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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 15 (1993), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Shoulder ; Acromion ; Coracoacromial ligament ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A partir de la lecture rétrospective de 179 dossiers d'IRM représentant quatre populations (patients présentant un conflit sans traumatisme reconnu (n=90), une douleur d'épaule post-traumatique (n=28), une instabilité ou une luxation (n=36) et sujets témoins (n=25)), les auteurs proposent des critères morphologiques pour définir des voûtes présumées normales et des voûtes susceptibles de rendre compte d'un conflit sous acromial. La voûte sous acromiale est présumée “normale” ou non conflictuelle si, sur les vues sagittales et frontales, elle apparait parallèle à la tête humérale et/ou il existe un liseré graisseux qui s'interpose entre la voûte et le m. supra-épineux. La voûte sous acromiale est présumée agressive ou susceptible de rendre compte d'un conflit si, sur l'une des vues sagittale ou frontale, il est observé une zone de rétrécissement du défilé sous acromial avec une empreinte de la voûte sur le tendon du m. supra-épineux ou un amincissement tendineux au niveau ou juste en dehors de cette zone de rétrécissement. A partir de ces critères, la lecture des 179 dossiers d'IRM permet de mettre en évidence une différence significative de répartition des voûtes dans les quatre populations. Les voûtes agressives s'observent chez 45.5 % des patients présentant un conflit, 25 % des patients pr%esentant une douleur au décours d'un traumatisme, 8.9 % des sujets examinés au décours d'une luxation aigue ou récidivante et 12 % des sujets témoins. A l'inverse, la voûte présumée normale est retrouvée chez 56 % des sujets témoins, 55 % des patients examinés pour une luxation, 25 % des douleurs d'épaule post traumatique et seulement 5.5 % des patients présentant un conflit clinique. Le conflit sous acromial peut être le fait d'une dysplasie acromiale de type 3 décrit par Bigliani ou d'un épaississement du ligament au niveau de son insertion acromiale. Ce travail est complété par 15 dissections anatomiques qui confirment la constance de l'insertion du ligament coraco-acromial sur la face inférieure de l'acromion le long de son bord latéral.
    Notes: Summary Based on a retrospective study of 179 MRI records covering four populations (patients presenting with impingement without known injury (n=90), post-traumatic shoulder pain (n=28), instability or dislocation (n=36) and controls (n=25)), morphologic criteria are suggested to define presumedly normal arches and arches compatible with subacromial impingement. The subacromial arch is presumed normal or without impingement if the sagittal and frontal views show it to be parallel to the humeral head, and/or if there is a fatty layer interposed between the arch and the supraspinatus m. The arch is presumed “aggressive” or actually capable of giving rise to impingement if, in either the sagittal or frontal view, there is a zone of narrowing of the subacromial passage with an impression of the arch on the supraspinatus tendon or tendinous thinning at this level or just lateral to this narrowed zone. Based on these criteria, study of the 179 MRI records demonstrated a significant difference of distribution of the arches in the four populations. “Aggressive” arches were found in 45.5% of patients with impingement, 25% of patients with posttraumatic pain, 8.9% of patients with an acute or recurrent dislocation and 12% of controls. Conversely, a presumedly normal arch was found in 56% of the controls, 55% of patients with dislocation, 25% of posttraumatic painful shoulders and only 5.5% of patients with clinical impingement. Subacromial impingement may be due to the type 3 acromial dysplasia described by Bigliani or to a thickening of the coracoacromial ligament at its acromial attachment. This study was supplemented by 15 anatomic dissections which confirmed the regularity of attachment of the coracoacromial ligament at the inferior aspect of the acromion along its lateral border.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 780-786 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Epidural spinal abscess ; MRI ; Cerobrospinal fluid ; Antibiotic treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We present four cases of iatrogenic epidural spinal abscess directly caused by externally introduced catheters or probes. In two patients the infection spread per continuum, in the other two patients due to haematogenous dissemination. Clinical presentation in each case included generalized malaise with fever, signs of meningeal inflammation and focal neurological signs at the spinal level. The diagnosis was made on the basis of inflammatory changes in the cerebral spinal fluid and localization of the abscess by means of computer and magnetic resonance tomography. A broad-spectrum antibiotic regimen included a penicillinase-resistant preparation because of the frequent involvement of Staphylococcus aureus. It is our experience that a good outcome is dependent on early and specific treatment.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 9 (1993), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Moyamoya disease ; Children ; Cerebral angiography ; MRI ; Seizures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Moyamoya is an obstructive cerebrovascular disease characterized by a cerebral angiographic picture of stenosis or occlusion of main cerebral arteries with an abnormal vascular network at the base of the brain. No definitive cause has been found for this disease and opinion is still divided between a congenital and an acquired etiology. Hemiplegia of sudden onset and epileptic seizures are the prevailing presentation in childhood, while subarachnoid bleeding occurs more frequently in adults. We report a new case of childhood moyamoya with clinical onset of the neurological symptoms within the 3rd year of life; during the child's illness the maternal grandmother presented with moyamoya disease too. Antiaggregating and calcium-antagonist drugs seem effective in preventing further vascular accidents, while a surgical approach is not possible. Computed tomography, single positron emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are very useful in the diagnosis of this rare disease.