform was investigate. Bimolecular rate constants based on bulk concentrations decrease with an increase in pressure along both isotherms studied. These results corroborate our previous studies in CO2 that show increased reaction rates due to enhanced local compositions of cosolvent around the 3BP solute. Analysis of the results includes prediction of the thermodynamic pressure effect on the rate constant, which suggests an increase in the rate constant with pressure, as well as the effects of increased local cosolvent concentrations about 3BP. Spectroscopic measurements of the local composition of 2-propanol about a solute in supercritical CO2 are used to explain the apparent discrepancy between experiment and prediction, providing reasonable evidence that the local environment can influence kinetically controlled reactions in supercritical fluids.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1324-1328 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1337-1340 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1346-1348 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1357-1367 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The spreading of Newtonian liquid drops after impact with a solid surface is reproted for a range of liquid and surface proeprties, drop diameters, and impact velocities. Results for liquid viscosities up to 300 mPa.s are given. For a given drop diameter and velocity, a range of liquid viscosities result in splashing even for smooth surfaces. The maximum spread radius, made dimensionless with the drop radius, is correlated as Rmax* = 0.61(Re2Oh)0.166, where Re and Oh are the Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers. respectively. A model is proposed to account for inertial, viscous, and surface tension forces on the maximum spread radius. Good agreement is found between the model and experimental data from several sources.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1375-1388 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Earlier work of Sinclair and Jackson that treats the laminar flow of gas-solid suspensions is extended to model dilute turbulent flow. The random particle motion, often exceeding the turbulent flucutations in the gas, is obtained using a model based on the kinetic theory of granular materials. A two-equation low Reynolds number turbulence model is modified to account for the presence of the dilute particle phase. Comparisons of the model predictions with available experimental data for the mean and fluctuating velocity profiles for both phases indicate that the resulting theory captures many of the flow features observed in the pneumatic transport of large particles. THe model predictions did not manifest an exterme sensitivity to the degree of inelasticity in the particle-particle collisions for the range of solid loading ratios investigated.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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