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  • 1960-1964  (1,860)
  • 1935-1939  (1,460)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (3,097)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (223)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors describe continuous cultivations of Escherichia coli possessing high penicillin-acylase activity in corn-steep liquor, peptone, and ammonium phenylacetate containing nutrient medium. If the cultivation is performed in the absence of ammonium phenylacetate the enzymic activities of cells from the batch as well as the continuous cultures are very low. The enzymic activity of cells in the batch process was considerably increased by the addition of 0.015% ammonium phenylacetate to the nutrient medium. Further increase of ammonium phenylacetate concentration did not result in any further increase of acylase activity. Continuous cultivation of the bacteria at the above ammonium phenyl-acetate concentration was unsuccessful, as the enzymic activity of the bacteria constantly decreased during the process. On increasing the concentration of ammonium phenylacetate in the medium to 0.15% the authors succeeded in maintaining the enzymic activity of the bacteria at the same level as in the batch process performed at 0.015% concentration, throughout the whole continuous cultivation. At the dilution rate D = 0.5 hr.-1 the concentration of cells in the culture effluent from the fermentor at the steady state was equal to cell concentration at the end of batch cultivation. In relation to the cultivation time the output of cells in continuous cultivation is almost seven times higher as compared with the batch process.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steam-sterilizable membrane probes for monitoring the dissolved oxygen level in fermentors, or the oxygen content of gas streams, are described. The probes have a silver cathode, a lead anode, and an acetate buffer as an electrolyte. The membrane is Teflon. The current output of the probes in the absence of oxygen is negligible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 191-221 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillers' yeasts, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although capable of sexual reproduction, in distillery practice reproduce asexually, by budding. A cell may bring forth another one in 50 min. With every ounce of whiskey produced, 30 billion new cells come to existence. Within a few days, in 4-8 propagation stages, a test tube full of culture will populate 100,000 gallons beer with 150 million cells per ml. Rate of reproduction, the number of new cells per each original cell varies from 5 to 50 in the various propagation stages. The number of new cells produced in a given nutrient is independent from the number of initial cells; and the utilization of the nutrient increases with the dilution of the substrate. Although distillers' yeasts may reproduce at such extremes as 1-46°C, 2½-10½ pH, presence of 0-15% alcohol by volume, and 0.1-25% sugar content, in distillery practice the factors are so selected to maintain conditions close to the optimum. When placed in the nutrient the initial cells will measure the chemical and physical characteristics of the new living space and the cell population, and will prepare a design of reproduction best suited to the conditions. The design includes a symmetry in the grouping of the cells and a rhythmic timing in starting new buds. Each healthy cells is biologically equal to the others and is capable of performing all functions characteristic of the strain. In spite of the sensitive coordination system between the individual cells that regulates their activity, marked differences exist among the cells to the degree of cell individuality. Distillers yeasts are superbly equipped to live and reproduce.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 469-471 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was found that moderate pressures (16.0 to 43.1 atmospheres) perceptibly decreased the rate of α-amylase catalyzed starch hydrolysis. The decreased rate was apparently due to pressure induced deactivation of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 223-234 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of performing electrophoretic separations in a thin horizontal layer of continuously flowing buffer has been developed. The theoretical considerations that make possible the use of a thin layer for stabilization against convection effects, without the assistance of a packing material, are discussed. The apparatus is described together with an example of its performance, and a comparison with that of other workers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation and construction of a liquid-liquid chromatography apparatus containing differentially permeable partions is described. The method is of value for the separation of heat sensitive and nonvolatile solutes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cultivation apparatus made up from six small (80-800 ml.) glass units with independent pH-, aeration-, and foam control is described. Exchangeable attachments made it possible to run the unit both batchwise and continuous and to connect up the units in various fashions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two sources of oxygen for man in closed-cycle space system environment have been considered in previous studies: (1) photosynthesis using algae, and (2) electrolysis of water. The latter system appears to be the most promising from the standpoints of energy and weight requirements and ability to operate in a zero gravity field. The surplus hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water may be utilized together with waste carbon dioxide, part of the oxygen, and waste urea by bacteria of the genus Hydrogenomonas to produce cellular protein which might be used as a source of food. A continuous culture system for the propagation of hydrogen-fixing bacteria consists of a baffled borosilicate glass culture vessel provided with an impeller, a reservoir vessel for the culture medium, and an overflow vessel for collecting the bacterial cells removed from the culture vessel. Complete feedback control of all parameters affecting growth can be provided by hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide sensors, and a pH electrode in the culture medium. In addition, total pressure is monitored. Cell density is controlled in the optimum range by means of a photoelectric cell which dictates the amount of fresh medium to be added and the amount of cells to be removed. Operating data indicate that some of the key parameters are the ratio of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in solution. The harvested bacterial substance is high in protein, which contains all the essential amino acids.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 50-52 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 71-72 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equipment and operational techniques are described which were found suitable to control pH in the range 6.8-7.8 pH, within ±0.03 pH units of the desired value, at cell concentrations up to a maximum of 2.5 × 106/ml. The results of batch growth of a suspension strain of the BHK cell (clone 13) under conditions of controlled pH are given and the significance of these results is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 127-146 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sugar molasses of high specific activity is prepared by photosynthesizing C14O2 into sugar in a leaf of the Canna plant and then extracting the sugar. When T. utilis is grown in such a medium about 45% of the radioactivity is incorporated into the yeast cell; the remaining radioactivity is carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds. The cells are now randomly labeled in all carbon compounds. Distribution of C14 in the major cell components, such as protein, polysaccharide, and nucleic acids is shown.Nucleic acid is extracted from the cells and subject to chemical and enzyme action, for the preparation of randomly labeled ribonucleotides. Proteins are isolated and hydrolyzed to yield high specific activity amino acids, up to 150 mc. per millimole. Similarly polysaccharides are also isolated and from them high specific activity glucose and mannose are obtained by acid hydrolysis.By growing T. utilis in a medium containing C14-8-adenine and C14-2-uracil, these bases are about 90% incorporated into the nucleic acids of the cell. Using the same methods described for the uniformly labeled nucleic acid only base labeled nucleosides and nucleotides are prepared.Preparative procedures for the isolation of some of these compounds are discussed. The latest biochemical techniques for their purification are described. Methods for assaying for radiochemical purity and problems concerining stability of high specific activity compounds are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been devised for the estimation in fermentation media, of 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone in the presence of 17-α-methyltestosterone. This method involves the extraction of the steroids with chloroform, and spectrophotometric measurement of the chromogen formed by a specific color reaction with sulfuric acid and 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone. The fermentation liquor and 17-α-methyltestosterone do not interfere. With this rapid (30 min.) method, quantitative tests on the progress of the steroid transformation can be made at frequent intervals during one fermentation run, these tests yielding the necessary information for an adequate control of the optimum conditions of production.