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Dissecting aneurysm ; repeat angiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We here present 4 cases with dissecting aneurysm (DA) of the intracranial vertebral artery, who were followed up by repeat cerebral angiography and MRI. The patients consisted of 2 males and 2 females, and the mean age was 43 years. Two cases were associated with polyarteritis nodosa (PN) and hypertension, respectively. Three of the cases developed subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), while the other one suffered from lateral medullary syndrome. In cerebral angiography, “pearl and string” signs were revealed in all cases, while a “double lumen” indicating a true diagnostic sign of DA was demonstrated in only one case. Repeat angiography showed that a bleb formation with a bulging of the aneurysmal sac was seen in 2 cases, and an irregularity of the wall in one case. On the other hand in one case, the ectatic part shrank, while the stenotic part was restored. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a hyperintensity mass on T 1-weighted image (T 1-WI) adjacent to flow void suggesting either an intramural haematoma or a linear shape hyperintensity on T1-WI were demonstrated in 3 cases. In the follow up MRI done in 2 cases, a serial change in the intensity from iso-intensity to hyperintensity on T 1-WI was observed in one case suggesting intramural haemorrhage, while an enlargement of the ectatic flow void was seen in the other case. Three of 4 cases were operated on by trapping of the aneurysms. One, who had systemic vascular diseases due to PN, and repeat angiography showed a regression of the aneurysm, was conservatively treated. The outcome was excellent in the 3 surgical cases, whilst the one medically treated case was also excellent without any rebleeding. In conclusion, repeat neuro-imaging procedures are strongly recommended to clarify the possibility of a spontaneous repair of the dissection, and to consider the surgical strategy for the lesion.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Carcinoid tumor ; Bile ducts ; Bile duct tumor ; Carcinoid ; MRI ; Carcinoid angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carcinoid tumors of the biliary tree are rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an intrahepatic ductal carcinoid and the thirteenth reported case of biliary carcinoid. The radiographic appearance is variable. A brief review of the previously described cases is presented.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 18 (1993), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Abdomen ; MRI ; Intestine contrast enhancement ; Gastrointestinal tract, MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gadopentetate dimeglumine was administered intravenously to 16 patients undergoing abdominal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. T1-weighted and fat-suppressed T1-weighted images were acquired before and after intravenous administration of 0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine. The stomach, small bowel, and colon were analyzed regarding the presence and relative intensity of contrast enhancement. Diffuse enhancement of the gastrointestinal tract wall was observed in all patients following contrast material administration. Such enhancement was most conspicuous on fat-suppressed T1-weighted images. Quantitative measurements indicated that the wall of the gastrointestinal tract enhanced approximately 100% with gadopentetate dimeglumine. This study demonstrates that enhancement of the normal gastrointestinal tract occurs routinely when intravenous gadopentetate dimeglumine is administered, and such enhancement should not be considered indicative of gastrointestinal pathology. Furthermore, it suggests the potential utility for using intravenous rather than orally administered contrast agents to provide enhancement of the gastrointestinal tract on MR images.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 121 (1993), S. 206-211 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Leptomeningeal melanosis ; MRI ; peritoneal shunt ; arachnoid cyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rare case of diffuse leptomeningeal melanosis presenting with symptoms of spinal cord compression due to the presence of anterolateral arachnoid cyst and treated with Spetzler's drainage system is reported. The diagnosis of diffuse melanosis of the leptomeninges is rarely possible during life. In the present case MRI was of great help in the definition of the limits of the pathological process and the presence of the anterior compressing cyst. After laminectomy and a biopsy of the pathological tissue which achieved the histological diagnosis, an external drainage was inserted to reduce the cyst extension and to exclude the presence of melanocytes in the cystic fluid before a peritoneal shunt was placed. At 8 th month of follow-up the patient is doing well with a dramatic reduction of symptoms and a significant reduction of spinal cord compression. The diagnostic role of MRI and the relationship between leptomeningeal melanosis and arachnoid cyst are discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Glioblastoma multiforme ; metastatic