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  • 1995-1999  (1,051)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1997  (1,051)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (441)
  • Physics  (270)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (212)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • Rat
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Material
Years
  • 1995-1999  (1,051)
  • 1940-1944
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracerebral penetration of carteolol hydrochloride in rats (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 131 (1997), S. 388-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Carteolol hydrochloride ; β-Blocker ; Penetrability ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the penetrability of carteolol, a β-adrenoceptor antagonist (β-blocker) into the brain of rats, intracerebral and serum concentrations of the compound were determined in male rats receiving single or repetitive oral administration of carteolol hydrochloride at 30 mg/kg. The time-course of the intracerebral concentration of carteolol following single IV administration of the compound at 10 and 30 mg/kg was also studied in male rats. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine the intracerebral and serum concentrations. Following single oral dosing, the intracerebral concentration of carteolol reached a maximum of 0.074 μg/g at 2 h postdosing and declined with a half-life of 3.7 h, and the Cmax and AUC of carteolol in the brain were 12.5% and 19.8% of those in serum. The intracerebral and serum concentrations of carteolol were determined in male rats receiving repetitive oral dosing of the compound once daily for 7 days. The concentration of carteolol in the brain and serum at 1 h postdosing varied within a range of 0.059–0.091 μg/g and 0.321–0.443 μg/ml, respectively, throughout the dosing period, showing no changes in the penetrability of the compound into the brain due to repeated dosing. The concentration of carteolol in the brain and serum increased in a dose-dependent manner in rats receiving a single IV administration of the compound. The elimination half-life of carteolol in the serum and brain was 0.6–0.8 h and 1.3–1.7 h, respectively, in rats following single IV dosing of the compound. The half-life in the brain was about twice as long as that in the serum. The brain to serum concentration ratio was 0.306:0.499. From the above results, it was concluded that carteolol is distributed from the circulation to the brain with low penetrability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050307
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of imipramine on raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex extracellular serotonin levels in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 401-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Imipramine ; Serotonin ; Raphe nuclei ; Prefrontal cortex ; Microdialysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of acute administrations of three doses of imipramine (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg SC), a widely used tricyclic antidepressant, on extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) has been studied by intracerebral microdialysis in raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex of conscious rats. Imipramine 1 mg/kg SC did not change extracellular 5-HT in either raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex. However, with the dose of 5 mg/kg SC imipramine induced in raphe nuclei, a brief increase of extracellular 5-HT followed by a lowering (55–65% basal release) of the neurotransmitter. The same dose of imipramine decreased (60–70% of basal value) extracellular 5-HT in prefrontal cortex. Imipramine 10 mg/kg SC significantly increased 5-HT levels in both raphe nuclei (190 ± 20% above basal value) and prefrontal cortex (280 ± 15% above basal value). Pretreatment with (-)pindolol (5 mg/kg SC), a non-selective 5-HT1A subtype receptor antagonist, 30 min before imipramine 5 mg/kg, modified the effect of the antidepressant: an increase, instead of a decrease, on prefrontal cortex dialysate 5-HT was observed. (-)Pindolol (10 mg/kg SC) increased extracellular 5-HT in both raphe nuclei (155 ± 20% above basal value) and prefrontal cortex (160 ± 8% above basal value). These data show that acute administration of imipramine modifies extracellular 5-HT at the level of the raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex. 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the raphe nuclei, which this study suggests to be tonically active, may be stimulated after systemic administration of high doses of imipramine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050477
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in baroreceptor vagal reflex performance in the developing rat (1997)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 434 (1997), S. 438-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Baroreceptor reflex ; Nucleus tractus solitarii ; Neonatal ; Maturation ; Cardiac vagal tone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Ontogenesis of both vagal control of heart rate and the baroreceptor vagal reflex were evaluated in rats at postnatal ages (P) of 5/6, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 〉42 days anaesthetised with urethane (1.5 g/kg). Between P5/6 and P25 heart rate rose from 372 ± 12 to 448 ± 20 beats per minute and mean arterial pressure increased from 33.9 ± 3.1 to 74.59 ± 3.25 mm Hg (mean ± SEM, n = 7 and 11 respectively). Cardiac vagal tone was absent at P10 but significant at P20 (P 〈 0.05) as revealed with atropine (0.5–1 mg/kg i.v.). Baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity, tested with phenylephrine (10–50 μg/kg i.v.), was attenuated significantly in P10–20 rats compared with P5/6, P25 and mature animals. In P14–17 rats stimulation of neurones in either the solitary tract or ambiguual nuclei, by microinjection of L-glutamate (100–200 pmol), evoked an atropine-sensitive bradycardia indicating a functional integrity of central and peripheral efferent pathways mediating the baroreceptor reflex. Thus, the baroreceptor vagal reflex is functional in P5/6 rats but becomes attenuated between P10–P20, which is coincident with the maturational rise in arterial pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050418
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of evidence for a powerful tonic baroreflex-mediated inhibition on catechol activity in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla: in vivo voltammetric evidence during sino-aortic deafferentation (1997)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 434 (1997), S. 599-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Baroreceptor reflex ; Rostral ventrolateral medulla ; C1 cell group ; In vivo voltammetry ; Sino-aortic deafferentation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To test in a catechol-specific and dynamic manner for the existence of a powerful long-lasting inhibition arising from barosensitive afferents that depresses the activity of adrenergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), in vivo voltammetry was used before and after acute sino-aortic deafferentation. Rats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital or halothane and ventilated with a mixture of air and oxygen. Snares were inserted around the vagus, the glossopharyngeal and the superior laryngeal nerves. After placing the animal prone in the stereotaxic frame and stabilization at a high mean arterial pressure (MAP ≈ 120 mmHg), the snares were rapidly closed to produce complete barodeafferentation, assessed by loss of heart rate responses and changes in renal nerve sympathetic activity in response to vasoactive agents. Recording of a catechol signal was maintained in the RVLM during deafferentation. Under pentobarbital-induced anaesthesia (n = 5), deafferentation did not lead to a significant change in the catechol signal within the deafferented group. Under halothane-induced anaesthesia and phenylephrine-induced high baseline pressure (n = 5), no changes in the catechol signal were observed upon deafferentation (not significant vs sham animals: n = 5). This failure to demonstrate a major increase in catechol activity upon deafferentation does not fit with the hypothesis that a powerful tonic baroreflex-mediated inhibition depresses the activity of adrenergic RVLM barosensitive bulbospinal neurons, even when the baseline MAP is high. Rather, these data are compatible with weak or no inhibition of catechol activity by the baroreceptors and a nonessential role of adrenergic neurons within the baroreceptor reflex arc itself: the adrenergic neurons may not be in series within this arc but in parallel with the arc. This interpretation is in keeping with newer schemas of autonomic core circuitry that are devoid of adrenergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050442
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A single administration of d-amphetamine prior to stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning attenuates latent inhibition (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Latent inhibition ; Conditioned emotional response ; Amphetamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a single administration of d-amphetamine (0.32 mg/kg, SC) upon latent inhibition (LI) in a one-session pre-exposure and conditioning procedure was investigated in rats in a conditioned emotional response paradigm. It was found that amphetamine attenuated LI. The effects could not be attributed to differences in unconditioned suppression nor to differences in response rates between the experimental groups. These results support the observations of Dunn and suggest that the disruption of LI may not depend upon a complex interaction between changes in neuronal processes consequent upon repetitive amphetamine administration and the schedule with which the drug is administered during the experimental procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050213
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Additive deficits in the choice accuracy of rats in the delayed non-matching to position task after cholinolytics and serotonergic lesions are non-mnemonic in nature (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Working memory ; Motor activity ; Serotonergic ; Muscarinic ; Nicotinic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of serotonin (5-HT) and its interaction with the muscarinic or nicotinic receptor-mediated mechanisms in the modulation of working memory and motor activity was investigated by assessing the effects of 5-HT lesion and cholinergic receptor blockade on the performance of rats in a working memory (delayed non-matching to position, DNMTP) task. A global serotonergic lesion was induced by the intracerebroventricular adminstration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). Post-mortem neurochemical analysis revealed that serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were reduced in frontal and parieto-occipital cortices and in hippocampi of 5,7-DHT lesioned rats. 5-HIAA levels were also reduced in striatum. 5,7-DHT lesion slightly impaired choice accuracy of rats in the DNMTP task and also transiently reduced motor activity in rats. Even the lower dose of scopolamine (0.075 mg/kg), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, impaired the choice accuracy already at the shortest delay (i.e. not indicative of a working memory impairment per se), and caused a marked disruption of motor activity (lengthened response latencies, increased probability of omissions and decreased trials completed). Furthermore, the quaternary analogue, N-methylscopolamine (0.150 mg/kg), affected the motor activity of rats to the same extent as scopolamine. Mecamylamine (1.0; 3.0 mg/kg) also interfered with motor activity and it slightly decreased the choice accuracy, which was not dependent on the delay. Although mecamylamine disrupted the performance of rats in the DNMTP task, the disruption was not as severe as that seen with scopolamine. Moreover, both scopolamine and mecamylamine augmented the slight impairment on the choice accuracy of 5,7-DHT lesioned rats, but this was non-mnemonic in character. We conclude that there is no evidence for any major interaction between the serotonergic system and muscarinic or nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms in working memory per se, but muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists may act additively with the 5,7-DHT lesion to disrupt the choice accuracy of rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050244
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    (−)Alprenolol potentiates the disrupting effects of dizocilpine on sensorimotor function in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acoustic startle response ; Prepulse inhibition ; Schizophrenia ; Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The β-adrenoceptor antagonist as well as serotonin 5-HT1 receptor antagonist, (−)alprenolol, was found to potentiate the disrupting effect of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocilpine, on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) in the rat. The facilitating effect of dizocilpine on ASR amplitude was also potentiated by (−)alprenolol. (−)Alprenolol by itself did not affect either of these measures. These effects did not seem to be related to the unselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist property of (−)alprenolol, since combined pretreatment with the β1- and β2-adrenoceptor antagonists, metoprolol and ICI 118551, did not alter the effects of dizocilpine on startle behaviour. However, a serotonergic influence was suggested by the fact that a facilitating effect of dizocilpine on ASR amplitude was also obtained by pretreatment with the 5-HT precursor, L-5-HTP, in benserazide-pretreated rats. Furthermore, pretreatment with the 5-HT2 selective receptor antagonist, MDL 100907, significantly reduced the (−)alprenolol-induced potentiation of the effects of dizocilpine on startle behaviour, while the 5-HT3 selective receptor antagonist, ondansetron, failed to do that. Finally, the (−)alprenolol-induced potentiation of the effects of dizocilpine was significantly reduced by pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, and by the potential antipsychotic and selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, raclopride. This study suggests that altered 5-HT activity may influence the effects of psychotomimetic drugs such as dizocilpine on sensorimotor function, and this observation may have implications for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050346