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubilization of proteins from cereals, legumes, and oil seed cakes by alkali peptization and isoelectric precipitation is adversely affected if the source material is pretreated by ethanol or cooked under pressure. The degree of hydrolysis by trypsin of protein isolates obtained from unautoclaved materials is, however, considerably raised by heat treatment prior to enzymatic digestion.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 173-190 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 2000 l. 1 m. deep mass culture of algae was operated with continuous stirring, as an open system. The system behaved as an ecological unit selecting the most favored species. The ecological conditions could be modified by stirring speed and pattern in the tank. Methods for improving yields and utilization of CO2 are described. Assessment of algal species for suitability in mass cultures is discussed. Yields obtained were 13 g. dry matter/sq. m. illuminated area/day.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 247-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of ambient pressure and ultrasonic power on the disintegration of yeast suspension have been investigated. The results obtained are, in the main, consistent with the theory that cell breakage is primarily a phenomenon dependent on producing gaseous cavitation in the medium. The importance of the experimental results and techniques applied to Commercial cell disintegrators is briefly discussed. A simple flow system is described which is easily attached to probe-type disintegrators. The use of a crystal pickup for tuning and control purposes is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 241-242 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 25
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 271-283 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aeration and agitation conditions in 250 l. baffled fermenters with different impeller diameters, speeds, and air flows were studied during fermentations for the production of rifamycin, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces mediterranei. Dissolved oxygen concentration was continuously measured and the courses of power input, oxygen diffusion rate QO2, dry weight, viscosity, pH, sugar utilization, and antibiotic titer determined. Higher antibiotic yields occurred when the oxygen demand of the culture was satisfied and an excess of dissolved oxygen was still present during a critical period of the fermentation between the 50th and the 80th hr. To meet this requirement a power input of about 3.0 w./l. and an air flow ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 l./l./min. were found to be necessary.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semicontinuous sulfide fermentation has been conducted with distillery spent liquor as the source of carbon employing a strain similar to Desulphovibrio rubentschikii. Mineral barites and gypsum have been used as the hydrogen acceptors during the studies. Results reveal that mineral barites can also react very favorably as hydrogen acceptors. Sulfates have been used both in powdered (200 mesh) and lumpy (1/4-1/2 in. size) forms. When applied in lumpy form in a packed tower, both the mineral sulfates produced higher yields of sulfide compared to their corresponding finely pulverized states. Thus, under similar conditions, fermentation conducted with pulverized gypsum showed a yield of 450-550 p.p.m. hydrogen sulfide, whereas the yield was as high as 750-1025 p.p.m. when gypsum lumps were used as a packing. Corresponding figures with barites are 300 and 540 p.p.m., respectively. Continuous sulfide fermentation has also been conducted in a packed tower containing lumpy gypsum as the packing under total recirculation. Daily buildup of sulfide was observed to be as high as 180 mg./l. of fermenting medium. Appreciable reduction in COD of the effluent was observed during the above studies. Thus, with barites, per cent COD reduction values were 30-35, 45-50, 60-65, and 75-80 with retention periods of 10, 15, 25, and 35 days, respectively. With gypsum, per cent COD reduction was 50-70 with 10 days's residence time. The effects of the retention period on sulfide yield and volatile acid content were also studied. The longer the retention period, the higher is the sulfide yield and the lower the volatile acid content of the discharge becomes. Studies were also conducted to find the correct composition of volatile acids in the discharge, as well as the levels of their concentration during continuous feeding and discharge over a number of days. It has been observed that during 18 hr. of fermentation in a batch, volatile acid concentration increased from 6.76 m. to 15.01 mmoles per liter of medium of which 10 mmoles are acetic, 0.833 mmoles butyric, and 4.16 mmoles propionic acid. Studies on soluble and insoluble sulfate balance have also been made in a synthetic medium containing calcium acetate as the substrate. Unaccounted for sulfates were negligible and a deviation between the actual and calculated sulfide yield did not exceed 2%. It is also observed that, when fermentations are conducted in sulfate packed columns, the color of the effluent becomes paleyellow containing very little suspended and volatile matter compared to the deep-black color of the emuent emerging from a ferrnenter fed with pulverized sulfates. This liquor contains 0.5271% soluble ash (computed as potash) and might be a good source of potash.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 10-11 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 22-22 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 36-49 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 8-9 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 53-56 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 329-345 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During investigations of submerged fermentation of penicillin and chlortetracycline, we reached the conclusion that production in relation to oxygen transfer is relatively uninfluenced by the composition of the fermentation medium. The maximum penicillin production, using the strain Penicillium chrysogenum NG in flasks on a shaker was uniformly achieved in all investigated media with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.81; and in chlortetracycline, using strain Streptomyces aureofaciens BMK-11, with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.59 ml. O2/ml./hour. The primary factor which influences the antibiotics production is the transfer of oxygen into the liquid. The absolute volume of production is, however, partly influenced by mechanical conditions of fermentation and the composition of the medium.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of Bacillus subtilis to accumulate guanosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP) extracellularly was demonstrated by isolation of 85% pure 5′-GMP from the broth. In addition, a compound with the properties of guanosine 5′ diphosphate was obtained from the same broth.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 5-5 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 12-13 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 82-84 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 87-125 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 23-25 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soil isolate, HD-5, identified as closely resembling Candida intermedia, was grown on normal alkanes ranging from dodecane (C12) to octadecane (C18). The growth rate of the organism increased with increasing length of the alkane chain. The shortest generation time was 4.5 hr. with octadecane as the carbon source. Cell yields of 82% were common with even numbered alkanes from C14 through C18. The cell yields appeared to decrease with shorter chain (C12 or below) and odd-numbered chain alkanes. The cellular nitrogen ranged from 6.9 to 7.5% and the highest lipid content found was 10.3% (with C17).