adenocarcinoma ; MRI ; MRI score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors statistically analyzed the MR configurations of 14 glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) and 15 metastatic adenocarcinomas (MACs) of the brain in order to distinguish these two histological types on MR images. MR configurations were classified and scored upon the 9 criteria of heterogeneity, cyst or necrosis, haemorrhage, crossing of the midline by the tumour, oedema or mass effect, border definition, flow void sign, degree and heterogeneity after contrast enhancement. The mean value of GBMs was 1.47±0.22, and that of MACs was 0.91±0.37 (P〈0.001). GBMs had significantly higher values in five out of the nine criteria: border definition, heterogeneity, crossing of the midline of the tumour, flow void sign, and degree of the contrast enhancement (P〈0.001–0.05). Border definition was the best criterion for distinguishing two histological types. Six cases of MACs displayed hypo-intense lesions on T2 weighted images in contrast to GBMs which showed hyperintense lesions in all cases. In 4 out of the 6 MACs which were shown as hyperintensities on T2 weighted images, a hypo-intense peritumoural rim was noticed between the tumour parenchyma and the surrounding oedema. These data strongly suggest that GBMs and MACs can be distinguished on MR image by using MRI score.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Spinal abscess ; epidural ; subdural ; surgical treatment ; antibiotics ; risk factors ; diagnostic procedures ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bacterial abscesses involving the spinal canal are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Most frequently, these lesions are found in the epidural, rarely in the subdural space. In this report, our clinical material consists of a series of 16 patients treated during the last seven years. The clinical presentation included local neurological signs (back pain, para-/tetraparesis, bladder dysfunction), disturbances of consciousness (ranging from drowsiness to deep coma) and general inflammatory signs (meningism, fever). All patients presented with risk factors (septic foci, chronic diseases, and iatrogenic causes). Laboratory investigations revealed typically pathological blood sedimentation rate, leucocytosis and CSF-pleocytosis. Radiologically, the diagnosis was confirmed by myelography, CT and preferably MRI. The abscesses were located epidurally in 14 and subdurally in 2 cases. The surgical treatment included laminectomy, or multiple flavectomies in extensive lesions. Drainage systems (either simple silicon outflow drains or suction-/irrigation systems) were installed in all cases, as well as antibiotic treatment. Results of treatment: Following an observation period of 0,5–6 years, we found complete recovery in six (38%) cases, six (38%) others were mildly disabled and four (25%) patients died. Focussing on the results of the two different drainage systems, we found a statistically significant superiority of the inflow-/outflow system. Complications included mandatory re-exploration, post-inflammatory hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, spinal instability, surgical treatment of peripheral septic foci and therapy resistant septicaemia. In conclusion, we propose that spinal epi-or subdural abscesses require surgical evacuation, using a suction-/irrigation drainage system, as well as antibiotic and intensive care treatment.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 125 (1993), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain oedema ; meningioma ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is a great variability in the amount of peritumoural brain oedema accompanying meningiomas. In a previous study it was found that the degree of brain oedema in the white matter around meningiomas correlated with disruption of the layers (especially the cerebral cortex), which separate the tumour from the white matter, as well as with the size and histological subtype of the tumour. In the present study comprising 9 meningiomas, the volume of oedema was calculated by integration of the cross-sectional oedematous areas on serial MRI slices. The volume of oedema was zero in 3 cases and ranged from 11 to 176.4 ml in the other 6 cases. The MRI-scans also showed disruption of the cortex in all cases, ranging from slight to severe. T1 and T2 measurements were made at the level of maximum extension, using a mixed sequence at a field strength of 1.5 T. From the T2 values tissue water content in % was calculated using the equations: WC=39.36/(R2 + 37.2) for cortex, and WC=29.63/(R2 + 27.8) for white matter. These had been obtained by correlating water content with relaxation rates, measured in vitro on human brain autopsy specimens which were subjected to hydration with distilled water or dehydration by hyperosmolar solutions. Mean water content amounted to 82.53% for normal cortex, 74.72% for normal white matter, and 84.59% for oedematous white matter around the tumour. On the assumption that the spread of contrast agent marks the advancement of the front of oedema produced by the tumour, CT-studies were made before, and at 1 1/2, 3 and 6h after contrast infusion. The increase in diameter of the contrast-stained area on the CT-scan allows calculation of the excess of oedema production per unit tumour volume. Of 6 tumours with oedema (mean peritumoural water content of 91% and mean volume of oedema of 69.2 ml) the production excess at the steady-state was 0.18–1.08 ml/h/cm3 tumour volume, whereas 3 tumours without associated oedema had a production excess of 0.03–0.12 ml/h/cm3. Moreover, penetration of the cortex seems to constitute a separate factor determinig the spread of oedema.