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neonatal lesions of the rat ventral hippocampus result in hyperlocomotion and deficits in social behaviour in adulthood (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Hyperactivity ; Hippocampus ; Neonate ; Negative symptoms ; Positive symptoms ; Rat ; Schizophrenia ; Social behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neonatal ibotenic acid lesion of the ventral hippocampus in the rat is an animal model of several aspects of schizophrenia. This lesion produces a number of behavioural abnormalities, such as hyperlocomotion and deficits in prepulse inhibition of startle, that present themselves relatively late in development, i.e. after puberty. Some of these abnormalities, which are thought to model the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, can be normalized by chronic treatment with neuroleptics. In the present study, we examined the effects of the neonatal hippocampal lesion on social behaviour. Social withdrawal and isolation are key components of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia that have not been previously addressed in this model. Rats were lesioned on postnatal day 7 (PD7) and tested for social interaction on PD35 and PD65. They were then treated with clozapine (1.9 and 7.4 μmol/kg or 0.63 and 2.5 mg/kg) for 21 days and retested. The results show that although, as previously reported, spontaneous hyperlocomotion emerged in the lesioned rats only after puberty (PD65), social interaction deficits and behaviors that may reflect anxiety were present at both PD35 and PD65. Clozapine normalized locomotion, but did not ameliorate putative anxiety or social interaction deficits in the neonatally lesioned rats. Our results indicate that the neonatal hippocampal lesion in the rat models some aspects of both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The effects of clozapine appear inconsistent with its putative benefit for negative symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050349
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX on the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine and amphetamine (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 266-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words AMPA ; NBQX ; Behavioral sensitization ; Cocaine ; Amphetamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the effect of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), an antagonist of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptor, on the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and cocaine in rats. A single injection of NBQX (12.5 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to cocaine during the induction phase (days 1–5) prevented the development of cocaine sensitization, assessed by responsiveness to cocaine challenge on day 8. This NBQX regimen did not affect development of amphetamine sensitization. Two pretreatment injections of NBQX, one 20 min before and one 70 min after amphetamine on each day of the induction phase (days 1–6), did not affect sensitization of stereotypy but prevented sensitization of post-stereotypy ambulatory hyperactivity (both assessed by responsiveness to amphetamine challenge on day 8). The effect of NBQX on ambulatory sensitization was dose-dependent (attenuation with 12.5 mg/kg, complete prevention with 25 mg/kg). In contrast to its effects on development, NBQX (25 mg/kg) did not prevent expression of sensitization to cocaine or amphetamine. NBQX itself exerted no significant effects on locomotor activity in either drug-naive rats or rats that had received either NBQX or amphetamine repeatedly. These findings support a requirement for AMPA receptor stimulation in the development of locomotor sensitization to cocaine and amphetamine, but suggest a different mechanism for sensitization of amphetamine stereotypy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050449
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma-vinyl GABA attenuates cocaine-induced lowering of brain stimulation reward thresholds (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 133 (1997), S. 383-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) ; Dopamine ; Rat ; GABA transaminase inhibitor ; Vigabatrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG, also referred to as vigabatrin), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase (GABA-T), raises levels of GABA in nerve terminals, inhibits striatal dopamine release, and attenuates cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. In order to determine the action of GVG on dopamine-mediated reward, we examined its effects on the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation in male F-344 rats. GVG dose-dependently raised brain stimulation reward (BSR) thresholds at doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg without significant effects on motor performance as measured by response latencies. In order to determine if GVG had similar modulatory effects on cocaine-induced lowering of BSR thresholds, the effective doses of GVG were co-administered with 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg cocaine, doses that significantly lower BSR thresholds. The 400 mg/kg dose of GVG significantly blocked the lowering of thresholds seen at each dose of cocaine. Cocaine in combination with 200 or 300 mg/kg GVG, doses of GVG that significantly raise BSR thresholds, resulted in thresholds not significantly different from those obtained with cocaine alone. These data demonstrate that, at the doses tested, GVG is more effective at modulating basal reward thresholds than at modulating thresholds lowered by cocaine, implying that as dopaminergic activity increases, GABAergic activity must also increase in order to exert its inhibitory influence on dopaminergic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050418
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral sensitization and extracellular dopamine responses to amphetamine after various treatments (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral sensitization ; Dopamine ; Amphetamine ; Rat ; Microdialysis ; Caudate putamen ; Nucleus accumbens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The repeated administration of amphetamine (AMPH) results in a pattern of behavioral changes which includes an augmentation of some behaviors, generally referred to as behavioral sensitization. Some investigators have suggested that an increased dopamine (DA) response to AMPH challenge may underlie behavioral sensitization, while others have reported behavioral sensitization in the absence of an enhanced DA response. Because temporal and dosage parameters of the AMPH pretreatment regimen have been suggested to play a role in the appearance of an enhanced DA response, we utilized a variety of AMPH pretreatment regimens to assess the relationship between pretreatment dose of AMPH, duration of withdrawal and the DA response in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens to a subsequent AMPH challenge. Under our experimental conditions, behavioral sensitization was observed after each of these treatments in the absence of an enhanced DA response in either brain region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050445
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Animal model of depression Chronic mild stress ; Predictive validity ; Face validity Construct validity ; Reliability ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. In the CMS model, rats or mice are exposed sequentially, over a period of weeks, to a variety of mild stressors, and the measure most commonly used to track the effects is a decrease in consumption of a palatable sweet solution. The model has good predictive validity (behavioural changes are reversed by chronic treatment with a wide variety of antidepressants), face validity (almost all demonstrable symptoms of depression have been demonstrated), and construct validity (CMS causes a generalized decrease in responsiveness to rewards, comparable to anhedonia, the core symptom of the melancholic subtype of major depressive disorder). Overall, the CMS procedure appears to be at least as valid as any other animal model of depression. The procedure does, however, have two major drawbacks. One is the practical difficulty of carrying out CMS experiments, which are labour intensive, demanding of space, and of long duration. The other is that, while the procedure operates reliably in many laboratories, it can be difficult to establish, for reasons which remain unclear. However, once established, the CMS model can be used to study problems that are extremely difficult to address by other means.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050456
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rat model of monitoring liver allograft rejection (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; rat model ; Rat ; liver transplantation ; fine needle aspiration ; Fine needle aspiration ; liver ; rat ; Rejection ; liver ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rat models are often used to study liver allograft rejection. We have established a model for rat liver allograft rejection, monitored by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), in the strain combination PVG-to-BN with a mean survival time of 37 ± 20 days. In this model, we observed acute rejection with an intense peak of lymphoid blasts and lymphocyte-dominated inflammation in the FNAB [9.1 ± 3.0 corrected increment units (CIU)], and an eventual increase in macrophages (up to 4.2 ± 4.4 CIU), together with fibrosis and parenchymal necrosis in the graft. Markers of immune activation, such as an increase in IL-2-receptor (from 1 % ± 2 % to 21 % ± 13 %) and class II (from 20 % ± 9 % to 43 % ± 13 %) expressing lymphoid cells and induction of ICAM-1 in the graft, were consistent with the overall cellular response. The FNAB correlated well with parallel graft histology. In this rat model, the atraumatic monitoring makes a close follow-up possible without having to sacrifice the experimental animals. This saves work, animals, and costs in the study of liver rejection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050020
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The characterization of reconstituted passenger leukocytes on the induction of tolerance in rat liver transplantation (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 350-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; passenger leukocytes ; rat ; Passenger leukocytes ; liver transplantation ; rat ; Rat ; liver transplantation ; passenger leukocytes ; Tolerance ; liver transplantation ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tolerance induced by orthotopic liver transplantation [DA (RT1a) rats to PVG (RT1c) rats] can be prevented by total body irradiation of the donor rat. Reconstitution of the irradiated donor with DA splenic leukocytes reintroduces this tolerance. To investigate the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) specificity of passenger leukocytes, irradiated DA donors were reconstituted by third-party BN (RT1n) splenic leukocytes. The reconstitution with BN splenocytes re-established DA-specific tolerance in PVG recipients, as confirmed by subsequent DA cardiac allografting, while BN hearts were rejected with second-set tempo. To determine which cell components play an important role in re-establishing liver graft tolerance, DA splenic leukocytes were further purified into three types: T, B, and adherent cells. Only “T-cell-enriched” preparations restored liver graft tolerance in three out of five PVG recipients. These results suggest that passenger leukocytes of differing MHC types can help to induce liver-specific tolerance and that T cells in the liver graft may be essential to regulate tolerance induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050069
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated intestinal capacity and nutritional status following small bowel transplantation (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 386-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Intestinal transplantation ; function ; rat ; Small bowel function ; intestinal transplantation ; rat ; Rat ; small bowel function ; intestinal transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Successful small bowel transplantation requires normal functional capacity of the graft and unaltered metabolism of the host. Weight gain and wet weight of muscle groups and intra-abdominal fat pads were compared between transplanted, sham-operated, short bowel-operated, and normal rats that were fed either standard chow or fat-enriched (15 %) pellets. Weight gain and wet weight of muscle groups and fat pads for the control, transplanted, and sham-operated rats were identical, while short bowel animals showed reduced weight. Transplanted rats receiving fat-enriched food had lower wet weight of fat pads than control animals on the high-fat diet. We conclude that small bowel transplantation makes it possible to overcome the intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome, leading to overall normal weight gain and development of the recipient. However, altered fat metabolism, reflected in changed body composition, was observed in transplanted animals on the high-fat diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050075
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevention of graft rejection and graft-versus-host reaction by a novel immunosuppressant, FTY 720, in rat small bowel transplantation (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Immunosuppression ; FTY 720 ; rat ; small bowel transplantation ; FTY 720 ; immunosuppression ; rat ; small bowel transplantation ; Rat ; small bowel transplantation ; FTY 720 ; Small bowel transplantation ; rat ; FTY 720
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study, we examined the immunosuppressive effect of a new drug, FTY 720, on small bowel transplantation (SBT) in rats. Grafts from (LEW × BN) F 1-to-LEW rats treated with FTY 720 at 0.5 mg/kg from day 0 to 14 post-SBT survived significantly longer than untreated grafts. In addition, the administration of FTY 720 combined with cyclosporin (CyA; 5 mg/kg per day) had a synergistic effect on allograft survival. The graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) that occurred in the LEW-to-F 1 rats was markedly reduced after the administration of FTY 720. FTY 720 combined with a low dose of CyA completely abrogated GVHR without any adverse reaction. FTY 720 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the spleen, but the number of peripheral neutrophils was unchanged. Thus, FTY 720 would appear to be an ideal drug to combine with CyA in order to control the immune reaction after SBT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050068
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    Oxytocin innervation of spinal preganglionic neurons projecting to the superior cervical ganglion in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 481-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Oxytocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Spinal cord ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Retrograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a major integrative nucleus for relaying information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the autonomic system. The precise pathway by which this information can influence autonomic functions, such as melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland, is not clear. In the present study, we used a retrograde tracer injected in the superior cervical ganglion to identify spinal preganglionic neurons. One of the main neurotransmitters present in descending projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, oxytocin, was detected with immunocytochemistry to visualise possible contacts with the neurons located in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and projecting to the superior cervical ganglion. Although many appositions could be seen at the light-microscopic level, this abundance could not be confirmed at the electron-microscopic level. The implications of these observations for the overall timing message received by the spinal preganglionic neurons are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050772
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    HSP72 induction of systemic organs of rats after severe burn injury (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plastic surgery 20 (1997), S. 136-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0130