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  • 47
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various methods for the removal of extraneous matter from vaccinia virus suspensions are described and compared. Of ten procedures tested, differential centrifugation and Freon extraction were the most successful. Both the partially purified suspensions and the dried products prepared from them had high virus titers in embryonated eggs and high infectivity for mice. Although both processes resulted in products with the same titers, the differentially centrifuged product was approximately tenfold more purified as shown by the percentage solids of the suspensions before freeze drying.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen uptake rate to suspended cells of Pseudomonas ovalis was measured in two ways using the same cell suspension. Initially the rate was found by measuring the rate of production of gluconic acid by cells suspended in a nitrogenfree, aerated medium. Then, an oxygen electrode was used to measure the rate of transfer of dissolved oxygen to cells suspended in a liquid that was being agitated but not sparged. These rates were markedly different. It was found that agitation affected the oxygen transfer rates in aerated solutions at dissolved oxygen concentrations well above the critical level, but had no affect on the oxygen uptake rates by cells suspended in an unsparged but agitated medium. The data suggested that an additional path existed for oxygen transfer. This alternate route, parallel to the conventional pathway of oxygen transfer, becomes operative when the liquid films surrounding the cells and bubbles merge. The resulting shorter path presents a mechanism for direct transfer of oxygen which increases in importance as the gas-liquid interfacial area increases.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 381-401 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unit of four fermentors, which is specially designed for batch and continuous cultivation of pathogenic microorganisms in vaccine preparation, is described. Each unit consists of a panel with controls and recorders. The fermentor itself consists of a stainless steel lid, to which a spherical or cylindrical glass vessel is attached. Holding volumes are from 1 to 100 l. (3 and 7 l. being mostly used) and can be obtained by simply exchanging the vessels which have similar flanges.Interchangeability, not only of the glass vessels, but also of the stirrers, pipes, pH electrodes, etc., together with variable control of temperature, stirrer speed, air or gas flow, and pH value gives the unit a maximum of versatility.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 403-418 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for composting small quantities of organic materials have been developed in order to be able to better study the composting process. A composting bin was developed which holds 27 cu. ft. of compost and which provides uniform conditions of temperature, moisture, and aeration within the compost mass. A system for indoor composting of less than one cubic foot of material has been developed and is described. The methods have been shown to be reliable and reproducible. The composts were evaluated for their suitability for mushroom growing and were found to give high yields of mushrooms.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 473-490 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 6-7 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 14-17 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 29-35 
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 57-58 
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 69-70 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 60
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 309-312 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the normal parathyroid gland of the mouse there is only one type of cell which is small with a large nucleus and small amount of cytoplasm. In order to investigate the effect of relaxin on parathyroid histology, mice were injected with relaxin, the degree of pubic separation was measured by the x-ray technique, and the parathyroid glands were studied histologically. After one day of relaxin injection, the pubic symphysis showed a distinct separation and in part of the parathyroid gland the cells were larger and stained lighter and pinker than the normal cells with hematoxylin, eosin, and azur II. After four days of relaxin treatment, the whole gland had changed so that all the cells were of the second type. Glands of pregnant mice near term also were composed of cells of this type. These results indicate a relationship between relaxin and the parathyroid gland.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thalidomide injury to an implanted armadillo blastocyst is presented. This finding confirms the specific damage by thalidomide to the embryoblastic cells. The lack of damage to the trophoblast at this stage permits a normal implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine mucosa.