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 120 (1993), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Myelography ; MRI ; conjoined nerve roots ; lumbosacral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Conjoined lumbosacral nerve roots is a congenital anomaly that may produce lumbosciatic pain. When symptomatic and undiagnosed, it may be one of the causes of failed back syndrome. Diagnosis with water-soluble contrast myelography has a frequency of 4%. Anatomical studies have shown to have an incidence of 14%. High quality Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with coronal views may reveal this condition without recurring to computed tomography (CT)-myelography. In this paper we describe our recent experience with five consecutive cases observed during a one year period.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 170-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyknodysostosis ; MRI ; Monocyte function tests ; Interleukin-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Pyknodysostosis is a rare form of sclerosing bone dysplasia with autosomal recessive inheritance. Affected members of two families were assessed as follows: three patients underwent densitometry measurements and bone scans; four patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an immunological investigation, as well as a detailed endocrinological and biochemical laboratory review. Densitometry measurements revealed values of up to 291% of age-matched normal controls; this increased bone density was mainly in the trabecular bone and not in the cortical bone. The MRI showed the cortex to be of normal thickness, whereas the increase in trabecular bone limited the space within the medullary canal. Bone scans and single photon emission computerized tomography in three patients showed an increased uptake of [99mTc]methylene diphosphonate of up to 538% of age-matched controls, which reflected the increased bone density. Monocyte function tests demonstrated a normal phagocytic capacity, but their killing activity was impaired. Interleukin-1 secretion was also impaired, which may point to the pathogenesis of the disease, in view of its function as an osteoclast activator and its role in bone resorption.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Liver ; MRI ; Neuroendocrine tumours ; Therapy monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases, 14 of whom were treated with interferon, were examined with MRI before and after contrast administration to evaluate whether there were signal characteristics, differences in homogeneity and/or contrast enhancement patterns that indicated response to or failure of treatment. Of the treated patients 6 objectively responded to treatment (OR), 3 had progressive disease (PD) and 5 had stable disease (SD). A significant difference was found between the SD, untreated (UT) and OR groups of patients in terms of T1 (P = 0.01) and contrast enhancement (P = 0.02). The signal intensity ratio (SIR) in T2-weighted images between tumour and liver was significantly different (P = 0.05) between the OR and PD groups. This indicates that MRI may be used in therapy monitoring of patients with neuroendocrine metastases. Neuroendocrine metastases in the OR group had the same T1 and SIR values as those reported for haemangiomas, while patients in the PD, SD and UT groups had SIR values similar to those for colorectal metastases.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 3 (1993), S. 62-70 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Chest ; CT ; Echinococcosis ; Hydatid disease ; MRI ; Radiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty patients with thoracic hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus) were studied. The hydatid cysts were located in the lung parenchyma (70%), mediastinum (6.7%), inside the heart (10%), the pleurae (10%) and the chest wall (3.3%). complications of thoracic hydatid cysts, such as rupture, infection, pleural involvement, spread and calcifications are presented. Computed tomography (CT) without and/or with contrast enhancement was performed in all patients (30). Findings from conventional chest radiographs were compared with CT and confirmed by pathology (30). In 10 cases (33.3%), magnetic resonance imaging was also performed. The diagnostic spectrum of hydatid cysts, including variations and developmental stages, is presented in this pictorial essay.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Hyperparathyroidism ; MRI ; CT ; Sonography ; Scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sonography, subtraction scintigraphy, computed tomography and MRI were compared in 100 patients who had surgery 105 times for hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Surgical and pathological data were available for all operations. A total of 105 MR, 77 CT, 84 sonograms and 70 subtraction scintigrams were performed. The ability of the imaging modalities, individually and in combination, to detect HPT, histology, size, concomitant thyroid disease and location of the diseased glands has been evaluated. For primary HPT, sensitivity ranged from 68% for MRI to 40% for scintigraphy but was much lower for tertiary HPT with all modalities. The ability to identify diseased glands was strongly size dependent for all methods. If patients had had previous neck surgery, the most sensitive methods were MRI and scintigraphy and this also held true for patients with concomitant thyroid disease and ectopically located glands. The findings presented suggest that while sonography may be the only imaging examiantion warranted in newly diagnosed parathyroid disease, recurrent disease should be examined pre-operatively with MRI and possibly subtraction scintigraphy.