    Keywords: Burn injury ; Stress protein ; HSP72 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the stress response of systemic organs to severe burn injury, the induction of 72-kD heat shock protein (HSP72) in various organs (brain, hypophysis, lung, heart, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, and skeletal muscle) was investigated in rats with severe burns. A full-thickness burn was induced on the rats' skin by immersing the rats in hot water (90° C) for 3 s. At 0, 24, and 48 h after the burn injury, the HSP72 expression of various organs was examined using the Western blot analysis. At 24 h after the burn injury, the level of HSP72 had increased in the hypophysis, lung, heart, and kidney. In all organs examined, the expression of HSP72 had increased at 48 h after the burn injury. The level of HSP72 was highest in the hypophysis (3.3-fold compared to the control), and lowest in the brain and adrenal gland (1.7-fold of the control) at 48 h after the burn injury. These results confirm that severe burn injury causes a stress response in systemic organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01002047
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    Specific [3H] Glutamate Binding in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus of Rats During Development: Effect of Homocysteine-Induced Seizures (1997)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 22 (1997), S. 637-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Rat ; early development ; cerebral cortex ; hippocampus ; homocysteine seizures ; glutamate binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Specific [3H]glutamate binding to synaptic membranes from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of 7-, 12- and 18-day-old rats was examined, both in control animals and during seizures induced by homocysteine. In the cerebral cortex a transient peak of glutamate binding was observed in 7-day-old group, whereas in the hippocampus it occurred in 12-day-old animals. Total specific [3H]glutamate binding was not influenced by preceding seizure activity in either of the age groups and both the studied regions. NMDA- and QA-sensitive glutamate bindings represent the highest portion of the total binding. Moreover, NMDA-sensitive binding in the cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats is significantly higher as compared to the two more mature groups. The proportion of individual receptor subtypes on total binding in each age group was not influenced by preceding seizure activity. However, NMDA-sensitive binding in the hippocampus of 12-day-old rats, sacrificed during homocysteine-induced seizures, was significantly increased as compared to corresponding controls. In contrast to the effect of NMDA, AMPA, kainate and quisqualate which displaced to a different extent [3H]glutamate binding, homocysteine had no effect when added to membrane preparations. Similarly, [3H]CPP and [3H]AMPA bindings were not affected in the presence of homocysteine. It thus seems unlikely that homocysteine is an effective agonist for conventional ionotropic glutamate receptors. Its potential activity at some of the modulatory sites at the NMDA receptor channel complex or at metabotropic receptors has to be clarified in further experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022434406400
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    Verhalten postoperativer Adhäsionen nach intraperitonealer Applikation von Fibrinolytika in einem Rattenmodell (1997)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 382 (1997), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Fibrin ; Fibrinolysis ; Peritoneum ; Adhesions ; Rat ; Schlüsselwörter Fibrin ; Fibrinolyse ; Peritoneum ; Adhäsionen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Rattenmodell wurde die Beeinflussung der Adhäsionsentstehung nach Laparotomien durch intraperitoneale Applikation verschiedener Fibrinolytika untersucht. Streptokinase und TPA verminderten die sero-serosale Haftung signifikant, nicht aber Urokinase. Die intravasale Gerinnung blieb unbeeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract In a rat model, the effect of the intraperitoneal application of fibrinolytic agents on the development of adhesions was examined. Streptokinase and TPA reduced sero-serosal adhesions significantly, whereas urokinase did not reduce them. Intravascural coagulation was not affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008008
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    Rate-dependent prolongation of action potential duration in isolated rat ventricular myocytes (1997)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 92 (1997), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Rat ; ventricular myocyte ; action potential duration ; transient outward current ; 4-aminopyridine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rate-dependent alterations of action potential duration (APD) in rat ventricular myocytes were investigated. Action potentials of the isolated myocytes were recorded with patch electrodes containing EGTA (11 mM), and showed a marked rate-dependent prolongation in the APD (0.2–5 Hz). This prolongation was significantly inhibited in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a blocker of the transient outward K+ current (Ito). Thus, the rate-dependent decrease in Ito may underlie the change in APD. In contrast, the action potentials recorded from rat ventricular papillary muscles with conventional microelectrodes did not show rate-dependent alterations in the APD, i.e., the APD remained practically unaltered at the frequency range of 0.2–5 Hz. These results suggest that the rate-dependent prolongation of APD (due to rate-dependent blockade of Ito) becomes evident when the intracellular Ca2+ was chelated by the internal application of EGTA via patch pipette. We speculate that the rate-dependent prolongation of APD (via decreases in Ito) is masked in the ventricular papillary muscles, probably due to rate-dependent decreases in the inward current (e.g., electrogenic Na+−Ca2+ exchange current) that is regulated by the intracellular calcium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00788629
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    Ca transport during contraction and relaxation in mammalian ventricular muscle (1997)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 92 (1997), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Rat ; rabbit ; ferret ; shortening ; fluorescence ; cardiac myocyte ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; cardiac hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During relaxation of cardiac muscle four Ca transport systems can compete to remove Ca from the myoplasm. These are 1) the SR Ca-ATPase, 2) the sarcolemmal Na/Ca exchange, 3) the sarcolemmal Ca-ATPase, and 4) the mitochondrial Ca uniporter. Isolated ventricular myocytes loaded with the intracellular fluorescent Ca indicator indo-1 were used to study [Ca]i decline during relaxation. By selective inhibition of the various Ca transporters above the dynamic interaction of these systems during relaxation was evaluated. Quantitatively the SR Ca-ATPase and Na/Ca exchange are clearly the most important (accounting for 〉95% of Ca removal). However, the balance of Ca fluxes between these systems vary in a species dependent manner. For example, the SR is much more strongly dominant in rat ventricular myocytes, where ∼92% of Ca removal is via SR Ca-ATPase and only 7% via Na/Ca exchange during a twitch. In other species (rabbit, ferret, cat, and guinea-pig) the balance is more in the range of 70–75% SR Ca-ATPase and 25–30% Na/Ca exchange. Ferret ventricular myocytes also exhibit a unusually strong sarcolemmal Ca-ATPase. During the normal steady state cardiac contraction-relaxation cycle the same amount of Ca must leave the cell as enters over a cardiac cycle. This implies that 25–30% of the Ca required to activate contraction must enter the cell at each cardiac cycle. Experiments using voltage clamp to measure both Ca current and Na/Ca exchange current demonstrate that this amount of Ca may be supplied by the L-type Ca current. The ability of the SR Ca-ATPase to reduce [Ca]i may also be modified both acutely (e.g. by catecholamines) as well as chronically (e.g. during cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure). Using tissue cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, we studied the effect of chronic arrest or stimulation with phorbol esters (to stimulate protein kinase C). Verapamil-induced arrest increased the SR Ca-ATPase at the level of mRNA, protein expression and functional ability to lower [Ca]i in intact cells. Conversely, stimulation or protein kinase C reduced SR Ca-ATPase at all three of these levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00794062
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    An animal model for external otitis (1997)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: External auditory canal ; External otitis ; Pathogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract External otitis was produced in 12 Sprague-Dawley rats by mechanical stimulation through a plastic micropipette inserted into the right external auditory canal (EAC). The EAC was later evaluated regarding the color of the skin, swelling and the presence of fluid. Within 1 day all rats developed an external otitis that was characterized by a red, swollen ear canal containing an opalescent fluid. The tympanic membrane and middle ear cavity appeared to be normal. No healed EACs were seen within the initial 10 days of follow-up and 4 of 6 rats still exhibited external otitis at day 21. Light microscopy of biopsy specimens revealed pronounced edema of the dermis of the ear canal. Mast cells were more numerous in the early phase of the otitis present, although very few inflammatory cells were found in tissues despite the marked inflammatory reaction produced. Findings show that this animal model for external otitis can be used to investigate pathogenesis as well as to test various treatment strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471273
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    Dose-dependent protective effect of BPC 157 on capsaicin-induced rhinitis in rats (1997)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. S9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Capsaicin ; Rhinitis ; BPC 157 ; Mastocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protection of BPC 157 on capsaicin-induced rhinitis was studied in Wistar rats for its effect on mastocyte infiltration, degranulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Animals were pretreated with 10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg or 2 ml saline i.p. and capsaicin (0.05 ml/nostril of 1750 nmol/l sol.) was applied intranasally. They were then euthanized at 1, 3 and 12 h after capsaicin provocation. Nasal mucosa was analyzed and scored for mastocyte infiltration, degranulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. BPC 157 pretreatment significantly prevented mastocyte infiltration at 1 h. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with 10 μg/kg BPC 157. A dose-dependent effect of BPC 157 pretreatment was demonstrated only for polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration at 12 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439711
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    Inhibition of the development of myringosclerosis by local administration of fenspiride, an anti-inflammatory drug (1997)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 425-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Tympanic membrane ; Myringotomy ; Myringosclerosis ; Fenspiride ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have revealed a relationship between the development of myringosclerosis and oxygen-derived free radicals. The latter can be blocked by the anti-inflammatory drug fenspiride. The present study was undertaken to test the ability of fenspiride to prevent myringosclerosis from developing during healing of the tympanic membrane. Myringotomized rats were treated with either topical applications or intraperitoneal injections of fenspiride for 12 days, after which the tympanic membranes were examined by otomicroscopy and studied histologically by light microscopy. Topically applied fenspiride was found to inhibit the development of sclerotic lesions, whereas intraperitoneal injections were ineffective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439973
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    Effect of focal cerebral ischemia on nitric oxide synthase expression in rats (1997)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 30 (1997), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Cerebral ischemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Time- and cell-type-dependent immunohistochemical activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was investigated in rat cerebral cortex following focal ischemia and the local concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was measured. NO concentration increased 2 min after the ischemia. Brain NOS-immunoreactive neurons increased in number 5 min after the ischemia. Endothelial cell NOS immunoreactivity was first detected in vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes 5 min after the ischemia, and it increased again during 60 min to 4 days after the ischemia in reactive astrocytes. Inducible NOS immunoreactivity was detected in astrocytes, vascular endothelium, and microglia/macrophages at the periphery of the ischemic core during 2–4 days after the ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545082
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    Ultrastructural localization of calcium in rat retina with oxalate pyroantimonate and energy-dispersive X-ray detector (1997)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 30 (1997), S. 76-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Retina ; Rat ; Oxalate ; Potassium pyroantimonate ; X-ray analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular calcium plays an important role in the intracellular signal transduction as one of the second messengers. In this study, we examined the ultrastructural distribution of calcium in rat retina, using the oxalate pyroantimonate technique and X-ray microanalysis. Large amounts of precipitates were observed inside the disc of outer segments of photoreceptor cells (OS) and the synaptic vesicles of the inner (IPL) and outer plexiform layer (OPL). Precipitates also were observed in the ribosome-rich regions in the cytoplasm and the euchromatinic part in the cell nuclei of the ganglion, amacrine, and bipolar and horizontal cells. However, few precipitates were found in the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). X-ray microanalysis with an energydispersive X-ray detector revealed that these precipitates had a peak of antimony and calcium. Therefore, it was suggested that these precipitates were Ca[Sb(OH)6]2, the reaction products of the oxalate-pyroantimonate technique. Our findings showed that calcium precipitates are abundant in retinal regions that are related to visual transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545085