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  • 62
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although melanoctyes appear to be limited to the hair folicles of adult belly skin of the PET mouse, they are found throughout the integument of the newborn. Trauma applied to the ventral belly skin of newborn PET mice results in the maintenance and augmentation of the melanocytes within the skin, even after the formation and growth of hair. The area immediately surrounding the site of trauma shows an increase in the number of melanocytes, apparently due in part to the disruption of the developing follicles and the consequent release of their pigment cells to the skin. UV irradiation also maintains a system of melanocytes within the ventral belly skin of PET mice.The significance of the maintenance and augmentation of melanocytes from the newborn into the adult by surgical trauma or UV radiation is discussed.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The histology of the anterior hypophysis, thyroid and gonads of dwarf (dw) and Ames dwarf (df) mutants of Mus musculus was compared. Orange G, aldehyde fuchsin and PAS stains were used to differentiate cells of the hypophysis. In both types of dwarf the anterior hypophysis was small, acidophils were lacking and the number of thyrotropic hormone producing cells was reduced. The thyroids were reduced in size, the follicles were small and some tissue was not organized into follicles. Testes were nearly normal. Ovaries were small and large follicles and corpora lutea were lacking.Growth hormone (STH) and thyrotropic hormone (TSH) were administered to both types of dwarfs. The treatment had no effect on the anterior hypophysis but number and size of follicles in the thyroid was increased The response was greater in df dwarfs; STH and TSH had more effect than STH alone. Testes of treated mice were only slightly changed but most of the df and some dw males became fertile. The ovaries became large and functional. Thyroids of dwarfs treated with thyroxine were not changed.It is concluded that the primary hormone deficiencies in both types of dwarf are the same, but that there are physiological differences as revealed by responses to STH and TSH treatment.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between Marshall's metalophilic reticular cells and the cells exhibiting non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase activity in the rat spleen. Untreated and stimulated animals were used. Observations were made chiefly on the marginal metalophils of Snook. These cells showed strong acid phosphatase activity but only slight non-specific esterase activity in untreated animals. Following stimulation non-specific esterase activity increased in these cells. Within the nodules metalophilic reticular cells were always more numerous than cells with enzyme activity. Many of these metalophilic cells developed enzyme activity following stimulation. By the use of a restaining technique it was shown that all reticular cells possessing enzyme activity were also metalophilic but that the converse was not true. No mitotic activity was present in these cells.The results suggest that Marshall's metalophils are cells of the reticuloendothelial system in various stages of maturation and that, following stimulation, they may differentiate into mature phagocytic cells.
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  • 65
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Densities of the various bone fractions i.e., water, organic, volatile inorganic and ash fractions, as well as fat in the various animals have been studied. However. values reported by various workers failed to show consistency and uniformity, especially with respect to the volatile inorganic (often called “CO2 fraction”) and the ash fractions. These densities are prerequisite to the study of the volumetric composition of bone and bone marrow.In our study, the fat and organic densities found were similar to those previously reported. The volatile and non-volatile inorganic (ash) fractions, had density values of 1.684 and 3.180, respectively. The ash density was much higher than values previously reported but it verifies a theoretical value deduced by the authors from published work.Our higher ash density was due to a smaller measured volume of this fraction obtained by applying a negative pressure to remove the small entrapped air bubbles from the ash sample prior to the water displacement measurement. Because a smaller portion of the total inorganic volume was used for the ash calculation, giving it a higher density, a larger balance of the total inorganic volume was left for the volatile inorganic density calculation. This accounted for ash and volatile inorganic densities which were higher and lower, respectively, than such values previously reported.Prior to the determination of the density of the non-volatile inorganic fraction, the ashing time and temperature were studied. Curves plotted from the results of such studies were described and explained.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The two uterine horns in the adult are joined caudally to form an externally undivided segment consisting of a cranial and a caudal part. The cranial part becomes wide and swollen at its junction with the horns. It contains two lumina separated by a midline septum and is designated as the uterine body or corpus. The narrow and slightly tapered caudal part projects into the cranial portion of the vagina. It contains a single lumen or canal and is designated as the uterine neck or cervix. The wall of the cranial two-thirds of the adult cervix contains a relatively large amount of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers. In contrast, its caudal one-third consists chiefly of a network of collagen fibers. During cervical development argyrophilic fibers first appear in sections of cervical wall from mice sacrificed at birth. Collagen and smooth muscle fibers are first stainable with the Mallory method in cervical wall sections from mice one week old. During pregnancy and after combined treatment with estradiol, progesterone and relaxin the collagenous fiber bundles of the cervix become looser and more widely separated. This is associated with an increased dilatability of the cervical canal and increased stainability of the ground substance. The muccopolysaccharide(s) demonstrable histochemically in the cervix of the mouse was digestible with testicular hyaluronidase.
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  • 68
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    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The in situ thymus of the guinea pig was labeled locally with H3-thymidine and sections of various tissues analyzed by radioautography for the location of labeled cells which might have left the thymus from 30 minutes to three days after labeling. Labeled lymphocytes were located especially in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, giving direct evidence for the migration of thymocytes under near-physiological conditions. Only a few cells were found in the bone marrow, and none in the liver. The identified cells were not seen to be undergoing subsequent proliferation, but about one-fourth of them were transforming to other cell types - plasma cells, heterophil granulocytes, reticular cells, and macrophages. The fate of another portion of the cells seemed to be loss to the gut lumen through the mucosa. These data suggest that a normal function of the thymus of the adult guinea pig is the proliferation of a population of pluripotential stem cells which, after migration to other tissues, may further differentiate under appropriate stimulus. Possible applications of the local labeling technique are indicated.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rate of skeletal maturation as indicated by ossification of bony elements of the central and appendicular skeleton was compared in two groups of hypothyroid young rats, raised at 20°C and 30°C constant environment respectively.Hypothyroidism was induced by feeding 0.2% propylthiouracil mixed with the food in powdered form to pregnant rats starting on the fifteenth day of gestation and continuing this treatment to the suckling mother until their litters had reached weaning age.The appearance of epiphyseal centers, of carpal and tarsal centers, middle phalanges and femoral and tibial processes and caudal vertebrae 7-27 is delayed in hypothyroid newborn rats over that of normal controls. Hypothyroid rats raised at 20°C lag more severely behind the controls with respect to skeletal maturation, than do hypothyroid rats raised at 30°C. The latter are intermediate or in some instances their rate of skeletal maturation resembles that of the control group.The possible significance of the demonstration of diminished requirements for thyroid hormone by the developing rat for studies attempting to identify mechanisms of hormone action in development is briefly discussed.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A cephalometric radiographic appraisal of vertical skull growth occurring during the interim of one year was made on 71 caucasoid males at the Baylor University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas. The subjects were from 22 to 34 years of age. The dimensions assessed were the total skull height, the anterior cranial height, total facial height, upper facial height. and lower facial height. A significant increase was shown to occur in all the dimensions over a period of one year except in the dimension of anterior cranial height. It was concluded that skull growth does occur in male adults after the age generally accepted as that of maturity.