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 3 (1993), S. 386-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Subarachanoid haemorrhage ; Intradural haematoma ; Spinal ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 59-year-old woman was suspected of having meningitis. A lumbar puncture was performed for CSF analysis; however, a traumatic tap induced hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space and formed a hematoma from the L3 to the S1 level. This resulted in a paraparesis. Myelography showed a band-like filling defect and a subsequent computed tomography (CT) myelogram showed a soft tissue mass in the intradural space. T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion with moderate hyperintensity within the dural sac, hinting that the lesion was a hematoma. Laminectomy was performed, and the hematoma was entirely removed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Brain tumor ; MRI ; T1 ; T2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that cerebral tumours may be graded by measuring T1 or T2 with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was studied. A consecutive series of patients with subsequently verified gliomas was enrolled, and studied with MR. Patients who had prior surgical, chemotherapeutic or steroid treatment were excluded. Single slice multiple saturation recovery and multiple spin echo techniques were used to measure T1, T2 and proton density in the tumour. In 33 patients with cerebral gliomas there were 5 grade I, 12 grade II, 7 grade III and 9 grade IV. T1 and T2 values tended to be smaller in grade I gliomas than in grades II, III and IV gliomas. Relaxation parameters overlapped considerably in tumours with different grades. Proton density values did not show much change between different grades of gliomas. Relaxation parameters cannot be used to determine tumour grade reliably.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: MRI ; Female breast imaging ; Mammography ; Breast cancer ; Multicentricity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first publications on the use of magnetic resonance for breast imaging (MRBI) appeared more than 10 years ago. According to the literature between 14% and 47% of all breast carcinomas are multicentric carcinoma (MCC), a substantial number of which are not detected by conventional mammography. In a prospective study our purpose was to establish a clinically relevant procedure with MRBI for women with a single suspect lesion on mammography. Eight (32%) of 25 patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma had an MCC. Seven MCC were detected with MRBI and only one was diagnosed by mammography; one was discovered with neither MRBI nor mammography. MRBI proved to be the superior technique, with a sensitivity of 0.88 compared with 0.13 for mammography.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Gadolinium ; Gastrointestinal tract ; MRI ; MRI contrast enhancement ; Paramagnetic contrast agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a gadoterate meglumine formulation as an oral contrast agent, MRI (0.5 T) was performed on 29 patients with abdominal disease before and after administration of contrast material. The patients ingested 16 ml/kg of a gadoterate meglumine solution (10 g/l glucose, 2 mmol/l gadoterate meglumine) over 1 h. Fourteen per cent of patients had mild side effects related to the contrast agent. Significant hyperintense contrast enhancement was achieved for the stomach and duodenum allowing better delineation of gastric and duodenal walls, entire pancreas and spleen on T1- and T2-weighted spin echo sequences. In 5 patients more diagnostic information was available from post-contrast images compared with precontrast images. This study shows that gadoterate meglumine is a safe and well-tolerated contrast agent that improves MRI of the proximal gastrointestinal tract and upper abdomen.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Claustrophobia ; Clorazepate ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Between July 1991 and April 1992 1125 patients were examined with MRI, 34 (3%) of whom were treated with 50 mg clorazepate intramuscularly because of severe claustrophobia. The examination was successfully completed in 31 patients (91%). Only minor side effects were observed. Clorazepate suppresses the symptoms of claustrophobia, allowing the MRI examination to proceed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Computed tomography ; Diagnosis ; MRI ; Radiography ; Ultrasonography ; Wilms' tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The main strategy in the treatment of nephroblastoma, as described in protocol SIOP 9/GPO, is preoperative chemotherapy for patients between 6 months and 16 years of age. Before treatment the diagnosis is made only by diagnostic imaging without biopsy. From July 1988 to February 1991, 130 children with the tentative diagnosis of nephroblastoma were treated preoperatively. The initial diagnostic images (excretory urography, ultrasound, CT, MRI) have been analysed both prospectively and retrosperatively and the findings correlated with the intraoperative and histological results. Of the preoperatively treated patients 93.8% had a Wilms' tumour or one of its variants. Five patients had a different malignant tumour and 3 patients, i.e. 2.3% of those preoperatively treated or 1.6% of all registered patients, had benign tumours of the kidney. Wilms' tumour generally presented as a well-defined mass with an inhomogeneous morphology on CT. On ultrasound only 24% of the tumours were homogeneous. Intratumoral haemorrhage and cystic areas occurred frequently; calcifications were rare (8%). With regard to caval involvement only ultrasound and MRI enabled the correct diagnosis, while CT could not differentiate compressions from invasion. The pretherapeutic diagnostic imaging was of sufficient accuracy to start preoperative chemotherapy without diagnostic biopsy.