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    Thermoxidized Palm Oil Induces reproductive Toxicity in Healthy and Malnourished Rats (1997)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 51 (1997), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Thermoxidized palm oil ; Rat ; Kwashiorkor ; Fertility ; Fetotoxicity ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Repeatedly thermoxidized palm oil (TPO), simulating local culinary practice, was fed for eight weeks at 15% of a balanced basal diet to two sets of male and female weanling albino rats of Wistar strain. The first set of animals were normal and healthy while the second set were kwashiorkoric. Primary controls (PC) of all rats were fed a balanced basal diet of commercial rat pellets while secondary controls (SC) were fed the balanced basal diet supplemented with 15% untreated palm oil. The findings indicate that fertility, as expressed by the pregnancy rate of healthy test rats, was 78% when compared with 80% in PC (p 〈 0.05). Fetotoxicity was additionally observed in that neonatal birth weights and litter size in test rats (4.92 g and 6.70, respectively) were inferior (p 〈 0.05) to both SC and PC (4.96 g and 8.40; 5.38 g and 9.25, respectively). Protein energy malnutrition worsened the observed TPO-induced reproductive toxicities in that reproductive capacities of the rehabilitated animals were inferior to that of the healthy animals. Pregnancy rates in test animals were reduced by as much as 55% (p 〈 0.01) while fetotoxicities were also more pronounced (p 〈 0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007985529125
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    Determination of polar analytes in aqueous matrices by purge and trap (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Purge and Trap ; Flavors ; Wine ; Polar analytes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (not readable) fully autimated purge and trap system has been developed for (not readable) detemination of volatile wine components. The proposed system consists of sampler, a purge and trap instrument, and a GC, (not readable) steps, from the uptake of the infiltrated wine from the sampler (not readable) to the printout of the intergrated chromatograms, proceed(not readable), Typical problems occurring when analyzing polar analytes by the classical purse and trap approach have been specifically addressed. The system has been desiggned to handle such difficult (not readable) analytes. Efforts have been made to improve the reproducibility and the carry-over of these analytes. The measures adopted include: thorough rinsing and subsequent conditioning of the P + T parger; elimination of matrix effects by dilution and high salt (not readable); tight specification of purge relevant parameters; split-inter-(not readable) to improve GC retention time reproducibility.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200103
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    Modified capillary GC/MS system enabling dynamic headspace sampling with on-line cryofocusing and cold on-column injection of liquid samples (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 24-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Headspace sampling ; On-column injection ; No column replacing ; Reversed carrier gas flow ; Honey aroma compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The paper describes a capillary GC/MS hardware arrangement allowong either:(a)on-line injection of sample of gases and vapors coming from dynamic headspace or purg & trap samplers and their subsequent cryofocusing/thermal desorption prior to the analytical capillary column (first column):(b)direct injection of liquid samples through a cold on-column injector into a second analytical column (counted in series with the first).Chromatographic profiles of acacia honey aromas provide condirmation of the suitability of this system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200105
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    Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of algal toxins (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, MECC ; Algal toxins ; Microcystin LR, YR, RR ; Nodularin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent methods employed for the analysis of algal toxins have focused on high performance liquid chromatography. However these methods suffer from poor resolution, poor efficiency, and long analysis times. This study involves the investigation of a number of toxins including nodularin, microcystin LR, YR, and RR which are cyclic peptides produced by strains of blue-green algae. The electroseparation mode was micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) using a borate buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the surgactant of choice. The method was optimized with standard toxin compounds and employed for the screening opf toxins in supercritical fluid extracts (SFE) of freeze-thawed algal scum samples.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200107
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    Comparison of on-column and splitless injection in capillary gas chromatography coupled with atomic emission detection (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Atomic emission detection ; On-column injection ; Splitless injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200110
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    New stationary phases of conjugated π-electron systems for HPLC - characterization of structure and dynamics by solid state NMR spectroscopy (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solud-state NMR spectroscopy ; 1H MAS-only technique ; New stationary phases ; π-π interactions ; Separation of PAH's ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four new stationary phases for HPLC were prepared by modifying silica gel with a trifrnctional aminoalkyl silane. A conjugated π-electron system was linked to the amino group either directly or with a carboxylic anhydride as a spacer in between. Characterization and dynamic measurements of the new stationary phases were performed by solid state NMR spectroscopy. The results of the 29si and 13C CP/MAS techniques were compared with the recently developed 1H MAS-only technique. Despite strong homonuclear dipole-dipole interactions it was possible to obtain well resolved 1H MAS spectra of those stationaru phases with a high degree of crosslinking. Limited mobility of the aromatic ligand fragments is common for all examined stationaryu phases.The chromatographic properties of the new phases were tested by their ability tio sepatate a mixture of eight PAHS. It could be shown that the π-π interaction mechanism is responsible for the separation of the eight PAHs, because the elution order of the PAHs did not changem despite the use of both a nonpolar mobile phase (n-heptane) and a polar mobile phase (methanol/ water mixture).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200108
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200201
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    Determination of artemisinin and artemisinic acid by capillary and packed supercritical fluid chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 62-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Artemisinin ; Artemisinic acid ; Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography ; Packed supercritical fluid chromatography ; Evaporative light scattering detector ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Artemisinin (an antimalarial compound) and its bioprecursor artemisinic acid, present in the plant Atemisia annua L., were analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFS) using capillary and packed columns, coupled respectively with a flame ionization detector (FID) and an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Both methods were optimized and validated with columns of different polarity in order to separate artemisinin and artemisinic acid. Analytical results were comparable, but the paced SFC-ELSD method was faster. Indeed, artemisinin and artemisinic acid were separated with an aminopropyl silica column in less than 8 minutes instead of about 25 minutes by capillary SFS. Contrary to conventional gas and liquid chromatography coupled to an UV-visible detector, SFS methods determined both compounds directly, without degradation and/or derivatization in the concentration range expected in the plant material. Results obtained on plant extracts by capillary SFS-FID and packed SFS-ELSD were confirmed by GC-MS.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200203
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  • 136
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    Rapid analysis of unsaturated acidic xylooligosaccharides from kraft pulps using capillary zone electrophoresis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 72-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis ; Alkaline borate buffer ; UV detection ; Unsaturated acidic xylooligosaccharides ; Alditol derivatives ; 4-Deoxy-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid ; Hexenuronic acid ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several acidic xylooligosaccharides containing unsaturated “hexenuronic acid” units, i.e. 4-deoxy-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosy-lurinic acid (4-ΔU) units, were separated as their alditol derivatives by capillary zone electrophoriesis in 438 mM borate buffer (pH 10.3) and were detected selectively at the μM level on-column UV detection at 232 nm. These acidic oligosaccharides were obtained from birch and pine kraft pulps on enzymatic hydrolysis with endoxylanases and subsequent treatment with other Trichoderma reesei enzymes. Under the conditions empolyed, acidic 4-ΔU-containing xylooligosaccharides with a molecular size renging from trisaccharides up to nonasaccharides could be separated. Oligosaccharides with higher molecular mass were detected first. Two 4-ΔU-xylotetraose isomers, with the 4-ΔU-group linked to different xylose units in the iligosaccharide backbone, could be resolved from each other with a resolution of about 1. By using a disaccharide (4-ΔU α-(1 → 4) linked to N-acetyl glucosamine) as a model compound the minimum detectable concentration was determined as 10 μM.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200205
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  • 137
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    Characterization and monitoring of amitraz degradation products in honey (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED) ; Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) ; Amitraz residues ; Hoeny ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary gas chromatography in combination with atomic emission and electron impact-chemical ionizaion mass spectrometry detectors have been used to detect amitraz degradation products in honey storage, characterize their structure, and evaluate their occurrence over a 100 day peroid. To this end, honey samples were extracted with an 8:2 v/v n-hexane/acetone mixture. Amitraz was found to be rapidly decomposed into five related compounds, of which N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)formamide was the most abundant and persistent.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200207
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  • 138
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    Whey proteins eluted reversed phase gradients (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LSS model ; Whey proteins ; RP-HPLC of proteins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The behavior of bovine whey proteins in Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) systems has been investigated. The Linear Solvent Strength (LSS) model has been applied to the separation of these proteins studying how their retention time and band broadening change when different gradient parameters are modified. From our results it is deduced that the LSS model describes the behaviour of the whey proteins in RP-HPLC. Also, it seems that ts (the retention time for non-retained solutes) depends on the size of these proteins. The good fit observed between experimental data and the equations deduced from the LSS model allows the prediction of a gradient shape that permits a rapid analysis of the above mentioned proteins.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200106
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  • 139
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    Gas chromatographic separation of chiral organochlorines on modified cyclodextrin phases and results of marine biota samples (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Modified cyclodextrin phases ; Chiral organochlorines ; Biological samples ; Enantiomeric ratios ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four chiral stationary phases containing modified cyclodextrines diluted in or chemically bonded to a non-chiral phase were used to resolve chiral organochlorine compounds such as α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), perdeuterated α-HCH (α-PDHCH), β-and γ-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCCH), oxychlordane, cis-and trans-chlor- dane, cis- and trans-heptachlorepoxide, PCB 95, PCB 132, PCB 149, and Chiral tozaphenes.The elution order was determined by analyzing standards with known enantiomeric excesses.Furthermore, an internal standard was used to even out slight variations in the ratio of peak hights of enantiomers which were determined from injection to injection.None of the chiral stationary phases resolved all chiral organochlorine compounds. However, the β-TBDM(35% heptakis (6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin in OV 1701) column allowed the separation of all compounds under investigation except for PCB 95 and chiral toxaphenes.Emphasis was placed on the separation of as many as possible enantiomers on a chiral phase by application of one temperature program and with respect to unambiguous quantitation of biological samples such as bludder and liver of marine and terrestrial mammals.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200208
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  • 140
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    Troubleshooting in the separation sciences (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 122-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200214
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  • 141
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    Chromatography calendar (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 123-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200215
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  • 142
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    Characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures using on-line coupling of size-exclusion chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography to high-resolution gas chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Size-exclusion Chromatography ; Normal-phase liquid chromatography ; Gas Chromatography Coupled LC-LC ; Coupled LC-GC ; Cleanup and analysis ; Group-type separations ; Automation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An on-line coupling of size-exclusion Chromatography (SEC), normal-phase liquid Chromatography (NPLC), and gas Chromatography (GC) for the characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures is described. The hyphenated system separates according to size, polarity, and boiling point. The use of size exclusion as the first separation step allows for the direct injection of complex (“dirty”) samples withont prior clean-up. SEC-NPLC coupling was realized using an on-line solvent evaporator based on fully concurrent solvent evaporation (FCSE) using a modified loop-type interface, vapor exit and co-solvent trapping. Complete reconcentration of the analytes was realized by the introduction of a cryogenic cold trap. For the subsequent hydrocarbon group-type separation an ammo-silica column with n-heptane as eluent was used. The NPLC-GC coupling was based on an on-column interface using partially concurrent solvent evaporation (PCSE) and an early vapor exit. Initial results obtained on the analysis of a residue from the atmospheric crude-oil distillation (a so-called long residue) are presented as an example of the enormous separation power of the SEC-NPLC-GC system. The application of the system for quantitative analysis has not yet been studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200302
