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  • 1990-1994  (92)
  • 1965-1969  (35)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1840-1849
  • Bone
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 530-535 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Bone ; collagen ; fulvic acids ; DNA ; ancient DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The amount of DNA in ancient bone was determined by ethidium bromide staining after the removal of the potent Taq inhibitor, fulvic acid. A complete decalcification and a perfusion protocol were used to recover DNA from bone. A variety of purification techniques including molecular sieve, hydroxyapatite binding and ‘Magic’ preparations yielded DNA that spanned from 3.4μg/g of bone to below detectable limits. Fulvic acid was shown to interfere with the quantification of DNA derived from ancient human skeletal material one hundred to over seven thousand years old. Scanning UV in the 300 to 230 nm range is a simple and sensitive technique for documenting fulvic acid contamination in ancient bone extracts.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Homocysteine thiolactone ; Alpha-homocysteine thiolactone ; Bone ; Glycosaminoglycans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Homocysteine (HC) is a radiation protector but toxic to bone. Its derivative homocysteine thiolactone (HCTL) and the alpha-alkylated analogue (A-methyl-HCTL) was fed to mice for a period of six weeks in a daily dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Parameters for bone matrix as collagen content, acid solubility of bone collagen, urinary bone collagen cross links (pyridinolines) and urinary acid glycosaminoglycans were determined. Urinary acid glycosaminoglycans were significantly reduced in the HCTL treated group but not in the alpha-methyl-homocysteine thiolactone (A-methyl-HCTL) group (controls: 45 ± 7 mg/mmol creatinine, homocysteine thiolactone 38 ± 5 mg/mmol creatinine, A-methyl HCTL 45 ± 6 mg/mmol creatinine). No differences were found for the parameters of bone collagen between the groups. The potent radiation protecting methylated derivative therefore did not change bone matrix and should be a candidate for further toxicological studies.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Crisis ; Kidney ; Bone ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Parathyroid crisis occurring in primary hyperparathyroidism is characteized by extremely high circulating levels of parathyroid hormone and acute onset of severe hypercalcemia. We describe a 62-year-old woman with parathyroid crisis probably due to an intraturnoral hemorrhage. Renal dysfunction reduced the effectiveness of preoperative management and continued to deteriorate for 5 days after parathyroidectomy. The normalization of serum calcium after parathyroidectomy delayed and it took 6 days. Maintenance of renal function is important for pre- and postoperative courses of the present case. The rapid decrease in serum parathyroid hormone after parathyroidectomy was followed by a rapid and transient (about fivefold) increase in serum alkaline phosphatase with peak value on the 10th postoperative day. This indicated that reversal phase from bone resorption (accelerated by parathyroid hormone) to bone formation lasted about 10 days under the conditions of the present case.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 107 (1994), S. 152-155 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; Bone ; Soft tissue ; Automated DNA extraction ; PCR ; Sex determination ; alte DNA ; Knochen ; Weichgewebe automatisierte ; DNA-Extraktion ; PCR Geschlechtsbestimmung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Knochen und Weichgewebe als Quellenmaterial für DNA-Analysen wurden südamerikanische, präkolumbische, männliche Mumien verwendet. Die Eignung der DNA-Extrakte beider Quellen wurde über ihre Effektivität als Ziel-DNA in PCR-Amplifikationen bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß bei Verwendung stark degradierten Materials Knochen den Weichgeweben für PCR-Analysen vorzuziehen sind. Dies scheint unabhängig von der spezifischen anatomischen Herkunft der Proben zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract South american precolumbian male mummies were employed as source material for a comparative investigation of bone and soft tissues by DNA analysis. The suitability of the DNA extracts from both sources was tested and evaluated by their effectiveness as target DNA in PCR amplifications. The results suggest that skeletal material should be given preference over soft tissues for PCR analysis if the material is severely degraded. This seems to be independent of the specific anatomical origin of the samples.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 16 (1994), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone sialoprotein ; Osteopontin ; Protein purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A protocol to extract and purify osteopontin, a protein with cell adhesion and mineral-crystal binding properties, from mineral-associated tissues is described. This procedure provides for the complete separation of osteopontin from bone sialoprotein, a mineralized tissue-specific protein with similar properties to that of osteopontin.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 189 (1994), S. 259-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Cancellous ; Trabecular ; Age ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an analysis of the 3D architecture of cancellous bone, two-dimensional techniques are of limited value. A simple technique employing stereophotographs of whole sections of lumbar vertebrate made possible a detailed description of the 3D structure of the normal fourth lumbar vertebral body and its changes with ageing and osteoporosis. Parallax measurements were used to calculate the real lengths of horizontal trabeculae. The bone presented a continuous spectrum of microstructure, from a honeycomb of tubes, to plates and braces and, finally, fragile rods. A distinct pattern was produced in osteoporotic samples by the removal of horizontal and selected vertical trabeculae followed by a thickening of the remaining vertical trabeculae in the peripheral regions. Very long, thin horizontal trabeculae were formed in all three zones (superior, middle and inferior) during this process. The observation of porotic architecture in intact specimens points to the inadequacy of the clinical criterion of the occurrence of a fracture in judging the osteoporotic state.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 190 (1994), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Osteoblasts ; Resorption ; Remodelling ; Dentine ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the normal adult human skeleton, new bone formation by osteoblasts restores the contours of bone surfaces following osteoclastic bone resorption, but the evidence for resorption-repair coupling remains circumstantial. To investigate whether sites of prior resorption, more than the surrounding unresorbed surface, attract osteoblasts or stimulate them to proliferate or make new matrix, we developed a simple in vitro system in which resorption-repair coupling occurs. Resorption pits were produced in mammalian dentine or bone slabs by culturing chick bone-derived cells on them for 2–3 days. The chick cells were swept off and the substrata reseeded with rat calvarial osteoblastic cells, which make bone nodules in vitro, for periods of up to 8 weeks. Cell positions and new bone formation were investigated by ordinary light microscopy, fluorescence and reflection confocal laser microscopy, and SEM, in stained and unstained samples. There was no evidence that the osteoblasts were especially attracted to, or influenced by, the sites of resorption in dentine or bone before cell confluence was reached. Bone formation was identified by light microscopy by the accumulation of matrix, staining with alizarin and calcein and by von Kossa's method, and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by using backscattered electron (BSE) and transmitted electron imaging of unembedded samples and BSE imaging of micro-milled embedded material. These new bone patches were located initially in the resorption pits. The model in vitro system may throw new light on the factors that control resorption-repair coupling in the mineralised tissues in vivo.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ectopic ossification ; Ossicles ; parasite infection ; Chondroid bone ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the development and tissues in mineralized ossicles in the musculature of Perca flavescens infected with metacercariae of the trematode Apophallus brevis. Analysis involved light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray scanning electron microprobe analysis, and tetracycline labelling. Two to 14 days post-infection, fibroblast-like host cells stream towards the parasite cyst forming a fusiform cellular capsule. By 14 days post-infection the capsule differentiates into an inner hypertrophied layer, an extensive middle layer of fibroblast-like cells, and a thin outer layer of flattened fibroblast-like cells forming a fibrous sheath at the capsule/muscle interface. From 21–35 days post-infection, a bony tissue is deposited periosteally in an equatorial ring around the cyst. With time, additional tissue is secreted over the ring increasing its thickness and advancing the matrix front towards the poles of the ossicle. Plump osteoblast-like cells cover the developing ossicle and may become trapped within the matrix in lacunae encapsulated by collagen. By 63 days post-infection, medium-sized ossicles are morphologically similar to large cysts from perch captured in the wild; ovoid with two polarized canals, but lacking acellular or lamellar bone-like tissue. Mineralized ossicles contain calcium, phosphorus and oxygen. Large ossicles retrieved from perch given multiple doses of tetracycline revealed discrete fluorescent bands, indicative of incremental growth. Fully developed ossicles are composed of two skeletal tissues, an inner region of chondroid bone and an outer region of acellular, lamellar bone.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 16 (1994), S. 409-412 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Nutrient foramina ; Bone ; Lower limb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les foramens nourriciers de 269 os longs de membres inférieurs d'adultes ont été étudiés afin d'en préciser le nombre et le siège. L'index foraminal moyen était de 48,82 pour le fémur, 33,17 pour le tibia, 47,82 pour la fibula. Sur le fémur, les foramens sont le plus souvent doubles, situés au tiers moyen de la ligne âpre. Sur le tibia, le foramen est le plus souvent au tiers supérieur de la face postérieure. Enfin sur la fibula, il se situe en général au tiers moyen de face postérieure.
    Notes: Summary In this study a total of 269 adult lower limb long bones were examined to determine the number and location of the nutrient foramina in the shafts of bones. The mean of foraminal index was 48.82 for femur, 33.17 for tibia, and 47.82 for fibula. The number of foramina noted were: two on the linea aspera in the middle third of the femur, one on the posterior surface of the upper third of the tibia, and one on the posterior surface of the middle third of the fibula.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 44-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Stress ; Elasticity ; Mechanical properties ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium (Mg) participates in the normal formation and remodeling of bone. However, little is known about effects of Mg status on the biomechanical function of bone. We examined gross morphometry and composition as well as biomechanical properties of the femurs of male rats fed diets adequate or deficient in Mg. Comparison of deficient animals and controls yielded a number of differences (all significant at P〈0.05). Mg-depleted animals exhibited slow growth, inefficient food utilization, and greatly reduced concentrations of Mg in both serum and femur ash. Compared with controls, femurs from depleted animals were shorter, but wet weights, diameters, and midfemoral cross-sectional areas showed no differences. Bone length was reduced to a greater degree than could be accounted for by differences in body weights between the groups. Bones of Mg-deficient rats contained less dry matter and less ash (which contained more Ca/g) than those of controls, along with a higher percentage of moisture. Significantly reduced bone strength in depleted animals was evident from the lighter loads supported at the elastic limit (yield point) and at fracture and from decreased stresses accompanying those loads. Modulus of elasticity, however, was not affected by Mg depletion. Different yield and breaking loads were related to different body weights of groups, but stresses were reduced for deficient bones even after adjusting for body size. Our data establish abnormal biomechanical behavior of cortical bone in Mg-deficient animals and emphasize the importance of measuring such functional properties of bone in the assessment of responses to altered metabolic conditions under experimental conditions.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrasound attenuation ; Bone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasound transmission measurement through the os calcis is an emerging technique and a promising clinical tool for early assessment of osteoporosis. However, several previous studies showed that broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) is sensitive to small variations in bone mass or structure. The os calcis is an inhomogeneous bone and therefore, the attenuation depends on the location in the os calcis. BUA distribution within the os calcis can be measured by rectilinear scanning over the entire bone. We used a mechanical scanning device with both unfocused and focused transducers. The spatial resolution of these was about 25 mm and 4 mm, respectively. There was good agreement (r=0.97) between the results with unfocused and focused transducers. In addition, imaging the variations of BUA is possible with the focused transducers, and high quality images are obtained. These images permit the selection of optimal regions of interest for ultrasound attenuation measurement.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Material quality ; Sound transmission ; Frequency of resonance ; Age ; Bone width
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In women before and after the age of peak bone mass, identical values of bone mineral density (BMD) can be obtained. However, there is a much higher incidence of osteoporotic fractures in older women. We investigated whether a deterioration of bone material quality with increasing age might contribute to this phenomenon. Material properties of bone tissue can be characterized by the modulus of elasticity, which is correlated to the square of sound transmission velocity. In this study, sound transmission velocity was determined in cortical bone by measuring the frequency of resonance in the ulna in the direction of the bone's longitudinal axis and correcting the values by multiplying by ulna length. Validation of this method indicated acceptable reproducibility: interobserver variability determined as the mean coefficient of variation was 1.82%. In a clinical study, 21 young women (22.5±1.2 years old) were compared with 21 middle-aged women (52.9±2.7 years old). Pairs were matched that had identical values of BMD in the nondominant forearm at a location representing mainly cortical bone (SPA). The product of ulna length and frequency of resonance in the ulna in the younger women was found to be 61.4±5.8 m/second, and in the middle-aged women 55.7±4.5 m/second. The difference was highly significant with P〈0.005. Our results confirm recent findings indicating a deterioration of bone material quality independent of BMD with increasing age. As shown by comparing ulna width at the site of measurement of bone mineral density between both groups of women, the deterioration of bone material quality in ulnar cortical bone with increasing age might at least in part be functionally compensated by an increase of the moment of inertia due to greater bone width [8, 10].