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 146-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Sarcoidosis ; Intra-cranial ; MRI ; Gadolinium ; CT scan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This 53-year-old white male presented with a 4-month-history of weakness and pain. Despite an initial partial response to steroid therapy, his neurologic deterioration progressed culminating in paraparesis, paresthesias, urinary incontinence, altered mentation and a 20 lb weight loss. A gadolinium-enhanced MRI study showed a pattern suggestive of perivascular involvement. A subsequent cerebral biopsy was diagnostic for neurosarcoidosis.
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Acute transverse myelopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The MRI examinations of seven patients with acute transverse myelopathy (ATM) were analysed. The patients were examined 2–5 times during the course of their disease with short and long TR/TE spin-echo sequences in the sagittal projection. A previous history of autoimmune disorder and/or signs of infection at the onset of ATM were present in all cases. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed local synthesis of immunoglobulin in the nervous system in three cases and signs of infectious myelitis in one. During the acute phase four patients had local enlargement of the cord and all had increased signal on long TR/TE sequences. The outcome was grave in the majority of patients and there seemed to be a correlation between the degree of cord enlargement, persistence of increased signal intensity and limited recovery. Atrophy and remaining high signal intensity were noted on late MRI in patients with poor outcome. In one patient with probable anterior spinal artery occlusion, cavitation of the cord was seen.
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  • 24
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 264-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: HIV ; MRI ; Basal ganglia ; postmortem examinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI forms an important part of the assessment of patients with HIV-related disease presenting with cerebral smyptoms. Eleven formalin-fixed brains were studied at 0.5 T using T2- and T1-weighted sequences. In two cases of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and one case each of toxoplasmosis and lymphoma, the extent of white matter abnormality seen on MRI corresponded broadly with that on pathological examination. In general, however, histological changes were more frequent than lesions on MRI. Cases in which abnormalities were not seen with standard MRI included those with multiple tuberculous granulomata, multinucleate giant cells, microglial nodules, perivascular cuffing and cytomegalovirus inclusions. A common finding on MRI was punctate or patchy high signal in the basal ganglia on T2-weighted scans, seen in six cases. Corresponding histological changes included calcification of vessels with widened perivascular spaces, and mineralised neurones.
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  • 25
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Fetal brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report MRI of the brain in 45 fetuses; the findings were confirmed by pathological examination or postnatal neuroradiological studies. MRI necessitates medication to eliminate fetal motion; curare was injected into the umbilical cord, and MRI is therefore limited to cases in which umbilical cord puncture is indicated. T1-weighted images were obtained in axial, sagittal and coronal planes; the last of these was generally as the most useful as regards morphology. We demonstrated cerebral malformations (n=13), brain haemorrhage (n=1), a facial angioma (n=1), a facial mass (n=1), hydrocephalus (n=5), unilateral ventricular enlargement (n=1), atrophy (n=4), a porencephalic cyst (n=1) and normal appearances of the brain in 18 cases. Twenty-two of the fetuses were born alive, and the clinical and/or neuroradiological examination confirmed the antenatal findings. The diagnosis was also confirmed in 8 cases in which a neuropathological examination was possible.
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  • 26
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 497-498 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal epidural abscess ; Spinal air ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of spinal epidural abscess in which MRI demonstrated intraspinal gas is reported.