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  • 143
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    The characterization and quantitation of sulfur-containing compounds in (heavy) middle distillates by LC-GC-FID-SCD (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LC-GC hyphenation ; Sulfur chemlluminescence detector ; Organo-sulfur compounds ; Hydrodesulfurizalion ; Middle distillates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modified sulfur chemiluniinescence detector (SCO) has been interfaced to a HPLC-HRGC hyphenated system. This combination enables the full characterization and quantitation of the sulfur containing compounds in (heavy) middle distillate oil fractions (boiling range 150-450°C). The system is suited to identify and determine the various groups of orgaiio-sulfur structures such as: thiols + sulfides + thiophencs, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes and benzo-naphthothiophenes. Within these groups a separation according to boiling point is accomplished. Therefore it allows the separation, identification and quantitation of a number of individual species, especially those which are refractory to hydrodesulfu-rization (HDS), such as 3-methyl-benzothiophene, 4-methyl-dibenzothiophene and -J,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene. The analysis of these groups and specific compounds is the key in understanding the kinetics of the chemistry involved in HDS. The complete instrumental set-up is fully automated by computer control. To suppress possible interferences and quenching of the sulfur response of the SCL from (large amounts of) hydrocarbons, it is aligned above the adapted flame ionization detector (FID) of the GC. This renders a sensitivity of the SCO for sulfur of 2 pg. s-1, which corresponds to a minimum detectable level for individual sulfur species in oil fractions for the complete system of 1 ppm (mg. kg-1) sulfur. Its linear dynamic range exceeds 105, which means that also untreated, high sulfur containing feedstocks can be analyzed directly. The selectivity of sulfur to carbon of the modified SCO exceeds 106. A number of HDS feedstocks and desulfurized products of different desulfurization levels have been analyzed with the system. From the analysis results the behavior of the refractory compounds in HDS can now be followed closely.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200303
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  • 144
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    Standard equivalent chain length values of monoenic and polyenic (methylene interrupted) fatty acids (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 143-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High resolution gas chromatography ; Column reproducibility ; Equivalent chain length values ; Fatty acid methyl ester analysis ; Capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The equivalent chain length (ECL) values of the methyl esters of 83 defined fatty acids (FAs) have been determined by gas chromatog-raphy (GC) on three fused silica DB-WAX and three DB-1 columns. ECL values of further 46 FAs were calculated by different methods. Conditions of chromatography, methods of ECL values calculation and differences between ECL values on individual columns and between trans- and cis-isomers of corresponding FAs are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200305
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  • 145
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    Isolation and determination of toxic congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental samples (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; HPLC ; Non-ortho ; mono-ortho ; di-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ; 2-(1-Pyrenyl)ethyldimethylsilylated silica column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Method has been developed for the separation and enrichemen of there non-ortho, eight mono-ortho, and di-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from Aroclor formulations and environmental samples. The fractionation is accomplished using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a 2-(1-pyrenyl)ethyldimethylsilysily silca column. GC-MSD with an optimized temperature program was used for quantitation, Hexane, pentane, cyclohexane, iso-octane, and 2-propanol were tested as a mobile phase for the isolation of the thirteen target PCBs in a Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260 (1:1:1) misture, Pentane at room temperature with a slow rate of 0.7 ml/min is the condition of choice. The average recovery of thirteen target PCBs spiked in the Aroclor mixture is 99.5% with an average relative standard deviation of 4.5%. The average method detection limit is 8pg/μl. Targer PCBs in the reference solis, incinarator ash, and sediment samples were measured.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200102
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  • 146
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    Retention tuning in the enantioseparation of naproxen esters and free acid (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 179-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantiomers ; Chiral stationary phase ; Whelk-O ; Coelution ; Peak overlap ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200311
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  • 147
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    Simple thermal desorption unit for analysis of volatile organic substances in air samples by GC-MS (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 181-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HRGC-MS analysis ; Volatile organic compounds ; Thermal desorption ; Air pollution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200312
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  • 148
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    Application of capillary gas chromatography to the determination of ethylene glycol migration from PET bottles in Brazil (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 183-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Ethylene glycol ; Migration ; Foods or food simulants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200313
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  • 149
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    Chromatography calendar (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 187-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200315
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  • 150
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    Maximum transfer condition for spitless injection (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Splitless injection ; Vaporizing conditions ; Experimental design ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Splitless injection conditions were optimized by the use of experimental designs (2-level factorial and central composite designs). Modified parameters were: Type of liner, injection volume, solvent, temperature, splitless time. A prolonged splitless time, considered to be an important parameter, proved to be statistically insignificant. This leads to the conclusion that analytes can penetrate the dead volume between column entrance and split valve. To prevent any penetration of solvents, a small reversed split flow was introduced. It could be shown that this auxiliary flow allows an almost complete transfer of solvents. To further speed up the transfer process, a liner modification was proposed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200403
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  • 151
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    Methodological aspects of headspace SPME: Application of the retention index system (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Headspace solid phase microextraction ; Retention index ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The applicability of the retention index system to hcadspacc solid phase microextraxtion (HS-SPME) was investigated. In headspace SPME, the two equilibria gas phase/matrix and fiber coating/gas phase have to he considered. In this paper the equilibrium fiber coating/gas phase is discussed separately to characterize it more detailed and to investigate several methodical aspects. Therefore, the different distribution constants Kfiber/gas of n-alkanes, which were used for reference compounds, were related to their Kováts retention indices. The validity of the derived linear relationship log Kfiber/gas versus retention index I is demonstrated for various examples. This relation is helpful for the assessment of distribution constants of substances not available and for the choice of a suitable fiber coating. Furthermore, quantification of analytes in the gas phase can be done without authentic substances.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200407
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  • 152
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    Determination of organochlorine compounds in fatty matrices: Application of normal-phase LC clean-up coupled on-line to GC/ECD (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LC-GC ; Partially concurrent solvent evaporation ; Organochlorines ; PCBs ; Fatty matrices ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Off-line normal-phase LC has been used for the clean-up of compounds in our laboratory for several years. On-line coupling of this LC system, which typically yields 12 ml fractions, is not possible due to its large fraction volume. The maximum transfer volume in on-line LC-GC/ECD is approx. 300 μl. Therefore down-scaling of the LC system was attempted in order to reach these low fraction volumes. Miniaturization resulted in a 240 μ1 LC fraction containing the analytes of interest, which is transferred to GC/ECD via an on-column interface. Sensitivity requires that a minimum amount equivalent to 1-2 mg of sample should reach the GC detector; the selectivity is determined by the separation between the matrix and the last eluting target analyte.For the analysis of fatty samples, limitations were observed in the separation of dieldrin from triglycerides. Other organochlorine compounds, e.g. polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), the DDT group, HCB and the HCHs can be analyzed with RSDs of 2-4 % (n = 10) at concentration levels of sub-μ/kg in milk fat using a 3 μm Hypersil silica 50 × 1.0 mm i.d. LC column.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200408
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  • 153
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    Supercritical fluid extraction of oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tormentosa (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of oxindole alkaloids ; HPLC/MS of oxindole alkaloids ; Supercritical fluid extraction ; Oxindole alkaloids ; Uncaria Tormentosa ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Supercritical fluid extraction of oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria Tormentosa is described. The extraction was performed with supercritical carbon dioxide alone and with supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 10% metanol, and the extracts were analyzed by GC/MS and HPLC/MS.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200410
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  • 154
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    Ion chromatographic determination of salicylate in human serum with a bulk acoustic wave sensor as detector (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ion chromatography ; Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) detection ; Salicylate ; Human serum ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Salicylate is a hydrolysis product of salicylate-containing drugs (such as aspirin) in patients' blood. Monitoring of this ion in blood is helpful for diagnosing of overdosage of these drugs. The present paper describes an ion chromatography (IC) method developed for determination of total salicylate in human serum, in which a hulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensor was used as detector; 0.5 mmoI/L sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, pH 8.5) served as mobile phase. Interference in the determination was negligible. The method is simple, rapid, accurate, and precise. Serum salicylate was analyzed using both the proposed IC-BAW method and the classical Trinder spec-trophotometric method, and the results showed that the two method agreed well.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200409
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  • 155
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    Unusual Δ5cis-fatty acids in seed oils of Cimicifuga species (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Cimicifuga seed oil ; Δ5-cis fatty acids ; Capillary gas chromatography ; Phylogenetic evolution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A range of unusual fatty acids with cis-5-unsaturation had been reported in the seed oil of Caltha palustris. Seed oils of Cimicifuga spp. have now been found to contain the same unusual fatty acids as are present in Caltha, plus several other minor fatty acids to give a more complex and more unsaturated seed oil fatty acid pattern.The gas chromatographic fatty acid patterns found seem to be consistent and chemotaxonomically significant, because essentially the same pattern was found in several species of the genus Cimicifuga. These findings may shed a new light on the relation of Cimicifuga to Caltha, and to other genera in the plant family Ranunculaceae.The situation is illustrated by capillary GLC seed oil fatty acid methyl ester “fingerprints” obtained from Cimicifuga and Caltha, and is discussed in relation to other genera. The occurrence in nature of several of these unusual fatty acids, and their chemotax-onomic significance is discussed. The close relation of GLC fatty acid patterns of Caltha and Cimicifuga could indicate monophyly and/or their belonging to the same tribe or subtribe. These observations are not in accordance with the phylogenetic systematic schemes of the genera in this plant family as published by various authors.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200411
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  • 156