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Helodermin ; Bone ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Helodermin and helospectin are peptides structurally similar to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) which were recently isolated from the salivary gland venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum. Pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating polypeptide (PACAP) has been isolated from ovine hypothalamus and also shows sequence homology to VIP. A helodermin-like peptide has been detected by combined immunohistochemical and immunochemical techniques in the thyroid C-cells. In the present study, lizard helodermin was found to cause a time- and dose-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation in neonatal mouse calvarial bones. Also, helospectin I, PACAP 27, and the C-terminally extended PACAP 38 stimulated cAMP accumulation in the mouse calvariae. The cAMP rise in response to helodermin was comparable to that induced by VIP, both in terms of potency and magnitude of the response. Helodermin, helospectin I, PACAP 27, and PACAP 38, at concentrations of 1 μmol/liter, stimulated cAMP accumulation in enzymatically isolated mouse calvarial bone cells. A significant response to all peptides was observed in both early and late released bone cells isolated from the calvariae, with low and high alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively. Helodermin and VIP stimulated cAMP accumulation in the cloned mouse calvarial osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1, in rat (UMR 106-01), and human (Saos-2) osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell lines, but not in the rat osteosarcoma cell line ROS 17/2.8. The effect of helodermin was synergistically and dose-dependently enhanced by forskolin (0.1 and 1 μmol/liter). These data show that bone cells, including osteoblasts, respond to several peptides of the VIP family, including helodermin, helospectin I, PACAP 27, and PACAP 38. Whether the responses are mediated via one or several receptor populations remains to be established. The finding that VIP and helodermin, at maximally effective concentrations, did not cause additive effect on cAMP formation in intact mouse calvariae suggests that these two agonists may use a common receptor.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: IL-1α ; IL-1β ; IL-1 receptor antagonist ; Bone ; Calcium ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Both interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are powerful stimulators of bone resorption in vivo and in vitro. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) binds to many interleukin-1 receptors. It does not activate the receptor and effectively blocks the action of IL-1α and IL-1β. In this study, human recombinant IL-1ra, at 100-fold excess, was found to block bone resorption in cultured mouse calvaria due to IL-1β but not IL-1α. These observations may be explained by differential affinities of receptors for IL-1α, IL-1β and rhIL-1ra on target bone cells.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 376-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Electromagnetic ; Bone ; Calcium ; Osteoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Low energy electromagnetic fields (EMF) exhibit a large number of biological effects. A major issue to be determined is “What is the lowest threshold of detection in which cells can respond to an EMF?” In these studies we demonstrate that a low-amplitude combined magnetic field (CMF) which induces a maximum potential gradient of 10-5 V/m is capable of increasing net calcium flux in human osteoblast-like cells. The increase in net calcium flux was frequency dependent, with a peak in the 15.3–16.3 Hz range with an apparent bandwidth of approximately 1 Hz. A model that characterizes the thermal noise limit indicates that nonspherical cell shape, resonant type dynamics, and signal averaging may all play a role in the transduction of lowamplitude EMF effects in biological systems.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 381-386 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acoustic microscopy ; Bone ; Collagen fiber ; Elastic anisotropy ; Mineral crystal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It has long been thought that collagen fibers within the bone matrix are deposited in an aligned pattern that channels mineral growth. If this model of bone structure is correct, both organic and inorganic phases of bone should have similar elastic anisotropy. Using an acoustic microscope, we measured longitudinal and transverse acoustic velocities of cortical specimens taken from 10 dog femurs before and after removal of either the mineral (using 10% EDTA) or collagen phases (using 7% sodium hypochlorite) and calculated longitudinal (CL) and transverse (CT) elastic coefficients. The anisotropy ratio (CL/CT) decreased significantly after demineralization (1.61 before versus 1.06 after, P〈0.0001, paired t-test). However, there was no significant change after decollagenization (1.51 before versus 1.48 after, P=0.617, paired t-test). We conclude that the orientation of mineral crystals is the primary determinant of bone anisotropy, and the collagen matrix within osteonal bone has little directional orientation.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 34-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Magnesium ; Bone ; Aging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken to reveal the magnesium distribution in human bone. Sixty human ribs, obtained from subjects aged 10–80 years of age, were used. Transverse sections were prepared from the middle region of the human ribs. Adjacent sections were ground to a thickness of about 1000 μm. One section was used for magnesium determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the other was used for analysis with X-ray microanalysis. Thirty micron thick samples were abraded continuously from the periosteal and the endosteal surfaces by abrasive microsampling, as previously described by Weatherell et al. [3]. Results showed that magnesium concentrations were higher in both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces and did not change with age in general, although it tended to be higher among teenagers and lower over 80 years old.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Drugs ; Trabecular ; Turnover ; Computer ; Model ; Sensitivity ; Activation frequency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computer model of trabecular bone turnover has been developed, based on concepts of Jonathan Reeve [1]. This model predicts changes in bone volume by summing bone resorption and formation over a large number of remodeling sites. Clinical data [histomorphometry and bone mineral content (BMC)] from two clinical studies using an antiresorptive drug (etidronate disodium, EHDP) in post-menopausal osteoporosis were used to test the model. The results for BMC obtained from the EHDP and placebo groups in each study at 60 and 120 weeks were correctly predicted by the model from the histomorphometric data obtained from baseline and week 60 biopsies. The parameter in this model having the greatest influence on predicted changes in bone volume was found by sensitivity analysis to be activation frequency. These results suggest that the contribution of bone turnover to BMC can be predicted solely by considering the cell kinetics of the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and that, in the case of antiresorptive drugs, maximal effects on bone volume may be achieved by pharmacological reduction of activation frequency. The results also suggest that the present model may be useful in predicting in clinical studies the effects of EHDP and similar drugs on bone turnover.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Lactate ; Acidosis ; Treadmill ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of exercise on the serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Serum PTH and plasma lactate were measured in 15 well-trained men, 9 long-distance runners and 6 fire-fighters, during two running exercises. Test one consisted of 40-minute treadmill running with a stepwise increased load and test two consisted of 50-minute treadmill running with a constant velocity. When the load was step-wise increased, the PTH concentrations increased moderately at the slower running paces but reached a final value that was about 50% higher than the starting value. This rise occurred despite a concomitant increase of total serum calcium from 2.38±0.06 to 2.49±0.05 mmol/liter (P〈0.01). During the constant running exercise, the long-distance runners, but not the fire-fighters, displayed a significant increase in PTH concentrations although the rise in total serum calcium was similar in both groups. There was a weak correlation between the changes in PTH and lactate in both exercises. The findings demonstrate that both high and low intensity exercise enhance release of PTH in long-distance runners through a mechanism that does not involve serum calcium. This relationship might be of importance for bone mass in men performing long-distance training.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diphosphonate ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment, a lower extremity pain syndrome associated with stress fractures was observed in three osteoporotic patients. This report describes the development of stress fractures during initial cycles of treatment, with recurrence of symptoms in two patients when etidronate therapy was resumed. Further studies are needed to confirm whether stress fractures are associated with cyclic etidronate treatment and if so, the incidence and pathophysiology need to be determined.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pseudohypoparathyroidism ; Thiazide ; Kidney ; Bone ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We compared the effect of orally administered 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) among eight patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type I, 11 patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (IHP), and 12 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (1oHPT). Patients with PHP type I or with IHP were studied during the treatment with 1α-hydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D3. HCTZ raised serum levels of calcium (Ca) in 1oHPT (P〈0.001) and PHP type I (P〈0.01) but did not increase urinary excretion of Ca. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in PHP type I decreased (P〈0.02) after HCTZ administration in response to the increase in serum Ca. HCTZ did not raise serum levels of Ca in IHP but increased urinary excretion of Ca in this group (P〈0.01). HCTZ suppressed tubular reabsorption of phosphate (P) in IHP (P〈0.01) and 1oHPT (P〈0.05) but not in PHP type I. Urinary excretion of cAMP did not change after HCTZ administration in PHP type I, IHP, or 1oHPT. Endogenous PTH modulated the effects of HCTZ on Ca mobilization from bone and renal reabsorption of Ca in PHP type I with normal or high serum levels of PTH and in 1oHPT with high serum levels of PTH. The inhibitory effect of HCTZ on renal tubular reabsorption of P (probably from proximal tubules) was independent of PTH. The resistance to this inhibitory effect of HCTZ on P reabsorption in PHP type I suggested a proximal tubular dysfunction in this disorder.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Noncollagenous ; Proteins ; Bone ; Sialo-protein ; Osteopontin ; Osteocalcin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative analyses of a wide variety of different solvents used for the extraction of several of the noncollagenous proteins of fully mineralized chicken bone powder were carried out to compare both the effectiveness of various procedures and the distribution of specific proteins which were solubilized. Extraction procedures included solutions of 6 M guanidine-HCl, pH 7.0, 0.5 M EDTA, pH 7.4, 0.3 N citric acid, 0.3 N HCl, 0.3 N formic acid, and 0.3 N acetic acid. Chelation of calcium ions by EDTA and dissolution of the mineral phase by acid extraction released 95% or more of the total calcium content of the bone powder by 48 hours, guanidine-HCl released less than 20% or less of the total calcium content even when extraction was carried out by 168 hours. Moreover, although guanidine-HCl solubilized a significant amount of collagen as gelatin, essentially none of the phosphoproteins, osteocalcin, or the proteoglycan decorin were solubilized, as detected by immunological techniques. In contrast, extraction of the mineralized bone powder by HCl and formic acid was very efficient in selectively solubilizing osteocalcin and osteopontin, while bone sialoprotein was selectively released by EDTA, and solubilized to a lesser extent by formic acid. Similarly, EDTA selectively removed decorin compared with HCl, formic, acetic, or citric acids. Only small amounts of osteopontin and osteocalcin were detected in the acetic acid extracts. These results provide methods for the selective solubilization of several different major, noncollagenous proteins from mineralized bone which should significantly aid in maximizing the amount of the specific protein recovered, and the ease with which the various proteins can be purified. The data also provide some insight into the intrinsic solubility characteristics of collaten, the specific noncollagenous proteins, and their potential association with each other and the mineral phase.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Biochemical markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of chronic and acute exposure to parathyroid hormone (PTH) on formation and breakdown of type I collagen, using two recently developed radioimmunoassays for serum PICP (the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen) and serum ICTP (the carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen), have been evaluated. Fasting morning values were obtained from 18 women with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and an equal number of age-matched, healthy controls. A 24-hour infusion of synthetic human parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-38) was performed in 14 healthy females. The patients with HPT had higher values for serum ICTP than the controls (6.0±3.0 and 4.1±2.1 μg/liter; P〈0.05), whereas the serum PICP concentrations were not different (170±72 and 151±65 μg/liter; n.s.). During infusion of PTH in healthy subjects, there was an increase of the serum ICTP concentrations (from 3.6±1.3 to 4.4±1.8 μg/liter; P〈0.001) whereas those of serum PICP decreased (from 185±78 to 118±42 μg/liter; P≤0.0001). The increase of serum ICTP during infusion of PTH was positively related to the increase of serum calcium and other indices of bone resorption, i.e., fasting urinary excretions of hydroxyproline and calcium. The decrease of serum PICP was also related to the changes of serum ICTP and hydroxyproline in urine, serum calcium, and alkaline phosphatase but not to osteocalcin, an established marker of osteoblastic activity. The findings support the fact that serum ICTP is a valuable method for evaluating bone resorption and is also easy to perform. Furthermore, the discordant results for the different markers of osteoblastic activity indicat that they reflect different functions of the cell.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Carbon isotopes ; Arctic fox ; Diet ; Bone ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used stable carbon isotopes to analyse individual variation in arctic fox diet. We extracted collagen from bones (the lower jaw), and measured stable carbon isotopes. The foxes came from three different localities: Iceland, where both microtines and reindeer are rare; west Greenland, where microtines are absent; and Sweden, where scat analyses showed the primary food to be microtine rodents and reindeer. The Icelandic samples included foxes from both coastal and inland habitats, the Swedish sample came from an inland area, and the Greenland sample from coastal sites. The spatial variation in the isotopic pattern followed a basic division between marine and terrestrial sources of protein. Arctic foxes from inland sites had δ13C values of −21.4 (Iceland) and −20.4‰ (Sweden), showing typical terrestrial values. Coastal foxes from Greenland had typical marine values of −14.9‰, whereas coastal foxes from Iceland had intermediate values of −17.7‰. However, there was individual variation within each sample, probably caused by habitat heterogeneity and territoriality among foxes. The variation on a larger scale was related to the availability of different food items. These results were in accordance with other dietary analyses based on scat analyses. This is the first time that stable isotopes have been used to reveal individual dietary patterns. Our study also indicated that isotopic values can be used on a global scale.
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  • 25
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 4 (1994), S. 21-21 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Metastases ; Bone ; Métastases osseuses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cette série de cas, vus par des chirurgiens, une métastase sur deux est traitée au stade de fracture. Une fracture sur deux est survenue en l'absence de toute symptomatologie évocatrice.
    Notes: Abstract This series of surgical patients shows that 50% of bony metastases are complicated by a fracture. Of these, 50% occurred without any preceding symptoms or signs.
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  • 26
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 4 (1994), S. 5-8 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Bone ; Metastases ; Osteoclast ; Cytokines ; Métastases osseuses ; Ostéoclaste ; Cytokines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les métastases ostéolytiques des cancers sont à l'origine de douleurs et de fractures pathologiques responsables d'une importante invalidité altérant la qualité de survie des patients. Ces destructions osseuses sont dues à une augmentation de la résorption osseuse, liée à la stimulation des ostéoclastes par des médiateurs sécrétés localement par les cellules tumorales et médullaires. Les bisphosphonates, puissants agents anti-ostéoclastiques, ont une bonne efficacité sur les douleurs osseuses, la prévention des fractures et des épisodes hypercalcémiques.
    Notes: Abstract Osteolytic metastases are the cause of pain and pathological fractures with marked disability affecting the patient's quality of life. The bone destruction is due to an increase of bone resorption, linked to stimulation of osteoclasts by mediators secreted locally by tumour and medullary cells. Bisphosphonates, strong anti-osteoclastic agents, are effective for bone pain, prevention of fractures and the treatment of hypercalcaemic episodes.
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  • 27
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 4 (1994), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Metastases ; Bone ; Métastases osseuses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le traitement des métastases osseuses a vu ses modalités évoluer en fonction d'améliorations obtenues dans la prise en charge du cancer primitif et en raison d'une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes biologiques constatés au niveau de l'os métastatique. Du simple traitement palliatif des douleurs osseuses, la thérapeutique s'est orientée vers la prévention des complications dégradantes que sont les fractures et les paraplégies. Des résultats intéressants sont obtenus actuellement par l'utilisation de traitements chimiques luttant contre l'ostéolyse métastatique.
    Notes: Abstract The treatment of bony metastases has developed due to improvements in the care of the primary cancer and due to a better understanding of the biological phenomenon in the metastasis. From simple palliative treatment of bone pain, treatment is now being directed towards the prevention of the complications of metastasis, such as fractures and paraplegia. Interesting results are currently being obtained by using chemotherapy for treatment of metastatic osteolysis.
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  • 28
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 4 (1994), S. 11-12 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Radiotherapy ; Metastases ; Bone ; Radiothérapie ; Métastases osseuses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les techniques d'irradiation antalgique sont différentes s'il s'agit de métastases uniques (champs séparés) ou multiples (irradiation hémicorporelle antalgique). Un procédé original d'irradiation hémicorporelle précoce est décrit.
    Notes: Abstract Irradiation for bone pain depends on whether the metastasis is solitary (separate field) or disseminated (antalgic half body irradiation). A new original procedure of early halfbody irradiation is described.
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  • 29
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 4 (1994), S. 13-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Bone ; Metastases ; Métastases osseuses ; Thyroïde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En 25 ans, 1061 cancers de la thyroïde ont été pris en charge. 42 patients étaient atteints de métastases osseuses, unique ou multiples. La forme histologique la moins métastasiante est le cancer papillaire qui de plus, survient chez les sujets jeunes. Deux stades doivent être différentiés dans la maladie métastasiante. La métastase osseuse, unique, est découverte à la scintigraphie, les radiographies sont normales, l'irradiation à l'iode éventuellement associée au cobalt peut la stériliser. La métastase osseuse est visible sur les radiographies, elle n'est pas unique, la scintigraphie objectivera d'autres foyers hyperfixants, le traitement chirurgical, palliatif, aura pour effet de réduire la taille tumorale pour que l'irradiation puisse la stériliser ainsi que les autres foyers fixants.
    Notes: Abstract Over 25 years, 1601 thyroid cancers were treated. 42 patients had solitary or multiple bony metastases. The least metastatic histological form is papillary cancer, which in addition occurs in young subjects. There are two stages of the metastatic disease. The solitary bony metastasis, discovered on scintigraphy with normal Xrays, may be effectively treated by irradiation with iodine with the possible addition of cobalt. Multiple metastases, visible on plain X-ray with other hyperfixation areas on scintigraphy, is best treated by palliative surgery to reduce size so that it can be sterilised by irradiation at the same time as other hyperfixation sites.
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  • 30
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 4 (1994), S. 9-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Metastases ; Bone ; Métastases osseuses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'histo-pronostic, comme l'utilisation de marqueurs, sont des notions relativement nouvelles qui facilitent la prise en charge de certains cancers. Hormonothérapie et chimiothérapie doivent être discutées en fonction de leurs avantages et de leurs inconvénients. Toutes les ressources modernes contre la douleur doivent être utilisées.
    Notes: Abstract The histological prognosis and use of markers are new concepts, which are of value in managing some cancers. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy should be considered, along with their advantages and disadvantages. All contemporary modalities of treatment against pain should be used.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Cystic angiomatosis ; Hemangiomatosis ; Lymphangiomatosis ; Osteosclerosis ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five unusual cases of cystic angiomatosis of bone which presented with the radiologic appearance of osteoblastic lesions are reported. Three patients were female (ages 37, 41, and 65 years) and two were male (ages 24 and 66 years). Although cystic angiomatosis of bone usually produces widespread osteolytic lesions with a honeycombed appearance in the skeletal system, multiple osteoblastic lesions mimicking metastatic osteoblastic carcinoma are sometimes seen. This radiological presentation has not been well emphasized in previous reports. Histologically, in addition to the angiomatous lesions, both mature thickened lamellar bone trabeculae and immature trabeculae of woven bone were found. In one of our patients, increasing density of the osteoblastic lesions was noted over time. One previous study has suggested that the age of the lesions of cystic angiomatosis is related to radiographic density. It is important to recognize this uncommon variant of cystic angiomatosis and to include this entity among the radiologic differential diagnoses when multiple osteoblastic lesions are encountered.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Ossification ; Cartilage ; Matrix ; Chondrocytes ; Complement ; Matrix metalloproteinase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first component of complement $$C\bar 1s$$ has been shown to degrade type I and type II collagens (Yamaguchi et al. 1990), the latter of which is a major constituent of the cartilage matrix. In order to understand the physiological roles of $$C\bar 1s$$ in cartilage resorption, the expression of C1s was examined by immunohistochemistry in the primary ossification center where the matrix is removed and replaced by bone marrow. Hypertrophic chondrocytes, endothelium and hematogenous elements in the capillary buds were intensely stained by a monoclonal antibody against C1s. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9, 92kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase) was also immunolocalized in hypertrophic chondrocytes, mesenchymal cells in the primitive bone marrow and the cartilage matrix adjacent to the marrow. In addition, $$C\bar 1s$$ was found to activate the zymogen of MMP-9. These observations suggest that $$C\bar 1s$$ and MMP-9 coordinately participate in matrix degradation in cartilage.
