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  • 1990-1994  (9,691)
  • 1920-1924  (688)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (8,665)
  • Genetics  (1,100)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (654)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of chromogranin A and B in the endocrine cells of the alimentary tract of the green frog, Rana esculenta (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromogranins ; Serotonin ; Amylin ; Regulatory peptides ; Gut ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Novel monoclonal antibodies to human chromogranin A (CgA) and chromogranin B (CgB) were used to investigate the presence of immunoreactive (-IR) elements in the alimentary tract of the green frog Rana esculenta. Numerous CgA-IR and a few CgB-IR endocrine cells were found within the gut mucosa, from the oesophagus to the cloaca, with some local differences in density. Co-localization studies demonstrated that they were costored in almost all the serotonin-IR, the amylin-IR or islet amyloid polypeptide-IR cells and in the peptide tyrosine tyrosine-IR cells located proximal to the pylorus, but not in those located in more caudal tracts. No other co-localization was demonstrated; substances investigated included somatostatin, substance P, gastrin/cholecystokin, glucagon, glycentin, bombesin, secretin and neurotensin. CgA-IR and CgB-IR cells nearly always displayed argyrophilia with the Grimelius silver method
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327782
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity of the corpuscles of Stannius of the garpike, Lepisosteus osseus, to antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300224
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity of the corpuscles of Stannius of the garpike, Lepisosteus osseus, to antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300224
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of constitutive nuclear oncoproteins to count neurons in the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: c-Myc ; c-Fos ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine, small ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical double labelling of the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig ileum was performed with a monoclonal antibody (anti-MYC 033) directed against a peptide sequence of the human c-Myc protein together with antibodies directed against either the neuron-specific antigens neuron-specific enolase or PGP 9.5 or the glia-specific marker S-100 to demonstrate that anti-MYC 033 labelled the nuclei of all enteric neurons but not glia. This strategy was also employed to demonstrate that another anti-c-Myc monoclonal anti-body, anti-MYC 070, labelled the nuclei of all neurons and glia, as well as perhaps all other cells in these preparations. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a peptide sequence of the human c-Fos protein (anti-FOS 4) was shown to label the identical nuclei as anti-MYC 033. The ganglionic density of nuclei labelled by anti-FOS 4 was found to be similar to previous measures of the ganglionic density of neurons. Double labelling with anti-MYC 033 and an antiserum directed against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was performed to reexamine the ganglionic density of neurons that express this neuropeptide. Our results suggest that the ganglionic density of these neurons might be less than previously determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327780
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of constitutive nuclear oncoproteins to count neurons in the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: c-Myc ; c-Fos ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine ; small ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical double labelling of the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig ileum was performed with a monoclonal antibody (anti-MYC 033) directed against a peptide sequence of the human c-Myc protein together with antibodies directed against either the neuron-specific antigens neuron-specific enolase or PGP 9.5 or the glia-specific marker S-100 to demonstrate that anti-MYC 033 labelled the nuclei of all enteric neurons but not glia. This strategy was also employed to demonstrate that another anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody, anti-MYC 070, labelled the nuclei of all neurons and glia, as well as perhaps all other cells in these preparations. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a peptide sequence of the human c-Fos protein (anti-FOS 4) was shown to label the identical nuclei as anti-MYC 033. The ganglionic density of nuclei labelled by anti-FOS 4 was found to be similar to previous measures of the ganglionic density of neurons. Double labelling with anti-MYC 033 and an antiserum directed against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was performed to reexamine the ganglionic density of neurons that express this neuropeptide. Our results suggest that the ganglionic density of these neurons might be less than previously determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050159
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical investigation of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central nervous system ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri (Cephalochorda)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunohistochemical localization of nine different neuropeptides was studied in the central nervous system of the amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri. In the brain, perikarya immunoreactive for urotensin I and FMRFamide were localized in the vicinity of the central canal. One of the processes of each of these perikarya was found to cross the dorso ventral slit-like lumen of the central canal. Oxytocin-immunoreactive short fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the ventral part of the brain. Perikarya immunoreactive for arginine vasopressin/vasotocin, oxytocin and FMRFamide were widely distributed in the spinal cord. Arginine vasopressin/vasotocin-immunoreactive fibers often made contacts with Rohde cell axons. Angiotensin II-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the posterior half of the spinal cord, and urotensin I-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the caudal region of the spinal cord. Cholecystokinin/gastrin-immunoreactive fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the spinal cord; some extended as far as the ependymal layer of the cerebral ventricle. No colocalization of the peptides examined was observed. No immunoreactivity for atrial and brain natriuretic peptides nor for urotensin II was detected. The present study indicates that there are at least six separate neuronal systems that contain different peptides, respectively, in the central nervous system of the amphioxus. Their functions remain to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327775
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive competition in queenless honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171499
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase in the enteric nervous system of the guinea-pig: a quantitative description (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Nitric oxide ; Histochemistry ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and abundance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons and their terminals in the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig were examined in detail using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and NOS immunohistochemistry. NOS-containing cell bodies were found in the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the submucous plexus of the stomach, colon and rectum. NOS-containing neurons comprised between 12% (in the duodenum) and 54% (in the esophagus) of total myenteric neurons. In the ileum, NOS neurons represented 19% of total myenteric neurons. Most of the NOS neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract possessed lamellar dendrites and a single axon. NOS-containing terminals were abundant in the circular muscle, including that of the sphincters, but were rare in the longitudinal muscle, except for the taeniae of the caecum. The muscularis mucosae of the esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum received a medium to dense innervation by NOS terminals. Within myenteric ganglia, NOS-containing terminals were extremely sparse in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, common in the ileum and distal colon and extremely dense in the proximal colon and rectum. The submucous plexus in the ileum and large intestine contained a sparse plexus of NOS-containing terminals. NOS terminals were not observed in the mucosa of any region. We conclude that throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig, NOS neurons are inhibitory motor neurons to the circular muscle; in the ileum and large intestine, NOS neurons may also function as interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303090
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the cervical spinal ventral roots of the mouse (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Calcitonin gene ; related peptide ; Cervical spinal nerve ; Immunohistochemistry ; Primary afferents ; Mouse (ICR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate the existence of nerve fibers possessing substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the mouse cervical ventral roots. The distribution of the SP and CGRP fibers was similar, but CGRP fibers were generally more numerous. Both types entered the ventral pia mater or formed hairpin loops, but they did not enter the spinal cord directly through these roots. SP and CGRP fibers in the ventral roots were thin and had many varicosities. We suggest that these SP and CGRP fibers are involved not only in a sensory mechanism, but also in other functions, via the release of SP and CGRP from varicosities in the ventral roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327774
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A morphometric analysis of the subcellular distribution of LHβ and FSHβ in secretory granules in the pituitary gonadotrophs of the frog (Rana japonica) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 417-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pituitary ; Gonadotrophs ; LHβ ; FSHβ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana japonica (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical localization of lutropin β (LHβ) and follitropin β (FSHβ) in the pituitary gland of the frog Rana japonica was studied by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method and the two-face, double-labeling method with different-sized gold particles at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, respectively, using monoclonal antibodies against bullfrog LHβ and FSHβ. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry indicated that approximately 66.0% of all the gonadotrophs in the pituitary contained both LHβ and FSHβ, whereas 33.4% of gonadotrophs contained only LHβ, and 0.6% contained only FSHβ. The staining intensity of LHβ and FSHβ varied from cell to cell. The gonadotrophs were classified into four types (Types I-IV) in terms of their ultrastructural and immunolabeling characteristics. Moreover, several secretory granule types were recognized according to differences in their shape and electron density. In all the cell types, both LHβ and FSHβ were often seen in the same secretory granules, but the proportion of granules bearing both hormones ranged from 5.5% in Type I to 32.7% in Type IV. Most secretory granules in Types I and II were immunolabeled with LHβ alone, whereas a small number of granules were immunolabeled with FSHβ alone. More immunolabeled FSHβ granules were present in Types III and IV than in Types I and II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300214
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of NADPH diaphorase activity and immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase in the nervous system of the pulmonate mollusc Helix aspersa (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 565-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Nervous system, central ; Nervous system, peripheral ; Immunohistochemistry ; Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enzyme histochemistry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the distribution of neurons in the snail Helix aspersa which exhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity and/or immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NADPH diaphorase-positive cells and fibres were distributed extensively throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. NADPH diaphorase-positive fibres were present in all neuropil regions of the central and peripheral ganglia, in the major interganglionic connectives and in peripheral nerve roots. NADPH diaphorase-positive cell bodies were found consistently in the eyes, the lips, the tentacular ganglia and the procerebral lobes of the cerebral ganglia; staining of cell bodies elsewhere in the nervous system was capricious. The distribution of NOS-like immunoreactivity differed markedly from that of NADPH diaphorase activity. Small clusters of cells which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in the cerebral and pedal ganglia; fibres which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in restricted regions of the neuropil of the central ganglia. The disjunct distributions of NADPH diaphorase activity and NOS-like immunoreactivity in the neurvous system of Helix suggest that the properties of neuronal NOS in molluscs may differ sigificantly from those described previously for vertebrate animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300230
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A morphometric analysis of the subcellular distribution of LHβ and FSHβ in secretory granules in the pituitary gonadotrophs of the frog (Rana japonica) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 417-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Gonadotrophs ; LHβ ; FSHβ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana japonica (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical localization of lutropin β (LHβ) and follitropin β (FSHβ) in the pituitary gland of the frog Rana japonica was studied by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method and the two-face, double-labeling method with different-sized gold particles at the light-and electron-microscopic levels, respectively, using monoclonal antibodies against bullfrog LHβ and FSHβ. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry indicated that approximately 66.0% of all the gonadotrophs in the pituitary contained both LHβ and FSHβ, whereas 33.4% of gonadotrophs contained only LHβ, and 0.6% contained only FSHβ. The staining intensity of LHβ and FSHβ varied from cell to cell. The gonadotrophs were classified into four types (Types I–IV) in terms of their ultrastructural and immunolabeling characteristics. Moreover, several secretory granule types were recognized according to differences in their shape and electron density. In all the cell types, both LHβ and FSHβ were often seen in the same secretory granules, but the proportion of granules bearing both hormones ranged from 5.5% in Type I to 32.7% in Type IV. Most secretory granules in Types I and II were immunolabeled with LHβ alone, whereas a small number of granules were immunolabeled with FSHβ alone. More immunolabeled FSHβ granules were present in Types III and IV than in Types I and II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300214
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of mammary-derived growth inhibitor in capillary endothelial cells of the bovine mammary gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Mammary-derived growth inhibitor ; Fatty acid-binding proteins ; Differentiation ; Vascularization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) has previously been localized in the mammary parenchyma, dependent on the stage of differentiation of the mammary gland. Here, we have elucidated the distribution of MDGI in the mammary stroma by a combined immunohisto- and cytochemical analysis with antibodies raised against MDGI. Distinct staining of capillary endothelial cells has been revealed. Although its subcellular distribution resembles former observations in secretory epithelial cells, the expression of MDGI in capillary endothelial cells clearly precedes that in secretory epithelial cells. On the other hand, no endothelial MDGI staining has been detected in bovine heart, which contains a fatty acid-binding protein almost identical to MDGI. The localization of MDGI in the mammary capillary endothelium is discussed in terms of its possible involvement in the intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands or in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300218
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactivities in the nervous system and heart of a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; ACEP-1 (Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1) ; Cardiac regulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Achatina fulica (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical localization of two neuropeptides possibly involved in the regulation of cardiac activity in a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica Férussac, was studied. On the ventral surface of the right cerebral ganglion, more than 50 neurons with diameters of 30–50 μm showed immunoreactivity to the antiserum of the neuropeptide FMRFamide. Many were also immunoreactive to an antiserum raised against Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1 (ACEP-1). Although FMRFamidelike immunoreactive neurons occurred in all components of the subesophageal ganglia, identifiable ACEP-1-like immunoreactive neurons were located only in the visceral ganglion and the right parietal ganglion. In the heart, FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactive fibers were restricted to the atrium and the aortic end of the ventricle, consistent with morphological observations of cardiac innervation. The present results suggest that FMRFamide-and ACEP-1-like peptides are involved in regulating the heart beat of this snail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331363
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibodies to quinolinic acid and the determination of its cellular distribution within the rat immune system (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 461-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurotoxins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macrophages ; Dendritic reticulum cell ; B-cells ; Indoleamines ; NADPH oxidase ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies to quinolinic acid were produced in rabbits with protein-conjugated and gold particle-adsorbed quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was below detection limits in carbodiimide-fixed rat brain. In contrast, strong quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in spleen cells with variable, complex morphology located predominantly in the periarterial lymphocyte sheaths. In the thymus, quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in cells with variable morphology, located almost exclusively in the medulla. Lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue contained many, strongly stained cells of similar complex morphology in perifollicular areas. Immunoreactivity in liver and lung was restricted to widely scattered, perivascular cells and alveolar cells respectively. Additional stained cells with complex morphology were observed in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, in skin, and in the lamina propria of intestinal villi. Follicles in all secondary lymphoid organs were diffusely stained, ranging from mildly to moderately immunoreactive in spleen, to intensely immunoreactive in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. These results suggest that quinolinic acid is an immune system-specific molecule. Two hypothetical schemes are proposed to account for high levels of quinolinic acid in specific cells of the immune system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331364
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chorionic gonadotropin-like proteins in the obplacental giant cells of the rabbit (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 573-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Placenta ; Giant cells ; Chorionic gonadotropin ; Luteotropin ; Electrophoresis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Obplacental giant cells are enlarged cells, found following implantation, in the antimesometrial region of the rabbit uterus. They probably originate from trophoblastic knobs that traverse the uterine epithelium during early implantation. Little is known about their function. In this study, trophoblast, placental, paraplacental and obplacental tissues at days 7–15 post-coitum, and enzyme-isolated giant cells at day 15 were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting and light-microscopic immunohistochemistry, for the presence of human chorionic gonado- tropin-like proteins. Immunostaining was performed by using anti-human chorionic gonadotropin antibodies. In gel electrophoresis of obplacental tissue and isolated giant cells, two proteins of human chorionic gonadotropin-like antigenicity at 26 kDa with pIs equivalent to pH 6.4 and 6.6 were found; they were absent in the placenta, paraplacenta, day-7 blastocyst and day-8 trophoblast. The onset of synthesis of these proteins could be observed when day-8 trophoblastic tissue was cultured in vitro for 24 h. In immunohistochemistry, only the obplacental giant cells showed a positive reaction, indicating that the production of chorionic gonadotropin occurs in this cell type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050247