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    Simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, and pyridoxine in enriched Brazilian foods by HPLC (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Enriched foods ; Simultaneous determination ; Vitamin analyses ; B-group vitamins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The control of the enrichment levels in foods is difficult, due mainly to the lack of appropriate analytical methodologies. The amounts of the five B-group vitamins (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, ribofla-vin, thiamin, and pyridoxine) have been determined in enriched Brazilian foods by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Fifty products, such as biscuits, liquid and dry milks, flavored milk drinks, flour, macaroni, and cereals were analyzed. Some products showed the amounts declared on the package. Although some slight quantitative variations were shown in the biscuits, one showed levels of riboflavin 35% lower than the value declared. Of five different corn cereal brands, only one showed the declared vitamin content, the others showing levels 30 % lower than that declared. No B-group vitamins were detected in one brand of enriched macaroni, except for the nicotinic acid naturally present in the flour. On the other hand, one flavored milk drink exhibited vitamins levels 200% higher than the amounts declared and one milk drink mix presented thiamin, riboflavin, and nicotinamide levels 3 to 5 times greater than stated. These results suggest an absence of control of the amount of vitamins in enriched foods.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200413
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  • 157
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    Enantiomeric composition of the chiral constituents of essential oils - part 3: Diterpene hydrocarbons (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective GC ; Diterpene Hydrocarbons ; Cyclodextrin derivatives ; Essential oils ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantiomeric diterpene hydrocarbons were isolated from different plants and identified by mass spectrometric and NMR investigations. All enantiomeric pairs could be resolved by capillary gas chromatography using either heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pen-tyl)-β-cyclodextrin or heptakis(6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phases.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200503
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  • 158
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    Determination of inosine 5′-monophosphate and guanosine 5′-monophosphate in pig feed by capillary zone electrophoresis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 242-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis ; Feed flavor enhancer ; Quantitation ; Inosine 5′-monophosphate ; Guanosine 5′-monophosphate ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A capillary zone clectrophoresis method was developed for the determination of IMP and GIMP, commonly used as flavor enhancers in poultry feed, in a real sample of complex composition. A baseline separation of inosine 5′-monophosphate and guanosine 5′-monophosphate was achieved within 10 min and the other components in the sample did not interfere with the separation. Quantitative results obtained from pig feed samples are presented. The separation conditions and experimental reproducibility are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200412
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  • 159
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    Differentiation of strawberry varieties through purge-and-trap HRGC-MS, HRGC-FTIR and principal component analysis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Purge-and-Trap ; GC-FTIR GC-MS ; Aroma Strawberries ; Fragaria anannassa ; Principal components ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aroma composition of three different Fragaria anannassa cul-tivars Selva, Chandler, and Osso Grande) is studied by purge-and-trap HRGC and the components identified by MRGC-MS and HRGC-FTIR. The chromatographic aroma profiles from four different maturation stages in each variety are compared and the similarities accessed by principal component analysis (PCA). The contents in n-hexanal and hex-2(Z)-enal are characteristic features of the green stage in the three varieties where the content differences in methyl, ethyl, and butyl acetates act as typifying variables among varieties. Ethyl acetate acts as an important differentiation variable for the Selva variety. In the mature stage, the three cultivars may be distinguished from each other through their relative contents of methyl and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate (Selva), methyl 2-methyl-butyrate, methyl butyrate (Chandler), methyl and ethyl butyrates, and methyl caproate (Osso Grande).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200507
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  • 160
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    Application of capillary electrophoresis in migration studies of food contact materials - part 1: Substituted phenolic additives (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Migration ; Substituted phenolic additives ; Antioxidants ; Food contact materials ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method has been developed to determine 11 phenolic antioxidants in the food simulants distilled water, 3% acetie acid, and 15% ethanol, using; micellar capillary electrophoresis (MCE). All the phenols could he analyzed within 35 min. The analytical recovery from spiked simulants was 80 to 119% except for 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4hydroxytoluenc (BHT) and octyl gallate, which could not be recovered from 3% acetic acid simulant. Calibration graph correlation coefficients for the 11 phenols were 0.982 to 0.999. Limits of detection (LoDs) were from 2.8 to 8.6 mg/L. These LoDs are well below European Union migration limits for these substances. It is concluded therefore that MCE offers a rapid and reliable analysis for the control of migration from plastics intended for food contact which employ these phenols as antioxidants.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200506
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  • 161
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    Analysis of individual natural pyrethrins in indoor matrices by HRGC/ECD (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 284-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HRGC/ECD ; HPLC separation ; 1H-NMR quantitation ; Calibration standards ; Individual components of pyrethrins ; Indoor matrices ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An HRGC/ECD method is presented which permits the identification and quantitation of individual components of pyrethrins (cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II, jasmolin II, pyrethrin II) in indoor matrices (airborne particles, house dust) after application of an agent containing pyrethrum. In order to prepare calibration standards for the individual components of the pyrethrum extract, the pyrethrins were isolated hy semi-preparative HPLC and their content and purity were determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200508
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  • 162
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    Analysis of carbamate pesticides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 265-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary elcctrophoresis ; Micellar Electrokinetic Chromalography (MEKC) ; Dithiocarbamale(s) ; Thiocarbamate(s) ; Carhamate(s) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary elcctrophoresis (CE) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of eleven compounds of the carbamate, thio-carhamate, and dithiocarbamate classes of pesticides. Micellar elec-trokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was employed for the separation of these substances. The analysis was performed using an uncoated fused silica column, in borate buffer containing SDS and 10% methanol at basic pH, and UV detection at 230 nm. The addition of methanol to the buffer increased the separation and affected intrinsic migration of analytes. The working standard solutions were prepared in acetonitrile/water 50:50. Although these compounds are structurally different, with a large spectrum of chemical properties, such as polarity and solubility, good separation and sensitivity were obtained. Moreover, good recovery of car-bamates was obtained from tap-water using a styrene-divinylben-zene polymer column with the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200505
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  • 163
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    Enantiomeric separation of amphetamine and phenylephrine by capillary zone electrophoresis with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral additive (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 298-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis ; Enantiomer separation ; Cyclodextrins ; Amphetamine ; Phenylephrine ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200511
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  • 164
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    Troubleshooting in the separation sciences (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 300-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200512
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  • 165
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    John G. Dorsey to receive 1997 Benedetti-Pichler award of the American Microchemical Society (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 301-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200513
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  • 166
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200601
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  • 167
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    Unusual fatty acids in compositae: γ-Linolenic acid in Saussurea spp. seed oils (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; γ-Linolenic acid ; Saussurea seed oil ; Silver ion TLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The plant family Compositae is known to produce a set of unusual fattly acids in their seed oil. Saussurea, a genus of the Compositae is less studied in respect to the fatty acid compsition of their seed oil. Only Saussurea candicans was reported to contain crepenynic acid (33%) as seed oil component.In continuation of our exploration of the portential of wild oil seeds, fatty acids in seed oils of seven Saussurea species (S. amara, S. salicifolia, S. lipschitzii, S. pseudoalpina, S. pricei, S. parviflora, and S. dorogostaiskii) growing in Mongolia a were investigated by means of capillary GLC on capiallary columns of different selectivity (Silar 5 CP and BPX 70).γ-Linolenic acid was found at levels up to 11% of the consitituent fatty acids of Saussurea spp. seed oils. This is the first time that γ-Linolenic acid has been found in members of the plant family Compositae. Moreover, the number, position and configuration of the double bonds in γ-linolenic acid and that of other fatty acids was additionally confirmed by silver ion thin layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The occurence and distribution of γ-linolenic acid, which has found considerable interest for pharmaceutical and dietary use, may be of chemotaxonomical significance in the plant family Compositae.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200604
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  • 168
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    Analysis of volatile sesquiterpenoids in environmental and geological samples (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 305-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HRGC ; GCMS ; XAD-2 ; Sesquiterpenes ; Sesquiterpenoids ; Volatile lipids ; Biomarkers ; Amazon ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to evaluate vloatile compounds, especiallly sesquiter-penoids, in environmental and geological samples a method was penoids, in environmental and geological samples a method was required to characterize these components when they occur at low concentrations. After fractionation of the total sample extracts by TLC the aliphatic fractions were analyzed by HRGC AND THE kovats indices of all resolved peaks were calculated and comkpared with indices of all resolved peaks were calculated and compared with those obtained for commercial standards. As final step, the fractions were analyzed by HRGC-MS and structures confirmed by comparison of their mass spectra with those of certified sesuiterpene standards. Additionally sesquiterpenoids present in the dissolved phase in water samples were concentrated by solid phase extraction using XAD-2 resin. In this initial study, recovery tests with the resin were carried out in order to evaluate its performance rather than validating the methodology.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200602
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  • 169
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    A continuous liquid-liquid extraction system coupled on-line with capillary gas chromatography for environmental and ecotoxicological analysis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 325-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Continuous liquid-liquid extraction ; Environmental applications ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The applicability of a liquid-liquid extraction system which is coupled on-line with a capillary gas chromatograph was studied for environmental and ecotoxicological analyses. The optimized and automated system was used for the determination of apolar and rather non-volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples. Relevant aspects of sample introduction, phase separation and selection of extraction solvent are discussed. Three routine-tipe applications are described, viz. an improved method for the determination of hexachlorocyclohexanes in ground water and the determination of the so-called NCC-ether and ACC-ether in ecotoxicological studies. Depending on the application studied, the concentration levels varied from 0.1 to 6000 μg/I, using ECD and/or FID detection. Typical coefficients of variation obtained with the total extraction-GC procedure were 2-25%.The system was found to be rugged, it saves time compared with set-ups involving off-line liquid-liquid extraction and considerably reduces the manual work load.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200606
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  • 170
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    Pressure effects on relative retention in capillary gas-liquid chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 333-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Relative retention values ; Pressure effects on relative retention ; Stationary liquid phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Equations have been obtained for the dependence of relative retention and retention indexes on average column pressure. The equations suggested conform well with experimental data. It was shown that limiting value of relative retention (at the pressure approaches zero) is an invariant retention value. The nature of the stationary liquid phase used and its film thickness have a substantial influence on the dependence of relative retention and capacity factor on the pressure.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200607
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  • 171