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  • 72
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    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 243-247 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To ascertain the pathway (s) along which forces are conducted from the hand to the humerus in the human cadaver specially designed pressure sensitive transducers were introduced into the radio-capitular and ulnar-trochlear components of the elbow joint. A constant force was applied to the hand, and changes in electrical resistance and hence pressure across the elbow joint where recorded. It was observed that 57% of the force applied crossed the radio-capitular joint while 43% crossed the ulnar-trochlear joint. The pathway of this force transmission is discussed with particular reference to the involvement of the interosseous membrane.
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  • 73
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    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Implants from the midbrain and cerebellum of neonatal rats were cultured in roller tubes for 20 to 30 days. The cultures were incubated in a tryptamine-tetrazolium solution which demonstrated the enzyme activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by the formation of a formazan precipitation. Some cultures were incubated without fixation, while others were fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution prior to incubation. The specificity of the reaction was controlled by withholding the substrate or by treatment of the cultures with an MAO inhibitor. An intracellular localization of the enzyme was observed in small and medium sized neurons, but was absent in the largest neurons. Neuroglial cells, including ependyma, and mesenchymal cells and phagocytes were MAO positive. The formazan granules were scattered throughout cell bodies and into cytoplasmic processes. Glutaraldehyde fixation of cultures prior to incubation for MAO preserved the details of cell structure and enhanced the differentiation of cell types. When fixed and unfixed cultures were compared, glutaraldehyde did not appear to interfere or interact with enzyme localization; however, there was evidence that this aldehyde might be interfering with MAO concentration, since a longer incubation period for prefixed tissue was required to obtain a formazan reaction comparable to that of unfixed cultures.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lymphatic plexuses from certain areas of serous cavities can be injected by a simple procedure which simulates the normal mechanism of absorption. Apparatus consists of a 500 ml filtration flask with side arm attached to a vacuum apparatus. Excised serous membranes are draped over the mouth of the flask and flooded with ink. Vacuum is applied intermittently, resulting in absorption and flow. The method can be applied to frozen and thawed tissue and is suitable for human autopsy material.
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  • 75
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 363-364 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An anomaly of the termination of the aorta is described which is apparently unique. The aorta divided directly into two internal iliac arteries and two external iliac arteries.
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  • 76
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 383-390 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple method leading to growth and mitosis in over 95% of shortterm cultures of lymphocytes from the blood, lymph or thymus of the rat is described. The method which is modified from Moorhead's original technique (′60) employs standard tissue culture medium (Eagles MEM or TC no. 199), 20% fresh rat serum, washed lymphocytes, penicillin, and phytohemagglutinin-P (0.01 cm3/cm3 of culture of a 1:5 dilution of stock solution). Details of culture technique and factors contributing to growth failures are discussed.The chromosomes of male and female Lewis rats were studied in metaphase spreads of cultured cells. The karyotypes of these rats are presented and found to be in agreement with those recently reported by Hungerford and Nowell (′63).
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The first statistically significant decline in the mean number of young born to female golden hamsters occurred in the fourth litters. The decreased size of fifth litters was highly significant and few females bore six litters.Hamsters unilaterally ovariectomized at 30 days of age had a significantly lower number of litters containing live young during their lifetime. Despite increased unilateral ovulaton, they bore less than half as many total young per female as intact controls and fetal resorptions and stillbirths occurred at an earlier age.The results of matings during the period of reproductive decline were observed in females from the age of ten months until death or sacrifice at an advanced age. Final litters contained few young, some born dead. One or two subsequent pregnancies were of term length but all conceptuses were resorbed. Few females beyond 15 months of age had implantation sites and most of these resorbed. Regular four day estrous cycles continued until a terminal illness and matings resulted in pseudopregnancy. Blastocysts were found at four and one-half days of gestation in some old females but not at 6 to 8 days. Failure of implantation appeared to be due to an inadequate uterine decidual reaction in the old animals.It appeared from the above observations that decreasing uterine adaptability limited reproductive capacity in aging hamsters.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Castrated and castrated and hypophysectomized female mice (BALB/c) were injected subcutaneously with estradiol-17β (0.5 μg or 1.0 μg/day) and progesterone (1.0 mg or 3 mg/day) in addition to prolactin (1.0 mg), oxytocin (1.0 IU) or growth hormone (1.0 mg), alone and in combination for 10 or 15 days. Twenty-four hours after the last hormonal treatment, tritiated thymidine (0.7 μc/gram body weight) was injected intravenously, and the mice sacrificed six hours later. Tissue from the inguinal mammary glands was removed and processed for radioautographic, histological and whole mount study.Radioautographs of hematoxylin stained sections of mammary tissue from each animal were selected. Under oil immersion, 2,000 epithelial cells were consecutively counted and the number of labeled cells noted. Results are expressed as the per cent of labeled epithelial cells.All hormonal treatment, except oxytocin alone, caused a significant increase in per cent of labeled cells as compared to castrated, untreated animals. The per cent of labeled cells depended, in general, on the dosage and duration of treatment. Combinations of growth hormone with estradiol-17β and progesterone did not augment epithelial proliferation. The addition of oxytocin or prolactin to the estradiol-17β (0.5 μg)  -  progesterone (1.0 mg) combination significantly increased the per cent of labeled cells.Prolactin, but not oxytocin, augmented epithelial proliferation in similarly treated castrated and hypophysectomized mice. Combinations of estradiol-17β (1.0 μg) and progesterone (3.0 mg) with oxytocin or prolactin did not significantly augment epithelial proliferation as compared to ovarian steroid treatment alone.