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile men (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 595-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: FSH ; Immunohistochemistry ; Receptor mRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Sertoli cell ; Testis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Testicular biopsies from 82 oligo- or azoospermic male patients were subjected to immunostaining using anti-human FSH antibodies. Histological evaluation showed normal spermatogenesis (nspg) in 7 (FSH: 2.7±0.7), mixed atrophy (ma) in 63 (FSH: 5.3±0.5), and bilateral or unilateral Sertoli Cell Only syndrome (SCO) in 12 (FSH:21.7±3.5) patients. For the relationship between FSH values and testicular histology, see Bergmann et al. (1994). FSH immunoreactivity was found exclusively in Sertoli cells and in some interstitial cells. Seminiferous epithelium showing normal or impaired spermatogenesis displayed only weak immunoreactivity compared to intense immunoreaction, i.e. large and numerous vesicles in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules in biopsies showing mixed atrophy or SCO. In addition, h-FSH receptor mRNA was demonstrated by in situ hybridization using biotinylated cDNA antisense oligonucleotides. Hybridization signals were found within the seminiferous epithelium exclusively in Sertoli cell cytoplasm associated with normal spermatogenesis and in epithelia showing different signs of impairment, including SCO. It is concluded that: (1) Sertoli cells are the only cells within the seminiferous epithelium expressing FSH receptors; (2) the accumulation of FSH immunoreactivity in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules appears to be a sign of impaired Sertoli cell function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050250
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    Coexistence of substance P, neuropeptide Y, VIP, and CGRP in the nerve fibers of the carotid labyrinth of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana: a double-labelling immunofluorescence study in combination with alternate consecutive sections (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid labyrinth ; Coexistence ; Substance P ; CGRP ; VIP ; Neuropeptide Y ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana catesbeiana (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Double immunohistochemical staining with rhodamine- and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antisera revealed the coexistence of substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in most nerve fibers in the intervascular stroma of the carotid labyrinth of the bull-frog, Rana catesbeiana, although there were a few fibers which showed only SP- or NPY-immunoreactivity. Approximately one third of SP-immunoreactive fibers also showed coexistence with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactivity, and a few fibers contained VIP without SP. The combination of the double immunofluorescence technique and alternate consecutive sections further demonstrated the possible coexistence of SP, VIP, NPY, and CGRP. This coexistence of four different peptides in the same nerve fibers was proved by the following two evident facts: 1) some SP fibers which demonstrated coexistence with NPY-immunoreactivity were assumed to be continuous with those showing VIP-immunoreactivity, and 2) almost all of the SP fibers showed coexistence with CGRP-immunoreactivity. By this reasoning, nearly one third of SP fibers may demonstrate coexistence with NPY-, VIP-, and CGRP-immunoreactivities. These multiple peptides might be involved in vascular regulatory function, which is a possible function of the amphibian carotid labyrinth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354788
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    Expression of neuron-specific enolase in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl during post-hatching development (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pineal organ ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Post-hatching development ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) revealed that NSE is localized in both a limited number of pinealocytes and intrinsic afferent neurons in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl. Furthermore, a computer-assisted three-dimensional imaging technique allowed to clarify the reverse distributional pattern of both elements: NSE-positive pinealocytes displayed a dense distribution especially in the vesicular portion of the gland, whereas NSE-immunoreactive nerve cells were mainly found in the pineal stalk. The number of NSE-positive intrinsic neurons in the pineal organ of chickens decreased rapidly after hatching, with a concentration of these elements in the basal portion (stalk) of the pineal organ. On the other hand, immunoreactive pinealocytes increased remarkably in the end-vesicle of the organ with age, followed by a gradual expansion toward the proximal portion. Thus, the spectacular increase in NSE-positive pinealocytes and the progressive reduction of reactive neurons occurred in parallel during the course of post-hatching development. NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes displayed morphological characteristics of bipolar elements, endowed with an apical protrusion into the pineal lumen and a short basal process at younger stages, whereas multipolar types of NSE-positive pinealocytes were predominantly found in the adult domestic fowl. These results indicate that in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl (1) the ontogenetic expansion of NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes is paralleled by a regressive afferent innervation, (2) the NSE-positive pinealocytes transform from a bipolar (columnar) type to a multipolar type during post-hatching development, and (3) these ontogenetic changes in the NSE-immunoreactivity and morphology of pinealocytes may reflect the development of a neurosecretory-like capacity of the organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050258
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    Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in the pharynx and lung of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pharynx ; Lung ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Substance P ; Coexistence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana catesbeiana (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Indirect double immunofluorescence labelling in the pharynx and lung of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, demonstrated the occurrence, distribution, and coexistence of two neuropeptides. In the pharynx, immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) were localized in nerve fibers distributed within and just beneath the ciliated epithelium. In the lung, CGRP and SP were localized in nerve fibers in five principal locations: 1) within the smooth muscle layer in the interfaveolar septa; 2) in the luminal thickened edges of the septa; 3) around the pulmonary vasculature; 4) within, and 5) under the ciliated epithelium. Within the smooth muscle layer in the septa, luminal thickened septa, and around blood vessels, almost all fibers showed coexistence of CGRP and SP. Within and just beneath the ciliated epithelium in the thickened septa, all fibers showed coexistence of CGRP and SP. No immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, galanin, somatostatin, FMRFamide, and leucine- and methionine-enkephalins was detected in the nerve fibers within the larynx and the lung. Together with our previous data, the present findings suggest that peptidergic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of amphibian respiratory systems throughout their life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050268
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    Chemical codes of sensory neurons innervating the guinea-pig adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenal gland ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurofilament ; Neuronal tracing ; Neuropeptides ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Substance P ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Retrograde neuronal tracing in combination with double-labelling immunofluorescence was applied to distinguish the chemical coding of guinea-pig primary sensory neurons projecting to the adrenal medulla and cortex. Seven subpopulations of retrogradely traced neurons were identified in thoracic spinal ganglia T1-L1. Five subpopulations contained immunolabelling either for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) alone (I), or for CGRP, together with substance P (II), substance P/dynorphin (III), substance P/cholecystokinin (IV), and substance P/nitric oxide synthase (V), respectively. Two additional subpopulations of retrogradely traced neurons were distinct from these groups: neurofilament-immunoreactive neurons (VI), and cell bodies that were nonreactive to either of the antisera applied (VII). Nerve fibres in the adrenal medulla and cortex were equipped with the mediator combinations I, II, IV and VI. An additional meshwork of fibres solely labelled for nitric oxide synthase was visible in the medulla. Medullary as well as cortical fibres along endocrine tissue apparently lacked the chemical code V, while in the external cortex some fibres exhibited code III. Some intramedullary neuronal cell bodies revealed immunostaining for nitric oxide synthase, CGRP or substance P, providing an additional intrinsic adrenal innervation. Perikarya, immunolabelled for nitric oxide synthase, however, were too few to match with the large number of intramedullary nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive fibres. A non-sensory participation is also supposed for the particularly dense intramedullary network of solely neurofilament-immunoreactive nerve fibres. The findings give evidence for a differential sensory innervation of the guinea-pig adrenal cortex and medulla. Specific sensory neuron subpopulations suggest that nervous control of adrenal functions is more complex than hitherto believed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050272
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    Ontogeny of calbindin-D28K and calretinin in developing chick kidney (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Calcium-binding proteins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mesonephros ; Metanephros ; Chick embryo (White leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The ontogeny of two calcium-binding proteins (calbindin-D28k and calretinin) was studied by immunohistochemical techniques in developing chick kidney. This study showed the presence of calbindin on the 5th incubation day and calretinin on the 7th incubation day in mesonephric distal and connecting tubules, and in the medial wall of the Wolffian duct. At later stages, immunostaining for these two proteins, in particular for calretinin, was also demonstrated in some metanephric proximal tubules. Glomeruli and Bowman's capsules were negative both in the mesonephros and metanephros. The presence of calretinin in the developing kidney has thus been demonstrated for the first time. The early expression of calbindin and calretinin in mesonephric distal tubules suggests their role in regulating the final excretion of calcium. The different patterns of immunoreactivity of the walls of the Wolffian duct can be correlated with their different histogenetic and histological features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050275
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    Cytokeratin 18 is an M-cell marker in porcine Peyer's patches (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) ; M(membranous)-cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytokeratins ; Yeast ; Pig (Minipig, Göttingen)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intermediate filaments of the dome epithelium of porcine Peyer's patches were studied by immunohistochemistry. The labelling patterns of monospecific antibodies directed against cytokeratins 8, 18 and 19 differed considerably. About 40% of the dome epithelial cells were intensely labelled by three different anti-cytokeratin 18 antibodies, indicating that large amounts of cytokeratin 18 are present in these cells. In order to verify that these cytokeratin-18-immunoreactive cells were M-cells, uptake studies using fluorescein-labelled yeast particles were performed. Numerous yeast particles were found exclusively in dome epithelial cells that were highly positive for cytokeratin 18, thus representing M-cells. In contrast, the content of cytokeratin 19 in M-cells was lower than that in neighbouring enterocytes. The labelling intensity of cytokeratin 8 did not differ between M-cells and enterocytes. In addition, the absence of vimentin and desmin from the dome epithelium of porcine Peyer's patches was demonstrated. The results show (1) that porcine M-cells differ from enterocytes in the composition of their cytoskeleton, (2) that cytokeratin 18 is a useful marker for detecting porcine M-cells and (3) that this marker directly correlas with M-cell function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306106
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    Class-specific epitopes detected by polyclonal antibodies against the secretory products of the subcommissural organ of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Reissner's fiber ; Secretory products ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development, phylogenetic ; Class-specific epitopes ; Dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have raised antisera against extracts of the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula L. Brains of 2900 specimens were collected in acetone, and the region containing the SCO and posterior commissure was removed and extracted in three different media. Antisera against these crude extracts were raised in rats and rabbits. Sequential absorptions of the antisera with extracts from different regions of the dogfish brain were performed to eliminate unwanted antibodies. When used to immunostain sections of the whole central nervous system of the dogfish, these purified antisera reacted selectively with the SCO-Reissner's fiber complex. An antiserum against bovine Reissner's fiber was also used. The antisera against the dogfish SCO and bovine Reissner's fiber showed the same staining pattern in the SCO and the Reissner's fiber of the dogfish. For comparative purposes, the brains of 15 vertebrate species from all vertebrate classes were immunostained with both antisera. The anti-dogfish SCO serum reacted with the SCO of the dogfish and that of other phylogenetically related elasmobranch species. Neither the SCO of a primitive elasmobranch species, Heptranchias perlo, nor the SCO of the other classes of vertebrates reacted with the anti-dogfish SCO serum. However, the antiserum against bovine Reissner's fiber reacted with the SCO of all the investigated species. It is concluded that some epitopes (or compounds) in the secretory material of the SCO are class-specific, whereas others are conserved and are synthesized by the SCO in most vertebrate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343948
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    Localization of FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactivities in the nervous system and heart of a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: FMRFamide ; ACEP-1 (Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1) ; Cardiac regulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Achatina fulica (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical localization of two neuropeptides possibly involved in the regulation of cardiac activity in a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica Férussac, was studied. On the ventral surface of the right cerebral ganglion, more than 50 neurons with diameters of 30–50 μm showed immunoreactivity to the antiserum of the neuropeptide FMRFamide. Many were also immunoreactive to an antiserum raised against Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1 (ACEP-1). Although FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons occurred in all components of the subesophageal ganglia, identifiable ACEP-1-like immunoreactive neurons were located only in the visceral ganglion and the right parietal ganglion. In the heart, FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactive fibers were restricted to the atrium and the aortic end of the ventricle, consistent with morphological observations of cardiac innervation. The present results suggest that FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like peptides are involved in regulating the heart beat of this snail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050235
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    Antibodies to quinolinic acid and the determination of its cellular distribution within the rat immune system (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 461-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurotoxins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macrophages ; Dendritic reticulum cell ; B-cells ; Indoleamines ; NADPH oxidase ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Antibodies to quinolinic acid were produced in rabbits with protein-conjugated and gold particle-adsorbed quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was below detection limits in carbodiimide-fixed rat brain. In contrast, strong quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in spleen cells with variable, complex morphology located predominantly in the periarterial lymphocyte sheaths. In the thymus, quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in cells with variable morphology, located almost exclusively in the medulla. Lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue contained many, strongly stained cells of similar complex morphology in perifollicular areas. Immunoreactivity in liver and lung was restricted to widely scattered, perivascular cells and alveolar cells respectively. Additional stained cells with complex morphology were observed in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, in skin, and in the lamina propria of intestinal villi. Follicles in all secondary lymphoid organs were diffusely stained, ranging from mildly to moderately immunoreactive in spleen, to intensely immunoreactive in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. These results suggest that quinolinic acid is an immune system-specific molecule. Two hypothetical schemes are proposed to account for high levels of quinolinic acid in specific cells of the immune system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050236
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    Distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase in adrenal gland of developing, adult and aging Sprague-Dawley rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal gland ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase) was investigated in the adrenal gland of developing, adult and aging rats with the use of immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques. Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons within the adrenal gland were found from the 20th day of gestation onwards. During early development the neurons were found as small clusters of smaller-size cells compared to those observed in the adult gland. Their number reached that of adult level by the 4th day after birth, and in the glands from aging rats a 28.6% increase was observed. Whilst no immunofluorescence was seen in chromaffin cells during early development, some cells from glands of aging rats showed nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity with varying intensity. The immunoreactive neurons from postnatal rat adrenals were also positive for NADPH-diaphorase, whilst those in prenatal rats were negative or lightly stained. Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibres were present in all adrenal glands examined from the 16th day of gestation onwards. A considerable degree of variation in the distribution of immunoreactive fibres both in medulla and outer region of cortex at the different age groups was observed and described. Most, but not all, nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibres also showed NADPH-diaphorase staining.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354792