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  • 27
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 543-545 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Chordoma ; Chondroid chordoma ; Gadolinium ; MRI ; Skull base, neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two intracranial chordomas are presented: a typical chordoma and a chondroid tumour. MRI with gadolinium showed different enhancement patterns, which may be related to pathological findings. The value of differentiating the two types of chordoma lies in their very different prognosis.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Liver ; actinomycosis ; CT ; MRI ; Percutaneous biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of pseudo-tumoral actinomycosis of the liver was examined by ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI with injection of Gadolinium-DOTA (Gd-DOTA) revealed irregular structures in the center with peripheral enhancement. Diagnosis was obtained on percutaneous biopsy in view of characteristic sulfur on the samples. Percutaneous drainage was not necessary and medical treatment with antibiotheraphy alone was successful.
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  • 29
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    Skeletal radiology 22 (1993), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: MRI ; Soft tissue tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only noninvasive method of defining a soft tissue tumor. The extent of the tumor and the question of involvement or noninvolvement of various adjacent tissues and structures can be determined. This information, determination of lymphatic and distant metastatic spread, is invaluable for staging and management of the disease. Whether or not the tumor type can be reliably determined, or even whether the malignant or benign nature of the tumor can be ascertained on MRI examination, is open to question. Review of the literature indicates proponents on both sides of the issue. This review illustrates the imaging features that are relevant to suggesting a histologic diagnosis, and the pitfalls that are encountered in trying to determine the malignancy or benignity of a lesion. The clinical significance of these determinations is also discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Cyanide ; basal ganglia ; anti-epileptic drugs ; calcium antagonist ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 31-year-old male technician in an electroplating factory, who had been suffering from the temporal lobe epilepsy for 24 years and from hypertension for 3 years, took an unknown amount of potassium cyanide apparently over the lethal dose, in an attempt to commit suicide. He was treated successfully and survived without any neurological sequelae. The electroencephalograms and the nature of the seizures were not different before and after the poisoning. The T2-weighted magnetic resonance images at 9 and 51 days after the poisoning showed bilateral elevation of signals in the caudate nuclei and the putamina. At the 143th and 286th days, T2-weighted high-resonance areas were restricted to the lateral portion of the putamina. The T1-weighted images at the 51st day showed abnormal signal elevations in both putamina, while those of 9th, 143th and 286th days were mainly normal. Selective vulnerability of the putamen and the caudate nucleus may be due to their specific structural properties of high oxygen and glucose utilization, and enzyme distribution. Both chronological changes of striatal damage and the absence of neurological sequelae in this patient suggest the possibility that anti-epileptics and a calcium antagonist played a neuroprotective role in the acute cyanide intoxication.
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  • 31
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    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 1 (1993), S. 61-63 
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging ; MRI ; reptile medicine ; tortoise ; Chelonian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Clinical examinations of reptiles are physically limited and therefore usually have to be complemented by other methods. This is especially true for Chelonians. A modern imaging technique like magnetic resonance imaging is well suited for this purpose. Its application and practical experiences with tortoises are presented.
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  • 32
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 21 (1993), S. 263-275 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Right ventricle ; Ventricular geometry ; Curvature ; Wall thickness ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A prerequisite to biomedical analyses of the right ventricular free wall (RVFW) is the characterization of itsin vivo geometry and instantaneous wall thickness (WT). We present a method to reconstruct and mathematically model thein vivo RVFW surface geometry using ECG-gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). From digitized contours we reconstructed the endo- and epicardial surfaces of the entire heart, and approximated the RVFW surface geometry by local biquadric surface patches. An insurface coordinate system was developed, with respect to which the metric tensor, curvature tensor, major (k 2), and minor (k 1) principal curvatures were computed. The method was evaluated using MRI data from one dog, which showed thatk 2 was about 10 timesk 1, withk 2 andk 1 approximately perpendicular and parallel to the RV long axis, respectively. During systole,k 1 and both principal curvature directions remained essentially unchanged, whilek 2 revealed only a 7% decrease (p〈0.05) in the sinus region. These results suggest that while the RVFW undergoes small changes in surface geometry during systole, its overall curvature remained constant. The WT/mean radius of curvature ratio was less than 0.1 during systole throughout the RVFW, indicating it can be idealized as a thin shell.