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  • 33
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 22 (1994), S. 404-415 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Bone ; Ultrasound ; Interfacial bonding ; Anisotropy ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical properties of composites are influenced, in part, by the volume fraction, orientation, constituent mechanical properties, and interfacial bonding. Cortical bone tissue represents a short-fibered biological composite where the hydroxyapatite phase is embedded in an organic matrix composed of type I collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. Destructive mechanical testing has revealed that fluoride ion treatment significantly lowers theZ-axis tensile and compressive properties of cortical bone through a constituent interfacial debonding mechanism. The present ultrasonic data indicates that fluoride ion treatment significantly alters the longitudinal velocity in theZ-axis as well as the circumferential and radial axes of cortical bone. This suggests that the distribution of constituents and interfacial bonding amongst them may contribute to the anisotropic nature of bone tissue.
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  • 34
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    Journal of statistical physics 77 (1994), S. 125-143 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Bone ; collagen ; Voronoi tesselations ; small-angle scattering ; structure function ; calcified tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Randomly colored space tesselations are considered as models for the mineral/organic structure of bone. First, it is shown that the structure function for such models is always proportional to the average form factor of the individual tiles and hence independent of the mineral density in the sample. Then the structure function is calculated for three such models: for model I, based on a hexagonal, and model 2, on a Poisson-Voronoi tesselation of the plane and for model 3, based on a random tesselation of the line. These results are compared to experimental structure functions measured by small-angle scattering and excellent agreement is obtained between model 2 and the bone from mice and rats, as well as between model 3 and calcified turkey leg tendon. Divergent conclusions following recent experiments by small-angle x-ray scattering and by electron microscopy are discussed in the light of these structural models and an explanation is proposed which might remove the discrepancy.
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  • 35
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 22 (1994), S. 194-201 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Blood/Fluid flow ; Bone ; Laser ; Material properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This project was undertaken to establish if the integral circulation had any effects upon the mechanical behavior of bone. The influence of blood flow in the rabbit tibia on the strain induced at the bone surface when under load was assessed. Recordings were taken from three adult and three immature New Zealand White rabbits which had previously had both their tibiae pinned with modified orthopedic pins. Strain readings were obtained from the exposed mid-shaft of the tibia of both hind legs before, during and after blood flow changes. The loading was static and used to maintain a strain of 250 μstrain in adult animals and 180 μstrain in immature animals prior to variation in blood flow. The blood flow was altered by means of a tourniquet inflated to 80 mm Hg and placed medial to the pinned tibia; it was inflated for a specific time (≈40 minutes) during the experimental loading. Reducing the blood flow appeared to alter the strain recorded at the bone surface while the applied load across the pins remained constant. An initial effect when there was reduced perfusion was that the strain increased following a reduction in blood flow. The strain then began to decrease in magnitude on the compressive aspect coincident with release of the cuff to a level below the value of the initial normally perfused bone. Upon return of the blood supply to normal levels following the initial hyperaemic phase, the strain value increased to a value comparable with that of normally perfused bone. During the hyperemic phase, found on the compressive aspect of the tibia, the measured strain decreased to a value below the initial loaded strain despite the load remaining constant. This demonstrates that the presence of a normal cardiovascular perfusion actually stiffens the bone while a reduction in perfusion allows the bone to deform more readily for the same external loading.
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  • 36
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    The @Anatomical Record 239 (1994), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Bone ; Ovariectomy ; Immobilization ; Bone resorption ; Bone formation ; Rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Ovariectomy (OVX) and immobilization (IMM) in rats are useful models of osteopenia, replicating some aspects of osteoporosis in humans. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in cancellous bone after OVX and/or IMM.Methods: Differences in cancellous bone were determined at 6 and 12 weeks after OVX or IMM. Comparisons were also made when rats were ovariectomized or immobilized for 6 weeks and then immobilized (OVX/IMM) and ovariectomized (IMM/OVX), respectively, for 6 more weeks. The femurs were used to determine bone mineral content (BMC) using single photon absorptiometry (SPA) and for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tibias were collected for microradiography, image analysis, and histomorphometry of metaphyseal cancellous bone.Results: Six and 12 weeks after OVX, there was less cancellous bone mass, compared with controls, as indicated by SPA, SEM, microradiography, image analyses, and histomorphometry. Bone was lost primarily from the central metaphyseal regions in the OVX animals, whereas the loss occurred throughout the metaphyses in the IMM animals. There were more rodlike bone spicules and fewer platelike trabecule in the OVX and IMM groups compared with controls. Differences in the structural aspects of the cancellous bone, including differences in the types of bone struts and marrow star volumes, indicated less trabecular connectivity and greater trabecular separation in the OVX and IMM animals, compared with controls. Endochondral growth indices in the IMM groups tended to be less, whereas the OVX groups tended to be greater than controls. Cancellous bone formation rates were generally greater in the OVX groups but less in the IMM groups compared with controls. Osteoclastic resorption surfaces were substantially elevated in the IMM and OVX groups, particularly the IMM groups. Changes reflecting OVX and IMM, independently, were apparent in the OVX/IMM and IMM/OVX groups and indices of osteopenia were different from controls, including less bone mass, trabecular connectivity, and greater trabecular separation, bone turnover rates, and osteoclastic surface.Conclusions: These results demonstrate differences in the osteopenic changes that occur in cancellous bone following OVX or IMM. The changes were generally more dramatic in the IMM than in the OVX animals. When OVX and IMM were applied in combination, the osteopenic changes are particularly severe, emphasizing the importance of mechanical usage even with a deficiency of gonadal hormones. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 37
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    The @Anatomical Record 240 (1994), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Joint ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Mechanical influences ; Growth ; Osteoarthritis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Making a durable joint requires adapting the one present at birth to its subsequent mechanical usage and then maintaining it. The total loads on a joint's momentarily loaded area plus the size of that area determine the unit loads on its articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Given those facts, this model suggests the following.For adaptaion: As is true for bone, a threshold range of unit loads that could turn cartilage modeling ON would lie below this tissue's microdamage threshold. When a joint's unit loads rose to that modeling threshold, chondral modeling would begin enlarging the momentarily loaded area to reduce and keep the unit loads on it below the microdamage thresholds of the bone and cartilage supporting that area.For maintenance: Maintenance activities would control the stiffness of cartilage and bone, which would also affect a joint's momentarily loaded area. These activities would usually repair whatever microdamage normally arises in those tissues, and could modify their microdamage thresholds too.In children, modeling and maintenance in bone and cartilage would function effectively. In adults chondral modeling becomes ineffective, but maintenance activities in bone and cartilage would remain effective, and likewise for modeling in the subchondral bone.This model assigns special importance in joint design to the stiffness of bone, cartilage, and ligament (as distinguished from their strength), to the typical largest unit: loads applied to them by a subject's usual weekly physical activities, and to their microdamage. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: FGF ; Receptor ; Brain ; Muscle ; Wound healing ; Skin ; Bone ; Biopolymer ; Heparan-like ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs) are thought to play a key role in the natural processes of tissue homeostasis, regeneration or repair. The HBGFs are active upon release from neighbouring inflammatory or circulating cells, as well as upon release from heparan sulfate proteoglycosaminoglycans that are associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM). To better understand the physiological role of these HBGFs, we have focused our effort on studying a subset of HBGFs, namely FGF-1 and FGF-2 and their receptors. We present the purification and characterisation of a new form of heparinbinding FGF receptor from adult bovine brain (Perderiset et al., 1992). This receptor has now been purified to homogeneity. Ligand blot and cross-linking experiments performed with labeled FGF-1 or FGF-2 revealed 80-kd and 130-kd bands. Preliminary sequence information indicates that receptor is different from the receptors, FGFR-1 to -4, but it may be related the cysteine-rich-FGF receptor (CFR).We have previously shown that FGF-1, but not FGF-2, is specifically expressed in myoblastic satellite cells during the proliferating phase preceding myoblast alignment and fusion. We have now transfected primary cultures of rat myoblastic satellite cells with FGF-1 cDNA and expressed this growth factor constitutively. The transfected cells were no longer able to form myotubes. Transfection with antisense FGF-1 induced myotube formation suggesting that endogenous expression of FGF-1 is associated with myoblastic cell differentiation.Numerous studies have concluded that the ECM represents a natural reservoir for various HBGFs. The HBGFs are stored through their interaction with matrix-associated heparan sulfates and can become available for stimulating cell migration, multiplication, and differentiation during tissue repair. In order to better understand how the control of the bioavailability of HBGFs plays a role in wound healing, we have studied the healing effect of various chemically substituted dextrans (CMDBS) selected for their affinity for HBGFs, alone and in association with HBGFs. The CMDBS were obtained by substitution of methyl carboxylic (CM), benzylamide (B), and benzylamine sulfonate (S) groups. We expected that the CMDBS could act in the following ways: (1) to potentiate the biological activity of FGF-1 and FGF-2; (2) to protect FGF-1 and FGF-2 against thermal or pH inactivation; or (3) to protect FGF-1 and FGF-2 against proteolytic degradation (Tardieu et al., 1992). Selected CMDBSs were tested alone in cutaneous and flat bone wound-healing models. Rats were skin punched and skin regeneration was studied by morphometric and histological analysis. The wounds (6-mm diameter) were filled with collagen plaster alone or soaked with CMDBS. The CMDBS in collagen plaster was able to induce a remarkable effect both on the kinetics and on the quality of the restored skin.We have also looked at the effect of CMDBS in the healing of calvarian bone defects. Adult rats were trephined (5-mm diameter) and the healing of their defects was determined after 35 days. Only those treated with CMDBS show appreciable new bone formation. The filling of defects was almost complete, and the response was dose-dependent. Optimal doses were at 50-100 m̈g CMDBS, while at 400 m̈g CMDBS, less bone was formed. Interestingly, when the defect included bone suture, the suture was restored after CMDBS treatment. We have measured by biochemical, immunological, and histological methods the content and distribution of several HBGFs in the granulation tissue formed during healing, in the presence or absence of CMDBS. Our results suggest that the endogenous HBGFs naturally released during the regeneration process could be trapped, protected, and released by CMDBS. In conclusion, biopolymers can be designed to mimic some of the mechanisms regulating the availability of growth factors and so could be used as wound-healing agents. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Resorption ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Young male Sprague-Dawley rats (5–7 weeks old, 80–120 g) were hypophysectomized (HX) and maintained on thyroxin and dexamethasone replacement therapies. Ten days after surgery, some HX rats received a single injection of human growth hormone (hGH), and others five daily injections of hGH. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry was employed in order to evaluate the number of cells of resorptive potential in the metaphyseal bone of the proximal tibiae of HX rats and was compared with normal rats and HX rats that further received hGH replacement therapy. In normal rats, two populations of TRAP-positive cells were identified: multinuclear cells, which showed histological characteristics of osteoclasts, and small mononuclear cells, the number of which was overwhelming when compared with the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. Both populations were reduced in the HX rat, but more so the mononuclear cells, which were assumed to represent the precursor pool of mature osteoclasts and chondroclasts (P〈0.005). Five daily injections of hGH to HX rats brought about a significant increase in the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells, the number of nuclei of these cells, and the number of mononuclear TRAP-positive cells, throughout the metaphyseal bone (P〈0.05). A single injection of hGH increased only the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells in the trabecula/bone marrow interface (P〈0.05), indicating a very rapid fusion of precursor cells into mature osteoclasts in that particular location. It was concluded that GH depletion caused a major reduction in the number of cells presenting resorption capacity and that a short hGH replacement regimen resulted in a gradual restoration of these cells n the metaphyseal bone of the proximal tibia of the HX rat.
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  • 40
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin K ; Osteocalcin ; γ-carboxyglutamic acid ; Bone ; Calcium excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study was to identify subjects in whom vitamin K has an effect on markers for calcium and bone metabolism and to detect hitherto-unnoticed correlations between vitamin K-induced changes in these markers. Participants in our studies were apparently healthy women, in whom we measured serum-immunoreactive osteocalcin (irOC) before and after adsorption to hydroxylapatite; total serum alkaline phosphatase (T-AP) and bonespecific alkaline phosphatase (B-AP); and fasting urinary calcium and creatinine. We describe a trial among 145 women who were treated with vitamin K (1 mg/day) for 2 weeks, and a prospective placebo-controlled trial among two groups each of 70 postmenopausal women with a treatment period of 3 months. It turned out that in elderly women vitamin K induced increased levels of serum irOC with a high affinity for hydroxylapatite (irOCbound), whereas that with low affinity (irOCfree) remained unaffected. In placebo-treated women the ratio irOCfree/irOCbound shifted from 0.38 to 0.65 around the 50th year of age. This shift was not found in vitamin K-treated women. After 3 months of treatment the vitamin K-induced changes in irOCbound were correlated with changes in B-AP, whereas irOCfree was correlated to urinary calcium excretion. In fast losers of urinary calcium vitamin K induced a 30% decrease of calcium excretion. The hypothesis is put forward that irOCbound may be a marker for bone formation, that serum irOCfree may be a marker for bone resorption, and that the serum irOCfree/irOCbound ratio may become a marker for skeletal remodeling. It is concluded that vitamin K administration may help to reduce urinary calcium loss in postmenopausal women, notably in the fast losers of calcium. The ratio irOCfree/irOCbound provides more information than total irOC and may become a practical marker for bone metabolism.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Nandrolone decanoate ; Ovariectomy ; Bone mechanics ; IGF-I ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is an anabolic steroid with a positive effect on bone mass in osteoporotic patients. The mechanism of action, (i.e., reduction of bone resorption and/or Stimulation of bone formation), the ultimate effect on mechanical properties, and the most effective dosage are not yet clear. To address these issues, dose-related effects of the long-term effect of ND on Serum and bone biochemistry, bone mineral content, and bone mechanical properties in ovariectomized (OVX) rats (12 weeks old at the Start of the experiment) were Studied for 6 months. The results were compared with those obtained in agematched, intact, and OVX rats. OVX caused in the femur a significant increase in net periosteal bone formation and net endosteal bone resorption of bone collagen content and torsional strength, and of Serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels, whereas cortical bone density and calcium/creatinine and phosphorus/creatinine in 24-hour urine were Significantly reduced. Treatment of OVX rats with 1 mg ND/14 days resulted in a Significant increase in periosteal bone formation, femur length, cortical and trabecular bone mineral content and density, torsion stiffness and Strength, and bone IGF-I content, and a decrease in Serum osteocalcin, urinary calcium/creatinine levels, and bone collagen content compared with OVX controls. The higher ND dosage of 2.5 mg/14 days did not improve the results. ND treatment did not reverse all changes induced by OVX to the level of the intact controls. These results indicate that ND acts as an antiresorptive drug and as a bone formation Stimulating drug. Furthermore, the increased bone mass and bone mineral density is associated with improved bone Strength and stiffness and the presence of an increased amount of IGF-I. IGF-I is a growth factor considered to play a role in the maintenance of normal skeletal balance by a paracrine or autocrine mechanism.