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    Ontogeny of alpha-crystallin subunits in the lens of human and rat embryos (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Lens ; Development, ontogenetic ; αA-crystallin ; αB-crystallin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of αA- and αB-crystallin in the developing lens of human (Carnegie stages 13 to 23) and rat embryos (embryonic days E11 to 18) was examined immunohistochemically. In a human embryo at stage 13, the lens placode was already immunoreactive to αB-crystallin, but not to αA-crystallin. At stage 15, the lens vesicle was intensely immunoreactive both to αA- and αB-crystallin. From stages 16 to 23, the lens epithelial cells and fiber cells were immunoreactive to αA- and αB-crystallin. In rat embryos, αA-crystallin appeared in the lens pit at E12, and αB-crystallin appeared in the elongating lens fiber cells at E14. From E15 to E18, the lens epithelial cells and fiber cells were immunoreactive to αA-crystallin. The lens fiber cells were also immunoreactive to αB-crystallin, but the epithelial cells were not. These findings suggest that αB-crystallin appears earlier than αA-crystallin in the human lens, but at a later period than αA-crystallin in the rat lens. αB-Crystallin was not detected in the epithelial cells of the rat lens, but was perisistently present in the epithelial cells of the human lens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354794
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    Embryonic chicken gizzard: smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin isoforms (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 381-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gizzard ; Development, ontogenetic ; Muscle smooth ; Capillaries ; Immunohistochemistry ; Myosin ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies to smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin allow the development of smooth muscle and its capillary system in the embryonic chicken gizzard to be followed by immunofluorescent techniques. Although smooth muscle development proceeds in a serosal to luminal direction, angiogenetic cell clusters develop independently at the luminal side close to the epithelial layer, and the presumptive capillaries invade the developing muscle in a luminal to serosal direction. The smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin heavy chains in this avian system cannot be separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and do not show isoform specificity in immunoblotting, unlike the system found in mammals. Only two myosin heavy chains with Mr of 200 and 196 kDa were separable and considerable immunological cross-reactivity was found between the denatured myosin isoform heavy chains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306123
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    Catecholamine innervation of the intestine of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.): a substantial supply from enteric neurons (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic nervous system ; Enteric nervous system ; Noradrenaline ; Catecholamine histofluorescence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pteropus poliocephalus, P. scapulatus (Chiroptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of catecholamines in the small and large intestine of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) was investigated using glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence and immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Dense networks of varicose axons stained by each of these methods supplied blood vessels, the mucosa and both submucous and myenteric ganglia, but were scarce in the circular and longitudinal muscle. The majority (〉90%) of submucous neuronal perikarya contained both enzymes and most of these also exhibited catecholamine fluorescence. Somata of similar staining characteristics were less common in the myenteric plexus, where single cells were found in only the minority of ganglia. All of the stained submucosal somata and mucosal axons contained vasoactive intestinal peptide, whereas catecholamine-containing axons that supplied the ganglia, external muscle and blood vessels did not. It is concluded that (1) there is dense catecholamine innervation of most tissues in the flyingfox intestine, similar to many other mammals, (2) mucosal axons originate from enteric catecholamine neurons, not found in other mammals, and (3) axons supplying the blood vessels and enteric ganglia are probably of sympathetic origin and can be distinguished from the intrinsic catecholamine-containing axons by their lack of vasoactive intestinal peptide. The roles and interactions of these two types of catecholamine innervation in the control of secretion and motility remain to be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306126
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    Glucagon-like peptide 1 immunoreactivity in gastroentero-pancreatic endocrine tumors: a light- and electron-microscopic study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 571-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glucagon-like peptide 1 ; Endocrine tumors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 ; Co-localization ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The preproglucagon gene encodes, in addition to glucagon, two smaller peptides with structural similarity: glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) 7–36 amide is the most powerful incretin candidate. In the present study, GLP-1 immunoreactivity was investigated in tissue specimens of various types of gastroenteropancreatic tumors, and the serum-levels of GLP-1 were assayed. Immunohistochemical staining of 88 tumors revealed GLP-1 immunoreactivity in 17 neoplasias (19.3 %), viz., in 7 out of 33 non-functioning tumors, 4 out of 20 gastrinomas, 4 out of 13 insulinomas, 1 out of 3 vasoactive-intestinal-polypeptide (VIP)omas and 1 adrenocorticotropic-hormone (ACTH)-producing tumor. In these tumors, GLP-1-immunoreactive cells were distributed either diffusely, arranged in clusters, or as single cells. All GLP-1-positive tumors were immunoreactive for glucagon or glicentin, 10 tumors were immunoreactive for pancreatic polypeptide, and 8 tumors for insulin. Ultrastructural analysis of 8 GLP-1-positive tumors, with the immunogold technique, demonstrated GLP-1 immunoreactivity mainly in cells resembling the A-cells of the pancreas or the L-cells of the gut. Of the 17 GLP-1-immunoreactive tumors, 15 were primarily located in the pancreas. Additionally, 2 non-functioning tumors of the rectum were GLP-1 immunoreactive. Five tumors were GLP-1 immunoreactive from 9 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia I syndrome. Patients with GLP-1-immunoreactive tumors were characterized by a significantly lower rate of distant metastases (P〈0.01) and a higher rate of curative resections (P〈0.05). In 2 out of 22 patients, elevated serum-levels of GLP-1 were found: one patient with a vasoactive-intestinal-polypeptide (VIP)oma and 1 patient with a non-functioning tumor. This indicates that GLP-1 might be secreted at least by a few gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343955
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    The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the sheep: retinal projections and cytoarchitectural organization (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 65-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Retinohypothalamic tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Circadian system ; Domestic sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The retinal innervation, cytoarchitectural, and immunohistochemical organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was studied in the domestic sheep. The SCN is a large elongated nucleus extending rostrocaudally for roughly 3 mm in the hypothalamus. The morphology is unusual in that the rostral part of the nucleus extends out of the main mass of the hypothalamus onto the dorsal aspect of the optic chiasm. Following intraocular injection of wheat-germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase or tritiated amino acids, anterograde label is distributed throughout the SCN. Retinal innervation of the SCN is bilaterally symmetric or predominantly ipsilateral. Quantitative image analysis demonstrates that, although the amount of autoradiographic label is greatest in the ventral and central parts of the nucleus, density varies progressively between different regions. In addition to the SCN, retinal fibers are also seen in the medial preoptic area, the anterior and lateral hypothalamic areas, the dorsomedial hypothalamus, the retrochiasmatic area, and the basal telencephalon. Whereas the SCN can be identified using several techniques, complete delineation of the nucleus requires combined tract tracing, cytoarchitectural, and histochemical criteria. Compared with the surrounding hypothalamic regions, the SCN contains smaller, more densely packed neurons, and is largely devoid of myelinated fibers. Cell soma sizes are smaller in the ventral SCN than in the dorsal or lateral parts, but an obvious regional transition is lacking. Using Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase staining, the SCN can be clearly distinguished in the rostral and medial regions, but is less differentiated toward the caudal pole. Immunohistochemical demonstration of several neuropeptides shows that the neurochemical organization of the sheep SCN is heterogeneous, but that it lacks a distinct compartmental organization. Populations of different neuropeptide-containing cells are found throughout the nucleus, although perikarya positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and fibers labeled for methionine-enkephalin are predominant ventrally; neurophysine-immunoreactive cells are more prominent in the dorsal region and toward the caudal pole. The results suggest that the intrinsic organization of the sheep SCN is characterized by gradual regional transitions between different zones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305779
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    Tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in the sinus venosus of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Tachykinin ; Substance P ; Sinus venosus ; Heart ; Immunohistochemistry ; Dogfish ; Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The sinus venosus of the elasmobranch heart is characterized by the presence of large bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibres that bulge into the cardiac lumen, below the endocardium. In the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), these fibres contain numerous dense-core membrane-bounded granules of about 200 nm in diameter. Most intramural ganglion cells of the sinus venosus also show densely packed granules similar to those found in the subendocardial fibres. We have observed strong substance-P-like immunoreactivity in the large fibre bundles and in the perikarya of the ganglion cells. Preabsorption of the antisera with fragment 7–11 of substance P has shown that the antisera recognize the tachykinin canonic sequence. Our findings suggest that an undetermined tachykinin is secreted in the elasmobranch heart, and that it is probably released into the blood stream in the context of a little-known neuroendocrine system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305789
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  • 134
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    Immunohistochemical and histochemical evidence for the presence of noradrenaline, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid in chief cells of the mouse carotid body (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Carotid body ; Chief cells ; Catecholamine ; Serotonin ; γ-Aminobutyric acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The immunohistochemical study revealed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), serotonin, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivities in the mouse carotid body. TH and DBH immunoreactivities were found in almost all chief cells and a few ganglion cells, and in relatively numerous varicose nerve fibers of the carotid body. The histofluorescence microscopy showed catecholamine fluorescence in almost all chief cells. However, no PNMT immunoreactivity was observed in the carotid body. Serotonin, GAD and GABA immunoreactivities were also seen in almost all chief cells of the carotid body. From combined immunohistochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry, catecholamine and serotonin or catecholamine and GABA were colocalized in almost all chief cells. Thus, these findings suggest that noradrenaline, serotonin and GABA may be synthesized and co-exist in almost all chief cells of the mouse carotid body and may play roles in chemoreceptive functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414167
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  • 135
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    Immunohistochemical analysis of EGF in epiphyseal growth plate from normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone-treated hypophysectomized rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: EGF ; Cartilage ; Growth plate ; Hypophysectomy ; Growth hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Epiphyseal growth plate cartilages from the proximal tibia of normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone (GH)-treated hypophysectomized rats were subjected to immunohistochemistry for detection of epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the normal growth plate, EGF was distributed mainly in the proliferative zone. Hypophysectomy resulted in considerable atrophy of the chondrocytes and the cartilage matrix (a decreased number of mature-type chondrocytes and a decreased ratio of proliferating to hypertrophic chondrocytes) and a significant diminution of EGF immunoreactivity. Treatment with GH reversed these effects of hypophysectomy, causing an increased thickness of the growth plate and EGF-reactive sites in all chondrocyte layers. The most intense immunostaining for EGF, however, was frequently seen in the nuclei of chondrocytes with flattened appearance. It appears that EGF could be incorporated or synthesized in chondrocytes having marked mitogenic activity. The present results, taken with previous data on EGF involvement in growth of cartilaginous tissue in vivo and in vitro, strongly suggest that EGF-immunoreactive chondrocytes are involved in cartilage proliferation and growth under the specific influence of GH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414171
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  • 136
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    Chorionic gonadotropin-like proteins in the obplacental giant cells of the rabbit (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 573-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Giant cells ; Chorionic gonadotropin ; Luteotropin ; Electrophoresis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Obplacental giant cells are enlarged cells, found following implantation, in the antimesometrial region of the rabbit uterus. They probably originate from trophoblastic knobs that traverse the uterine epithelium during early implantation. Little is known about their function. In this study, trophoblast, placental, paraplacental and obplacental tissues at days 7–15 post-coitum, and enzyme-isolated giant cells at day 15 were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting and light-microscopic immunohistochemistry, for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin-like proteins. Immunostaining was performed by using anti-human chorionic gonadotropin antibodies. In gel electrophoresis of obplacental tissue and isolated giant cells, two proteins of human chorionic gonadotropin-like antigenicity at 26 kDa with pIs equivalent to pH 6.4 and 6.6 were found; they were absent in the placenta, paraplacenta, day-7 blastocyst and day-8 trophoblast. The onset of synthesis of these proteins could be observed when day-8 trophoblastic tissue was cultured in vitro for 24 h. In immunohistochemistry, only the obplacental giant cells showed a positive reaction, indicating that the production of chorionic gonadotropin occurs in this cell type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331376
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  • 137
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    Cytokeratin expression in human thymus: immunohistochemical mapping (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Cytokeratins ; Thymus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hassal's corpuscles ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Cytokeratin expression in normal postnatal human thymus was studied immunohistochemically by using monoclonal antibodies against various cytokeratin polypeptides. An attempt was made to characterize cell populations giving rise to the cornified structures of Hassal's corpuscles. Monoclonal antibody KB-37, a marker of squamous epithelium basal cells, was applied to distinguish the earliest cells capable of undergoing squamous differentiation. Parts of the subcapsular epithelium were extensively stained with this reagent. This epithelium, like the basal layer of certain squamous epithelia, exibited a high incidence of cytokeratins 13 and 14, and pronounced expression of cytokeratin 19. Simple epithelium cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19 were present in the cortex. Scattered cells reacted with KB-37 antibody. All stellate epithelial cells in the medulla were positive for cytokeratin 19. Most of the medullar epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratins 13, 14 and 17 of complex epithelium, in contrast to the cortex, where only a few cells were positive for these cytokeratins. A significant proportion of the medullar cells was positive for KB-37 antigen. Cytokeratins 8 and 18 were expressed in single cells and in groups of cells surrounding Hassal's corpuscles. The outermost cells of these corpuscles were positive for cytokeratin 19 and KB-37. In the peripheral parts of Hassal's corpuscles, simple epithelium cytokeratins 7, 8, 18, and cytokeratins 4, 13, 14, and 17, characteristic of stratified nonkeratinizing epithelia, were coexpressed with keratinization-specific cytokeratins 10/11. The inner parts of the swirls were uniformly positive for cytokeratins 10/11. However, the expression of other cytokeratins was reduced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050277
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  • 138
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    Structural organization and neuropeptide distributions in the equine enteric nervous system: an immunohistochemical study using whole-mount preparations from the small intestine (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Submucosal plexuses ; Myenteric plexus ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine, small ; Horse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The architecture and neurochemistry of the enteric nervous system was studied by use of whole-mount preparations obtained by microdissection of the horse jejunum. A myenteric plexus and two plexuses within the submucosa were identified. The external submucosal plexus lying in the outermost region of the submucosa had both neural and vascular connections with the inner submucosal plexus situated closer to the mucosa. Counts of neurones stained for NADH-diaphorase demonstrated the wide variation in size, shape and neurone content of individual ganglia in both the external and internal submucosal plexuses. The average number of cells/ganglion was similar in each plexus (about 25 cells). Immunoreactivities for galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y were observed in nerve cell bodies and fibres of each of the plexuses. Immunoreactivity for substance P was extensive and strong in nerve fibres of all plexuses but was weaker in cell bodies of the submucosal neurones and absent in the cell bodies of the myenteric plexus. Comparative quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cell populations with total cell numbers (enzyme staining) was indicative of neuropeptide colocalization in the external submucosal plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343949
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  • 139