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  • 33
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    Breast cancer research and treatment 25 (1993), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: MRI ; breast cancer ; imaging ; surgery ; staging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 40 patients with malignant and benign breast tumors. Images were qualitatively evaluated to determine features of MRI that would benefit breast surgery treatment planning. MRI was found to be exceptional in demonstrating the relationship of tumors with respect to structures such as the chest wall, nipple, and skin. Tumor size was estimated by MRI, mammography, and gross pathological measurement in the 32 patients confirmed to have a malignant tumor of the breast. MRI estimated the tumor size to be larger than mammography in 71% of the cases and larger than pathological measurement in 84% of the cases. Compared with the standard method for determining tumor size (pathological measurement), MRI would have upstaged 22% of the evaluated cases from T1 to T2 and 10% of the cases from T2 to T3. MRI may prove useful in selecting patients for breast conserving therapy.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1436-0691
    Keywords: hematemesis ; pseudocyst ; intracystic hemorrhage ; pseudoaneurysm ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Massive bleeding into a pancreatic pseudocyst is an unusual but life-threatening clinical condition. In this report, we present a case of massive gastric hemorrhage from a pancreatic pseudocyst, caused by rupture of a pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery. The patient was successfully managed by total gastrectomy with splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy. Of a total of 66 cases in our Japanese literature review, only 5 cases of gastric hemorrhage associated with pancreatic pseudocyst have been reported, including the case herein presented. Diagnosis and therapeutic strategy are discussed.
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  • 35
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    Brain topography 5 (1993), S. 321-325 
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: EEG ; Evoked potential ; MRI ; Functional brain imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: EEG ; MEG ; MRI ; Dipole Layers ; Functional localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Gliomatosis cerebri ; MRI ; Low-grade astrocytoma ; IFN-β ; PET
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of gliomatosis cerebri in a 27-year-old man showing various cranial nerve manifestations is described. He was diagnosed as having cranial mononeuritis multiplex (bilateral oculomotor nerve paralysis, left facial nerve paralysis, bulbar palsy manifestations, and hypoglossal nerve paralysis) and was hospitalized in the neurology department on August 1, 2000. Although he continued to visit the neurology department after discharge, his manifestations showed no improvement. He was sent to our department for brain biopsy in August 2001. A biopsy performed at the Sylvian fissure from the frontal lobe/temporal lobe cortex showed high intensity on T2-weighted and Flair magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The pathological findings were diffuse low-grade astrocytoma infiltrating between the pia mater and the cerebral cortex. We believed that the astrocytoma spreading on the subpia mater was responsible for the various cranial nerve manifestations, and we started whole-brain irradiation (46 Gy)+interferon (IFN)-β D.I.V. from September 2001. The pathological findings of the brain biopsy showed diffuse astrocytoma. The clinical presentation was dramatically improved after radiotherapy. It seemed that this tumor had spread along the subpia mater and subependyma. When he was discharged in early December, he walked by himself. The characteristic features of this case are that no lesion in the cerebellum or brain stem was found on MRI, even though the main manifestations were cerebello-brain stem manifestations, and biopsy of the cerebral cortex revealed astrocytoma. It should be noted that the clinical manifestations of astrocytoma in some cases are dissociated from the imaging observations.
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  • 38
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    Neurological sciences 14 (1993), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Crossed aphasia ; hemispheric specialization ; MRI ; GBM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Viene descritto il caso di una donna destrimane che manifestò disturbi afasici all'esordio clinico di un glioblastoma emisferico destro. La paziente presentava afasia di Wernicke ed eminattenzione spaziale sinistra. L'integrità dell'emisfero sinistro fu documentata con la Risonanza Magnetica. Alcuni aspetti della specializzazione emisferica per le funzioni linguistiche, prassiche e spaziali vengono brevemente discussi.
    Notes: Abstract A rare case of a right-handed (on the Edinburgh Inventory) woman who developed aphasia at the clinical onset of a right hemisphere glioblastoma (GBM) is reported. She showed Wernicke aphasia and left spatial neglect. The integrity of the left hemisphere was assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). A few aspects of hemispheric specialization for language, praxias and spatial abilities are briefly discussed.
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  • 39
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 31 (1993), S. 600-606 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: EEG ; Image processing ; MEG ; MRI ; Segmentation ; Three-dimensional rendering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Estimation of the source of activity in the brain from electro- and magneto-encephalographic measurements is becoming increasingly common. Structural information could assist in improving the calculation of the sources as well as providing the context of the source location. Magnetic resonance images are very useful for this purpose, but they still need to undergo various processing steps. The paper describes in details a practical method for full automatic processing of MRI images of a head, including segmentation of the images and triangulation of the surfaces.
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