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Iron ; Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Ferritin ; Electron energy loss spectroscopy ; Electron spectroscopic imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Iron overload occurs frequently in thalassemia as a consequence of regular blood transfusions, and iron has been found to accumulate in bone, but skeletal toxicity of iron is not clearly established. In this study, bone biopsies of thalassemic patients were investigated by light (n = 6) and electron microscopy (n = 8) in order to analyze iron distribution and possible iron-associated cellular lesions. Sections (5 μm thick) were used for histomorphometry and iron histochemistry. Ultrathin sections were examined with an energy filtering transmission electron microscope. Iron was identified by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and iron distribution was visualized by electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) associated with computer-assisted treatment (two-window method). This study shows that EELS allows the detection of 4500–9000 iron atoms, and that computer-assisted image processing is essential to eliminate background and to obtain the net distribution of an element by ESI. This study shows also that stainable iron was present along trabecular surfaces, mineralizing surfaces, and on cement lines in the biopsies of all patients. Moreover, iron was detected by EELS in small granules (diffusely distributed or condensed in large clusters), in osteoid tissue, and in the cytoplasm of bone cells, but not in the mineralized matrix. The shape and size (9–13 nm) of these granules were similar to those reported for ferritin. As for iron toxicity, all patients had osteoid volume and thickness and osteoblast surface in the normal range. Stainable iron surfaces did not correlate with osteoblast surfaces, plasma ferritin concentrations, or the duration of transfusion therapy. Numerous osteoblasts contained damaged mitochondria, and impaired osteoblast activity can therefore not be excluded.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone fluoride content ; Calcification defects ; Osteoporosis ; Sodium fluoride treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fluoride treatment is used to increase bone formation and cancellous bone mass in patients suffering from postmenopausal osteoporosis with vertebral fractures. Patients submitted to similar therapeutic protocols have shown various histological responses to the treatment, some developing calcification defects and others not. In fact, the bone histological response to fluoride salts depends on the cumulative uptake of fluoride by bone. To clarify the relationship between the presence of calcification defects (identified by the presence of mottled bone and linear formation defects) and the bone fluoride content, a retrospective study was performed on 29 women with type 1 osteoporosis and treated for several months (11–24) with sodium fluoride (50 mg/day), calcium and vitamin D. Bone fluoride content always significantly increased after treatment, but it was significantly higher in patients showing calcification defects than in those having no defects. These differences between the two groups of patients were not due to differences in clinical details (no significant differences concerning age, duration of treatment, total amount of fluoride ingested, renal function) or in their bone remodelling activity. Thus, it may be hypothesized that the high bone fluoride uptake is due to different individual responses from one patient to another concerning the bioavailability of the same dose of fluoride. This is difficult to predict, except by testing the individual bioavailability of the compound to be used in each patient before starting long-term treatment.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone loss ; Epidemiology ; Estrogen ; Prospective study ; Thiazide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Understanding factors associated with more rapid bone mineral loss among aging women is important for establishing preventive strategies for intervention. This study reports factors associated with the 5-year change in radial bone mineral density (BMD) determined prospectively in 435 women aged 55–80 years at baseline. The baseline study included measurement of radial BMD (gm/cm2) by single photon densitometry and personal interview. The baseline protocol was replicated 5 years later in a follow-up study. Women with a lower baseline weight or Quetelet index, smaller triceps skinfold and less arm muscle area had significantly greater 5-year bone loss (p=0.001). Current users of estrogens had less radial bone loss (2.8% vs 7.3%,p=0.0005) than women not currently using estrogens. Current users of estrogen had significantly less 5-year loss if use had been for 5 years or longer (−1.0% vs −6.9%,p=0.05). Current users of the thiazide class of medications had less 5-year radial bone loss (5.0% vs 7.4%,p=0.0035) than women without current thiazide use. Baseline dietary calcium, alcohol consumption and smoking were not associated with BMD change. This suggests that greater body size, and current use of estrogens or thiazide antihypertensives are associated with less radial bone mass loss in a 5-year period among postmenopausal women.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Collagen orientation ; Bone ; Stress ; Strain ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mechanical test specimens were prepared from the cranial and caudal cortices of radii from eight horses. These were subjected to destructive tests in either tension or compression. The ultimate stress, elastic modulus and energy absorbed to failure were calculated in either mode of loading. Analysis was performed on the specimens following mechanical testing to determine their density, mineral content, mineral density distribution and histological type. A novel technique was applied to sections from each specimen to quantify the predominant collagen fibre orientation of the bone near the plane of fracture. The collagen map for each bone studied was in agreement with the previously observed pattern of longitudinal orientation in the cranial cortex and more oblique to transverse collagen in the caudal cortex. Bone from the cranial cortex had a significantly higher ultimate tensile stress (UTS) than that from the caudal cortex (160 MPa vs 104 MPa; P〈0.001) though this trend was reversed in compression, the caudal cortex becoming relatively stronger (185 MPa vs 217 MPa; P〈0.01). Bone from the cranial cortex was significantly suffer than that from the caudal cortex both in tension (22 GPa vs 15 GPa; P〈0.001) and compression (19 GPa vs 15 GPa; P〈0.01). Of all the histo-compositional variables studied, collagen fibre orientation was most closely correlated with mechanical properties, accounting for 71% of variation in ultimate tensile stress and 58% of variation in the elastic modulus. Mineral density and porosity were the only other variables to show any significant correlation with either UTS or elastic modulus. The variations in mechanical properties around the equine radius, which occur in close association with the different collagen fibre orientations, provide maximal safety factors in terms of ultimate stress, yet contribute to greater bending of the bone as it is loaded during locomotion, and thus lower safety factors through the higher strains this engenders.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Orientation ; In vivo strain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel technique for determining the collagen fibre orientation pattern of cross-sections of cortical bone was used to study mid-diaphyseal sections from the equine radius. Several in vivo strain gauge studies have demonstrated that this bone is loaded in bending during locomotion in such a way that the cranial cortex is consistently subjected to longitudinal tensile strains and the caudal cortex to longitudinal compressive strains. Twenty-three radii from 17 horses were studied. All the bones obtained from adult horses exhibited a consistent pattern of collagen fibre orientation across the cortex. The cranial cortex, subjected to intermittent tension, and the lateral and medial cortices, through which the neutral axis passes, contained predominantly longitudinally oriented collagen fibres. The caudal cortex, subjected to longitudinal compression during life, contained predominantly oblique/transverse collagen. This pattern was less evident in bones from foals. Microscopic analysis of the bones studied showed that primary lamellar bone was composed of predominantly longitudinal collagen fibres, irrespective of cortex. However, there was a strong relationship between cortical location and fibre orientation within remodelled bone. Secondary osteons which formed in the caudal (compressive) cortex contained predominantly oblique/transverse collagen, while those which formed elsewhere contained longitudinal collagen. This observation explained the developmental appearance of the characteristic macroscopic pattern of collagen fibre orientation across the whole cortex in the adult. These findings provide evidence for the existence of a relationship between the mechanical function of a bone with its architecture, and now demonstrate that it extends to the molecular level.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Human ; Aging ; Sex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We describe a detailed study of fluoride distribution with age in the human cortical rib bone. Human ribs were obtained from 110 subjects (M:68,F;42) aged 20–93 years. The fluoride distribution from the periosteal to endosteal surfaces of the ribs was determined by sampling each specimen using an abrasive micro-sampling technique, and the samples were analyzed using the fluoride electrode, as described by Weatherell et al. [1]. The concentration of fluoride was highest in the periosteal region, decreased gradually towards the interior of the tissue where the concentration of fluoride tended toward the plateau, and then rose again towards the endosteal surface. Patterns of fluoride distribution changed with age, and the difference between periosteal and endosteal fluoride levels increased with age. Although average fluoride concentrations increased with age in both sexes, there was a significant difference between males and females at the age of about 55 years (P〈0.05).
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  • 48
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Omeprazole ; Bone ; Resorption ; Inhibition ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Omeprazole is an inhibitor of gastric H+, K+-ATPase. Although the major proton transport of osteoclast is mediated by a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase which is different from the gastric H+, K+-ATPase,in vitro studies have demonstrated that omeprazole inhibits bone resorption. In this study, the effect of omeprazole on bone resorption was evaluated in patients who had a history of gastric ulcer and were treated with maintenance doses of H2 blocker without any gastric complaints at the study time. H2 blocker administration was changed to omeprazole treatment in the study group and to no treatment in the control group. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium decreased after omeprazole treatment in the study group. Serum intact PTH, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) increased in this group. In the control group, there were not any changes in these parameters. The discrepancy between serum TRAP and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium in the study group was thought to be due to the suppression of bone resorption by omeprazole, which probably interfered the acidification at resorption lacunae and resulted in the inactivation of TRAP and other lysosomal enzymes. The results of our study suggest the possibility that the specific inhibitors of the osteoclastic proton pump (such as bafilomycins) will more effectively suppress bone resorption and be useful for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases with increased bone resorption.
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  • 49
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    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 130-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A mathematical model was developed that prediets fluoride accumulation and clearance from the skeleton based upon fluoride bioavailability, bone remodeling rate, and the fluoride binding characteristics of bone. It was assumed that fluoride binds to bone in a nonlinear fashion such that a smaller percentage of fluoride is bound to bone if fluoride intake is increased to high levels. Bone resorption rate was assumed to be proportional to the solubility of hydroxyfluorapatite which is inversely related to bone fluoride content. The predictions made by the model compared favorably with experimental results from fluoride uptake and clearance studies. Parametric studies done using the model showed the following: (1) fluoride can be cleared from the skeleton by bone remodeling, but fluoride clearance takes over four times longer than does fluoride uptake; and (2) fluoride uptake by the skeleton was positively associated with bone remodeling rate. However, the concentration of fluoride in newly formed bone does not decrease with reduced remodeling rates and surpasses 10,000 ppm for intakes of fluoride greater than 9 mg/day. For osteoporosis, daily dose and duration of fluoride treatment should be selected to avoid reaching a toxic cumulative bone fluoride content.
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  • 50
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    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 399-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rhesus monkey ; Bone ; Diet ; Age ; Sex ; Bone mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of diet, age, and sex on the mineral content of primate bones was determined for free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from the Caribbean Primate Research Center. Monkeys in this study were of known age and sex and had been provided with either a low protein (15%) or a high protein (25%) diet for most of their lives. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to assess bone mineral content. Results showed that diet had no significant effect on the bulk mineral composition of Ca, Mg, Br, and Cl in the bones. Of the minerals analyzed, only Na and Mn showed significant diet-related effects. The bone Ca content was found to be lower in females than in males when controlled for age. Finally, Ca content was found to be higher in young adults, lower at middle age, and higher in old age in both male and female monkeys. In conclusion, this study has shown that increasing protein content in the diet does not change the bulk mineral content of primate bones. The nondietary effect that Ca content of monkey bones is lower during middle age has not been previously reported.
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  • 51
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    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Iliac crest ; Bone ; Histomorphometry ; Baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dat in the literature on bone histomorphometry in the baboon are scant. This study provides data from analysis of trabecular bone of the iliac crest of 16 adult male chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in captivity. Five animals were young adults judging by the presence of growth cartilage in the iliac crest biopsy. Bone volume resembled that in humans, but trabeculae were thinner and more closely spaced. Bone turnover appeared somewhat lower than in humans. Coupling of resorption and formation was excellent as judged by cellular and kinetic variables; erosion surface was an unreliable indicator of ongoing coupling. The similarities between human and baboon trabecular bone make the baboon suited for the study of microstructure and bone turnover of trabecular bone with relevance to humans.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Giant multinucleated cell ; Biomaterials ; Ceramics ; Morphometry ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The nature of the multinucleated cells involved in the resorption processes occurring inside macroporous calcium-phosphate biomaterials grafted into rabbit bone was studied using light microscopy, histomorphometric analysis, enzymatic detection of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, scanning, and electron microscopy. Samples were taken at days 7, 14, and 21 after implantation. As early as day 7, osteogenesis and resorption were observed at the surface of the biomaterials, inside the macropores. Resorption of both newly formed bone and calcium-phosphate biomaterials was associated with two types of multinucleated cells. Giant multinucleated cells were found only at the surface of the biomaterials; they showed a large number of nuclei, were TRAP negative, developed no ruffled border, and contained numerous vacuoles with large accumulation of mineral crystals from the biomaterials. Osteoclasts exhibited TRAP positivity and well-defined ruffled border. They were observed at the surface of both newly formed bone and biomaterials, around the implant, and inside the macropores. In contact with the biomaterials, infoldings of their ruffled border were observed between the mineral crystals, deeply inside the microporosity. The microporosity of the biomaterials (i.e., the noncrystalline spaces inside the biomaterials) increased underneath this type of cell as compared with underneath giant cells or to the depth of the biomaterials. These observations demonstrate that macroporous calcium-phosphate biomaterials implanted in bone elicit osteogenesis and the recruitment of a double multinucleated cell population having resorbing activity: giant multinucleated cells that resorb biomaterials and osteoclasts that resorb newly formed bone and biomaterials.
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  • 53
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. S113 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteocyte ; Femoral neck fractures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The viability of osteocytes can be demonstrated in sawn decalcified sections of bone by their lactate dehydrogenase activity. In the cancellous bone of the femoral head, the proportion of lacunae containing viable osteocytes decreased from 88 ± 7% (mean ± SD) at 10–29 years to 58 ±12% (P 〈 0.001) by 70–89 years. Viability in the second lumbar vertebra was 88 ± 3% in subjects aged 25–90 years and did not decrease with age. Mean osteocyte viability in the femoral head of 21 hip fracture patients aged 72–94 years was 58 ± 21%, similar to controls of a similar age, though there was greater variation and, in five patients, osteocyte viability was less than 25%. In hip, fracture patients, microfracture callus incidence correlated positively with osteocyte viability, with little or no fracture callus observed if the bone viability was low. Ultimate compressive strength did not correlate with osteocyte viability. In the femoral head there is gradual, age-related reduction in osteocyte viability that can be more pronounced in hip fracture. Osteocyte death may affect bone quality by impairing repair of fatigue damage.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Rachis ; Os ; Fractures vertébrales ; Solidité vertébrale ; Métastases ; Spine ; Bone ; Vertebral fractures ; Vertrebral strength ; Metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Transcortical osseous lesions were simulated in thoracic vertebrae to investigate the effects on vertebral strength of defect location, pedicle disruption, and defect size. Alternate vertebrae from 15 thoracic spines were assigned to five defect groups: anterior, posterior, lateral, one pedicle, or both pedicles. The remaining vertebrae served as controls. All vertebrae were tested to failure in combined axial — flexion loading. The intact failure load for each vertebra with a defect was estimated based on the actual failure loads of the control vertebrae from the same spine. The failure loads for vertebrae with transcortical defects (anterior, posterior, lateral) were significantly lower (P=0.0001) than estimated intact loads; this was not the case for vertebrae with single pedicle disruption (P=0.90). Relative strengths (defined as actual failure load divided by predicted intact failure load) for the anterior (mean=0.51), posterior (0.55) and lateral (0.58) defect groups were not significantly different from each other, but were different from the single pedicle defect group (1.09). Relative strength depended only weakly on defect size. Comparison of these results with those of a previous study of simulated defects in the vertebral centrum suggests that transcortical defects result in slightly greater reductions in vertebral strength than defects of comparable size involving only trabecular bone.