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    Immunohistochemical demonstration of calbindin-containing nerve endings in the rat esophagus (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Sensory nerve endings ; Esophagus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunoreactivity for calbindin was found in nerve endings with irregular laminar shapes in the rat esophagus. In the myenteric ganglia, laminar endings of a range of sizes formed a complex network and appeared to lie at the surface of the ganglion. The myenteric ganglia that contained nerve endings were most abundant in the upper portion of the eosphagus, their number decreasing orally to anally. Calbindin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were scattered throughout the esophagus. Laminar terminals were found in the connective tissue of the lamina propria immediately beneath the epithelium and in the muscularis mucosae. Occasional nerve branches formed a network of aborizing endings that surrounded part of the submucosal arterioles. Immunoreactive nerve endings in the mucosa and submucosa were present only in the upper part of the cervical esophagus. Unilateral vagotomy caused a remarkable decrease in the number of the myenteric ganglia containing the calbindin-immunoreactive laminar endings after 15 days or survival; in some of ganglia, the laminar structures disappeared and nerve endings showing weak immunoreactivity had an indistinct appearance, so that the outline of the ganglia became obscure. In operated rats at 24 days, the number of innervated ganglia was about half that in normal rats. However, there was no change in the morphology and the occurrence of the immunoreactive laminar structures in the mucosa and submucosa after denervation. The results show that many of the laminar endings that are immunoreactive for calbindin in the myenteric ganglia are derived from the vagus nerve. Thus, the calbindin-immunoreactive nerve endings with laminar expansions that are found in the rat eosphageal wall could be sensory receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305778
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  • 140
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    Tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in the sinus venosus of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tachykinin ; Substance P ; Sinus venosus ; Heart ; Immunohistochemistry ; Dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The sinus venosus of the elasmobranch heart is characterized by the presence of large bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibres that bulge into the cardiac lumen, below the endocardium. In the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), these fibres contain numerous dense-core membrane-bounded granules of about 200 nm in diameter. Most intramural ganglion cells of the sinus venosus also show densely packed granules similar to those found in the subendocardial fibres. We have observed strong substance-P-like immunoreactivity in the large fibre bundles and in the perikarya of the ganglion cells. Preabsorption of the antisera with fragment 7–11 of substance P has shown that the antisera recognize the tachykinin canonic sequence. Our findings suggest that an undetermined tachykinin is secreted in the elasmobranch heart, and that it is probably released into the blood stream in the context of a little-known neuroendocrine system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305789
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  • 141
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    Immunohistochemical and histochemical evidence for the presence of noradrenaline, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid in chief cells of the mouse carotid body (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Chief cells ; Catecholamine ; Serotonin ; γ-Aminobutyric acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunohistochemical study revealed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), serotonin, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivities in the mouse carotid body. TH and DBH immunoreactivities were found in almost all chief cells and a few ganglion cells, and in relatively numerous varicose nerve fibers of the carotid body. The histofluorescence microscopy showed catecholamine fluorescence in almost all chief cells. However, no PNMT immunoreactivity was observed in the carotid body. Serotonin, GAD and GABA immunoreactivities were also seen in almost all chief cells of the carotid body. From combined immunohistochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry, catecholamine and serotonin or catecholamine and GABA were colocalized in almost all chief cells. Thus, these findings suggest that noradrenaline, serotonin and GABA may be synthesized and co-exist in almost all chief cells of the mouse carotid body and may play roles in chemoreceptive functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414167
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  • 142
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    Projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive neurons in guinea-pig distal colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig distal colon was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and the projections of the neurons were determined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cells were observed in the myenteric plexus but no reactive nerve cells were found in submucous ganglia. Varicose reactive nerve fibres were numerous in the ganglia of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but were infrequent in the longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, muscularis mucosae and mucosa. Reactivity also occurred in enterochromaffin cells. Lesion studies showed that the axons of myenteric neurons projected anally to provide innervation to the circular muscle and submucosa and to other more anally located myenteric ganglia. The results suggest that a major population of 5- hydroxytryptamine neurons in the colon is descending interneurons, most of which extend for 10 to 15 mm in the myenteric plexus and innervate both 5-hydroxytryptamine and non-5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414180
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  • 143
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    Ganglion cells immunoreactive for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Neuropeptide Y ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Ganglion cells ; Adrenal gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemistry has been used to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivities, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was demonstrated in rat adrenal glands. The TH, DBH, NPY and VIP immunoreactivities and AChE activity were observed in both the large ganglion cells and the small chromaffin cells whereas PNMT immunoreactivity was found only in chromaffin cells, and not in ganglion cells. Most intraadrenal ganglion cells showed NPY immunoreactivity and a few were VIP immunoreactive. Numerous NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells were also immunoreactive for TH and DBH; these cells were localized as single cells or groups of several cells in the adrenal cortex and medulla. Use of serial sections, or double and triple staining techniques, showed that all TH- and DBH-immunoreactive ganglion cells also showed NPY immunoreactivity, whereas some NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells were TH and DBH immunonegative. NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells showed no VIP immunoreactivity. AChE activity was seen in VIP-immunopositive and VIP-immunonegative ganglion cells. These results suggest that ganglion cells containing noradrenaline and NPY, or NPY only, or VIP and acetylcholine occur in the rat adrenal gland; they may project within the adrenal gland or to other target organs. TH, DBH, NPY, and VIP were colocalized in numerous immunoreactive nerve fibres, which were distributed in the superficial adrenal cortex, while TH-, DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells and nerve fibres were different from VIP-immunoreactive ganglion cells and nerve fibres in the medulla. This suggests that the immunoreactive nerve fibres in the superficial cortex may be mainly extrinsic in origin and may be different from those in the medulla.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319418
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    Ontogeny of endocrine cells in the respiratory system of Syrian golden hamsters (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larynx ; Trachea ; Endocrine cells ; Neuroepithelial bodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Regulatory peptides ; Serotonin (5-HT) ; Golden hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), serotonin (5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and calcitonin (CT) immunoreactivity was evaluated in small-granule endocrine cells of hamster laryngotracheal epithelium from fetal day 11 to adulthood. Two centrifugal (proximal-to-distal) patterns of differentiation occur. The first pattern begins during fetal life. Endocrine cells, single and clustered in groups (presumptive-or protoneuroepithelial bodies, pNEBs), initially colocalize immunostaining for PGP 9.5, 5-HT, and CGRP in the larynx and proximal 2/3 of the trachea on day 12 and spread to the caudal trachea on day 13.5-HT disappears fleetingly during the 24 h preceding birth; other-wise immunoreactivity for all three substances persists into adulthood. The clusters of endocrine cells survive beyond birth but are so diluted by expansion of the nonendocrine epithelium as to become inconspicuous. Since innervation was not actually observed, these clusters may persist as pNEBs, without developing connections to afferent or efferent nerve fibers. The second pattern concerns single small-granule cells stainable for CGRP but not for 5-HT. These cells first appear in the larynx and cartilaginous part of the cranial trachea on postnatal day 3, and in the middle and caudal trachea, on day 5. The cells increase in number on day 7. In adults, they predominate among endocrine cells of the cartilaginous region. A subset of these cells begins to co-express CT proximally on postnatal day 10, reaching the caudal end of the trachea by 3 weeks. A few elements of the older 5-HT-positive population may also become immunoreactive for CT in juvenile hamsters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305382
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    Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile men (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 595-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FSH ; Immunohistochemistry ; Receptor mRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Sertoli cell ; Testis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Testicular biopsies from 82 oligo-or azoospermic male patients were subjected to immunostaining using anti-human FSH antibodies. Histological evaluation showed normal spermatogenesis (nspg) in 7 (FSH: 2.7±0.7), mixed atrophy (ma) in 63 (FSH:5.3±0.5), and bilateral or unilateral Sertoli Cell Only syndrome (SCO) in 12 (FSH:21.7±3.5) patients. For the relationship between FSH values and testicular histology, see Bergmann et al. (1994). FSH immunoreactivity was found exclusively in Sertoli cells and in some interstitial cells. Seminiferous epithelium showing normal or impaired spermatogenesis displayed only weak immunoreactivity compared to intense immunoreaction, i.e. large and numerous vesicles in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules in biopsies showing mixed atrophy or SCO. In addition, h-FSH receptor mRNA was demonstrated by in situ hydridization using biotinylated cDNA antisense oligonucleotides. Hybridization signals were found within the seminiferous epithelium exclusively in Sertoli cell cytoplasm associated with normal spermatogenesis and in epithelia showing different signs of impairment, including SCO. It is concluded that: (1) Sertoli cells are the only cells within the seminiferous epithelium expressing FSH receptors; (2) the accumulation of FSH immunoreactivity in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules appears to be a sign of impaired Sertoli cell function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331379
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  • 146
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in rat adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 555-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal ; Autonomic nervous system ; Schwann cells ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; GAP-43 ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have localized at light and electron-microscopic level the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in adrenal gland using single and double labelling immunocytochemistry. Clusters of GAP-43-immunofluorescent chromaffin cells and many immunofluorescent fibres were observed in the medulla. GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also formed a plexus under the capsule, crossed the cortex and ramified in the zona reticulata. Double labelled sections showed the coexpression of GAP-43 with a subpopulation of tyrosine hydroxylase-and of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive chromaffin cells. Dual colour immunofluorescence for GAP-43 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) revealed that some of the GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also express CGRP. Pre-embedding electron microscopy showed GAP-43 immunoreactivity associated with the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of noradrenaline-producing chromaffin cells, and with processes of nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated axons and terminals were also observed. The immunostained terminals made symmetrical synaptic contacts with chromaffin cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated fibres and small terminals were present in the cortex. Our results show that GAP-43 is expressed in noradrenergic chromaffin cells and in various types of nerve fibres that innervate the adrenal. Likely origins for these fibres include preganglionic sympathetic fibres which innervate chromaffin cells, postganglionic sympathetic fibres in the cortex, and CGRP containing sensory fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318824
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    Octopamine-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons innervating the accessory gland of the male cockroach Periplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system, insect ; Octopamine ; DUM neurons ; Immunohistochemistry ; Accessory glands ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The musculature of the mushroom-shaped accessory gland receives innervation from trunks 5C1 of the phallic nerves, which arise from the posterior part of the terminal abdominal ganglion of the male cockroach Periplaneta americana. Anterograde cobalt filling through trunks 5C1 with the subsequent precipitating procedure has shown the fine innervation of the accessory gland. By retrograde cobalt filling through the same trunks, different types of cells have been mapped in the terminal abdominal ganglion. About 25 dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons have been identified among them. About 36 octopamine-like immunoreactive DUM neurons with large somata have been characterized in whole-mount preparations of the terminal abdominal ganglion. The combination of the cobalt-filling technique with immunohistochemical mapping of cells suggests an octopaminergic innervation of the musculature of the accessory gland by DUM neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354779
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  • 148
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    Changes in expression of two endogenous β-galactoside-binding isolectins in the dermis of chick embryonic skin during development in ovo and in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: β-Galactoside-binding lectin ; Dermis ; Skin ; Chick embryo ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratinization ; Mucous metaplasia ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In order to elucidate the roles of metal-independent animal lectins, we systematically investigated changes in expression of 2 kinds of β-galactoside-binding isolectins (MW 14 and 16 kDa) in the dermis of chick embryonic tarsometatarsal skin during the course of development. These lectins were immunohistochemically located at different stages of development both in ovo and in vitro by light and electron microscopy. Light- microscopic observation showed that while positive staining for the 14-kDa lectin was weak at days 8 and 10 it became intense after day 13. In contrast, staining for the 16-kDa lectin was intense at days 8, 10, and 13, but it became weak after day 17 when keratinization of the epidermis was completed. Immuno-electron-microscopic observation revealed that both the 14 and 16-kDa lectins were located on the basement membrane, in the extracellular matrix, and in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of dermal fibroblasts. Distribution of the 2 isolectins was also examined in cultured skin explants in vitro. The results were almost the same as those obtained in ovo when the skin explant was keratinized in the presence of hydrocortisone. However, in the skin explant where keratinization was prevented and mucous metaplasia was induced by the addition of vitamin A, the distribution of the 14-kDa lectin in the epidermis was significantly affected. These results indicate that (1) the expression of the 2 isolectins is differently regulated in both the dermis and epidermis, (2) the 16-kDa lectin is involved in the early stage of the formation of the dermis and the basement membrane and is replaced by the 14-kDa lectin as keratinization of the epidermis occurs, and (3) the expression of the 2 isolectins in the dermis is not significantly affected by the induction of mucous metaplasia, in contrast to their drastic changes in the epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050256
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  • 149
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    Distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of adult and developing salamanders (Pleurodeles waltli, Triturus alpestris) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 485-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain mapping ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Visual reflexes ; Salamanders, Pleurodeles waltli, Triturus alpestris (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of GABAergic neurons in brains of the family Salamandridae (Pleurodeles waltli, Triturus alpestris) has been investigated immunohistochemically with an antibody against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In adult animals, immunoreactive neurons, fibers, and terminals are abundantly labeled. In the telencephalon, pallial areas contain fewer GABAergic neurons and fibers than basal forebrain areas. The amygdalar complex and the habenulae have a complex pattern of GABA-immunoreactivity that is especially pronounced within the neuropil. The pretectal and basal optic systems are provided with GABAergic neurons, corroborating electrophysiological results. The dorsal thalamus and parts of the torus semicircularis are almost completely devoid of GABA-immunoreactive neurons. In the torus, magnocellular neurons known to project to the contralateral counterpart are distinctly GABA-immunoreactive. During ontogeny, GABAergic neurons arise early when the first reflexive movements occur after mechanical stimulation. At stage 28, cells are labeled initially near the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, which is the first supraspinal tract to appear in ontogeny. At stage 30 (still before hatching), GABAergic neurons are found in the pretectum, immunoreactive neurons arising in the dorsal tegmentum slightly later. Both systems are known to mediate basic reflexes in gaze stabilization. The commissura posterior is GABAergic at early stages suggesting an important functional role in homonymous inhibition between both sides. Thus in salamanders, the neurotransmitter GABA displays a complex distribution, similar to that in other vertrebrates. This pattern emerges early in ontogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343946
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  • 150
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    Immunohistochemical analysis of EGF in epiphyseal growth plate from normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone-treated hypophysectomized rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: EGF ; Cartilage ; Growth plate ; Hypophysectomy ; Growth hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epiphyseal growth plate cartilages from the proximal tibia of normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone (GH)-treated hypophysectomized rats were subjected to immunohistochemistry for detection of epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the normal growth plate, EGF was distributed mainly in the proliferative zone. Hypophysectomy resulted in considerable atrophy of the chondrocytes and the cartilage matrix (a decreased number of mature-type chondrocytes and a decreased ratio of proliferating to hypertrophic chondrocytes) and a significant diminution of EGF immunoreactivity. Treatment with GH reversed these effects of hypophysectomy, causing an increased thickness of the growth plate and EGF-reactive sites in all chondrocyte layers. The most intense immunostaining for EGF, however, was frequently seen in the nuclei of chondrocytes with flattened appearance. It appears that EGF could be incorporated or synthesized in chondrocytes having marked mitogenic activity. The present results, taken with previous data on EGF involvement in growth of cartilaginous tissue in vivo and in vitro, strongly suggest that EGF-immunoreactive chondrocytes are involved in cartilage proliferation and growth under the specific influence of GH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414171
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  • 151