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    Study of the aroma profile of gherkin by purge-and-trap followed by GC-MS (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatographic analysis ; Mass spectrometry ; Purge-and-trap ; Gherkin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200610
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  • 172
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    Enhanced facilities in digital flowmeters for GC (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 349-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200613
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  • 173
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200701
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  • 174
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    Enantiodifferentiation of α-ketols in sherry by one- and two-dimensional HRGC techniques (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: MDGC ; MCSS ; α-Ketol ; Sherry ; Solerone ; Biogenesis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantiomeric distrubution of solerone (5-oxo-4-hexanolide) 1, ethyl 4-hydroxy- 5-oxohexanoate 2, ethyl 5-hydroxy-4-oxohexanoate 3, 4-oxo-5-hexanolide 4, and solerol (5-hydroxy-4-hexanolide) 5 in sherry wines was determined by several HRGC techniques. While gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on chiral cyclodextrin phases (chiral GC-MS) prevented any racemization of α-ketols 2 and 3 caused by keto-enol tautomerization during analysis, multidimensional gas chromatography MDGC (coupled either by “live-T” switching or by “moving column stream switching” MCSS) led to rearranged constitutional-and stereoisomers. The stereochemical results are discussed regarding the biogenesis of sherry constituents 1-5.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200702
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  • 175
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    Analytical approach in diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) - simultaneous analysis of metabolites in urine by enantioselective multidimensional capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS) (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective Multidimensional gas Chromatpgraphy-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS) ; Methyl chloroformate (MCF) derivatization ; Inherited metabolic disease ; Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Maple Syrup Urine disease (USUD) is an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder of branched-chain amino acid (L-valin, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine metabolism named after the characteristic smell of affected patients urine. MSUD is caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase compex resulting in an accumulation of branched-chain aamino acids and the corresponding α-keto-and α-hydroxy acids in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid causing neurological damage and mental retardation. The enantioselective analysis of chiral MSUD metabolites and analysis of achiral compounds as corresponding N,O-methoxycarbonyl methyl esters by derivatization with methyl chloroformate (MCF) has been achieved simultaneusly by enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using heptakis (2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyl-dimethyl-silyl)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phase. Derivatization with MCF allows the analysis of the structurally different metabolitetes such as branched-chain-carboxylic-, α-oxo-, α-hydroxy- and α-amino acids in a single chromaatographic run. Mass selective detection immensely improves the unequivocaaal identification of metabolites even when they occur as trace compound. The described method allows a reliable screening of MSUD metabolites in patients' urine without time consuming sample preparation and is also suitable for label enrichment analysis without any methodical changes. During this investigation urine sample from three MSUD paatients were analyzed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200703
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  • 176
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    Electrokinetic chromatography using nanometer-sized silica particles as the dynamic stationary phase (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 400-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Electrokinetic chromatography ; Capillary electrophoresis ; Pseudostationary phase ; Colloidal silica ; Sol ; Uncharged compounds ; Nanoparticles ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200711
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  • 177
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    Application of HPLC-PBMS to the identification of unknown components in a triterpenoid fraction of Arbutus unedo fruits (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 417-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC-MS ; Particle beam ; HRGC-MS ; Arbutus unedo L. ; Triterpenoids ; Allelopathy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An extract fraction fruits of Arbutus unedo, L., was cleaned-up by column chromatography and shown by NMR to be a mixture of isomers that resists further attempts at separation by conventional chromatographic methods. High resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) confirms the presence of triter-penoid isomers but does not allow separation of all the components. This can be improved by trimethylsilylation but the absence of molecular ions and the complex spectra are difficult to interpret. Complete separation can be achieved by high pressure liquid chro-matography (HPLC) coupled to a mass spectrometer by means of a particle beam interface (HPLC-PBMS). Four triterpene com-pounds are identified through analysis of the corresponding mass spectra: α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and Lupeol, have for the first time been identified in Arbutus unedo, L. Fruits. A new natural triterpene tentatively identified as olean-12-en-3β, 23-diol is described for the first time.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200804
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  • 178
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    Reversed phase HPLC coupled on-line to GC by the vaporizer/precolumn solvent split/gas discharge interface; analysis of phthalates in water (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 410-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Reversed phase LC-GC ; Vaporizer/percolumn solvent split/gas discharge system ; Phthalates in water ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was coupled on-line to gas chromatography (GC) via the vaporizer chamber/preco-lumn solvent split/gas discharge interface outlined recently. Water-containing eluents were driven into a vaporizer chamber at 300°C by the LC pump. The Vapors were removed through an early vapor exist by the carrier gas. Solvent/solute separation occurred in hte retaining precolumn. Special attention was paid to the parame-ters determining the losses of the most volatile compounds. The oven temperature during transfer was lowered close to the dew point of the eluent (the temperature at which recondensation occurs) in order to maximise the retention power of the retaining precolumn. The dew point depends on the transfer rate, the gas flow rate, and the gas inlet pressure. Sometimes even better retention of the vola-tiles was observed at temperatures below the dew point, i.e. despite partial reconsideration. The method was applied to the analysis of phthalates in drinking and surface waters. The detection limits, using MS, were 5-10 ng/l.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200803
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  • 179
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    Identification of migratable substances in recycled high density polyethylene collected from household waste (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 427-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; High density polyethylene ; Recycled plastics ; Contaminants ; Food packaging ; Migration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High Density polyethylene regranules reprocessed from separated household waste collection were investigated for migratable con-taminants which were not present in virgin material. Although the material originated from different European reprocessors, the de-tected recycling-specific compounds were similar in most of the investigated samples. At a chosen threshold concentration of 0.5 μg/g more than 70 compounds were tentatively identified. Aroma compounds and preservatives were found in the range of 0.5 to 10 μg/g. Limonene, di(ethylhexyl) phthalate, and the isopropyl esters of myristic and palmitic acids were detected in concentrations up to 200 μg/g. These compounds were found in almost all the regranules. Most of the substances identified are constituents of personal hygiene products and cleaning agents and are therefore absorbed by the package during the storage. Owing to European food legislation and German cosmetics regulations, the use of such recycling packaging material appears suitable only for filling with technical products.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200806
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  • 180
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    SFE of rosemary oil: Assessment of the influence of process variables and extract characterization (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical Fluid Extraction ; High resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Volatile compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of temperature and solvent density on the characteristics of the extracts obtained from supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the volatile compounds from Brazilian rosemary (Rosamarinus officianalis L., Labiatae) using carbon dioxide (CO2) as solvent were investigated. The experiments were performed in a semi-batch laboratory scale home-made unit at two temperatures, viz. 310.15 and 320.15 K, over the pressure range of 100-160 bar. This study allowed to determine the crossover point and the maximum solubility of the oil. The products were analyzed by HRGC-MS, and compounds grouped in three different classes according to their molecular mass distribution in order to evaluate the influence of the variables studied on the characteristics of the extracts. The model proposed by Sovová was adopted in an attempt to interpret the mass transfer phenomena in the extraction process.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200807
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    Full scan GC-MS quantitation of pesticides in spring water at the 10 ppt level using large volume on-column injection (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Large Volume cold on-column injection ; Full scan quadrupole mass spectrometry ; Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides ; Environmental analyses ; Water ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200810
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    Flow of the carrier gas in open-tubular capillary columns in temperature-programmed gas chromatographyPart of this paper was prsented at the 16th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography, Riva del Garda, September 27-30, 1994. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 442-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Temperature programmed gas chromatography ; Modelling of separation ; Carrier gas flow ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A second-order non-linear partial different equation was derived to describe the dependence of carrier gas pressure in the column on the column distance and the time under temperature programmed conditions. This equation was solved numerically by the modified finite difference method for various column parameters. Constant inlet and outlet pressures were used as boundary conditions. The retention times calculated on assumption of a constant pressure profile along the column. Significant differences between retention times of corresponding solutes calculated by the two methods were found, especially when relatively long columns(L〉50m) with small internal diameter(d〈0.3mm)and high temperature program rates (r〉5°/min)are used.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200809
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  • 183
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    Simultaneous determination of purine alkaloids in daily foods by high-performance thin layer chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 456-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPTLC ; Simultaneous determination ; Column extraction ; Purine alkaloids ; Daily foods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200812
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  • 184
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    Comparison of different heptakis(6-O-alkyldimethylsilyl-2-3-di-O-ethyl)-β-cyclodextrins as chiral stationary phases in capillary GC (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Enantiomer resolution ; Chiral stationary phase ; Derivated cyclodextrins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three new β-cyclodextrin derivatives, heptakis(6-O-isopropyldi-methylsilyl-2,3-di-O-ethyl)-β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(6-O-thexyldi-methylsilyl-2,3-di-O-ethyl)-β-cyclodextrin, and heptakis(6-O-cy-clohexyldimethyl-2,3-di-O-ethyl)-β-cyclodextrin (IPDE-β-CD, TXDE-β-CD, and CHDE-β-CD), were synthesized and the enan-tioselectivities of these three CD derivatives and heptakis(6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-ethyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TBDE-β-CD) were compared for GC separation of a range of chiral test com-pounds. In particular TXDE-β-CD showed much higher enentio-selectivity than TBDE-β-CD. Enentioselectivities of IPDE-β-CD and CHDE-β-CD are somewhat lower than that of TXDE-β-CD and CHDE-β-Cd are somewhat lower than that of TXDE-β-CD. These observations are indicative of significant effects of subtle changes in the structure of the 6-O-substituent on the enantioselec-tivity of the β-CD derivatives. The difference in enantioselectivities of the 6-O-substituted CD derivatives were explained in terms of relative contributions of the effects of hydrophobicity and steric hindrance of the substituent to the inclusion process. CHDE-β-CD showed the lowest enantioselectivity among the threederivatives. It is likely that the unfavorable steric hindrance of the bulky cyclo-hexyl group plays a greater role than the favorable hydrophobicity effect of the cyclohexyl group in the inclusion process in CHDE-β-CD. IPDE-β-CD showed lower selectivity than TXDE-β-CD and TBDE-β-CD. In the case of these CD derivatives having acyclic substituents the relative hydrophobicity of the substituent seems to be a dominant factor affecting the inclusion process. Isopropyl groups factor affecting the inclusion process. Isopropyl groups are less hydrophobic than thexyl and tert-butyl groups.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200808
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  • 185
