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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: A solution generating technique is developed for $D=5$ minimal supergravity with two commuting Killing vectors based on the $G_2$ U-duality arising in the reduction of the theory to three dimensions. The target space of the corresponding 3-dimensional sigma-model is the coset $G_{2(2)}/(SL(2,R)\times SL(2,R))$. Its isometries constitute the set of solution generating symmetries. These include two electric and two magnetic Harrison transformations with the corresponding two pairs of gauge transformations, three $SL(2,R) \; S$-duality transformations, and the three gravitational scale, gauge and Ehlers transformations (altogether 14). We construct a representation of the coset in terms of $7\times 7$ matrices realizing the automorphisms of split octonions. Generating a new solution amounts to transforming the coset matrices by one-parametric subgroups of $G_{2(2)}$ and subsequently solving the dualization equations. Using this formalism we derive a new charged black ring solution with two independent parameters of rotation.
    Keywords: ddc:530
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/postscript
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Im Mai 2009 wurde Wolfram|Alpha gestartet, ein Service, der seinen Namen von seinem Entwickler, dem britischen Mathematiker Stephen Wolfram, ableitet. Dem Benutzer soll nicht nur eine Liste von Webseiten als Ergebnis auf Anfragen geliefert werden, sondern Antworten auf konkrete Fragen geben. In diesem Report soll gezeigt werden, warum sichWolframjAlpha von Suchmaschinen abgrenzt und was die Berechnung von Antworten auf natürlichsprachliche Fragen möglich machen kann.
    Description: Wolfram|Alpha was started in May 2009 and it's a service whose name derives from the british mathematician Stephen wolfram. As a result for a request the user is not just supported with a list of websites but with answers for concrete questions. In this report it will be shown why Wolfram|Alpha seperates from search engines and moreover what makes the computation of answers for natural language queries possible.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Executing applications in the Grid often requires access to multiple geographically distributed resources. In a Grid environment, these resources belong to different administrative domains, each employing its own scheduling policy. That is, at which time an activity (e.g., compute job, data transfer) is started, is decided by the resource's local management system. In such an environment, the coordinated execution of distributed applications requires guarantees on the quality of service (QoS) of the needed resources. Reserving resources in advance is an accepted means to obtain QoS guarantees from a single provider. The challenge, however, is to coordinate advance reservations of multiple resources. This work presents a system architecture and mechanisms to coordinate multiple advance reservations -- called co-reservations -- for delivering QoS guarantees to complex applications. We formally define the co-reservation problem as an optimization problem. The presented model supports three dimensions of freedom: the start time, the duration and the service level of a reservation. Requests and resources are described in a simple language. After matching the static properties and requirements of either side in a mapping, the reservation mechanism probes information about the future status of the resources. The versatile design of the probing step allows the efficient processing of requests, but also lets the resources express their preferences among the myriads of reservation candidates. Next, the best mapping is found through an implementation of the formal co-reservation model. Then, the mapping has to be secured, i.e., resources need to be allocated to a co-reservation candidate with all-or-nothing semantics. We study several goal-driven sequential and concurrent allocation mechanisms and define schemes for handling allocation failures. Finally, we introduce the concept of virtual resources for seamlessly embedding co-reservations into Grid resource management.