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  • 79
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 503-504 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 80
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 449-461 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The prenatal development of the mandibular joint in mice was studied in fetuses at 15 to 20 days insemination age. The ramus of the mandible can be delineated as early as the fifteenth day by distinct differences in the degree of condensation of mesenchyme at the site of the future joint. The future condylar process of the mandible can be recognized in its relationship to the external pterygoid muscle, inferior alveolar nerve, Meckel's cartilage, pre-cartilaginous alisphenoid process of the future basisphenoid bone, and the anlage of the squamosal bone with its zygomatic process.Differentiation is rapid through the twentieth day of gestation at which time the following major elements of the joint can be recognized: a fibrous intra-articular disc continuous with the tendon of the external pterygoid muscle; a vascular synovial mesenchyme with upper and lower synovial spaces; an ossified squamosal bone with a fibrous joint lining; and a well developed condylar process with good representation of differentiating cells in the zones of chondrification and ossification.Among the elements not yet evident, however, are (1) hemopoietic marrow in the condyle, (2) a constricted neck at the base of the condyle, and (3) a fibrous capsule or capsular ligament.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thin slices of rat liver, kidney, and M. rectus femoris and thin, flat pieces of albumin-gelatin gels (which approximated the tissue slices in mass, dimensions and protein content) were immersed in formalin solutions at various concentrations, in some cases with variable amounts of NaCl (0.11-0.25M) added, and in some cases buffered at pH values ranging from 3.5-7.0. The slices were weighed at frequent intervals for the first 20 hours of immersion. Weight changes occurred rapidly. With the exception of the neutral buffered formalin curves, three families of response curves were obtained for the three tissues. With both formalin and formalinsaline solutions weight gain was inversely proportional to the solute concentration, but the formaldehyde particles apparently are not involved osmotically. The total osmotic concentration of formalin solutions, therefore, is not a factor in the swelling or shrinking of tissue slices. The presence of contaminants could be responsible for the effective osmotic concentration observed with these solutions. The weight response of slices is influenced by the pH of the formalin. Although the response of the gel system to any particular solution was quantitatively greater, it was qualitatively the same as the tissue slice response.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The numerical variations observed in the dentition of the northern sea lions, fur seals and seals are summarized as follows: (1) There is a reappearance of the right maxillary second molar in the northern sea lion dentition and of the first deciduous premolar in the fur seal dentition, which may be interpreted as examples of evolutionary recession towards the full mammalian dentition. (2) There is a complete tooth reduction of the molars in the sea lion dentition. (3) There is the presence of a “Dentes geminati” of the second premolar and the supernumerary tooth in the right upper jaw and of the supernumerary tooth between the second and third premolars in the left upper jaw of an adult fur seal, which may be associated with the division of the second premolar tooth germ. (4) There is an appearance of a pair of supernumerary teeth lying lingually to the root of lower permanent central (second) incisors, being of interest in suggesting that they are either the appearance of the successors of the recent central incisors or the reappearance of the permanent first incisors, in the fur seal dentition. (5) There is a tooth reduction in the permanent dental formula from \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm I}\,\frac{{\rm 3}}{{\rm 2}}{\rm C}\,\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}}{\rm P}\,\frac{{\rm 4}}{{\rm 4}}{\rm M}\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm I}\,\frac{{\rm 3}}{{\rm 1}}{\rm C}\,\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}}{\rm P}\,\frac{{\rm 3}}{{\rm 4}}{\rm M}\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}} $\end{document} in the seal, which was associated with a “Dentes confusi” in the same category of the dentition.