    Notes: Résumé Des lésions osseuses avec effraction corticale ont été simulées au niveau des vertèbres thoraciques afin d'étudier les effets du siège du défect, de sa taille et de la rupture pédiculaire sur la solidité vertébrale. Des vertèbres provenant de 15 rachis thoraciques ont été regroupés en 5 types topographiques de défects: antérieur, postérieur, latéral, un seul pédicule ou deux pédicules. Les autres vertèbres ont servi de témoins. Toutes les vertèbres ont été soumises à une charge combinée de compression axiale et de flexion jusqu'à leur rupture. La charge de rupture présumée des vertèbres préparées, en dehors de tout défect, a été estimée d'après les charges de rupture effectives des vertèbres témoins du même rachis. Les charges de rupture des vertèbres présentant un défect cortical (antérieur, postérieur, latéral) se sont montrées significativement moins élevées (p=0,0001) que les charges de rupture estimées sur les vertèbres intactes; cela n'a pas été le cas des vertèbres présentant une rupture pédiculaire simple (p=0.90). Les solidités relatives (définies comme le rapport de la charge de rupture des vertèbres présentant un défect à la charge de rupture estimée sur les vertèbres intactes) ne présentaient pas de différences dans les groupes vertébraux porteurs d'un défect antérieur (moyenne=0,51), postérieur (0,55) et latéral (0,58), mais différaient de celles du groupe présentant un défect pédiculaire simple (1,09). La solidité relative ne dépendait que faiblement de la taille du défect. La comparaison de ces résultats à ceux d'une étude préalable portant sur des vertèbres présentant des défects corporéaux centraux laisse penser que les défects corticaux provoquent une diminution de la solidité vertébrale un peu plus importante que celle engendrée par des défects de taille comparable ne touchant que l'os spongieux.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-5241
    Keywords: Forehead augmentation ; Hydroxylapatite ; Periosteum ; Bone ; Aesthetic contouring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The difference between periosteal and subperiosteal application of hydroxylapatite (HA) in aesthetic forehead augmentation in the subimplant bed was investigated in six adult Göttingen minipigs. These results were then transferred to clinical application. One exemplary case is described. We found that epiperiosteal augmentation with hydroxylapatite should be performed only if shape and location are stable. Subperiosteal augmentation with hydroxylapatite must be judged critically since HA particles migrate into the subimplant bone.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 273 (1993), S. 381-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vigilin ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Differentiation ; In-situ hybridization ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of vigilin was followed during chick embryonal development by in situ hybridization. Vigilin mRNA is abundantly expressed in tissues of mesenchymal and ectomesenchymal origin. The mesenchymal primordial cells of cartilage and bone did not show any significant, expression of vigilin. As tissue differentiation proceeded, vigilin mRNA levels increased in hyaline cartilage and in both endochondral as well as intramembranous bone. The results suggest that the expression of vigilin mRNA in cartilage- and bone-forming cells chondrocytes and osteobalsts, is dependent on the stage of development and cellular differentiation, although not a unique process of bone formation. Most striking is the correlation of the maximum vigilin mRNA expression in osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes to periods when cell-specific genes were highly transcribed and substantially translated, e.g., synthesis of procollagen and formation of extracellular matrix in bone and cartilage.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Joints ; Man (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mandibular condyles of human fetuses, 14–21 weeks in utero, were kept in an organ culture system for up to 60 days. After 6 days in culture, the cartilage of the mandibular condyle appeared to have maintained its inherent structural characteristics, including all its various layers: chondroprogenitor, chondroblastic, and hypertrophic. After 12 days in culture, no chondroblasts could be seen; instead, the entire cartilage was occupied by hypertrophic chondrocytes. At the same time, the mesenchymal cells in the vicinity of the chondroprogenitor zone differentiated into osteoblast-like cells that produced type I collagen. The progenitor cells were still actively incorporating 3H-thymidine. The newly formed osteoid-like tissue lacked both metachromatic reactivity and a response to antibodies against chondroitin sulfate. Instead, the tissue reacted positively for osteocalcin (bone gla-protein). The process of new bone formation further progressed and, by the 20th day in culture, the new bone reacted positively for type I collagen, osteonectin, and to a lesser extent for chondroitin sulfate. The osteoid also underwent mineralization as revealed by both the von Kossa stain and vital staining with tetracycline. The above feature appeared even more intense in 40-day-old cultures. After 60 days, the newly formed bone contained osteoblasts and osteocytes, whereas the extracellular matrix revealed a high degree of matrix polarization. The results of the present study recapitulate findings reported for organ cultures of mice mandibular condyles. However, the in vitro process of de novo bone formation in human specimens requires a 6-fold longer culture time than that needed for mice condyles.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Scales ; Development ; Hemichromis bimaculatus (Teleostei, Perciformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of the frontal bone and the formation of the first head scales are described during post-embryonic ontogeny of Hemichromis bimaculatus, using light and transmission electron microscopy. The frontal bone originates close to the cartilaginous taenia marginalis in a loose mesenchymal cell condensation (=primordium) lying 1 μm from the epidermis with which it establishes no cell contacts. The anlage appears at 4.2 mm standard length (SL) in the form of the membranodermal component of the bone, and extends first over the brain and then over the eye; the neurodermal component forms later to surround the supraorbital canal. The first head scales appear at 10.0 mm SL in a dense cell condensation (papilla) adjoining the epidermal-dermal junction and, once formed, remain in this position. In both organs, the initial matrix is similarly composed of “woven-fibred” bone that soon mineralizes in a similar manner to other dermal elements. In some areas of the frontal bone, “parallel-fibred” bone is deposited unequally on both surfaces, whereas isopedine is deposited in scales on the deep surface only. Osteoblastic features confirm this eccentric growth. Differences in the shape, organization and localization of the mesenchymal condensations giving rise to the frontal bone and to the scale reflect the existence of two types of dermal cell condensations. Our data are compared with those available for the post-cranial dermal skeleton of fishes both from a developmental and structural viewpoint. Structural differences in the matrices of the frontal bone and scales are discussed in a phylogenetic perspective.
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  • 59
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    European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Ultraviolet ; Bone ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The beneficial effects of ultraviolet light on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, calcium metabolism, and bone formation are well known. Regarding the increasing fear of side effects from ultraviolet B (UV-B), lamps with less energy in the UV-B range have been developed. Two spectra with differences in the emission of UV-B have therefore been evaluated for their influence on calcium metabolism. A group of 24 healthy male volunteers was subdivided into two treatment groups. Group 1 was exposed to lamps with higher energy of total UV-B but less energy at the wavelengths below 300 nm than the lamps used in group 2. All subjects were irradiated ten times within 12 days. Exposure time was 3 min in the first session and time of exposure was increased by 10% in every following irradiation (suberythematous doses only). Before the first irradiation, 3 days after the last exposure, and after 4 more weeks, the serum parameters of bone metabolism were determined by standard laboratory methods. Significantly increased levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were found in both groups. There was only a slight increase of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Parathyroid hormone decreased significantly in group 2 only. The data would suggest beneficial effects on bone metabolism for both regimens. The observed effects were more pronounced when shorter wavelengths (group 2) were applied, although the total energy of UV-B was lower in these lamps.
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  • 60
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    European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Bone ; Physical training ; Monkey ; Animal model ; Histomorphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was designed to provide data on the effects on bone of 5 months of daily exercise in nonhuman primates. The subjects were five male rhesus monkeys with mature skeletons with a body mass of 8–10 kg. The exercise schedule selected to provide endurance training was a daily continuous 1-h climbing task. An iliac crest bone biopsy was performed prior to and at the end of the physical training. The histomorphometric bone study was based upon bone mass and bone cell activity measurements made on nondecalcified bone slides, using trichromic and fluorescent labelling techniques. Results showed a decrease in bone formation, resulting in reduced bone mass at the end of the 5 months. This effect is suggested to be related to the unphysiological climbing regimen imposed on these animals which are naturally used to short periods of rapid exercise. From these investigations it was concluded that even if it is well tolerated, long-term physical endurance training can induce bone loss in primates. Further investigations are needed to determine with accuracy the relationships between bone physiology and physical exercise, and particularly with regard to its type, intensity and duration.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Pyridinium Crosslinks ; Steroids ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone loss is a feature of RA, but the exact mechanisms involved are not clear. The collagen crosslinks deoxypyridinoline (DPYR) and pyridinoline (PYR) are specific indices of ‘mature’ collagen breakdown and reflect increased bone turnover. The aims of the study were to examine crosslink levels in RA and their association with disease activity and the effect of steroids. Urinary crosslinks corrected for creatinine were measured on morning fasting samples by HPLC in 70 postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) aged 45–65 and compared with 169 postmenopausal healthy age-matched controls from the population. Mean levels of PYR were significantly higher in RA cases than in controls (52.4 versus 37.5 nmols/mmolCr) although mean levels of DPYR did not differ significantly. A weak correlation was found with ESR and PYR (r=0.35) but not with other markers of disease activity. Thirteen of the RA cases were current steroid users and their levels of DPYR and PYR even with low doses, were significantly elevated above those of non-users, ex-users and controls. The finding of raised urinary PYR but not the bone specific DPYR in nonsteroid using RA cases suggests that the increased collagen breakdown does not primarily come from bone but from other sources such as cartilage and synovium. The large increases in collagen excretion in low dose steroid users, may reflect the higher risk of osteoporosis in this group.
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  • 62
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    The @Anatomical Record 236 (1993), S. 433-441 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Bone ; Cancehous bone ; Osteopenia ; Ovariectomy ; Morphometry ; Rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cancellous bone mass decreases following ovariectomy in rodents, providing a useful model for post-menopausal bone loss in humans. This study describes and quantifies the longer-term changes in cancellous bone structure in the ovariectomized (OVX) rat. Rats were OVX or sham-OVX at 100 days of age and bones were collected 540 days later. Lumbar vertebral bodies were prepared for microradiography and structural analyses (nodal analyses and star volume analyses) of cancellous bone. Proximal humerii were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microradiography confirmed the loss of cancellous bone from the central spongiosa regions of the vertebral bodies and the humerii in the OVX rats. Changes in trabecular structural elements included relative increases in the number of free to free, cortical to free, cortical to node struts and decreases in the node to node struts in the OVX animals compared with controls. There were increases in average lengths of the node to free, node to node, and free to free trabecular struts in the OVX animals. The marrow star volume was increased in the OVX animals indicating a greater trabecular separation in these animals compared with controls. Viewed by SEM, metaphyseal trabeculae in the controls consisted of rods and plates but in the OVX animals the remaining trabeculae were mostly longitudinal rods with smaller transverse connecting rods. The remaining bone in the OVX animals was found in the lateral metaphyseal areas and is consistent with maintenance of the structural capacity of the bone. These long-term changes in cancellous bone structure are likely due to the continuation of functional skeletal loading but a decrease in gonadal hormones resulting in a decreased necessity to maintain a skeletal mineral store for reproduction (e.g., pregnancy and lactation). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 63
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    The @Anatomical Record 235 (1993), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; Bone ; Histomorphometry ; Star volume ; Stereology ; Trabecular bone structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conventional bone histomorphometry performed on iliac crest biopsies does not generally provide unbiased stereological estimates of parameters related to bone structure due to the anisotropy of trabecular bone; this, however, can be obtained with vertical sections, which are anisotropic sections, in combination with an anisotropic test system. A practical procedure for obtaining vertical sections from bone is described. The new stereological parameter, the star volume, can provide an unbiased estimation of the absolute mean size of the marrow space and thus give an indirect estimate of the connectivity of trabecular bone structure. The marrow space star volume of vertebral bodies and iliac crest increases with age in both sexes demonstrating that the structural bone changes which occur with age is a topological one with changes in trabecular connectivity. The practical procedure including sampling efficiency for marrow space star volume is described. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 64
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 524-526 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Verapamil ; Bone ; Osteopenia ; Rat ; Female ; Intestinal calcium absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Verapamil inhibits the intestinal absorption of calcium (Ca) and increases serum parathyroid hormone in rats. The effects of verapamil on bone tissue after long-term treatment is, however, not well described. Adult female and male Sprague-Dawley rats received verapamil in their drinking water at a dosage of 0.075 mg/ml (low dose) or 0.75 mg/ml (high dose) for 12 weeks; control rats received only drinking water. All rats were fed a diet containing 0.1% Ca and 0.5% P. In female rats, the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly reduced from 0.742 g/ml in controls to 0.713 g/ml after low-dose treatment of verapamil, and to 0.667 g/ml following high-dose treatment (P〈0.01). The tibial length was increased from 39.7 mm in controls to 40.3 mm or to 40.7 mm after low or high doses (P〈0.01). The tibial volume increased from 0.385 ml in controls to 0.397 ml after low doses and to 0.429 ml after high doses (P〈0.01). In contrast, in male rats the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly increased from 0.578 g/ml in controls to 0.580 g/ml after low doses and to 0.620 g/ml after high doses of verapamil (P〈0.01). The tibial bone volume in males as decreased from 0.633 ml in controls to 0.641 ml after low doses and to 0.583 ml after high doses (P〈0.05). The tibial length in the males was not changed by verapamil. The intestinal absorption of Ca was reduced in male rats from 5.28 in controls to 4.03 (serosa/mucosa) after low-dose treatment and to 2.46 after high-dose treatment with verapamil (P〈0.05). In female rats, the intestinal absorption of Ca did not change after verapamil treatment. Thus, chronic treatment with verapamil in female rats induced osteopenia whereas in male rats bone growth was inhibited.
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  • 65
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 391-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Matrix ; Phosphoproteins ; Biomineralization ; Calcium ; Nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and bone acidic glycoprotein-75 are three acidic phosphoproteins that are isolated from the mineralized phase of bone matrix, are synthesized by osteoblastic cells, and are generally restricted in their distribution to calcified tissues. Although each is a distinct gene product, these proteins share aspartic/glutamic acid contents of 30–36% and each contains multiple phosphoryl and sialyl groups. These properties, plus a strict relationship of acidic macromolecules with cell-controlled mineralization throughout nature, suggest functions in calcium binding and nucleation of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal formation. However, direct proof for such roles is still largely indirect in nature. The purpose of this review is to present two speculative hypotheses regarding acidic phosphoprotein function. The goal was to use new sequence information along with database comparisons to develop a structural rationalization of how these proteins may function in calcium handling by bone. For example, our analysis has identified a conserved polyacidic stretch in all three phosphoproteins which we propose mediates metal binding. Also, conserved motifs were identified that are analogous with those for casein kinase II phosphorylation sites and whose number correlates well with that of phosphoryl groups/protein. A two-state conformational model of calcium binding by bone matrix acidic phosphoproteins is described which incorporates these findings.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histamine ; Polyamines ; Mast cells ; Histidine decarboxylase ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple method for determining histamine and polyamines in various tissues was devised. The method, however, could not be applied to calcified tissues, because the high concentration of Ca2+ in the extract interferes with the chromatographic separation of these amines. By treating the extracts from calcified tissues with K2CO3, we succeeded in removing the Ca2+, and the method could then be applied to determine the amines in bone tissues of mice. By using this method, we examined the contribution of mast cells and histidine decarboxylae (HDC) to the amount of histamine in the bone. The results indicate that (1) the HDC activity in the bone is the highest among the tissues of normal mice, and the histamine produced by the HDC in the bone is metabolized rapidly; (2) a major part of HDC in the bone is present in the bone marrow cells other than mast cells, and most of histamine in the bone is attributable to the histamine pooled in mast cells; (3) mast cells in the diaphysis are located largely along the endosteal lining; and (4) the method devised in this study may be useful for studying the roles of histamine (or mast cells) and polyamines in calcified tissues.
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  • 67
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    Osteoporosis international 2 (1992), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Distal radius ; Fracture ; Single photon absorptiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-six women aged 60, 70 or 80 years who had fractured one of their distal radii (Colles' fracture) 0 to 35 (median 10) years earlier were examined in this population-based study. Single photon measurements (SPA) were performed on both arms 1 cm and 6 cm proximal to the styloid process of the ulna. All women were questioned about earlier wrist fractures and which, if any, side had been affected. Information about the type and site of the fracture was also gathered from the hospital records. The bone mineral content (BMC) was found to be increased by almost 20% in the once-fractured radius at the distal measuring site (1 cm) when compared with the unaffected side. This difference did not seem to diminish with time. At the proximal measuring site there was no difference between the once-fractured and the non-fractured side. There was a progressive loss of bone mineral in the once-fractured arm during the first years after the fracture however. This appeared to be reversed after about 10 years to a relative gain, even though the correlation was weak. Six of the 36 women could not remember which side had been fractured and five could not remember having had such a fracture at all. Determination of osteoporosis by measuring forearm BMC with single photon densitometry is therefore of limited value in some women of the oldest age groups.
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  • 68
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    Skeletal radiology 21 (1992), S. 509-513 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is the prototype of a group of vascular tumors characterized by epithelioid or histiocytoid endothelial cells. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of bone is a rare lesion that constitutes fewer than 1% of primary malignant skeletal neoplasms. We describe two cases that illustrate the spectrum of radiographic features seen with this neoplasm, and also present its appearance on magnetic resonance imaging.
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  • 69
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mechanical properties ; Fatigue microdamage ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The presence of microdamage in the tibiae and femora of rats following repetitive loading in vivo was investigated by subjecting 48 male rats, aged 12 weeks, to treadmill running (26.8 m.min-1 on 10% grade) for 0.56 hours (5,000 cycles, E1), 1.13 hours, (10,000 cycles, E2), 2.27 hours (20,000 cycles, E3), and 3.4 hours (30,000 cycles, E4) with Group C as control. Following exercise, tibiae and femora were excised and the right limbs were tested in torsion at 180°.sec-1. Transverse sections were cut from the proximal, mid- and distal diaphysis of left tibiae and femora, bulk stained in basic fuchsin, cut to 50 μm thick, and examined for the presence of microdamage. Following these periods of loading, tibiae and femora showed no evidence of microdamage initiation, as evidenced by light microscopy, or corresponding alterations in mechanical properties. It was concluded that the magnitude of loading produced by single bouts of intensive exercise, which encompassed up to 30,000 loading cycles, was insufficient to initiate fatigue microdamage in tibiae or femora of rats.