    Description: Die Ausführung von Anwendungen erfordert oft mehrere, geographisch verteilte Ressourcen. In Grid-Umgebungen gehören diese Ressourcen zu verschiedenen administrativen Organisationen, wobei jede ihre eigene Schedulingregeln verwendet. Das bedeutet, zu welcher Zeit eine Aktivität gestartet wird (z.B. ein Rechenjob), wird vom lokalen Ressourcenmanagementsystem entschieden. Die koordinierte Ausführung von verteilten Anwendungen erfordert Dienstgütegarantien für die benötigten Ressourcen. Das Reservieren von Ressourcen im Voraus ist ein Mittel, um Dienstgütegarantien von einem einzelnen Ressourcenanbieter zu erhalten. Die Herausforderung in dieser Arbeit ist, Vorausreservierungen von mehreren Ressourcen zu koordinieren. Es wird ein System für die Koordinierung mehrerer Vorausreservierungen -- Co-Reservierungen genannt -- für die Bereitstellung von Dienstgütegarantien vorgestellt. Wir definieren das Co-Reservierungsproblem als Optimierungsproblem. Das vorgestellte Modell unterstützt drei Freiheitsgrade: die Startzeit, die Dauer und die Dienstgüte einer Reservierung. Anfragen und Ressourcen werden in einer einfachen Sprache beschrieben. Nachdem statische Eigenschaften und Anforderungen beider Seiten überprüft wurden, ermittelt der Reservierungsmechanismus Informationen über den zukünftigen Zustand der Ressourcen. Dieser Schritt ist so allgemein gehalten, daß er sowohl ein effizientes Bearbeiten der Anfragen erlaubt als auch den Ressourcen ermöglicht ihre Präferenzen auszudrücken. Im Anschluss wird die optimale Zuweisung von Anfragen zu Ressourcen ermittelt. Im letzten Schritt muss diese Zuweisung umgesetzt werden, d.h., entweder alle oder keine Ressource wird allokiert. Es werden mehrere sequentielle und parallele Allokationsverfahren vorgestellt sowie deren Auswirkung auf verschiedene Metriken untersucht. Die Einbettung von Co-Reservierungen in das Grid-Ressourcenmanagement wird anhand des Konzeptes der virtuellen Ressource dargestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen, dass Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Anwendungen wie Skype oder Bittorrent im Internet immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. In den letzten Jahren hat es einen explosionsartigen Anstieg an Nutzern und Daten in solchen Netzen gegeben. Dabei stellt der eigentliche Dateitransfer zwischen zwei Rechnern kein großes Problem mehr dar und auch der Speicherbedarf für die große Menge an Daten kann durch die Weiterentwicklung der Hardware gut gedeckt werden. Das eigentliche Problem liegt vielmehr darin, den Rechner zu finden, der die gewünschten Daten hat. Client-Server Architekturen, wie zum Beispiel Napster, haben sich als ungünstig herausgestellt. Wenige Server, die eine große Anzahl an Clients bedienen müssen, sind einerseits sehr anfällig gegenüber Angriffen und Ausfällen (Single Point of Failure)und kommen auch nicht mit der ständig wachsenden Anzahl an Nutzern zurecht. Verteilte Hashtabellen (DHT) bieten hier einen guten Lösungsansatz, der mit einer großen Anzahl an Nutzern skaliert und ausfallsicher ist. Andere dezentrale Lösungen, wie zum Beispiel das P2P Netzwerk Gnutella haben zwar das Problem des Single Point of Failure gelöst, jedoch haben sie starke Nachteile bei der Suche nach Keys. Bei einer Suche wird ein Broadcast verwendet (jeder schickt die Anfrage an jeden weiter) und damit ein enormer Netzwerkverkehr erzeugt. In "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really" wird erklärt, dass eine Suchanfrage bei Standardeinstellungen in der Clientsoftware einen Netzwerkverkehr von 17MB erzeugt. Deswegen wird zusätzlich eine Lösung benötigt, die Keys und Values geordnet verteilt, damit sie gezielt gesucht werden können. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die folgende Arbeit mit einer völlig dezentralen Architektur, die außerdem eine sinnvolle Platzierung der Keys vornimmt. Die dezentrale Architektur hat den Vorteil, dass die Endgeräte den Hauptteil des Dienstes selbst erbringen und damit jeder zusätzliche Teilnehmer seine eigenen Ressourcen beisteuert. Diese Arbeit präsentiert Chord#, eine dezentrale, skalierbare und selbstorganisierende verteilte Hashtabelle. Chord# wurde ausgewählt, da in dieser Arbeit auch Wert auf Bereichsabfragen gelegt wurde. Diese sind zum Beispiel bei dem Chord Algorithmus nicht möglich, da dieser eine Hashfunktion für die Keys verwendet und somit die Daten zwar gleichmäßig aber unsortiert auf die Teilnehmer verteilt. Es wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe von Chord# auch ohne die Hashfunktion gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Außerdem können durch den Verzicht auf die Hashfunktion Bereichsabfragen ermöglicht werden. Dafür wird der Chord# Algorithmus in Java implementiert (ca. 1500 Zeilen Code) und in dem Forschungsnetz PlanetLab ausführlich auf Laufzeiten, Instandhaltungskosten und Skalierung getestet.