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  • 83
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 84
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neuroanatomical nuclear configuration corresponding to the projection regions for the chorda tympani, the IXth, and the lingual nerves was studied in the cat thalamus by a combination of electrophysiological, stereotaxic, and histological techniques. Each of the three nerves innervating the tongue was dissected for stimulation in cats deeply anesthetized with Nembutal. Maps of the extent of the thalamic projection for a particular nerve were obtained by recording evoked potentials in the thalamus during the stimulation of one of these nerves. Such maps were correlated with the anatomical structures of the cat thalamus by reconstructing the recording sites from histological sections of the cat brain. It was found that the chorda tympani and the IXth nerve projection regions correspond closely to the ventromedial nuclear complex with slight encorachment on the lingual nerve projection region in the ventrobasal complex. The most medial portions of the taste nerve projection regions do not relay any tactile afferent impulses and the most lateral portion of the lingual nerve projection is not activated by impulses in the taste nerves. Therefore, it is suggested that the thalamic relay of taste is not coextensive with other lingual modalities in the cat thalamus but it has an independent representation in the ventromedial nuclear complex.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of age changes in physical characteristics of mouse limb bones requires a sensitive, consistent and relatively simple apparatus for determination of transverse breaking strength. The developed instrument is essentially a one meter counter-balanced 4-to-1 lever with a tracked, motor-driven weight on its upper surface. At the beam's short end a loading tool impinges upward on a bone mounted in an adjacent holder; at the opposite end is a mercury switch connected to a relay halting the weight motor when fracture occurs. Bones, with proximal ends embedded in convex securing blocks of impression medium, may be positioned in a standard relationship to the holder, loading tool edge, and the balanced beam.Repetitive loading of a steel spring indicates instrument error of 1.8%. Preliminary tests with a random series of paired mouse femora show no significant difference between left and right bones. In the long-term study it will be possible to correlate physical strength with other characteristics of opposite bones.An air-gap capacitor across loading tool and bone holder and coupled to a variable frequency oscillator permits monitoring of specimen elasticity on a strip-chart recorder.
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  • 86
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A malformed human fetus with multiple congenital anomalies including absence of an umbilical artery is described. These anomalies include malpositioning of the apex of the heart; a “mirror image” position of the liver; mal-rotation of the gut with absence of external demarcation into small and large intestine; failure of development of the cloacal region with imperforate anus and absence of a urethra; undescended testes and bilaterally mal-placed scrotal sacs, but the presence of a median phallus in spite of the failure of the ventral abdominal wall to develop fully.Factors known to influence the production of fetal anomalies in man and animals are discussed and a brief review of the literature on single umbilical arteries, which are known to be associated frequently with congenital anomalies, is given.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopic studies reveal that the red pulp of the rabbit spleen is composed of reticular cells, reticulum and elements of the blood circulating through it. The three types of reticular cells described follow no definite pattern as to types of spaces they line and are not always adjacent to a basement membrane. Similar or dissimilar cells may line a basement membrane on the same or opposing sides. The entire red pulp area is intercommunicating through pores and junctions of the several spaces and in that area in which no basement membrane exists, the cytoplasmic projections of the reticular cells form a meshwork of spaces. Terminal arterioles are seen to end in collapsed type channels with a change from endothelium to Type I reticular cells. These rapidly join dilated areas. The reticular network of the spleen appears as four types: homogeneous, fibrillar, a combination of these, and reticular cells only. Isolated cilia are found in the reticular cell cytoplasm and are shown to be associated with a basal body and a centriole. The investigation supported the hypothesis that the red pulp of the spleen in the adult rabbit is a functionally dynamic area constantly changing its histological structure, both regarding cells and state of the vascular channels.
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  • 88
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 89
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 90
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Colloidal mercuric sulfide injected into the rete testis adhered to the stereocilia of the epithelial cells and subsequently moved into a highly developed canalicular system in the apical cytoplasm. The canalicular invaginations of the cell surface arising between the stereocilia lead to cytoplasmic vacuoles that concentrate the particulate matter. The limiting membrane of the stereocilia and of the canaliculi and vacuoles is covered by a layer of amorphous material. It is speculated that this may bind particles, molecules, and ions as does an ion exchange resin, and that it may, in this way, act as a carrier in the uptake and transport of substances by cells.
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  • 92
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 507-516 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study the distribution of mast cells in the cephalic, middle, or caudal portions of the uterine horns did not differ. In cross-sections, however, mast cells were most numerous in the myometrium, intermediate in the tunica vasculare of the endometrium and least in the mucosa. In the endometrium, the mast cells were most numerous in the antimesometrial, least in the mesometrial and intermediate in the lateral quadrants. In the myometrium, however, the relative numbers of mast cells between the quadrants varied according to the day in the estrous cycle.On days 1 (the day after estrus), 2, 3, and 4, (the day of proestrus) of the estrous cycle, there were respectively 42.7, 21.8, 22.5 and 10.7 mast cells in the endometrium per 12 μ sections. The differences in means between groups was highly significant (P 〈 0.001). In mated females on 67, 79, 91, 103, 115, and 151 hours after ovulation, there were respectively 9.4, 8.4, 4.7, 5.6, 2.1, and 2.2 mast cells in the endometrium per 12 μ cross-section. The differences in the means were not significant.The mean number of mast cells per 12 μ cross-sections of uteri of ovariectomized females was 20 ± 8. Subcutaneous injections of 0.3 gamma estrogen did not significantly alter the number of mast cells but 0.6 gamma depressed the mean count to 11 ± 7.It appeared from these studies that the uterine mast cell numbers were related to the cyclic phenomena of estrous, but that the numerical relationship to the time of nidation was not clear.
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  • 93
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 552-552 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An analysis was made on 140 adult chickens of the relationship between visual estimation of the degree of encroachment of the lumen of the vessel by plaques and such morphometric variables as weight, length, circumference, thickness, density, and combinations thereof of the thoracic and abdominal segments of the aorta. Aortic weight and thickness functions were found to be significantly correlated to scores, accounting in the two highest cases (thickness and weight/area of the abdominal segment, body weight held constant) for 46% (r = 0.68) and 42% (r = 0.65) respectively, of the variability in score. Correlations were considerably lower in the thoracic segment, the highest being r = 0.36 for weight/circumference. The scoring thoracic segment, the highest being r = 0.36 for weight/circumference. The scoring system thus has a basis in measurable physical changes in the wall of the blood vessel, but scoring apparently evaluates considerably more than was measured by the morphometric variables. The morphometric variables would probably serve best as means of comparing different scoring systems and as objective supplements to scoring. The procedure of choice would appear to be weight/area with body weight held constant (i.e.  -  partial correlation and/or covariance analysis).