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    Immunohistochemical localization of serine-protease inhibitors in the human placenta (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Protease inhibitors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proteases and their inhibitors play a pivotal role in developmental and differentiative processes. In the present report we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of α1-antitrypsin, α1-antichymotrypsin and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor in first trimester as well as in term human placentas. For this purpose polyclonal antibodies against these serine-protease inhibitors were used. All inhibitors were expressed in the villous syncytiotrophoblast of first and last trimester placentas. Placental fibrinoid was positively stained for α1-antitrypsin and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor throughout gestation. α1-Antitrypsin and α1-antichymotrypsin showed a strong immunostaining in the Hofbauer cells (first trimester and full term placentas). Extravillous cytotrophoblast was negative for the three protease inhibitors throughout gestation. The presence of the three inhibitors in the syncytiotrophoblast suggests a role in coagulative, invasive and immunomodulatory processes. Fibrinoid, staining for α1-antitrypsin and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor, could also have an important immunoprotective function. The presence of protease inhibitors in the Hofbauer cells suggests an involvement of these cells in villous remodelling and differentiative processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414172
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  • 152
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    Projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive neurons in guinea-pig distal colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig distal colon was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and the projections of the neurons were determined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cells were observed in the myenteric plexus but no reactive nerve cells were found in submucous ganglia. Varicose reactive nerve fibres were numerous in the ganglia of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but were infrequent in the longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, muscularis mucosae and mucosa. Reactivity also occurred in enterochromaffin cells. Lesion studies showed that the axons of myenteric neurons projected anally to provide innervation to the circular muscle and submucosa and to other more anally located myenteric ganglia. The results suggest that a major population of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the colon is descending interneurons, most of which extend for 10 to 15 mm in the myenteric plexus and innervate both 5-hydroxytryptamine and non-5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414180
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  • 153
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    Macrophages within the human adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Macrophages ; Adrenal cortex ; Chromaffin cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. There is increasing evidence for an immune-adrenal interaction in which macrophages may play an important role. However, few data are available with respect to a human intra-adrenal macrophage system. In this study, we have investigated the density, distribution and phenotype of human adrenal macrophages using monoclonal antibodies. Macrophages are localized in all zones of the adrenal gland. These cells exhibit the phenotype of the phagocytotic macrophage compartment (CD11c+, KiM8+). At the ultrastructural level, macrophages are frequently attached to the endothelial wall, but also lie in direct contact with cortical and chromaffin cells. This investigation reveals the cellular basis for the possible role of macrophages in the local immune-neuroendocrine axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414161
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  • 154
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    Macrophages within the human adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Adrenal cortex ; Chromaffin cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence for an immune-adrenal interaction in which macrophages may play an important role. However, few data are available with respect to a human intra-adrenal macrophage system. In this study, we have investigated the density, distribution and phenotype of human adrenal macrophages using monoclonal antibodies. Macrophages are localized in all zones of the adrenal gland. These cells exhibit the phenotype of the phagocytotic macrophage compartment (CD11c+, KiM8+). At the ultrastructural level, macrophages are frequently attached to the endothelial wall, but also lie in direct contact with cortical and chromaffin cells. This investigation reveals the cellular basis for the possible role of macrophages in the local immune-neuroendocrine axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414161
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  • 155
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    Purification of cardiac annexin V from the beagle dog heart and changes in its localization in the ischemic rat heart (1994)
    Springer
    Heart and vessels 9 (1994), S. 148-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Cardiac annexin V ; Ischemic myocardium ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat Langendorff method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We isolated and purified 35kDa protein from the myocardium of the beagle dog and identified it to be annexin V from partial amino acid sequence determination. It was confirmed that anticanine cardiac annexin V rabbit polyclonal antibody, which was produced using the 35 kDa protein, cross-reacts with annexin V of the myocardium, lung, liver, kidney, and brain of the rat. The localization of cardiac annexin V and the effect of ischemia for 30–180 min in the rat were immunohistochemically studied with the use of the Langendorff perfusion heart. In the normal myocardium, annexin V, accompanied by cross-striation, was observed throughout the cell. In ischemia of 30 min, extracellular leakage of annexin V was observed with uneven staining in the cytoplasm. When the ischemic time exceeded 60 min, annexin V was observed in the cell membrane with a decrease of annexin V in the cytoplasm. Also, extracellular leakage of annexin V was observed prominently. In ischemia for 180 min, almost all the annexin V in the cytoplasm disappeared. These results suggest that the level of ischemia can be estimated from the changes in localization of annexin V.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01745240
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  • 156
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    Genetics of alcoholism: Role of the endogenous opioid system (1994)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 9 (1994), S. 105-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Alcoholism ; Genetics ; Endorphins ; Enkephalins ; Dynorphins ; Opioid ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At the present time alcoholism is recognized as a metabolic disease exhibiting the clinical features of craving for alcohol, loss of control over drinking, tolerance and physical dependence on alcohol, while both epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that genetic factors may be important in determining whether an individual has a high or low vulnerability to develop alcoholism. Evidence also indicates that alcoholism is not characterized by a single gene single allele inheritance. Instead it seems that multiple genes and environmental factors interact to increase or decrease an individual's vulnerability to become an alcoholic. Current research is aimed at investigating whether certain behavioral, physiological and biochemical markers are highly associated with the incidence of alcoholism. Among the biochemical markers currently under investigation is the endogenous opioid system and its implication in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. It is the objective of this manuscript to review current research on: (a) the interactions of ethanol with the endogenous opioid system at the molecular level; (b) the existence of genetically determined differences in the response of the endogenous opioid system to ethanol between subjects at high and low risk for excessive ethanol consumption, as well as between lines of animals showing preference or aversion for ethanol solutions; (c) the decrease of alcohol consumption following pretreatment with opioid antagonists; and (d) the possible use of specific opioid receptor antagonists together with behavioral therapy to modify drinking behavior, to control craving and to prevent relapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01999765
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  • 157
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    Induction of heat shock protein 70 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the postischemic gerbil hippocampus (1994)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 9 (1994), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Hippocampus ; Heat shock protein 70 ; Astrocyte ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical changes of heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were investigated in the gerbil hippocampus 1 h-7 days after 10 min of cerebral ischemia. Transient cerebral ischemia caused HSP 70 expression in GFAP-positive astrocytes in a delayed fashion, as compared with a rapid induction in vulnerable neurons such as hilar neurons. The present results may offer clues to elucidate the mechanisms of ischemic neuronal damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098883
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  • 158
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    Expression of a reporter gene is reduced by a ribozyme in transgenic plants (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 465-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Ribozyme ; npt-gene ; Transgenic tobacco ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A chimeric gene encoding a ribozyme under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into transgenic tobacco plants. In vivo activity of this ribozyme, which was designed to cleave npt mRNA, was previously demonstrated by transient expression assays in plant protoplasts. The ribozyme gene was transferred into transgenic tobacco plants expressing an rbcS-npt chimeric gene as an indicator. Five double transformants out of sixteen exhibited a reduction in the amount of active NPT enzyme. To measure the amount of ribozyme produced, in the absence of its target, the ribozyme and target genes were separated by genetic segregation. The steady-state concentrations of ribozyme and target RNA were shown to be similar in the resulting single transformants. Direct evidence for a correlation between reduced npt gene expression and ribozyme expression was provided by crossing a plant containing only the ribozyme gene with a transgenic plant expressing the npt gene under control of the 35S promoter, i.e. the same promoter used to direct ribozyme expression. The expression of npt was reduced in all progeny containing both transgenes. Both steady-state levels of npt mRNA and amounts of active NPT enzyme are decreased. In addition, our data indicate that, at least in stable transformants, a large excess of ribozyme over target is not a prerequisite for achieving a significant reduction in target gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302259
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  • 159
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    Basement membrane proteins in synovial membrane: Distribution in rheumatoid arthritis and synthesis by fibroblast-like cells (1994)
    Springer
    Clinical rheumatology 13 (1994), S. 90-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Rheumatoid Arthritis ; Synovium ; Extracellular Matrix ; Basement Membrane Proteins ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease of unknown origin. In consequence of some immunological reactions, proliferative invading synovial tissue leads to destruction of normal joint architecture. The aim of this study was to investigate qualitative changes in extracellular matrix distribution of proliferating rheumatoid synovium and their cellular origin. Synovial tissues from 57 clinically indicated arthrotomies were investigated with immunofluorescence, using specific antibodies against extracellular matrix proteins in tissue slides and cultured cells, which were also studied for collagen biosynthesis. Results indicated that synovial fibroblast-like cells synthesize and secrete basement membrane proteins laminin and collagen type IV as e.g. endothelial cells or organogenic fibroblasts. Laminin and collagen type IV were specifically demonstrated pericellularly in the hyperplastic lining layer of active rheumatoid synovitis. These findings are discussed with respect to the possible implication of altered cell-matrix interactions in rheumatoid synovial proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02229873
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  • 160
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    Lupus erythematosus panniculitis: An immunohistochemical study (1994)
    Springer
    Clinical rheumatology 13 (1994), S. 641-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis ; Monoclonal Antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study on a case of lupus erythematosus panniculitis (LEP), without discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) signs, showed that the cells in skin infiltrates were immunologically committed lymphocytes (OKT4, OKT8, OKT11 and HLA-DR positive cells) and elements of the monocyte-macrophage lineage (Leu M3 and Leu M5 positive). No immunophenotypically identifiable B-lymphocytes were seen. Immunofluorescent IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 deposits were found in blood vessel walls of the deep dermis. These findings, similar to that described in the skin changes of SLE and DLE, suggest that immunological mechanisms are operative in localized LEP, where the dermal lesions are the only expression of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243010
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  • 161
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    766 cases of oral cleft in Italy (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Epidemiology ; Genetics ; Oral clefts ; Registers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiological and genetic variables for oral clefts were analysed for the years 1981–1989 in a case-control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna, Veneto, and Friuli regions, and in the Trento and Bolzano hospitals. Birth prevalence for all cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) was 8.2 per 10,000 births, and that for cleft palate only (CP) was 6.1 per 10,000. Coexisting abnormalities were found in 23% of CL(P) cases and in 43% of CP. No clusters in time or space were detected. For isolated clefts, a predominance of males among CL(P) and of females among CP was found; epilepsy was the only maternal risk factor correlated with clefts, and an association between clefting and consanguinity was found. Empirical recurrence risks were calculated in both isolated CL(P) and CP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719356
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  • 162
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    Morphology of sweat glands in determining time of death (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 107 (1994), S. 132-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Time of death ; Sweat glands ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Todeszeit ; Schweißdrüsen Immunhistochemie ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Untersuchung zeigt postmortale autolytische Veränderungen in der Haut auf zellulärer und subzellulärer Ebene und identifiziert Parameter, welche helfen können, die Zeit des Todes in den ersten Stunden postmortem zu bestimmen. Hautproben von der Beugeseite des Arms wurden, 3, 6, 9 und 12. Stunden nach dem Tode von insgesamt 29 Leichen entnommen (verschiedene Altersklassen, keine Zeichen für Hauterkrankungen, verschiedene Todesursachen). Drei Arten der Untersuchungen wurden durchgeführt: zytochemisch (Hematoxylin-Eosin and Alcian-PAS), immunhistochemisch (S-100, CEA, Cytokeratin, ASM) und ultrastrukturell (Elektronenmikroskopie). Die Elektronenmikroskopie erwies sich als nützlich für die Identifizierung von Transformationen die für jeden chronologischen Schritt spezifisch waren: Reduktion des intrazellulären Glykogens in hellen Zellen und Reduktion der sekretorischen Granula in dunklen Zellen sind typische Zeichen für die erste Phase (3 Stunden) nach dem Tode; mitochondriale Dilatation und Rarifizierung der Cristae in hellen und dunklen Zellen sind typisch für die 2. Phase (6 Stunden); Rarifizierung der Microvilli in dunklen und hellen Zellen sind typisch für die 3. Phase (9 Stunden) und Kernpyknose von dunklen und hellen Zellen ist ein Zeichen der letzten Phase (12 Stunden). Zytochemie und Immunhistochemie sorgen für eine nützliche Information — dies gilt nicht für alle chronologischen Stadien, welche hier einbezogen wurden, aber für individuelle Phasen (3 Stunden für Hematoxylin-Eosin und 6 Stunden für Alcian-PAS). Es ist jedoch besonders wichtig, die Resultate von allen solchen Techniken simultan einzubeziehen, so daß die Frage der exakten Todeszeit innerhalb der ersten 12 Stunden postmortem genauer beantwortet werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract This study demonstrates post-mortem autolytic alterations in the skin at cellular and subcellular levels and identifies parameters which may assist in determining the time of death in the first few hours post-mortem. Serial skin samples from the ventral surface of the arm were taken at intervals of 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after death in 29 subjects of various ages, with no signs of skin disease; causes of death were various. Three types of tests were performed: cytochemical (hematoxylin-eosin and alcian-PAS), immunohistochemical (S-100, CEA, Cytokeratin, ASM) and ultrastructural (electron microscopy). Electron microscopy proved useful for identifying transformations which were found to be specific for each chronological step considered: reduction of intracellular glycogen in clear cells and reduction of secretory granules in dark cells are typcial signs of the first stage (3 h) after death; mitochondrial dilatation and rarefaction of cristae in clear and dark cells are typical of the second stage (6 h); rarefaction of microvilli in dark and clear cells is a sign of the last stage (12 h). Cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry supply useful information — not for all the chronological stage considered here, but for individual phases (3 h for hematoxylin-eosin and 6 h for alcian-PAS). However, it is particularly important to use the results from all such techniques simultaneously, so that the question of the exact time of death within the first 12 h post-mortem may be more accurately answered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225600
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    Morphological and immunohistochemical studies of the pituitary in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 106 (1994), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: SIDS ; Pituitary morphology ; Newborn ; Immunohistochemistry ; SIDS ; Hypophysen ; Morphologie ; Sdugling ; Immunhistochemie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 100 Hypophysen von SIDS-Fällen (58 männlichen und 42 weiblichen Geschlechtes mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 5,34 ± 3,12 Monaten) wurden untersucht. Die Kontrollgruppe bestand aus 19 Hypophysen (14 männlichen und 5 weiblichen Geschlechtes mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 5,63 ± 2,52 Monaten) mit jeweils eindeutig geklärter (z. T. nicht-natürlicher) Todesursache. Die lichtmikroskopischen und immunhistologischen Untersuchungen zur Typisierung der einzelnen Zellgruppen zeigten regelrecht entwickelte Hypophysen. Unspezifische Nekrosen und Blutungen fanden wir in zwei SIDS Fällen und keinem Fall der Kontrollgruppe. Hyperämien bestanden in 51 (30 M/21 W) SIDS-Fällen. Mikrofollikel (54%), Zysten der Intermediärzone (14%), Reste der Rathke'schen Tasche (44%), Erdheim'sches Plattenepithel (8%) oder Speicheldrüsenheterotopien (3%) bildeten keine als signifikant zu wertenden Befunde. Bezüglich der immunhistologischen Verteilungsmuster der dargestellten Zellen fanden sich für die Quantitäten keine Auffälligkeiten. Die intrazellulären Vacuolen bei ACTH- und gonadotropen Zellen zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Die S-100 Protein-positiven Zellen ließen sich altersentsprechend stellenweise gar nicht und sonst nur regelhaft darstellen. Die Ergebnisse können als Folgen der terminalen Agonie, nicht aber als Ursache des plötzlichen Kindstodes interpretiert werden.