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  • 70
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Magnesium ; Calcium ; Apatite crystals ; Enamel ; Dentin ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Magnesium (Mg) is a conspicuous constituent of hard tissues but its possible role in biomineralization is poorly understood. It is possible that Mg2+ adsorbed onto bioapatites may contribute to the modulation of crystal growth as such inhibitory activity has been reported for synthetic apatites. The present study was undertaken to determine the adsorption isotherms of Mg ions onto synthetic apatites and biominerals in tooth and bone tissues in the presence of other ions of natural occurrence. Synthetic crystals used as adsorbents were hydroxyapatite and, as a better prototype for the biomineral, Mg-containing carbonatoapatite. Human enamel and dentin materials were obtained from extracted, caries-free, permanent teeth. Porcine dentin materials at two developmental stages were obtained from erupted deciduous and unerupted permanent teeth of a 6-month-old slaughtered piglet. Porcine bone was obtained from the cortical portion of the mandible of the same animal. All biomineral samples were pulverized and then treated by plasma ashing (deproteination) at about 60°C. Each of the powdered samples was equilibrated in solutions containing various initial concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na+ (or K+) as nitrate salts. Following equilibration, concentrations (and activities) of magnesium and calcium ions in the experimental solution were determined. The pH values of the equilibrium solutions were in the range of 6.2–6.5. Experimental data of the Mg adsorption onto hydroxyapatite were interpreted on the basis of a Langmuir-type model for binary systems assuming competition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ for the same adsorption sites on the crystal surfaces of the apatites. According to this model, the adsorbed Mg is expressed as a function of the ionic activity ratio (Mg2+)/(Ca2+) in the equilibrium solution. The model contains two parameters, the adsorption selectivity constant Ks and the maximum number of adsorption sites N (μmol/g). The numerical values of Ks were similar for all adsorbents used (synthetic and biological) and indicated the preferential adsorption of Ca2+ probably due to spacial restrictions extending to the very surface of the crystals. The initial level of Mg2+ in the surface pool was different in the various biominerals, probably reflecting the composition of fluid in which the biominerals were formed. Whereas the surface pool of Mg of human enamel was marginal, only 5% of the total Mg, significant fractions of the total Mg in human and porcine dentins (about 20–30%), and porcine bone (about 40%) existed on the crystal surfaces. There were significant differences in the total Mg and the value of the parameter N between young (unerupted) and mature (erupted) dentin minerals. It was ascertained that the occupancy of adsorption sites by Mg ions became greater with maturation of the dentin tissues. The overall results suggest that the Mg-mineral interaction in tooth and bone tissues may be a highly tissue-specific process, presumably reflecting differences in fluid composition (particularly Ca and Mg activities) responsible for biomineralization.
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  • 71
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 72-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fixation ; FT-IR microscopy ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fourier transform infrared microscopy is a powerful tool for the characterization of mineral and protein in histologic sections of bone. This study was concerned with determining whether techniques used to preserve these tissties and to prepare them for sectioning had an effect on spectral properties. The υ1, υ3 phosphate bands in the 900–1200 cm-1 spectral region were used to evaluate the structure of the apatitic mineral in fresh-frozen, ethanol-fixed, and formalin-fixed 35-day-old rat femurs; fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed 20-day-old fetal rat femurs; ground 35-day-old rat diaphyseal bone samples; and formalin-fixed, methacrylate-embedded ground diaphyseal bone. The crystallinity (crystal size and perfection) of the bone apatite was assessed by a curve-fitting analysis of the υ1, υ3 phosphate bands. Results indicate that ethanol or formalin fixation of the 35-day-old intact rat femur, and formalin fixation and embedding of the ground rat bone do not significantly alter the crystallinity of the apatite. However, formalin fixation of the fetal rat bone did alter the structure of the apatite mineral phase. In addition, evaluation of protein secondary structure in the 35-day-old rat femur from the Amide I and Amide II vibrations near 1650 and 1550 cm-1, respectively, revealed that protein conformation was altered by ethanol fixation.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Menopause ; Estrogens ; Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Biochemical parameters reflecting bone resorption [urinary calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) and hydroxyproline/ creatinine (OH/Cr)] were related to serum estrogens [estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2)] in 262 healthy women including 158 patients receiving estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for at least 6 months, 49 eugonadal women, and 55 untreated postmenopausal women. A significant (P〈0.001) correlation exists between serum E2 and Ca/Cr: Ca/Cr (mg/dl)=-0.00044 E2 (pg/ml)+0.129 (n=262; r=-0.37), serum E2 and OH/Cr: (OH/Cr (mg/g)=-0.049 E2 (pg/ml)+18.76 (n=262; r=-0.36), serum E1 and Ca/Cr: Ca/Cr (mg/dl)=-0.0003 E1 (pg/ml)+0.127 (n=261; r=-0.28) but not between serum E1 and OH/Cr. Women with circulating levels of E2 between 60 and 90 pg/ml have a significant (P〈 0.01) reduction of Ca/Cr and OH/Cr when compared with those with lower levels of E2. Higher values of E2 do not provide additional benefit. We conclude that in postmenopausal women receiving an estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), a significant reduction of bone resorption is achieved when circulating levels of estradiol reach a value (60 pg/ml) corresponding to the one measured, in eugonadal women, during the last days of the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. We suggest that oral or percutaneous ERT should induce a minimal value of 60 pg/ml to prevent postmenopausal bone loss.
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  • 73
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 291-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoblast ; Cyclosporin A ; Attachment ; Proliferation ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) were evaluated on ROS 17/2.8 cells in vitro. ROS cells were treated with CsA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 μg/ml) for 3 days with and without bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) (1–34) 10 nM. CsA at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 μg/ml without PTH and at 5.0 μg/ml in the presence of PTH significantly inhibited proliferation, as determined by a tetrazolium colorimetric assay. In addition, ROS cell number was significantly reduced at 3 and 4 days with CsA (5.0 μg/ml) without affecting cell viability. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA was significantly reduced by 3.0 and 5.0 μg/ml CsA after 12 and 24 hours exposure. Basal and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated alkaline phosphatase levels in confluent ROS cells were reduced (P〈0.05) with CsA (1.0 and 3.0 μg/ml). Pretreatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells with CsA did not alter PTH-stimulated cAMP levels or [125I]-PTHrP binding to ROS cells. CsA treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells induced a spindle-shaped appearance with loss of attachment in confluent cultures. When ROS cells were cultured in CsA-containing media, cellular attachment at 6 and 12 hours was reduced (P〈0.05) compared with untreated ROS cells. These findings indicate that CsA was capable of inhibiting proliferation, cell number, mitogenesis, alkaline phosphatase levels, and cell attachment of ROS cells without affecting PTH binding or cAMP levels. This direct effect of CsA on osteoblasts may be important in changes of bone remodeling observed in CsA-treated humans and animals.
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Lateral spine scanning ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Reproducibility of lateral spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (LAT DEXA) scans using a Lunar DPX-L scanner was assessed in a cadaveric phantom and in patients. One hundred phantom measurements over 7 months demonstrated a longitudinal stability of 1.7% (coefficient of variation, CV). Additional scans were performed with the phantom rotated by up to 20° in each of the three orthogonal planes to assess the effects of variable patient positioning. Horizontal and vertical rotation of the spine had little effect on the estimated bone mineral density (BMD), however, axial rotation of greater than 8° led to errors in the BMD measurement. One hundred consecutive patients had two lateral scans performed within 1 month. BMD (range 0.10–1.6 g/cm2) was determined for each scan by one operator. Significant overlap from ribs and pelvis was often seen with L2 and L4 vertebrae but one vertebra (L3) could be measured in every case. Intraoperator and interoperator variability was assessed by three experienced operators, each analyzing 10 patients' scans on five separate occasions, and was found to be less than 1.1% for a single vertebra. BMD estimation of vertebral bodies and midslices by lateral DEXA scans (CV% of 3.8% and 4.6%) have a 95% confidence interval of 0.074 g/cm2 and 0.096 g/cm2, respectively for two vertebrae. This variability is due mainly to axial rotation, with operator variability, horizontal rotation, and vertical rotation having little effect on BMD estimation.
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 30-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: PTHRP ; Anabolic ; Rat ; Bone ; Potency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) has recently been purified from human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The gene encoding PTHRP has been cloned, and based on predicted amino acid sequence, polypeptides comprising the first 36 [36Tyr(1–36) PTHRP amide] and 74 [(1–74)PTHRP] amino acids have been synthesized. Human (h) PTHRP (1–36) and (1–74) are potent bone-resorbing agents, and are catabolic for bone in vivo when given continuously at high doses. Bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) (1–34) is also catabolic for bone at high dose levels, but when given in low doses for weeks to months, it is anabolic. Although PTHRP possess several PTH-like properties in bone, hPTHRP (1–34) is reported to be only weakly anabolic in vivo. As polypeptide length influences PTHRP action, we evaluated hPTHRP(1–74) as an anabolic agent for bone in vivo. Twenty-four 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of hPTHRP(1–74) (1 and 2 nmol/100 g body weight, bw), bPTH(1–34) (4 nmol/100 g bw) or vehicle. Rats were sacrificed on day 12, and serum calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and femoral bone dry weight, calcium content, and hydroxyproline content were measured. Serum calcium and phosphorus were equivalent in all groups. A significant increase in dry bone weight was observed in both PTHRP-treated groups compared with controls. PTHRP also caused a significant, dose-dependent increase in bone calcium and hydroxypro-line content. Results of these studies indicate that PTHRP (1–74) is anabolic for bone in vivo when administered at low-dosage levels for a prolonged period.
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 2 (1992), S. 265-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Bone ; Xenograft ; Young's modulus ; Biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of the present study was to compare the mechanical properties of two types of a new bone xenograft, T650 (Luddoc®) (Dense and Medium) with human and fresh bovine trabecular bone. Compressive testing was performed to destruction with a constant deformation rate of 0,025 mm min−1. Shear destructive testing was also carried out. Under our experimental conditions, Young's modulus of dense T650 (132.9 ± 52.3 MPa) do not differ significantly from that of fresh bovine bone (117.5 ± 61.5 MPa); and that of medium T650 (79.92 ± 37.3 MPa) did not differ significantly from human bone (77,36 ± 54,9 MPa). The shear force is required to destroy dense T650 (494 ± 167 N) did not differ significantly from those for fresh bovine bone (558 ± 104 N). Whereas the values for medium T650 were significantly lower (359 ± 155 N). The stress-strain curves obtained from all the specimens did not differ significantly. The process used to obtain T650 did not modify the mechanical properties of bovine trabecular bone.
    Notes: Résumé Le but de ce travail est de comparer les propriétés mécaniques d'une nouvelle xénogreffe osseuse le T650 (Luddoc®) répartie en deux sous groupes dits “dense” et “moyen” à celle de l'os trabéculaire humain et de bovin. Des tests de compression avec un rapport de déformation constant de 0,025 mm min−1 et des tests de rupture au cisaillement sont appliqués. Dans les conditions expérimentales utilisées, le module de Young du T650 dense (132,9 ± 52,3 MPa) est comparable à celui de l'os trabéculaire frais de bovin (117,5 ± 61,5 MPa), celui du T650 moyen (79,92 ± 37,3 MPa) à celui de l'os humain (77,36 ± 54,9 MPa). La résistance à la rupture au cisaillement du T650 dense (494 ± 167 N) est comparable à celle de l'os trabéculaire de veau frais (558 ± 104 N). Les valeurs du T650 moyen sont significativement plus faibles (359 ± 155 N). Les courbes compression/déformation sont similaires pour les différents types d'éprouvettes testés. Les traitements subis par l'os trabéculaire de veau pour l'obtention du T650 n'affectent pas ses propriétés mécaniques.
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    Archives of toxicology 66 (1992), S. 315-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Rat ; Bone ; Long-term administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A decrease in mechanical strength of bones was observed both in young and old rats for long periods of administration of cadmium. Young (3-week-old) female rats were given 0 (control), 5 and 10 ppm cadmium in drinking water, respectively, for 20 weeks. Old (18-month old) female rats were given 0 (control) and 40 ppm cadmium in drinking water, respectively, for 7 months. The compression strengths of bones of young rats which were given 10 ppm cadmium, and those of old rats which were given 40 ppm cadmium, significantly decreased at the distal end portion of femur. Cadmium contents in bones in the 10 ppm and 40 ppm groups were about 110 and 210 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The present result confirmed that cadmium has a lesional effect on the mechanical strength of bone at the concentration of 100–200 ng/g in dry weight of bone, for both young and old rats.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Ultrasound ; Bone ; Ilizarov ; Artifact ; Measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-three ultrasound examinations of the corticotomy interval of patients undergoing Ilizarov procedures were retrospectively evaluated for the presence or absence of an acoustic edge artifact. This artifact, consisting of a fine anechoic band, has been previously described in phantom models and is presumed to be due to phase cancellation effects. We demonstrated this artifact in 8 of 33 examinations. The artifact proved helpful in identifying the location of the corticotomy margin, even when this margin was obscured by the presence of developing periosteal new bone. Attention to technical factors is, however, important. We believe that this artifact may have a useful role in the routine monitoring of the Ilizarov patient.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone-related peptide ; Osteocalcin-mRNA ; In situ hybridization histochemistry ; Bone ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have indicated that 19-dayold fetal long bones of the rat contain an adenylyl cyclase-stimulating activity antigenically related to parathyroid hormone-related peptide. To ascertain its origin, Northern blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry were performed. Results demonstrate that mRNA of parathyroid hormone-related peptide is present in RNA extracted from fetal long bones of the rat and that cells responsible for its production are localized in the periosteum. These cells are not mature osteoblasts because they do not synthesize mRNA of osteocalcin. Thus the present study shows that parathyroid hormone-related peptide could be produced locally, at least in part, in the skeleton of fetal rats.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Total ; Body ; Bone ; Mineral ; Content ; Pelvic ; Bone ; Mineral ; Content ; Postmenopausal ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bibliographic references seem very controversill regarding the most appropriate anatomical area for bone mass estimation. Since some overlapping in the different bone mass measurements among normal and osteoporotic females has been observed, we have studied the bone mineral content of the pelvic bone through DEXA, and have correlated it with the total body bone mineral content, a highly discriminating measure, in order to observe whether pelvic bone mineral may be a useful measure in bone mass assessment. Pelvic and total body bone mineral values did not decrease until menopause in 104 normal premenopausal females aged 20 to 49 years. On the other hand, these values decreased in normal postmenopausal women (n=44) aged 50 to 65 years (p〈0.001), with a 16% pelvic bone mineral content and an 11% total body bone mineral content decrease. Osteoporotic females (n=30), showed lower values for both levels than normal postmenopausal ones (p〈0.001), with a 54% pelvic and a 24% total decrease. A 15% overlap was observed when pelvic values between normal postmenopausal and osteoporotic females were compared. The greater percentage decrease in pelvic BMC compared to total body bone mineral content and the lower overlap observed suggest that the pelvis may be an ideal anatomical area for bone mass evaluations.
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  • 81
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    The @Anatomical Record 234 (1992), S. 479-492 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Bone ; cartilage ; growth plate ; mineralization ; osteopontin ; osteocalcin ; osteoblast ; osteoclast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural distribution of two noncollagenous proteins, osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC), originally extracted from bone matrix and proposed to play an important role in bone formation, was examined in the matrices of bone and cartilage from embryonic and postnatal chicken tibial growth plates by high-resolution immunocytochemistry using the colloidal gold technique. In bone, immunolabeling patterns using polyclonal antibodies against chicken OPN and OC were generally similar in that both showed an intense, but regionally variable, labeling of mineralized bone matrix and small mineralization loci dispersed throughout the osteoid and containing prominent condensed organic material. Unmineralized osteoid showed weak-to-moderate labeling. In the mineralized bone matrix proper, labeling was predominantly associated with amorphous, electron-dense patches of organic material among the collagen fibrils. In growth plate cartilage, both proteins first appeared related to calcified cartilage in the hypertrophic zone, although the labeling patterns were somewhat different. For OPN, gold particles were mostly associated with an organic lamina limitans-like density containing condensed, filamentous organic matrix at the periphery of small nodules and large masses of calcified cartilage, with additional moderate labeling throughout the interior of the calcified cartilage. For OC, labeling was observed over filamentous structures throughout the calcified cartilage matrix, with some, but less, labeling at the periphery. In the lowermost zones of the growth plate, the major reaction using both antibodies was found over a layer of dense, amorphous organic material at the periphery of the calcified cartilage at the future bone/calcified cartilage interface, a labeling pattern that persisted following bone deposition at these sites. OPN and to a lesser extent OC were also concentrated in cement (resting, reversal) lines. Throughout the bone and cartilage of the tibia, cells of both the osteoblastic and the osteoclastic lineages were found directly apposed to labeled surfaces and lamina limitans of organic matrix containing OPN and OC. In summary, it is concluded form the immunocytochemical data presented here that the association of OPN and OC with mineralized regions of the extracellular matrices of bone and cartilage and the accumulation of these proteins at tissue surfaces and interfaces are consistent with the hypotheses that they play a role in the extracellular mineralization process per se and/or that they may mediate cell adhesion and dynamics.© Willey-Liss, Inc.