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the literature the nutrient artery to the diaphysis of the canine femur has been described as arising from the medial circumflex femoral artery which is a branch of the deep femoral artery. However in 19% to 100 canine hind extremities dissected after injection with colored media, the femoral nutrient artery arose from a large muscular branch (the proximal posterior femoral) of the superficial femoral artery. In 17% of 42 dogs one femur only was supplied by this variant. In three additional femurs other variations occurred.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Following surgical removal of one eye, rats were permitted to survive for three days, one, two and four months, and before killing them they were injected with 2 mc of leucine-H3 intraperitoneally. The utilization of this radiochemical was investigated in the brain autoradiographically. In all groups of animals the uptake of radioleucine, as determined by microdensitometry, was significantly higher in the “degenerated” optic nerve and tract than in their “normal” counterparts, with the relative difference increasing with longer postoperative survival within the periods tested. This progressive net increase in the utilization of leucine-H3 was associated with an absolute increase in the number of glia cells. Similar, but attenuated, density differences were also obtained with relatively large-aperture measurements over the stratum griseum of the superior colliculus in which the optic tract fibers terminate. In contrast, small-aperture measurements of grain density over single neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus showed no difference in the utilization of leucine-H3 between the normal and subtotally deafferented sides. This suggests an absence of transneuronal changes in protein metabolism in the visual system of the rat as long as four months after unilateral enucleation.
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  • 97
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 573-579 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fixation of the thyroid gland with formaldehyde-ethanol-acetic acid retains a larger proportion of colloid constituents than aqueous formaldehyde.Comparative histochemistry has revealed a larger proportion of protein, arginine, cabohydrates and iodinated material.The heterogeneous staining pattern was not observed after aqueous formaldehyde fixation.The intracellular globules and the early iodinated fraction of the colloid were similarly stained.Intracellular globules were not observed in aqueous formaldehyde-fixed tissues.Only the more slowly labeled fraction of the colloid (large follicles), was stained by toluidine blue and also by bromphenol blue without mercury, indicative of basic proteins.
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  • 98
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 553-559 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pleural cupola is covered by a distinct dome-shaped suprapleural membrane (Sibson's fascia) formed by a condensation of endothoracic fascia and continuous at its periphery with the more diffuse, loose endothoracic connective tissue lying between the ribs and the parietal pleura. This does not agree with the classic description of Sibson's fascia. It forms a discreet cervicothoracic cloison which can be readily separated from the pleura and adjacent mediastinal structures. Attaching to the membrane are the vertebromembranous, transversomembranous, and costomembranous bands which are formed by prevertebral fascia. In addition, the last two suprapleural bands receive contributions from the fibrous remains of the scalenus minimus muscle. The muscle was found to be present on one or both sides in 30 out of 64 bodies (46.8%). The suprapleural membrane and bands can become hypertrophied and fibrous as a result of pathology in this cupola area of the lung. The bands have been implicated in certain clinical syndromes.
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  • 99
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 561-571 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Wistar strain albino rats were injected with 1 cm3 of a 1% solution of trypan blue. Three types of dye were used: Matheson, Coleman and Bell, Chroma-Gesellschaft and a highly purified sample. The dyes were injected on days 6, 7, and 8 of gestation. Fetuses were excised from days 16 through 20, fixed, decalcified where necessary, embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned and stained. Newborn young were treated similarly. Chroma-Gesellaschaft trypan blue was without reproductive or teratogenic effect at the above doses. Increasing the dose did not increase the teratogenicity but did yield a decrease in litter size. Both Matheson, Coleman and Bell trypan blue and the purified sample were teratogenic. The most frequent neural defect observed was hydrocephalus. Serial sections of the newborn hydrocephalics showed an occluded or extremely tenotic aqueduct of Sylvius in 31 of 33 sectioned animals. The fetuses collected from days 18 through 20 also had occluded or stenotic aqueducts if hydrocephalic. Aqueductal stenosis or occlusion was present in 17-day-old fetuses, but hydrocephalic was not conclusively demonstrated at this age. Sixteen-day-old fetuses did not have aqueductal occlusion in any of those examined, but stenosis was evident. It is concluded that the defect predisposing to hydrocephalus in the young of trypan blue treated rats of this strain is aqueductal stenosis or occlusion.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Testicular fragments from newborn, 4, 14, 24, 37-day old and mature rats were cultured using a modification of Trowell's method. Eagle's medium supplemented with amino acids, Na-pyruvate and 10% calf serum was employed. Tissue fragments were fixed at time intervals for histologic study. In cultures of fragments from newborn and four-day rats, gonocytes persisted and showed mitotic activity. In fragments from older but still immature animals, gonocyte-like cells occasionally undergoing mitosis, appeared in the germinal epithelium after the fourth day in culture. Spermatocytes survived for approximately four weeks. More rapid degeneration of the germinal elements beyond spermatogonia was observed in cultures of mature testes. During the first six days in culture, cells resembling gonocytes, some in mitosis, appeared in the tubules. The studies have shown that under the conditions employed, Sertoli cells and gonocyte-like could be maintained for at least four months in cultured fragments of testes from animals of various ages. In fragments from older animals, gonocyte-like cells appeared shortly after initiation of culture while the more mature germinal elements ultimately degenerated.
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