    Notes: Summary The morphological structure and immunohistochemical reactions of 100 pituitaries from cases of SIDS children (58 males and 42 females, average age 5.34 ±3.12 months) were studied. Controls consisted of 19 pituitaries from children (14 males and 5 females, average age 5.63 ± 2.52 months) with a clearly identifiable cause of death e.g. drowning or strangulation. The microscopical and immunohistochemical studies for identifying pituitary cell types revealed normally developed organs. Unspecific necroses and haemorrhages were observed in 2 cases of SIDS but in none of the controls. Hyperaemia was detected in 51 (30 male/21 female) cases of SIDS. No significant differences were found in the distribution of microfollicles (54%), cysts of the intermediate zone (14%), persistency of the Ratlike's pouch (44%), Erdheim's squamous epithelium (8%) or heterotopic salivary glands (3%). The semiquantitative immunohistochemical evaluations of the different cell types showed no significant variations from the control group. The pattern of distribution of the intracytoplasmic vacuolisations of the ACTH and gonadotropic cells showed no significant differences. Folliculo-stellate cells were either not demonstrable — commensurate with age — or showed a normal distribution. The results for both study groups may be defined as consequences of terminal agony, but failed to reveal the cause of the sudden infant death.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225414
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    Morphological and pathogenetic aspects of proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (1994)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 88 (1994), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Pathogenesis ; Proliferative vitreous-retinopathy ; Retinal detachment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (PVR) and subretinal membrane proliferation are the most common complication and cause of failure in retinal-detachment (RD) surgery. In this study, material withdrawn from 21 patients was observed. The vitreal taps of 16 bulbs affected by PVR and which had undergone vitrectomy, along with 5 bulbs obtained by enucleation, were stained with Hematoxylin Eosin and studied immunohistochemically. The cells involved in this proliferative tissue include macrophages, cellular elements of pigmented epithelium origin, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. From the examination of enucleated bulbs, we can easily recognize that the cellular components of the membrane are represented by fibroblasts, capillaries, and occasional macrophages; meanwhile, PE cells remain at the base of the newly formed tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01204608
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    Immunohistochemical quantitation of collagen types I, II, IV and V in the ventilated and non-ventilated rabbit middle ear with otitis media with effusion (1994)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 251 (1994), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Otitis media with effusion ; Ventilation tubes Middle ear collagen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphometric quantitation of the area fractions of collagen types I, II, IV and V was determined in the normal rabbit middle ear mucosa and in relation to otitis media with effusion (OME) using a three-layered peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The effects of substituting normal low-oxygen middle ear gas (non-ventilated) with atmospheric air (ventilated) were studied in both healthy ears and ears with OME. Based upon previous histological examinations in rabbits, only ears with OME for more than 8 weeks were included to ensure the presence of chronic inflammation (COME). Atmospheric air was introduced into the middle ears by insertion of ventilation tubes or by an enlarged myringotomy. Collagen type I was predominant in all groups studied. The area fractions of collagen types I, II and IV were increased significantly in COME, with collagen type II elevated in particular. Ventilation of the normal ears resulted in a significantly increased area fraction of cells, while the area fractions and distributions of the collagen types were unaffected. None of the ventilated ears in COME improved or healed spontaneously. The total fraction of collagen in COME was not changed significantly by the introduction of atmospheric air. However, the individual distribution of the collagen types was altered, with significantly larger area fractions of types II and V found in ventilated ears with COME. Possible explanations for the differences found are discussed, including the role of oxygen-derived free radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181825
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    Regional and age variations in growing tendon (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 221 (1994), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gastrocnemius tendons of 10 White Leghorn chickens at 6, 8, and 12 weeks of age were divided into proximal, middle, and distal portions to assess regional variability in composition and growth. Body weight increases ∼ 150% during the period examined, whereas the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and tendon increase ∼ 193% and 227%, respectively. No significant changes in cellularity (DNA concentration) or hydroxypyridinium (OHP) crosslinks occur with increasing age. Hydroxyproline (HYP) concentration increases by 12 weeks of age, as hexuronate, glucosamine, and galactosamine decrease. Composition shows some regional variation: the distal region of the tendon has a lower HYP concentration, and increased GAGs and OHP crosslinks compared to either the proximal or middle regions, which do not differ from each other. The mean collagen fibril diameter increases with age, but the oldest tendons also contain more small diameter fibrils (〈40 nm). There is a unimodal fibril distribution at all three ages, although this has broadened by 12 weeks. The data from this study suggest that rapid tendon growth occurs throughout the time period examined and that changes characteristic of mature tendon, such as increased OHP crosslink concentration, have not yet developed in hatchlings because of the large amount of new tissue being produced. Whereas all three regions of the tendon are similar in size, composition of the distal region differs from that of the proximal and middle regions, suggesting that this portion of the tendon should be avoided when sampling a tendon. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052210306
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    Microscopic anatomy of pycnogonida: I. Cuticle, epidermis, and muscle (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 33-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The integument of Pycnogonida (Arthropoda) consists of an epicuticle decorated with tubercles and a filamentous coat, an exocuticle with a small number of ill-defined layers, and an endocuticle whose numerous layers are composed of conspicuously cross-banded fibrils. This cuticular periodicity, attributable to cross-linked chitin, has been observed previously in uncalcified and untanned cuticle of many lower crustaceans, especially branchiopods and copepods, and in scattered examples of thin respiratory or excretory cuticles of other arthropods. It is uniformly present in all representatives of all nine pycnogonid families examined to date. Stomodeal, proctodeal, and arthrodial cuticles are devoid of the endocuticular periodicity. The cuticle is decorated with sensory filaments and setae, but is more noteworthy for a dense coverage by glands, up to 1,400/mm2. Myocuticular junctions have desmosomal fine structure previously found only in chelicerates. Muscle fine structure is that of slow fibers with long sarcomeres and a high actin to myosin filament ratio, except for cardiac muscle, which has short sarcomeres. Among the arthropods, only merostomates resemble the pycnogonids in the lack of fast somatic muscle fibers. Pycnogonids display a hybrid array of fine structural features that variously serve to relate them to some arthropod subphyla and distance them from others. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220105
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    Erratum (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 111-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220111
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  • 169
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    Development and growth of compound tooth plates in Callorhinchus milii (chondrichthyes, holocephali) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 73-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chimaeroid holocephalian fishes are distinguished among extant chondrichthyans by the possession of three pairs of tooth plates, evergrowing and partially hypermineralized, that are not shed and replaced like the teeth of living elasmobranchs. Although derivation of the chimaeroid tooth plate from the fusion of members of a plesiomorphic chondrichthyan tooth family has been proposed, evidence for this hypothesis has been lacking. A new analysis of the development and structure of the tooth plates in Callorhinchus milii (Holocephali, Chimaeriformes) reveals the compound nature of the tooth plates in a chimaeroid fish. Each tooth plate consists of an oral and aboral territory that form independently in the embryo and maintain separate growth surfaces through life. The descending lamina on the aboral surface of the tooth plate demarcates the growth surface of the aboral territory. Comparison with the tooth plates of Chimaera monstrosa indicates that compound tooth plates may be a feature of all chimaeroids in which a descending lamina is present. The tooth plates in these fishes represent the fusion of two members of a reduced tooth family. The condition of the tooth plates in C. milii is plesiomorphic for chimaeroids and is of evolutionary significance in that it provides further evidence to support a lyodont dentition in chimaeroid fishes similar to that found in other chondrichthyans. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220108
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  • 170
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    Morphological and functional body reconstruction in a teleost of the genus Oreochromis (Cichlidae) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The process of morphological and functional regeneration was followed on a tilapid fish, a cross of Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus, by observations on movements and the use of X-rays. A four-year-old adult fish that lost its tail as post larva, including ten vertebrae, was able to reconstruct a novel and shorter central skeleton, including a specially modified urostyle. The enlarged and strengthened pterygiophores and their junctions with the dorsal and anal spine formed a fast-holding base for the fins, the posterior part of which largely performed the functions of the missing caudal fin. Although the fish was much shorter than usual, this male behaved and functioned normally. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052190102
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  • 171
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    Ultrastructure of the paraphysis in Bufo bufo larvae (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the ultrastructure and function of the paraphysis in Bufo bufo larvae was carried out. The structure is a tubular-ramified gland made up of numerous tubules with monolayered epithelial walls surrounded by connective tissue and sinusoids. The epithelial cells secrete glycoprotein to contribute to production of the cephalorachidian fluid. The role of the paraphysis in the transport of fluids and electrolytes from the blood to the cephalorachidian fluid in regulation of ionic and osmotic homeostasis is discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052190103
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  • 172
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    Characteristics of the flagellar axoneme in Neuroptera, Coleoptera, and Strepsiptera (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spermatozoa from representatives of the five insect orders in superorder Neuropteroidea were examined by electron microscopy following a new fixation method that includes tannic acid in the primary fixative but has uranyl acetate rather than osmium tetroxide as the secondary fixative. The sperm axoneme was found to be similar in the four orders Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, and Coleoptera, and is characterized above all by its so-called intertubular material being divided into two portions, one located outside, but in contact with the doublet, and the other projecting from the accessory tubule and having a beak-like shape. These features have not been seen in insects from other orders and may be a synapomorphy for these neuropteroid orders. The accessory tubules in these four orders have 16 protofilaments. The shape of the accessory bodies adjacent to the mitochondrial derivatives is nearly the same in insects from the more primitive neuropteroid orders and in Coleoptera. The sperm tail of the examined strepsipteran deviates in several respects from that of other neuropteroids: the particle row in the wall of accessory tubules is incomplete, an intertubular material is missing, and the mitochondria contain no crystal. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052190104
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  • 173
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    Spiral cleavage and cell position contribute to the specification of the dorsoventral axis in the embryo of the archaeogastropod Haliotis tuberculata (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994), S. 21-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the embryo of Haliotis tuberculata spiral cleavage induces size differences between the quadrants in the 4-cell embryo. These size differences, together with the formation of compact cell configurations, induce asymmetrical positions of equivalent cells in the 8- and 16-cell embryo. The asymmetries in size and position influence the final specification of the dorsoventral asymmetry in the 32-cell embryo, as well as formation of the mesentoblast. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Eversible abdominal vesicles and some observations of the male reproductive system of the spoon wing lacewing Palmipenna (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994), S. 47-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy and histology of the abdominal eversible vesicles and the male reproductive tract of the spoonwing lacewing Palmipenna (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) have been examined. The eversible vesicles open as a pair of large bulbous sacs between tergites five and six, each folding into halves during retraction. They consist of highly pleated cuticle, beneath which are typical gland cells, each having a circular or oval end apparatus surrounded by closely packed microvilli. These communicate to the surface via cuticularized channels. In spite of considerable behavioral observations, male Palmipenna were never noted with everted vesicles. Even during mating trials, where females were presented to males in the field, the vesicles were never everted during the attempted copulation that ensued. Our observations indicate that mate attraction is mediated by the release of a female pheromone. The function of the eversible vesicles and their associated gland cells remains unknown, and their structure appears to be unique to the Nemopteridae. The reproductive tract is similar to that of other Neuroptera, consisting of a pair of five-lobed testes, a medium-to-large pair of seminal vesicles, and three pairs of accessory glands. The major accessory glands are surrounded by circular and longitudinal muscle, and are lined by an epithelium, the cells of which presumably secrete the amorphous rods of material always present in this pair of glands. The sperm in the seminal vesicles are elongate, with a pointed head and a 9 + 9 + 2 configuration in the flagellum. A single spermatophore, similar in shape to that described for other Neuroptera, was found occluding the bursa copulatrix of a teneral female. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052190107
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  • 175
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    In vivo fluorescence imaging of the functional organization of trophotaenial placental cells of goodeid fishes (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryos of viviparous goodeid fishes undergo a 10 to 150 × increase in dry weight during gestation. Maternal nutrients are transferred across a trophotaenial placenta comprised of the ovarian lumenal epithelium and the trophotaeniae of the embryo. Trophotaeniae are externalized projections of the embryonic hindgut. Epithelial cells of the ribbon trophotaenia (Ameca splendens) resemble intestinal absorptive cells of suckling mammals and endocytose macromolecules. They possess an apical brush border, endocytotic complex, endosomal-lysosomal system, and apical and basal clusters of mitochondria. Cells of the rosette trophotaenia (Goodea atripinnis) lack an endocytotic apparatus, have small lysosomes, two mitochondrial clusters, and transport small molecules. Organelle-specific fluorescent probes were employed to characterize the functional organization of the two types of trophotaenial cells. In A. splendens, Lucifer Yellow, a membrane-impermeable tracer of vesicular transport, first appears in peripheral vesicles (15-45 sec), then passes into elongated tubular endosomes (1-3 min) and later appears in large central vacuoles (10-15 min). These vacuoles accumulate Acridine Orange, a classical probe for lysosomes, and have been shown to contain lysosomal enzymes. Endosomelysosome fusion was observed. In both A. splendens and G. atripinnis, Rhodamine 123 fluorescence was localized in two clusters of fine spots that corresponded to mitochondria. 4′,6-diaminido-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI) staining of nuclei established the positional relationships of cell organelles with respect to the nuclei. 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbo-cyanine iodide (DiOC6) revealed the perinuclear distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum. In order to compare in vivo fluorescence of Lucifer Yellow with previous ultrastructural observations, we employed fluorescence photoconversion and electron microscopy. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052190106