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    The variation of carrier gas viscosities with temperature (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 471-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Carrier gas ; Gas viscosities ; Kinetic theory of gases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: After describing simplified equations exspressing the temparature dependency of the viscosity of carrier gases (helium, nitrogen and hydrogen ) relative to a base value, absolute relationships based on the kinetic theory of gases are discussed. Comparative data obtained using various calculation methods are given and are compared to measured values. Based on the kinetic relationshipsm, of viscosity. Finally, the influence of pressure on the viscosity is also briefly discussed. As a supplement, Viscosity data are tabulated for the three gases in the range of 0°C to 400°C in increments of 2 K, calculated using the kinetic relationships.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200903
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  • 186
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    On-line determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with thermionic-selective detection (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 487-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography with thermionic-selective detection ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Organophosphorus pesticides ; Water analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the extraction of 49 organophosphorus pesti-cides (OPPs) from water samples using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Three fibers, including a 15-μm XAD-coated fiber, a 85-μm polyacrylate-coated fiber, and a 30-μm polydimethylsilox-ane-coated fiber (PDMS), were evaluated here. The effects of stirring and the addition of NaCl to the sample were examined for the polyacrylate-coated fiber. The precision of the technique was examined for all three fibers and the extraction kinetics were investigated using the XAD- and polyacrylate-coated fibers. With some exceptions, the XAD- and polyacrylate-coated fibers performed better than the PDMS-coated fiber. The superiority of the XAD-nd polyacrylate-coated fiber. The superiority of the XAD- and polyacrylate-coated fibers over the PDMS-coated fibers can be attribuibuted to the aromatic functionalities of the XAD and the polar functionalities in the polyacrylate. The relatively high percent RSDs indicate that the SPME technique needs to be further refined before it can be used for anything other than screening. A more effective form of agitation than mechanical stirring may be neccessary to reduce variability and achieve a faster equilibrium between the sample and the SPME fiber.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200905
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  • 187
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    Cyclodextrin derivatives in GC separation of racemic mixtures of volatiles - part XII: Thick-film wide-bore columns for enantiomer GC preparation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 493-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Cyclodextrin derivatives ; Enantiomer micropreparative GC ; Thick-film wide-bore columns ; Column loading capacity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preliminary results on thick-film wide-bore (0.53mm i.d.) columns for GC preparation of pure enantiomers are described. In particular the loading capacity for several racemates of a 3μm, 30% 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-Pentyl-β-CD/OV1701 column and of a 2 μm, 30% 2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-dimethyl-t-butylyl-β-CD/PS-086 collumn were determined. Consideration is also given to the relation-ship between resolution values of two enantiomers on anayltical columns and their loading capacity and scaling-up to the corresponding micropreparative columns.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200906
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  • 188
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    Quantitation of some flavor components responsible for the “green” attributes in virgin olive oils (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 507-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Dynamic head space ; Quantitation ; Virgin olive oil ; Lipoxygenase pathway ; Green sensory attributes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200909
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  • 189
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    Supercritical fluid extraction of Peumus boldus (Molina) (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 511-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) ; Preparative SFE ; High resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) ; Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectromestry (GC/MS) ; Peumus boldus Molina ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200910
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  • 190
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    Discover the latest advances in natural product analysis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 519-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200912
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  • 191
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    Chromatography calendar (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 520-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200913
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  • 192
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    Enantiomeric separation of 5-alkyl-5methylhydantion derivatives by capillary gas chromatography on permethylated β-cyclodextrin and molecular modeling (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 560-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chiral discrimination ; 2,3,6-Tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; Capillary Gas Chromatography ; ?-Alkyl-5-methylhydantoin ; Thermodynamic parameters ; Molecular modeing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Permethylated β-cyclodextrin (hereafter designated perMe-β-CD), dililuted or not in polysiloxane, is an efficient chiral discriminant for native, 3-methylated, and 1,3-dimethylated series of 5-methyl-5-(CnH2n + 1)hydantoins. From thermodynamic data obtained with pure perMe-β-CD and with the aid of molecular modeling, it is concluded that: (i) For native hydantoin derivatives having a carbon chain at the 5-position varying from ethyl to nonyl (2≤n≤9), the retention time is related to their H-bonding capability. The resolution is poor for derivatives with n≤4. For n≤5, the resolution is considerably improved and this increase in resolution is attributed to the long alkyl chain being capable of being buried inside the cyclodextrin cavity. (ii) For 1,3-dimethylhydantion derivatives having a carbon chain at the 5-position varying from ethyl to hexyl(2≤n≤6), the retention time is mainly determined by a steric fit between the solute and the inner volume of the macrocyclic cavity. For n = 2, a particular behavior is observed, consistent with a total inclusion of the solutes inside the cavity. By contrast with the native hydantoins, the selectively is high for light derivatives. Thus, the selectivity does not correlate with a strong docking energy (such as the presence of H-bonds postulated with native derivatives). (iii) For 3-methylhydantoin derivatives having a carbon chain at the 5-position varying from ethyl to octyl (2≤n≤8), as expected, retension time and selectivity are intermediate between that of native hydantoins and 1,3-dimethylhydantoins. For all three series, where n≤5, the increase in chain length (n) does not bring about substantial changes in the chromatographic results. Therefore, for these long alkyl chain derivatives, similar dominant interactions with perMe-β-CD are postulated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201008
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  • 193
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    Chemical characterization of ozonated lignin solutions from corn (Zea mays) stalk and poplar (Populus deltoides) wood by capillary gas chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 565-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; GC-MS ; Corn stalk and poplar wood lignins ; Ozone ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Corn (Zea mays) stalk and poplar (Populus deltoides) wood lignin was converted into monomeric aromatic compounds and short chain aliphatic carboxylic acids. The main reaction products were separated and identified using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an HP-5 column. The compounds were considered as positively identified when their mass spectra and GC retention times agreed with those of authentic standard samples. The quantitative estimation of the identified reaction products was accomplished on an OV-101 capillary column by gas chromatography-FID using the internal standard method. Among the aromatic compounds, aldehydes (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde), acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, and syringic), and one phenol (hydroquinone) were determined. In addition, the aliphatic carboxylic acids: glycolic, oxalic, malonic, glyoxylic, butanedioic, glyceric, and malic acid were identified. All the calibration curves of the quantified compounds approximated to a straight line. For both corn stalk and poplar wood lignins, the major components were the aromatic aldehydes (71 and 64% of the characterized fraction, respectively), followed by the aliphatic carboxylic acids (20 and 21% of the characterized fraction, respectively).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201009
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  • 194
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    Triglyceride characterization of different mexican cheeses by high temperature capillary gas chromatography (HT-CGC) (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 572-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: high temperature-capillary gas chromatography ; Lipid analysis in cheese ; Milk fat analysis ; Triglycerides in cheese samples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201011
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201101
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  • 196
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    Determination of acylglycerols in vegetable oil methyl esters by on-line normal phase LC-GC (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 581-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line LC-GC ; Loop type interface ; Mono-, di-, triacylglycerols ; Vegetable oil methyl esters ; Biodiesel ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An on-line LC-GC method for the analysis of mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols in vegetable oil methyl esters has been developed. The concentrations of these components have turned out to be key parameters for the quality of diesel fuel substitutes. Separation of all classes of acylglycerols from the fatty acid methyl ester matrix is achieved by LC after acetylation of the hydroxyl groups. The acylglycerol fraction is transferred on-line to GC, using the loop-type interface and concurrent eluent evaporation. Quantification of mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols is performed by combining external calibration with internal standardization. Both recovery of the procedure and reproducibility of the quantitative results are evaluated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201103
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  • 197
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    Solid phase extraction of organophosphorus, triazine, and triazole-derived pesticides from water samples. A critical study (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 591-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pesticide residue analysis ; Solid phase extraction ; Water analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A critical study using C18 SPE columns for the determination of organophosphorus, triazine, and triazole-derived pesticides, nap-ropamide, and amitraz is presented. The type of sorbent, sorbent mass, flow rate in the extraction process, sample concentration of the different compounds, sample volume, pH, and ionic strength were evaluated. Special emphasis was placed on the evaporation step of eluates prior to GC determinations and on prefiltration of sample waters. Pesticide recovery is linear over a wide range of concentrations for most of compounds under study. Under general extraction conditions losses can be expected for amitraz, pro-metryn, prometon, dimethoate, penconazole, and propiconazole. At 100 ng L-1, enhanced responses are produced for mevinphos, simazine, malathion, triadimefon, methidathion, and phosmet, which can be attributed to matrix effects. At basic pH, recovery of prometon, prometryn, and penconazole are improved. Low flow rates and high ionic strength enhance the recovery of prometon and prometryn. For phosmet, the influence of sample volume was established. Likewise, the influence of sorbent quantity was established for phosmet and dimethoate. Losses during the evaporation step were observed for mevinphos, dimethoate (〉 50%), penconazole, propiconazole, and prometon (30%). Prefiltration of sample waters did not cause significant variations in the whole process of extraction. Impurities arising from the sorbent materials were not detected.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201105
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  • 198
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    Comparison of mathemical methods for the calculation of retention indices at high temperature in gas chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 605-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Homologous series ; Local cubic interpolation model ; Multiparametric least-squares adjustsment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The retention indices of three homologous series (2-alkanones, 1-alkanols, cycloalksanones) have been determined at high temperature by the application of two new adaptation methods: A multiparametric least-squares regressions iterative method based on the dertermination of the adjusted retention times and a cubic interpolation directly using the uncorrected retention times without dead time correction. The two methods were applied to two types of columns. The first group includes eight packed columns (seven OV polymethylphenylsiloxane and Apolane-87 stationary phases), while the second includes five glass capillary columns (four methyl-silicons with different film thicknesses and Apolane-87 stationary phases). The retention indices obtained with a multiparametric and a cubic interpolation methods were compared with each other and with those calculated by Grobler's, Guardino's, Kaiser's and Kovàts' methods. The influence of coating, film thickness, and temperature on them was investigated.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201107
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  • 199
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    Construction of an interface for SPME-PCSFC (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 619-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solid Phase micro-extracton (SPME) ; Packed Column supercritical fluid chromatography(PCSFC) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201110
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    Chromatography calendar (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. VII 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201113
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