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  • 82
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    Molecular Reproduction and Development 32 (1992), S. 160-167 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: BMP ; TGF-beta superfamily ; Bone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) are a group of related proteins originally identified by their presence in bone-inductive extracts of demineralized bone. By molecular cloning, at least six related members of this family have been identified and are called BMP-2 through BMP-7. These molecules are part of the TGF-beta superfamily, based on primary amino acid sequence homology, including the absolute conservation of seven cysteine residues between the TGF-betas and the BMPs. The BMPs can be divided into subgroups with BMP-2 and BMP-4 being 92% identical, and BMP-5, BMP-6, and BMP-7 being an average of about 90% identical. To examine the individual activities of these molecules, we are producing each BMP in a mammalian expression system. In this system, each BMP is synthesized as a precursor peptide, which is glycosylated, processed to the mature peptide, and secreted as a homodimer. These reagents have been used to demonstrate that single molecules, such as BMP-2, are capable of inducing the formation of new cartilage and bone when implanted ectopically in a rodent assay system. Whether each of the BMPs possesses the same inductive activities in an animal is the subject of ongoing research. Based on the chondrogenic and osteogenic abilities of the BMPs in the adult animal, the expression of the mRNAs for the BMPs has been examined in the development of the embryonic skeleton by in situ hybridization. These studies demonstrate that the BMP mRNAs are spatially and temporally expressed appropriately for the proteins involved in the induction and development of cartilage and bone in the embryonic limb bud. Furthermore, primary preparations of limb bud cells respond to BMP-2, as do several cell lines of the osteoblastic lineage. In addition to expression in the skeletal system, various of the BMP mRNAs are expressed in distinct tissues, suggesting additional roles during development. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bone ; Undecalcified preparation ; Grinding technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary For reliable quantitative and qualitative analysis of bone specimens undecalcified preparation is essential. The “conventional” technique for this purpose is embedding in methylmethacrylate. Larger bone specimens, highly sclerotic specimens, cortical bone or bone implants consisting of metals or ceramics require modifications of this technique or completely new methods. We report our experience with the undecalcified preparation of 47700 bone specimens. New techniques such as the cutting of large area sections up to a size of 5×6 cm and grinding procedures for completely artefact-free preparation which are applied in special cases are also described. A new technique of combinded two- and three-dimensional analysis of bone specimens is presented. In our experience these methods are fundamental for morphological investigation of bone.
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  • 84
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    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: B-APN ; Bone ; Incisor socket ; Tensile strength ; Local regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the relationship between the mechanical properties of collagen and the bone turnover, 2-week-old Balb/C mice were fed on a diet containing 0.25% Beta aminopropionitrile (B-APN), a potent inhibitor of collagen crosslink formation, for 3 weeks. Mandibular incisor socket was selected for the analysis of bone formation and resorption parameters. Plastic embedded sections stained with toludine blue and cut at 4 µm were used to analyze the average area of bone lamellae, bone-forming surface, and the number of osteoblasts/mm of forming surface. Similar sections were used to localize acid phosphatase on resorbing surfaces and within the osteoclasts, while bone alkaline phosphatase was determined by a colorimetric method. Morphometric analyses showed that the area of newly formed bone lamellae, total forming surface, number of osteoblasts and the Alk. Pase activity were significantly lower in B-APN-fed mice as compared to the controls. There was a concomitant smaller, but significant, reduction in total resorption surface, active resorption surface and the number of osteoclasts. These results suggest that the regulation of bone formation and resorption at this site, which is independent of systemic regulation, is influenced by the mechanical properties of the collagenous matrix, which in turn may have a significant effect on the existing pool of bone-forming cells, but may not influence the recruitment of new cells.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Oxalosis ; Bone ; Histology ; Pathological fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the clinical, radiographic and histological features of skeletal involvement in four patients with end-stage renal failure due to primary oxalosis. The clinical features were unrelenting bone pain, and in two patients multiple fractures. Radiographic features were, in chronological order: (1) radiodense metaphyses and other red marrow bone; (2) cortical defects in metaphyses; (3) spontaneous fracture-separations of epiphyses of long limb bones which healed poorly. The fractures occurred through crystal deposits, and fracture displacement was associated with extrusion of crystalline material from bone. On histological examination crystals were found to replace metaphyseal bone. Pericrystalline giant cell granulomata replaced bone marrow. Erosion surfaces near granulomas were increased. Subperiosteal and intra-osseous tophi of calcium oxalate were seen. Calcium oxalate appears to precipitate with greater facility than does physiological mineral. Bone showed the features of mixed uraemic osteodystrophy in all four patients. We conclude that: (1) the fractures occurred through heavy crystal deposits; (2) ununited fractures and intra-osseous and subperiosteal tophi contributed to the pain; (3) spontaneous fractures are of poor prognostic significance. We recommend that unstable fractures be internally fixed.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Blood flow ; Bone ; Vascular volume ; Hematocrit ; Technetium 99m diphosphonate ; Intraarticular pressure ; Intraosseous pressure ; Microspheres ; Dog ; Venous engorgement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Venous congestion in bone is a common early feature of inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases. An experimental study was performed of the relationship between the scintigraphic appearance of joints and the intraosseous hemodynamics during venous congestion caused by obstruction of the osseous venous drainage by increased intra-articular pressure. Intra-articular pressure was raised to 75% of mean arterial pressure in one knee each of 8 immature dogs. This caused elevated intraosseous pressure in the distal femoral epiphysis but not in the metaphysis. The elevated intraosseous pressure in the affected femoral epiphysis was associated with decreased technetium 99m diphosphonate uptake and blood flow, unaltered vascular volume and tissue hematocrit, and prolonged transit time of blood in the central cancellous bone. The decreased radionuclide uptake during intraosseous venous congestion thus appeared to reflect a decreased blood supply. However, by multiple regression analysis, the diphosphonate uptake in bone generally varied positively with blood flow and plasma volume and inversely with red cell volume in a nonlinear, multifactorial relationship.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 469-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Sensory nerves ; Sympathetic nerves ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In light of the possible role peripheral nerves may play in bone metabolism, the morphology of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, substance P (SP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH)-immunoreactive nerve fibers was examined in whole-mount preparations of periosteum of membranous bones (calvaria, mandible) and long bones (tibia) from the rat. Periosteum from animals treated to remove selectively either the sympathetic or fine-caliber primary afferent nerves was also examined to determine the origin of the nerve fibers. We found a consistent and often dense innervation of the periosteum. The innervation patterns of the calvaria and mandible were similar, with networks of nerves spread across the surface of the bone. Nerves in the tibial periosteum were oriented in the longitudinal axis and were more numerous at the epiphyses than in the mid-shaft region. CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were widely and densely distributed. The presence of populations of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers of differing calibers and perivascular arrangements suggests that such nerves in bone tissues may serve different functions. SP-immunoreactivity was present in a fine network of varicose fibers in the superficial layers of the periosteum. CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were dramatically reduced in periosteum of capsaicin-treated animals as compared to controls, indicating the sensory origin of these nerves. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in the periosteum of mandible and calvaria as small networks and individual fine varicose fibers. In tibial periosteum, larger networks of these fibers were visible. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the periosteum were associated with both vascular and nonvascular elements within the layers of cells closest to the bone, suggesting that VIP may serve more than one function in periosteal tissues. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were largely confined to vascular elements; occasional fibers were observed among the bone-lining cells. DβH-immunoreactivity was associated only with blood vessels. VIP-, NPY-, and DβH-immunoreactivities were dramatically reduced in the periosteum of guanethidinetreated animals, indicating the sympathetic origin of these nerves.
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  • 88
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    Journal of bone and mineral metabolism 9 (1991), S. 70-77 
    ISSN: 1435-5604
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoclast ; Tartrate-sensitive acid phospatase ; Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase ; Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histochemical distribution of acid phosphatase activity in chicken tibial metaphyses was investigated with the azo-dye method, using naphthol AS-BI phosphate as a substrate, and the lead-salt method, usingβ-glycerophosphate, p-nitrophenylphosphate or adenosine triphosphate as substrates. Tartrate-resistant activity was found in cartilage and bone matrices and in osteoclasts when naphthol AS-BI phosphate, p-nitrophenylphosphate or adenosine triphosphate were used. Fluoride-resistant activity was observed in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts with naphthol AS-BI phosphate or p-nitrophenylphosphate; this activity was also insensitive to tartrate. The tartrate-resistant acid adenosine triphosphatase activity, which is due to purple acid phosphatse (type V acid phosphatase isoenzyme), was significantly weaker in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts than the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity with naphthol AS-BI phosphate or p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrates. Furthermore, the purple acid phosphatase activity was strongly inhibited by fluoride. Therefore, the TRAP activity detected with naphthol AS-BI phosphate or p-nitrophenylphosphate may be due to the combined activity of the purple acid phosphatase and another isoenzyme, which is termed fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP).
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  • 89
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    Journal of bone and mineral metabolism 8 (1990), S. 26-33 
    ISSN: 1435-5604
    Keywords: Coherence therapy ; Osteoporosis ; Postmenopausal ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients suffering from osteoporosis were treated with an ADFR (Activation-Depression-Free-Repeat) scheme composed of phosphate as the activator and diphosphonate as the depressor. Trabecular bone remodeling parameters were assayed and compared on undecalcified sections of iliac crest biopsies obtained from patients before and after the therapeutic reginmen. Since some patients received a composite ADFR regimen with estrogen and/or calcium supplementation during the treatment free period, the accumulated data were subdivided into two groups. Statistical analysis was performed on the comparisons of pre- and post-treatment difference in each group and between groups. The mean total trabecular volume increased significantly (p〈0.05) in patients treated with pure ADFR, and increased marginally in patients treated with a composite ADFR. Other static and dynamic paramenters were not significantly different before and after the manipulation in each group. Although the comparisons of treatment effects on each parameter between the two groups were not significantly different at p〈0.05 level, the mean increments to the original trabecular bone volume, trabecular diameter and thickness of trabecular interstitial lamella were greater in the pure ADFR group (91.6%, 55.12µm, 39.01µm, respectively) than that of the composite ADFR group (24.45%, 0.02µm, 5.05µm, respectively). In addition, the mean wall thickness was increased in the pure ADFR group and decreased in the composite group. It is important that the timing of the administrations of drugs be in accordance with the phases of normal BMU' s remodeling cycles. The administration of estrogen and/or calcium during the treatment free period seemed to impair osteoblastic function. The insignificant change before and after the manipulation indicated by the static and dymanic parameters might reflect that second biopsy being taken at the similar remodeling phases as that of the first biopsy. The study suggests that the current ADFR scheme not only halts bone less, but also increases trabecular bone volume in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Eight ADFR cycles, approximately two years, were needed to significantly increase trabecular bone volume in iliac crest biopsy.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Histomorphometry ; Osteoporosis ; Osteoblasts ; Osteocalcin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess the bone turnover abnormalities which characterize postmenopausal osteoporosis with vertebral fractures (PMOp), a transiliac bone biopsy was performed after double labeling of the mineralizing front with tetracycline in 50 untreated PMOp patients who were compared with 13 healthy age-matched volunteer females. The analysis of bone remodeling and structure parameters demonstrated that PMOp is a disease affecting both the cancellous and the endocortical envelopes and characterized by increased resorption and by a marked decrease in the osteoblastic apposition rate due to a reduced duration of bone formation. This induces a decrease in the width of both individual osteons and trabeculae. In PMOp, the wide spectrum of bone turnover as compared with the controls, associated with the typical bimodal distribution of cancellous osteoid perimeter, allowed us to identify two subsets, one with normal turnover (NT) and one with high turnover (HT) representing 30% of the cases. When compared to NT, HT was characterized by increased osteoclast number, lower bone volume, thinner osteons, increased formation at the tissue-level and markedly decreased duration of formation. In HT the marked decrease in the duration of activity of osteoblasts and the markedly increased number of osteoclasts induced a greater decrease in bone volume, despite the increase of bone formation at the tissue level. These subsets could not be distinguished by any clinical or biochemical parameter except for serum bone gla protein (osteocalcin) which was significantly higher (as a group) in HT than in NT. The underlying cause for these two subsets is unknown. We conclude that PMOp affects the cancellous and the endocortical bone. Bone loss results from a wide spectrum of bone turnover abnormalities, with two distinct subsets, one with normal turnover and one with high turnover.
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  • 91
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    Skeletal radiology 19 (1990), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Single and dual photon bone densitometry ; Vertebra, density ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Readers of chest radiographs often comment on the presence of osteoporosis. We have hypothesized that diagnoses of osteoporosis from chest films are not reliable even when made by experienced radiologists. To test this hypothesis, we had nine radiologists estimate the degree of bone density seen on 45 lateral chest films. We compared their estimates of bone density to the results of dual photon bone densitometry of the lumbar spine. We found that there was little ability to accurately diagnose osteoporosis by chest film since the group of nine readers achieved accuracies ranging from 0.59 to 0.64. Therefore, we feel it is unjustified to comment upon the presence or absence of osteoporosis on the basis of chest films.
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  • 92
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    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Erbium-YAG ; Holmium-YAG ; CO2 ; Infrared ; Laser ; Bone ; Ablation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented for the latent heat of ablation of bone using an erbium-YAG laser operating at 2.9Μm, and a holmium-YAG laser operating at 2.1Μm. The values are 8.2±1.0 kJ cm−3 and 18±2.0 kJ cm−3, respectively. Secondary damage to surrounding tissue is found to extend approximately 5Μm with the erbium laser and is greatly increased to 80Μm with significant charring in the case of holmium. These secondary damage zones are much smaller than those produced by the CO2 laser.
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  • 93
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Calcium ; Excretion ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 94
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 327-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Density ; Analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une technique nouvelle, permettant l'analyse de la densité de faibles quantités de tissus calcifiés pulvérisés, est décrite. Cette technique utilise un analyseur électronique de taille de particules et de volume (»Compteur de Coulter«), pour déterminer les volumes relatifs des fractions pulvérisées, isolées par fractionnement densitométrique, après centrifugation dans des mélanges de solvants organiques. Certains des paramètres, responsables de la distribution densitométrique des poudres d'os, sont étudiés et la reproductibilité du fractionnement et de l'analyse est démontrée. L'application de cette méthode à l'os humain est illustrée par des résultats.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Technik zur Bestimmung der Dichteverteilung von kleinen Mengen pulverisiertem Knochengewebe beschrieben. Für diese Technik wird ein Apparat zur elektronischen Messung von Partikelgröße und-Volumen (Coulter Counter) verwendet; damit wird das totale relative Volumen der pulverisierten Fraktionen bestimmt, die durch Aufteilung der verschiedenen Dichten mittels Zentrifugieren in Mischungen von organischen Lösungsmitteln isoliert werden. Einige der Parameter, welche die Dichteverteilung von Knochenpulver beeinflussen, wurden untersucht und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Fraktionierung und der Analysen aufgezeigt. Die Anwendung dieser Technik auf Proben von Menschenknochen wird veranschaulicht und die Resultate werden besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A new technique for the density distribution analysis of small quantities of powdered hard tissues is described. The technique uses an electronic particle size and volume analyser (“Coulter Counter”) to determine the total relative volumes of the powder fractions isolated by centrifugal density fractionation in organic solvent mixtures. Some of the parameters controlling the density distributions of bone powders are examined and the reproducibility of the fractionation and analysis demonstrated. The application of this technique to human bone samples is illustrated and the results discussed.