    Description: Recent developments show that peer-to-peer (p2p) applications, such as Skype or Bittorrent have become increasingly important in the internet. Over the last years there has been a rapid growth of both users and data in such networks. However, the actual file transfer between two peers is not really an issue anymore. The same holds true for data storage, since the new hardware grants users enough space to store their data. The real problem is finding the peers that possess the desired data. Client-server architectures like Napster have proven to be ineffective addressing that problem. One or few servers being responsible for many peers are vulnerable to attacks or failures (single point of failure). Additionally, they are unable to cope with the rapidly growing number of peers. Distributed hashtables (DHT) are a good approach to solve these problems, since they scale nicely with large numbers of peers and provide a high tolerance for errors. Other decentralized solutions like the p2p network Gnutella solved the problem of Single Point of Failure but show considerable disadvantages when searching for keys. The peers in Gnutella use a broadcast (sending the message to all peers they know)resulting in massive traffic. According to "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really.", each search using standard client settings yields 17MB traffc. This calls for a different solution, distributing keys and values to peers quickly and efficiently so they can be found fast. For that reason this thesis focuses on a fully distributed architecture using organized key placement. One major advantage of distributed architecture is the fact, that the peers do most of the work themselves. This way, new peers joining the network add resources to it. This thesis presents Chord#, a scalable, self-organizing and completely decentralized DHT. It has been chosen due to its capability to allow range queries. The regular Chord algorithm does not support range queries, because of the hashfunction it uses to evenly distribute the keys among the peers. This results in similar or logical coherent keys most likely not being close together in the network. This thesis shows Chord# achieving same results as Chord - regarding performance costs - without the hashfunction. In dropping the hashfunction this algorithm allows the use of range queries. The Chord# algorithm is implemented in Java (about 1500 lines of code) and thoroughly tested in the research network PlanetLab. The results are evaluated regarding performance, maintenance and scalability.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-11-02
    Description: One of the biggest impacts on the performance of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), once established, is its ability to balance load among its nodes. DHTs supporting range queries for example suffer from a potentially huge skew in the distribution of their items since techniques such as consistent hashing can not be applied. Thus explicit load balancing schemes need to be deployed. Several such schemes have been developed and are part of recent research, most of them using only information locally available in order to scale to arbitrary systems. Gossiping techniques however allow the retrieval of fairly good estimates of global information with low overhead. Such information can then be added to existing load balancing algorithms that can use the additional knowledge to improve their performance. Within this thesis several schemes are developed that use global information like the average load and the standard deviation of the load among the nodes to primarily reduce the number of items an algorithm moves to achieve a certain balance. Two novel load balancing algorithms have then been equipped with implementations of those schemes and have been simulated on several scenarios. Most of these variants show better balance results and move far less items than the algorithms they are based on. The best of the developed algorithms achieves a 15-30% better balance and moves only about 50-70% of the number of items its underlying algorithm moves. This variation is also very robust to erroneous estimates and scales linearly with the system size and system load. Further experiments with self-tuning algorithms that set an algorithm’s parameter according to the system’s state show that even more improvements can be gained if additionally applied. Such a variant based on the algorithm described by Karger and Ruhl shows the same balance improvements of 15-30% as the variant above but reduces the number of item movements further to 40-65%.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Entwurf und Entwicklung eines eingebetteten Hauptspeicher-Datenbanksystems mit Snapshot-Reads.
    Description: Design and implementation of an embedded main memory database with snapshot reads.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Schaffung einer Zugriffs-Komponente für das Grid-Datenmanagement-System ZIB-DMS, das dessen transparente Einbindung in den Verzeichnisbaum eines Linux-Systems erlaubt. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des FUSE-Rahmenwerkes ein Userspace-Dateisystem mit Anbindung an das ZIB-DMS konzipiert und implementiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Abbildung der erweiterten Verwaltungsmechanismen des Systems auf die limitierte Schnittstelle hierarchischer Dateisysteme und die dazu notwendigen Änderungen am ZIB-DMS.