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    Ontogenesis and ultrastructure of seminal vesicles of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994), S. 59-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ontogenesis and structural characteristics of the seminal vesicles in Clarias gariepinus (sharptooth catfish) were studied by light and electron microscopy and are described in detail. The seminal vesicles, beginning as simple protrusions from the vas efferentia, becomes more complex with age. Their distal ends become fingerlike and the bases form palm-like extensions. Juvenile male organs do not reveal any signs of seminal vesicles although spermatogenic tissue is already well delineated. The developing gonads contain clusters of large cells, close to the sperm duct and cysts of the testis, from which seminal vesicles are formed. Secretory epithelium lines the tubules of the seminal vesicles and becomes columnar as the tissue matures. Electron micro-graphs of these epithelial cells reveal two types of cells: opaque cells and cells with very vacuolized cytoplasm. Dense pinocytotic vesicles are present between the membranes of neighbouring seminal tubules and apical cell membranes facing the lumen. Maturation and onset of secretion by the secretory cells is accompanied by morphological changes. Protruding cylindrical cells become shortened, modified to cuboidal, rounded cells that send tubular extensions into the lumen. In the final stage of differentiation, only connective tissue membranes supporting the tubule walls remain intact. At the points of contact between the testis, seminal vesicles, and sperm duct, the epithelia of these organs often become confluent. The distal parts of the seminal vesicles, rarely contain sperm; during spawning sperm accumulated in the proximal tubules of the vesicles. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 219 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052190201
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    External morphology and abundance of antennal sensilla in australian gryllacrididae (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The long (49-93 mm) antennae of two species of Australian gryllacridids have high total numbers of sensilla consisting of five sensillar types. Ametrus sp. 7 has 22,300 (♀) and 26,250 (♂) sensilla; although the antennae of males are 33% longer than those of females, their sensillar density was 11% less. Bothriogryllacris pinguipes has 26,700 (♂) and 31,900 (♀) sensilla; antennae of females are 55% longer than those of males but sensillar density is 23% less. Aporous sensilla chaetica form 94.5 to 99.5% of all sensilla; they are presumably mechanoreceptors. Uniporous trichoid contact chemoreceptors range from 75-900 in number. Olfactory, multiporous, basiconic sensilla range from 22-440 and olfactory, coeloconic sensilla from 16-235. Two to five multiporous lenticular organs occur on all but female A. sp. 7. Differences in sensillar abundance between males and females are discussed as well as are the relationships between sensillar diversity on gryllacridid mouthparts and antennae. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Immunofluorescent studies on titin and myosin in developing hearts of normal and cardiac mutant axolotls (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 19-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homozygous recessive cardiac mutant gene c in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, results in a failure of the embryonic heart to initiate beating. Previous studies show that mutant axolotl hearts fail to form sarcomeric myofibrils even though hearts from their normal siblings exhibit organized myofibrils beginning at stage 34-35. In the present study, the proteins titin and myosin are studied using normal (+/+) axolotl embryonic hearts at stages 26-35. Additionally, titin is examined in normal (+/c) and cardiac mutant (c/c) embryonic axolotl hearts using immunofluorescent microscopy at stages 35-42. At tailbud stage-26, the ventromedially migrating sheets of precardiac mesoderm appear as two-cell-layers. Myosin shows periodic staining at the cell peripheries of the presumptive heart cells at this stage, whereas titin is not yet detectable by immunofluorescent microscopy. At preheartbeat stages 32-33, a myocardial tube begins to form around the endocardial tube. In some areas, periodic myosin staining is found to be separated from the titin staining; other areas in the heart at this stage show a co-localization of the two proteins. Both titin and myosin begin to incorporate into myofibrils at stage 35, when normal hearts initiate beating. Additionally, areas with amorphous staining for both proteins are observed at this stage. These observations indicate that titin and myosin accumulate independently at very early premyofibril stages; the two proteins then appear to associate closely just before assembly into myofibrils. Staining for titin in freshly frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues of normal embryonic hearts at stages 35, 39, and 41 reveals an increased organization of the protein into sarcomeres as development progresses. The mutant siblings, however, first show titin staining only limited to the peripheries of yolk platelets. Although substantial quantities of titin accumulate in mutant hearts at later stages of development (39 and 41), it does not become organized into myofibrils as in normal cells at these stages. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220201
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    Quantitative design of the skeleton in bird hatchlings: Does tissue compartmentalization limit posthatching growth rates? (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 113-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Based on a detailed description of hatchling skeletons of the precocial buttonquail (Turnix suscitator) and the altricial budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), this report presents the hypothesis that the rate of avian posthatching growth is limited by the quantitative design (i.e., relative volumes of cartilage, bone, and marrow) of the hatchling skeletons. A Jarge portion of bone in the skeletal elements and fast growth are hypothesized to be mutually exclusive. This hypothesis is tested by morphometric techniques and by statistical comparison of morphometric and growth data. All predictions are met by the data, and the design of hatchling skeletons is described as determined by a tradeoff between tissue composition of skeletal elements and maximum rates of posthatching growth. The precocial design shows large bony areas that supposedly resist mechanical stress of locomotion; however, the relatively small cartilaginous areas exclude high growth rates. The altricial design shows the reverse relationship with small bony areas and a lack of locomotion on the one side but large cartilaginous areas and fast posthatching growth on the other side. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220202
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    Kinematic analysis of jaw protrusion in orectolobiform sharks: A new mechanism for jaw protrusion in elasmobranchs (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 175-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Jaw protrusion is an important component of prey capture in fishes, although the mechanics of protrusion have thus far been studied largely in teleosts. Elasmobranchs are also able to protrude their jaws (Tricas and McCosker [1984] Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 43: 221-238; Tricas [1985] Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 8:81-91.; Frazzetta and Prange [1987] Copeia 4:979-993). Several related features of the feeding apparatus contribute to jaw protrusion in sharks. Labial cartilages form an extendible series attached dorsally to the anterolateral face of the palatoquadrate and ventrally to the anteroventral surface of Meckel's cartilage. The labial cartilage chain swings anterolaterally as the lower jaw is depressed, thrusting the labial margins forward to form a circular oral opening and displacing the jaw apparatus towards the food; this pattern is analogous to halecomorph and primitive actinopterygian fishes in which the maxilla swings forward (Lauder [1979] J. Zool. Lond. 187:543-578). The palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage also project anteriorly and represent the major contribution to protrusion. These movements occur simultaneously with enlargement of the oral cavity to generate suction. The wobbegong sharks (Orectolobidae) are specialized for jaw protrusion. The spotted wobbegong protrudes its jaw by 33% of its chondrocranial length using two different mechanical systems. In the first mechanism of jaw protrusion, the intermandibularis and interhyoideus muscles medially compress the lower jaw and hyomandibulae. Compression of the lower jaw results in a more acute symphyseal angle so that the anteroposterior alignment of the lower jaw increases due to the rotation of each lower jaw towards a saggital orientation. Distal compression of the hyomandibulae at their attachments to the jaws swings the jaws forward. The second mechanism involves rotation of the ceratohyal around a posterior process of the lower jaw, pushing the hyomandibulae anteroventrally, thereby pushing the jaw articulation ventrally and anteriorly to protrude the jaws. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Localization and distribution of gap junctions in normal and cardiomyopathic hamster heart (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gap junctions in mammalian heart function to provide low-resistance channels between adjacent cells for passage of ions and small molecules. It is clear that the almost unrestricted passage of ions between cells, ionic coupling, is required for coordinate and synchronous contraction. This knowledge of gap junction function has made it important to study their properties in normal and abnormal tissues. In the present study, we analyzed gap junction distribution in normal and cardiomyopathic heart tissue utilizing immunofluorescent and electron microscopy techniques. Frozen, unfixed sections of age-matched normal and cardiomyopathic cardiac tissues were immunofiuorescently stained using an antibody directed against a specific peptide sequence of the connexin-43 gap junction protein. These studies revealed a characteristic punctate staining pattern for the intercalated discs in normal tissues. Some of the intercalated discs in cardiomyopathic hearts appeared to stain normally; however, others stained diffusely. The pixel intensity distribution of the confocal images demonstrated a marked difference of up to 90% increase in the number of pixels in cardiomyopathic myocardium (CM), yet the pixel intensity of gap junctions had a decrease of approximately 60%. This suggests the possibility that connexin-43 is present in CM cells in significant quantity; however, it does not become localized on the membranes as in normal cells. Electron-microscopic findings corroborate these observations on CM cells by showing an irregular distribution of intercalated discs relatively smaller in size with abnormal orientation and distribution. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220301
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    Phylogenetic implications of structure of adult ovary and oogenesis in the penicillate diplopod, Eudigraphis nigricians (miyosi) (diplopoda: Myriapoda) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe some significant structures of the adult ovary in a Japanese penicillate diplopod, Eudigraphis nigricans, with respect to phylogenetic implications. The ovary is a long, saclike organ lying between the alimentary canal and the ventral nerve cord from the fourth through the ninth body segment. The ovarian wall consists of a thin ovarian epithelium and a sparse muscle covering. There are two types of oogenetic sites: a single, mound-shaped germarium sitting on the center of the ventral ovarian epithelium, and ∼ 10 pairs of patchlike vitellarial areas metamerically arranged anterior and posterior to the germarium. The germarium consists of oogonia, early previtellogenic oocytes, and some somatic interstitial cells. In contrast, the vitellarial areas are composed of more advanced oocytes, follicle cells surrounding the oocytes, and some interstitial cells, but no oogonia. A few larger previtellogenic oocytes rise up from each vitellarial area into the ovarian lumen. Each of these oocytes is still connected with its own vitellarial area by a partial extension of its follicle. Vitellogenesis takes place in these oocytes rising in the ovarian lumen. The ripe primary oocytes leave their follicles to be transported forward into the oviducts. Some phylogenetic implications of the basic characteristics in ovarian structure and oogenesis of E. nigricans are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220302
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    Morphology of shells from viable and nonviable eggs of the chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of eggshells from hatched eggs of captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) was compared with that of shells from eggs with early embryonic death and with the morphology of eggshells from the American alligator (Alligator mississipiensisis). Pieces of shells were examined in the scanning electron microscope. Parameters examined included: numbers of open pores on the outer surfaces, total shell thickness, and thickness of the outer densely calcified and inner mammillary layers. Results indicate that shells from Chinese and American alligator eggs with early embryonic death have a thicker outer densely calcified layer than do shells from hatched eggs or full-term embryos. Also, eggshells from Chinese alligator eggs with dead embryos have fewer open pores on the outer surface than do shells from hatched eggs, as has been reported earlier for the American alligator (Wink et al., '90). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220110
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    Development of craniofacial musculature in Monodelphis domestica (marsupialia, didelphidae) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 149-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of craniofacial muscles of Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) is described. In a period of 4-6 days all craniofacial muscles in M. domestica progress from myoblast condensation, to striated myofibers that are aligned in the direction of adult muscles and possess multiple, lateral nuclei. This process begins 1 to 2 days before birth and continues during the first few days after birth. Compared to other aspects of cranial development, muscle development in M. domestica is rapid. This rapid and more or less simultaneous emergence of craniofacial muscles differs from the previously described pattern of development of the cranial skeleton in marsupials, which displays a mosaic of acceleration and deceleration of regions and individual elements. Unlike the skeletal system, craniofacial muscles show no evidence of regional specialization during development. M. domestica resembles eutherian mammals in the relatively rapid and more or less simultaneous differentiation of all craniofacial muscles. It differs from eutherian taxa in that most stages of myogenesis occur postnatally, following the onset of function. The timing of the development of muscular and skeletal structures is compared and it is concluded that the relatively early development of muscle is not reflected by any particular acceleration of the differentiation or growth of skeletal structures. Finally, the difficulties in accounting for complex internal arrangements of muscles such as the tongue, given current models of myogenesis are summarized. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Ultrastructure of the ileum epithelium of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides (hymenoptera, apidae, meliponinae) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the epithelial morphology of a stingless bee ileum from the pyloric valve to the last portion of high absorptive cells shows that although the bee ileum is an anatomically undifferentiated tube, four types of epithelial cells along the tube (in addition to the valve cells) indicate physiological differentiation. The anterior end seems to be less active in reabsorption, while the posterior region contains cells with typical morphology of an ion pump and permits conclusions about the mechanisms of absorption in the posterior end of the intestine. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220206
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    Allometry of cetacean forelimb bones (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study examines the allometric scaling relationships of the cetacean humerus, radius, and ulna. Bone lengths and diameters were measured for 20 species of odontocete and three species of mysticete cetaceans, representing eight of the nine extant cetacean families. The scaling of individual bone proportions (bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter, bone length vs. dorso-ventral diameter), and of individual bone dimensions against estimated body mass, are compared to models of geometric and elastic similarity. The geometric similarity model describes the scaling relationship of bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter and body mass vs. cranio-caudal diameter for the humerus only; geometric similarity also describes the scaling relationship of body mass vs. bone length for all three bones. None of the scaling relationships fits the elastic similarity model. The scaling relationships of bone length vs. dorso-ventral diameter for all three bones, and bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter for the radius and ulna, exhibit negative allometry, indicating that large bones are less robust than small bones. Negative allometry of structural support elements has not been previously described for terrestrial mammals or plants. The high relative swimming speeds of small delphinids may generate sufficient stresses to require more robust bones relative to those of larger whales. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220208
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    Spermatogenesis in the urodele Amhystoma dumerilii (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The male reproductive cycle of this paedomorphic species that occurs only in Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, was investigated by documenting changes in germinal cells during the spermatogenic cycle. Cysts of germ cells divide synchronously to complete spermatogenesis during September through December, with the proportion of evacuated cysts or cysts containing spermatozoa increasing during this period. The chromatin changes during prophase I of meiosis reveal the usual leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene stages. A basal body at the caudal end of the spermatozoan head connects to the flagellum. After spermiation, empty cysts contain a granular substance. Spermatogenesis in this species follows an annual cycle like other north temperate salamanders, rather than the continuous spermatogenesis of some tropical salamanders. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220306