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  • 95
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 340-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Ingestion ; compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été faites sur le rat afin de tester les possiblités d'ingestion perorale simultanée de fluor (F) et de calcium (Ca) en proportions calculées pour traitement de certaines ostéopénies humaines. F sous forme de Na2PO3F et Ca sous forme de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc) n'influençaient pas l'un l'autre quant à l'utilisation par le squelette (fémur). Une viscosité élevée, produite par l'addition d'amidon ou de cellulose carboxyméthylée (CMC) à la solution ou dilution ingérée, augmentait l'utilisation du F même si CaGluc était remplacé par citrate de calcium, qui en soi avait un effet réducteur modéré sur l'utilisation du F. Le glycérophosphate de calcium réduisait fortement l'utilisation du F même en présence de CMC. L'utilisation du F comme NaF était fortement réduite par CaGluc, même en présence de CMC. Les concentrations testées de Na2PO3F, NaF ou CMC n'influençaient pas l'utilisation squelettique de Ca comme CaGluc.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Rattenexperimente mit markierten Substanzen durchgeführt, um die Auswirkung simultaner peroraler Gaben von Fluor (F) und von Calcium (Ca) zu prüfen, und zwar in einem Verhältnis, das für die Behandlung gewisser menschlicher Osteopenien berechnet wurde. Fluor in Form von Na2PO3F und Ca in Form von Calciumgluconat (CaGluc) interferieren gegenseitig nicht bei der Verwertung durch das Skelet (Femur). Eine hohe Viscosität der eingegebenen Lösung oder der Aufschlämmung, die durch Zusatz von Stärke oder Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) erzielt wurde, erhöhte die Verwertbarkeit von F sogar wenn CaGluc durch Calciumcitrat ersetzt wurde, welches die F-Verwertung leicht reduzierte. Calcium-glyzerophosphat verminderte die Fluoraufnahme in den Knochen stark, sogar in Anwesenheit von CMC. Die Verwertung von F als NaF war stark herabgesetzt durch CaGluc, selbst beim Vorhandensein von CMC. Die untersuchten Konzentrationen von Na2PO3F, NaF oder CMC hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Calciumaufnahme im Skelet in Form von CaGluc.
    Notes: Abstract Rat experiments with labelled compounds were carried out in order to test the possibilities of simultaneous peroral supply of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) in proportions calculated for treatment of certain human osteopenias. F in the form of Na2PO3F and Ca in the form of calcium gluconate (CaGluc) did not interfere with each other's utilisation by the skeleton (femur). A high viscosity produced by adding starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to the ingested solution or slurry increased the utilisation of F even when CaGluc was replaced by calcium citrate, which moderately reduced F utilisation. Calcium glycerophosphate strongly reduced F utilisation even in the presence of CMC. The utilisation of F as NaF was strongly reduced by CaGluc, even in the presence of CMC. The tested concentrations of Na2PO3F, NaF or CMC did not influence the skeletal utilisation of Ca as CaGluc.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 94-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid ; Base equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Bone ; Resorption ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration chronique de chlorure d ammonium à des rats adultes normaux, soumis à un régime contenant un taux approprié de vitamine D, provoque une ostéoporose. Celle-ci est provoquée par une perte de substance d'os et de minéral osseux, associée à l'augmentation de la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Chronische Verabreichung von Ammoniumchlorid an normale ausgewachsene männliche Ratten, die eine entsprechende Vitamin-D-haltige Diät erhalten, verursacht die Entwicklung einer Osteoporose. Die Osteoporose entsteht auf Grund eines Verlustes von Knochensubstanz und Knochenmineral, in Begleitung einer erhöhten Knochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract Excessive administration of ammonium chloride to normal adult male rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin D caused the development of osteoporosis. The osteoporosis was due to loss of bone substance and bone mineral associated with increased bone resorption.
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  • 97
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Isotope ; Turnover ; Radiosodium ; Radiocalcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après injection intraperitonéale de22Na, la rétention de l'isotope a été déterminée dans l'organisme entier de rasé et dans leur tissu osseux, pendant une période allant jusqu'à 650 jours. Contrairement au45Ca, qui est rapidement concentré dans l'os, puis lentement éliminé, la presque totalité du22Na absorbée par l'os le quitte avec une demie-période de 3–5.5 jours. Cependant, environ 5% de la charge squelettique présente une vitesse de mobilisation lente, avec une demie-période d'environ 700 jours. Etant donné que cette vitesse est comparable à celle de45Ca, il semble que la faible fraction de Na osseux fasse partie de la structure du cristal. Seuls deux des procédés expérimentaux utilisés ont un effet significatif sur la mobilisation du Na. Il s'agit de la consommation prolongée d'un régime pauvre en calcium et d'un changement de l'activité parathyroidienne. Une augmentation du Na alimentaire affecte l'augmentation de la vitesse de mobilisation du sodium dans son composé rapide, alors que le composé lent est peu ou pas affecté. Les calculs effectués, à partir de nos résultats, indiquent que, contrairement au calcium, le squelette ne sert pas de réservoir significatif pour le maintien du milieu liquide extracellulaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten intraperitoneal22Na, und die Retention dieses Isotopes wurde während einer Zeitspanne bis zu 650 Tagen im ganzen Körper und in den Knochen bestimmt. Im Gegensatz zu45Ca, welches sehr rasch von den Knochen aufgenommen und dann nur langsam abgegeben wird, verschwindet der größte Teil des vom Knochen aufgenommenen22Na in einer Halbwertzeit von 3–5,5 Tagen. Jedoch zeigen etwa 5% des Knochengerüstes einen sehr langsamen Turnover mit einer Halbwertzeit von ungefähr 700 Tagen. Da dieser Anteil jenem von45Ca vergleichbar ist, kann daraus geschlossen werden, daß diese kleine Fraktion des Na vom Knochen einen integralen Teil der Kristallstruktur ausmacht. Nur zwei der verschiedenen experimentellen Anordnungen, welche ausprobiert wurden, ergaben eine signifikante Wirkung auf den Na-Turnover im Knochen. Diese bestanden einerseits aus einer langzeitigen Verfütterung von Ca-armer Diät, andererseits aus einer Veränderung der Parathyreoidea-Aktivität. Eine Erhöhung der Na in der Nahrung beeinflußte die schnelle Komponente des Na-Turnover im Knochen; sie zeigte aber wenig bis keine Wirkung auf die langsame Komponente. Berechnungen aus unseren Resultaten lassen vermuten, daß — im Gegensatz zum Ca — das Skelet keine signifikante Reservoir-Funktion zur Erhaltung des Na in der extracellulären Flüssigkeit ausübt.
    Notes: Abstract Rats were given22Na intraperitoneally and the retention of the isotope was determined in whole body and in bone for periods up to 650 days. In contrast to45Ca, which is rapidly taken up by bone and then very slowly released, most of the22Na taken up by bone leaves, with a halftime of 3–5.5 days. However, about 5% of the skeletal burden exhibits a very slow turnover, with a half-time of about 700 days. Since this rate is comparable to that of45Ca, it is concluded that this small fraction of bone Na is an integral part of the crystal structure. Only two of the several experimental procedures which were tried produced a significant effect on bone Na turnover. These were prolonged feeding of a low calcium diet and a change in parathyroid activity. An increase in dietary Na affected the fast component of bone Na turnover, but there was little if any effect on the slow component. Calculations from our data suggest that, in contrast to Ca, the skeleton does not serve a significant reservoir function for the support of extracellular fluid Na.
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  • 98
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 330-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; Electric current ; Electrolysis ; Precipitation ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du courant électrique sur la collagène soluble, en solution dans l'acide acétique dilué, a été étudié pour des voltages, variant de O à 25 volts. Au-dessus de 2,6 volts, la vormation des bandes collagéniques (définies dans ce travail) parait inversement proportionelle, dans le temps, au voltage appliqué. La formation des bandes parait liée au processus d'électrolyse. Les auteurs démontrent que les pH élevés se situent au niveau de la cathode et qu'ils sont suffisants pour induire une précipitation du collagène. Les résultats antérieurs, publiés dans la littérature, décrivant l'action de courant électrique implanté, sont interpretés en fonction du mécanisme étudié au cours de ce travail.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung eines elektrischen Stromes auf verdünnte essigsaure Lösungen von löslichem Kollagen wurde bei Spannungen zwischen O und 25 Volt untersucht. Über 2,6 Volt wurde die Bildung von Kollagenbanden (in der Arbeit näher beschrieben) beobachtet, und zwar nach Zeiten, die der angewandten Spannung entgegengesetzt proportional verliefen. Die Bandenbildung wird dem Elektrolyseprozeß zugeschrieben. Wir konnten zeigen, daß sich die hohen pH-Werte rund um die Kathode entwickelten und daß diese genügen, um die Kollagenfällung zu veranlassen. Die Natur dieses Vorganges ist solcher Art, daß erin vivo als Antwort auf durch Stress verursachte Biopotentiale nicht vorkommen kann. Der hier beschriebene Mechanismus erlaubt es, Literaturangaben über den Effekt von implantierten Spannungsquellen zu interpretieren.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of electric current on dilute acetic acid solutions of soluble collagen has been studied for impressed voltages of from 0 to 25 volts. Above 2.6 volts the formation of collagen bands (herein defined) were observed at times inversely proportional to the applied voltage. Band formation is attributed to the process of electrolysis. It has been shown that the high pH values are generated in the area of the cathode, and that they are sufficient to induce collagen to precipitate. The nature of the process is such that it cannot occurin vivo as a response to stress induced biopotentials. Reports in the literature describing the effect of implanted voltage sources are interpreted in terms of the mechanism described here.
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  • 99
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Osteocytes ; Lysosomes ; Collagenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 100
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 20-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Epiphyseal Cartilage ; Bone ; Electrolytes ; Organic matrices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un procédé de dissection a été mis au point pour permettre l'analyse zonale du cartilage de l'épiphyse des os de la jambe d'un foetus bovin. Des échantillons de tissu complet et lavé venant des différentes zones ont été analysés pour déterminer leur contenu en électrolyte et en constituants organiques, ainsi que pour leur densité, cendres et humidité. Les résultats ont montré que lorsque la quantité de cendres et la densité augmentaient, l'eau contenu dans le tissu diminuait. Les quantités de cendres dans les zones de cartilage en voie de calcification étaient plus grandes qu'il avait été. Quand elles étaient exprimées comme un pourcentage du poids sec, elles étaient les plus importantes dans le cartilage lavé calcifié que dans le autre zones. Au début de la minéralisation du cartilage, la quantité de Na (m moles/l de tissu frais) diminuait tandis que celles du Ca et du P inorganique augmentaient. Les niveaux de Mg augmentaient pendant que la calcification se poursuivait, mais seulement à une faction du taux du Ca et du P. Les rapports Ca/P inorganique étaient les plus grands dans le cartilage au repos (Cartilage non-différentié hyalin), suggérant un lien initiale entre Ca et les chrondromucoprotéines. Cependant, au début de la calcification, pendant la prolifération du cartilage les rapports Ca/P étaient beaucoup plus petits (ca. 1.50) mais augmentaient graduellement avec l'advancement de la minéralisation. Des changements importants survenaient dans la composition de la phase organique, pendant la calcification endochondrale. Comme il a été déterminé par l'analyse de l'hydroxyproline la quantité de collagéne diminuait progressivement pendant la calcification du cartilage, mais augmentait rapidement pendant la formation d'os. Comme il a été déterminé par l'analyse de l'héxosamine et du sulfute les chrondromucoprotéines étaient aux niveaux les plus éléves pendant la prolifération du cartilage et diminuaient constamment au cours de la calcification. Cependant, bien que la calcification était déja très avancée dans le cartilage hypertrophique, de grandes quantites de mucopolysaccharides étaient encore présentes. Les rapports sulfure/hhéxosamine montraient un léger déclin pendant les premiéres étapes de la calcification, mais augmentaient beaucoup pendant le cours de la minéralisation. Les quantités d'acide sialique étaient plus grandes dans le cartilage de l'épiphyse que dans le cartilage au repos ou dans l'os. Les lipides augmentaient rapidement pendant la calcification du cartilage, mais étaient très réduites dans l'os complètement formé. La signification de ces résultats est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Seziermethode, die eine Schichten-Analyse der Beinepiphysenplatte von Rinderfeten erlaubt, wurde entwickelt. Proben vor und nach Waschen des Gewebes der verschiedenen Schichten werden untersucht in bezug auf Elektrolyte und organische Bestandteile, als auch in bezug auf Dichte, Aschengehalt und Feuchtigkeit. Die Resultate zeigten eine Zunahme des Aschengehaltes und der Dichte, während der Wassergehalt abnahm. Unerwartet hoch waren die Aschenwerte im in Verkalkung begriffenen Knorpel. Ausgedrückt in Prozent Trockengewicht, ergab gewaschener, verkalkter Knorpel den höchsten Wert aller Zonen. In den Frühstadien der Knorpelmineralisation nahm der Natriumgehalt (m Mol/l Frischgewebe) ab, während Ca und anorganischer P zunahmen. Mit fortschreitender Verkalkung erhöhte sich auch der Magnesium-Spiegel, allerdings nur zu einem Bruchteil des Ausmaßes, in welchem Ca und P zunahmen. Die höchsten Ca/P anorg. Verhältnisse wurden im Ruheknorpel (undifferenzierter hyaliner Knorpel) gefunden, was auf eine initiale Bindung von Ca durch Chondromucoproteine hinweist. Die Ca/P-Verhältnisse proliferierenden Knorpels waren jedoch bei Verkalkungsbeginn viel tiefer (ca. 1.50). Diese nahmen allerdings mit fortschreitender Mineralisierung stetig zu. In der endochondralen Verkalkungsphase fanden markante Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung des organischen Anteils statt. Basierend auf der Hydroxyprolinanalyse nahm der Collagengehalt in der knorpeligen Verkalkungsperiode fortschreitend ab, während er jedoch bei der Knochenbildung rasch zunahm. Die an Hand von Hexosamin- und Schwefelanalysen bestimmten Chondromucoproteingehalte ergaben Höchstwerte im proliferierenden Knorpel und fielen stetig ab mit zunehmender Verkalkung. Trotz der im hypertrophischen Knorpel schon weit fortgeschrittenen Verkalkung waren immer noch große Mengen an Mucopolysacchariden vorhanden. Die Schwefel/Hexosamin-Verhältnisse zeigten eine minimale Abnahme in den frühen Verkalkungsphasen, nahmen jedoch markant zu bei fortschreitender Mineralisation. Der Sialinsäurespiegel war im Epiphysenknorpel, verglichen mit demjenigen des Ruheknorpels oder Knochens, erhöht. In der knorpeligen Verkalkungsphase nahmen die Lipide rasch zu, während jedoch die Werte des vollständig ausgebildeten Knochens stark vermindert waren. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A dissection procedure has been devised to permit zonal analysis of the epiphyseal plate of fetal calf leg bones. Samples of whole and washed tissue from the various zones were analyzed for their content of electrolyte and organic constituents, as well as for density, ash and moisture. Results showed that as ash content and density increased, water content decreased. Ash levels in calcifying cartilage zones were unexpectedly high. When expressed as a percentage of dry weight, washed calcified cartilage had the highest content of any zone. In the early stages of the mineralization of cartilage, Na content (mmoles/l of fresh tissue) decreased as Ca and inorganic P increased. Magnesium levels increased as calcification proceeded, but only at a fraction of the rate of Ca and P. Ratios of Ca/inorganic P were highest in resting cartilage (non-differentiated hyaline cartilage), suggesting an initial binding of Ca to chondromucoproteins. However, at the onset of calcification in proliferating cartilage, Ca/P ratios were much lower (ca. 1.50), but gradually increased with advancing mineralization. Marked changes occurred in the composition of the organic phase during endochondral calcification. As determined by hydroxyproline analysis, collagen content progressively decreased during cartilaginous calcification, but increased rapidly during bone formation. As determined by hexosamine and sulfur analysis, chondromucoproteins were at highest levels in proliferating cartilage and decreased steadily as calcification increased. However, although calcification was already well advanced in hypertrophic cartilage, large amounts of mucopolysaccharide still were present. Sulfur/hexosamine ratios showed a slight decline during the early stages of calcification, but increased markedly with further mineralization. Sialic acid levels were elevated in epiphyseal cartilage over those in resting cartilage or bone. Lipids increased rapidly during cartilaginous calcification, but were greatly reduced in fully-formed bone. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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