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  • 191
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    Effects of anisosmotic conditions on the cytoskeletal architecture of cultured PC12 cells (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 269-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: PC12 cells show a classical volume regulatory process when submitted to hypo-osmotic conditions. The present study examined the effects of such osmotic shock on the structural organization of different cytoskeletal elements. Results were obtained by use of different light and electron microscopy techniques combined with immunostaining methods. It appeared that the osmotically induced changes in cell volume were concomitant with important modifications in the organization of the microfilament network. Microfilaments concentrated in the perinuclear area, leaving only radial extensions of poorly organized structures in the cytoplasm. The latter were the only actin structures immunologically stained in the cytoplasm and seemed to anchor to the plasma membrane. Measurements of the fluorescence intensity of PC12 cells treated with FITC-labeled phalloidin indicated a progressive depolymerization, followed by a repolymerization of F-actin. This occurs in parallel with microfilament reorganization and volume regulatory processes. The appearance of microfilament reorganization was a function of both the incubation period and the amplitude of the osmolarity changes. During the first minutes of osmotic shock, a decrease was observed in the density and length of microvilli, which normally cover the PC12 cell surfaces, suggesting an early reorganization of the underlying microfilament network. Microtubules and intermediate filament networks were not affected by the hypo-osmotic conditions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220305
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  • 192
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    Olfactory organ of acipenseriformes and comparison with other actinopterygians: Patterns of diversity (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 241-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The position and structure of the olfactory organ and its openings vary among actinopterygians. The anterior nasal opening is a simple perforation in the skin in many extant actinopterygians (e.g., acipenseriforms, lepisosteids, and primitive Recent teleosts) and represents the primitive condition. Polypterids and Amia each exhibit a derived condition, in which the anterior nasal opening extends into a tube. The olfactory organ is relatively far away from the anterior end of the elongate rostrum in acipenseriforms, whereas the olfactory organs are closer to the anterior end of the snout in extant actinopterygians (e.g., polypterids, lepisosteids, and amiids). In adults, olfactory organs are cuplike structures in most actinopterygians, but these organs are tubelike in polypterids. Among extant actinopterygians, a nasal diverticulum is present only in polypterids. Teleosts have accessory nasal sacs, but chondrosteans, polypterids, lepisosteids, and amiids lack them.The olfactory rosette is formed by primary folds or lamellae that may be placed anterior, lateral, posterior, and/or medial to the axis of the organ. Large acipenserids have 20-32 lamellae, polyodontids have 13-18 lamellae, lepisosteids have 8-10 lamellae, and Amia may have over 100. In teleosts, the number of lamellae varies from none or a few to over 200. Secondary lamellae are present in acipenseriforms, lepisosteids, and some advanced teleosts; secondary lamellae are interpreted as independently acquired in these lineages. Secondary lamellae are absent in Amia and primitive teleosts such as Elops and Hiodon. Tertiary lamellae are present in Acipenser oxyrhynchus. The arrangement of the primary lamellae in relation to the axis of the organ results in at least 11 patterns of the olfactory rosette in actinopterygians. Lamellae that are enclosed in a tubelike sac and that have an anteromedial diverticulum are specializations of polypterids. Primary lamellae anterior, lateral, and posterior to an elongate axis are characteristic of lepisosteids. The presence of primary lamellae lateral, medial, and posterior to an elongate olfactory axis is a synapomorphy of Halecomorpha (Amia plus teleosts). The absence of secondary lamellae is a synapomorphy of Halecomorpha. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220304
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    Negative growth control of mitotically active imaginal cells (histoblasts) of the abdominal epidermis during metamorphosis of the houseflyWe dedicate this paper to the memory of our graduate school mentor, Professor P. Govindan, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India. (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: On the ventral side of each pupal abdominal segment of the housefly, there is a pair of histoblast nests, each containing about 600 diploid cells. These cells, during adult development, divide, replace intervening polytene larval epidermal cells (LEC), and form both the median sternite and the surrounding pleura of the adult segment. Since the histoblast nests and the LEC form a contiguous layer, we examined the role of these two types of cells in regulating the mitotic potential of the histoblasts during development of the median sternite. Two experimental approaches were used: deletion of one of the nests by thermocautery; and by disturbance of the continuity of the monolayered epidermis by thermocautery of, or topical application of heptanol on, the midventral LEC. Ablation of one of the contralateral nests resulted in a mirror image duplication of the hemisternite and pleura by the surviving nest. Disturbance of the continuity of the LEC produced mirror image duplication of the hemisternal pattern by each of the contralateral nests. From these results, we propose that the contralateral ventral nests mutually downregulate their mitotic potential by secreting regulatory factor(s) to produce the normal median sternite pattern and surrounding pleura. We also suggest that these chemicals act in a paracrine fashion, possibly through gap junctions in the LEC. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220307
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    Locomotor analysis of surface propulsion by three species of reduced-limbed fossorial lizards (Lerista: Scincidae) from western australia (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 309-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relatively large, but superficially similar, Lerista macropisthopus, L. connivens, and L. lineopunctulata differ in bodily elongation and limb reduction, inhabit sandy areas, and move under sand. Visual analysis and computer-generated excursion and curvature graphs show that each species moves differently on smooth and rough surfaces, on surfaces with and without nails, and in channels.The reduced-limbed quadruped, Lerista macropisthopus walks frequently, using its four clawed limbs, whenever traction is available. Its undulating body curves uniformly but never generates slide-pushing curves. The biped L. connivens walks with its hindlimbs, although less frequently, and/or oscillates its tail in propelling its relatively stiff, short body. The biped L. lineopunctulata rarely uses its hindlimbs but always undulates body and. tail. It can use single nails in cam-follower progression. L. macropisthopus and L. connivens walk well in channels with rough bottoms, but only L lineopunctulata uses tunnel concertina to travel in channels with smooth bottoms.Friction of body surfaces dragged and of those transmitting propulsive forces is critical to these lizards and explains the division of movement into slow and rapid progression rates. Animals that have clawed limbs, no matter how reduced, use them. Body and tail generally are used differently. The tail may be flipped anteriorly to facilitate concertina. In nail arrays, travel is by simple, never by lateral, undulation. Apparently distinct motor coordination patterns are associated with differences in morphology, habit, and habitat. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220308
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    Detection of sugar residues in lizard tooth germs (Liolaemus gravenhorsti) using lectin histochemistry (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 222 (1994), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The appearance, cellular distribution, and changes of sugar residues during tooth development in adults of the polyphyodont, Liolaemus gravenhorsti, were investigated by using horseradish-peroxidase-conjugate lectins (lectin-HRP). With Con A (Canavalia ensiformis), the ameloblasts (late bell stage) show granular supranuclear positivity and also at the Golgi zone and on their tomes process. Reactivity also appears at the apical surface of the odontoblasts and odontoblastic process. With WGA (Triticum vulgaris), the tooth germs (late bell stage) show cytoplasmatic granular positivity in the ameloblast cells, Golgi regions, and in a lesser extent of the cytoplasm. Also, the apical surface and the odontoblastic process react. WGA reaction is depressed following sialidase treatment.The significance in tooth germs of α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose as well as β-D-N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid is difficult to ascertain. These oligosaccharides may have some significance in odontogenesis. In fact, Con A-HRP- and WGA-HRP-binding components in ameloblasts and odontoblasts may be functionally related to molecules that are thought to contribute to odontogenesis in lizards. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052220309
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  • 196
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    Occurrence of fibers and their association with talin in the cleavage furrows of PtK2 cells (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 26-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cleavage furrows ; cytokinesis ; actin ; phalloidin ; myosin ; filamin ; talin ; attachment plaques ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: PtK2 cells of exceptionally large size were microinjected with fluorescently labeled probes for actin, myosin, filamin, and talin in order to follow the assembly of the contractile proteins into the cleavage furrows. Whereas in cells of normal size, there is usually a diffuse pattern of localization of proteins in the cleavage furrow, in these large, flat cells the labeled proteins localized in fibers in the cleavage furrow. Often, the fibers were striated in a pattern comparable to that measured in the stress fibers of the same cell type. The presence of talin in discrete plaques along fibers in the cleavage furrows of the large cells suggests a further similarity between cleavage furrow and stress fiber structure. The presence of filamin in the cleavage furrows also suggests the possibility of an overlapping mechanism in addition to that of a talin mediated mechanism for the attachment of actin filaments to the cell surfaces in the cleavage furrow. A model is presented that emphasizes the interrelationships between stress fibers, myofibrils, and cleavage furrows. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270104
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    Role of MAPs and motors in the bundling and shimmering of native microtubules from insect ovarioles (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: kinesin ; dynein ; MAP-motor interactions ; microtubule arrays ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bundles of native microtubules isolated from the ovarioles of hemipteran insects are seen to shimmer when observed using dark-field microscopy. This novel form of microtubule motility becomes even more obvious when the isolated bundles are detergent-extracted and reactivated. We have studied the nucleotide-specificity and the drug-sensitivity of microtubule shimmering in order to obtain information regarding the nature of the motor protein responsible, and to compare its properties with those of previously characterised microtubule motors. The involvement of structural MAPs in the shimmering and in maintenance of microtubule bundles in this system has also been investigated. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270108
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    Role of microtubules in random cell migration: Stabilization of cell polarity (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell movement ; speed ; persistence time ; colcemid ; alveolar macrophage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of microtubules in random cell migration was investigated using time-lapse videomicroscopy to record in vitro the shape and motile behavior of guinea pig alveolar macrophages before and after disrupting microtubules with colcemid. Cell migration was quantified in terms of directional persistence time and speed. Motility was also correlated with morphological polarity: cells having a single lamellipodal region (monopolar cells) migrated, whereas those lacking a lamellipod (apolar cells) or with opposing lamellipodal regions (bipolar cells) did not migrate. Within 2 hours, colcemid caused a shift in polarity from 80% monopolar cells to 40% monopolar and 40% bipolar cells and a corresponding decrease from 80% to 40% in the fraction of migrating cells. Mean persistence time and speed decreased only slightly (approximately 20%) for those cells (still monopolar) which continued to migrate in the presence of colcemid. Persistence time and speed actually increased for many individual cells, indicating that random migration did not require intact microtubules. We conclude that colcemid treatment destabilizes monopolarity, leading to the gradual loss of monopolarity and consequent inhibition of migration. While a cell remains monopolar, it will continue to migrate even in the absence of intact microtubules, but microtubules are required for the long-term maintenance of cellular monopolarity and, thus, for continued motility. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270110
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  • 199
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    Electronic Resource
    Two-step mechanism for actin polymerization in human erythroleukemia cells induced by phorbol ester (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: HEL cells ; cell spreading ; fibronectin ; diacyl glycerol ; phorbol myristate acetate ; protein kinase C ; staurosporine ; thymosin beta four ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells grow in suspension, but after treatment with nM PMA the cells adhere and spread on glass or fibronectin [Jarvinen et al., 1987: Eur. J. Cell Biol. 44:238-246]. We observed an early (20-30 min) stage of spreading in which F-actin was organized into peripheral arcs near the spreading margin and vinculin was localised to the cell's periphery at the ends of these arcs. By 1 h the cells were well spread with straight actin bundles many of which ended at more central sites terminating on patches containing vinculin and talin; thus the cells assemble typical stress fibers but do not appear to polarize. The cells also spread on RGD polymer. DiC8 (1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol, C8:0, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) induced spreading but only if DAG kinase inhibitor and A-23187 were also present; in their absence cells adhered but did not spread. Spreading was ∼85% inhibited by 100 nM staurosporine. PKC-β was shown to be present in the cells by immunoblotting. In cells spread for 1 h with PMA, F-actin increased to 180% of control levels as measured by RP binding and the actin sequestering complex of G-actin-thymosin β4 decreased significantly.To determine whether the F-actin increase required adhesion, we inhibited cell attachment to the substratum by adding RGDS, by coating glass surfaces with hemoglobin, or by a combined treatment. Under these conditions PMA-treated suspended cells still increased their F-actin to 126-137% of controls, a significant increase over control levels. Staurosporine inhibited F-actin increases under all the conditions studied.Permeabilized cell suspensions, incubated with rhodamine labelled G-actin, incorporated the labelled actin along cell membranes at a low level. A few minutes preincubation with either diC8 plus DAG kinase inhibitor or with PMA strongly increased the incorporation. This increased incorporation was reduced to below control levels by either staurosporine (100 nM) or cytochalasin D (1 μM).We conclude that both suspended and spreading HEL cells can be stimulated to polymerize actin by a mechanism dependent on PKC or a PKC-like molecule. In suspended cells, the polymerization occurs along the membrane. When cells spread, F-actin increased to a significantly greater extent. This second step could involve additional polymerization, perhaps at the observed adhesion sites, decreased turnover of the actin bundles, or a combined effect of both mechanisms. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270405
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  • 200
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    Electronic Resource
    Are microtubules essential for the secretory process in rat parotid gland? (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28 (1994), S. 34-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: exocrine gland ; protein secretion ; microtubule-disrupting drugs ; immunofluorescence microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of microtubules in the exocrine secretory process is not yet well established, and their disruption by anti-microtubule drugs leads to variable effects on intracellular transit and protein secretion. We investigated the involvement of microtubules in the regulated secretory process of rat parotid glands using microscopic techniques and pulse-chase experiments. We showed that 10 μM colchicine or nocodazole destroys the microtubule network in parotid acinar cells but only weakly reduces the release of newly synthesized proteins. The half-effect was obtained with 0.22 μM colchicine. Moreover, this small reduction was found to be independent of the nature of the drug (colchicine, colcemid, or nocodazole) and of the nature of the stimulation (β-adrenergic or cholinergic pathways). Using nocodazole, we have been able to determine that the steps affected by the drug are very early events in the secretory pathway. Finally, we showed by kinetic analysis that microtubule disruption slows protein release only moderately but does not reduce the total amount of secreted protein. We conclude from this study that microtubule integrity is not essential for protein secretion in rat parotid gland. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970280104
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