    Description: The goal of this work is to create an access component for the Grid data management system ZIB-DMS, that allows a transparent integration into the directory tree of a Linux system. For this purpose the FUSE framework is used to design and implement a userspace file system with connections to the ZIB-DMS. The focus is on the mapping of the extended management mechanisms of the system to the limited interface of hierarchical file systems and the therefore necessary changes to ZIB-DMS.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We present a framework for transactional data access on data stored in a DHT. It allows to atomically read and write items and to run distributed transactions consisting of a sequence of read and write operations on the items. Items are symmetrically replicated in order to achieve durability of data stored in the SON. To provide availability of items despite the unavailability of some replicas, operations on items are quorum-based. They make progress as long as a majority of replicas can be accessed. Our framework processes transactions optimistically with an atomic commit protocol that is based on Paxos atomic commit. We present algorithms for the whole framework with an event based notation. Additionally we discuss the problem of lookup inconsistencies and its implications on the one-copy serializability property of the transaction processing in our framework.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: When planning teams for projects with specific goals, employees of a company have to group together so well, that all necessary knowledge for conquering the project’s challenges are met within the member’s skills. A tool that facilitates semantic web technologies can support the team recruiter, who is responsible for chosing the members of the team, in terms of finding the most efficient combinations of the company’s employees based on their expertises.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Key/value stores which are built on structured overlay networks often lack support for atomic transactions and strong data consistency among replicas. This is unfortunate, because consistency guarantees and transactions would allow a wide range of additional application domains to benefit from the inherent scalability and fault-tolerance of DHTs. The Scalaris key/value store supports strong data consistency and atomic transactions. It uses an enhanced Paxos Commit protocol with only four communication steps rather than six. This improvement was possible by exploiting information from the replica distribution in the DHT. Scalaris enables implementation of more reliable and scalable infrastructure for collaborative Web services that require strong consistency and atomic changes across multiple items.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Basierend auf einem vorhandenen Ansatz zur Einführung von anisotropen Tetraedern im Randbereich eines reinen Tetraedergitters wird ein Gittergenerator für hybride Gitter implementiert. Das hybride Gitter besteht in Randnähe primär aus anisotropen Prismen und im Inneren der Geometrie aus isotropen Tetraedern. Eine erhöhte Auflösung im Randbereich soll zu besseren Ergebnissen von numerischen Strömungssimulationen führen, für welche eine problemangepasste Diskretisierung des zu untersuchenden Gebietes benötigt wird. In dem zuvor genannten Ansatz wird eine Reihe von Übergangselementen vorgeschlagen, die an scharfen Kanten der Oberfläche platziert werden sollen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wird die Idee der Übergangselemente aufgegriffen und bei hybriden Gittern eingesetzt, um auch komplexe Eingabegeometrien vergittern zu können. Der ursprüngliche Gittergenerierungprozess wird überarbeitet und erweitert. Eine neue Menge an Übergangselementen wird eingeführt, es werden gekrümmte Extrusionsvektoren verwendet und es wird die Auswertung der medialen Oberfläche vorgenommen, um Überschneidungen im hybriden Gitter zu vermeiden. Der Gittergenerator wird als Modul in das Visualisierungs- und Analyseprogramm Amira implementiert und die erstellten hybriden Gitter werden auf ihre Elementqualität und die Güte der Strömungssimulationsergebnisse hin überprüft.
    Description: Based on an existing approach for the introduction of anisotropic tetrahedra near the surface boundary of a tetrahedral grid a grid generator for hybrid grids is implemented. The hybrid grid consists near the surface boundary primarily of anisotropic prisms and inside the geometry of isotropic tetrahedra. An increased resolution near the boundary should lead to better results of numerical flow simulations, which needs a problem specific discretization of the analyzed domain. In the aforementioned approach a set of transition elements is suggested, which should be placed at sharp surface corners. As a part of this diploma thesis the concept of using transition elements is applied for creating hybrid grids even for very complex input geometries. The initial grid generation process is revised and enhanced. A new set of transition elements is introduced, curved extrusion vectors are used and the medial surface is evaluated to avoid intersections in the hybrid grid. The grid generator is implemented as a module for the visualization and analysis tool Amira and the element quality of the generated hybrid grids and the quality of flow simulations performed on the grids are tested.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: We study performance and scaling of the Berlin Quantum Chromodynamics Program (BQCD) on the SGI Altix 4700 at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ). We employ different communication methods (MPI, MPI with two OpenMP threads per process, as well as the shmem library) and run the MPI version on the two types of nodes of that machine. For comparison with other machines we made performance measurements on an IBM p690 cluster and a Cray XT4.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine Serie von Remeshing-Verfahren um die Berücksichtigung von nicht-mannigfaltigen Dreiecksvernetzungen und Merkmalskantenzügen erweitert. Die betrachteten Verfahren arbeiten im Wesentlichen lokal. Daher können die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Erweiterungen, die nicht-mannigfaltige Kantenzüge und Merkmalskantenzüge betreffen, separat beschrieben werden. Dabei wird ein Ansatz verfolgt, beide Arten von besonderen Kantenzügen aufgrund ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten einheitlich zu behandeln. Dieser besteht zum einen darin, eine Korrespondenz zwischen Kantenzügen auf der Eingabe- und der Ausgabefläche zu erhalten, indem die Remeshing-Operationen auf den Kantenzügen in entsprechend eingeschränkter Weise verwendet werden. Zum anderen wird beschrieben, wie die Abtastdichte der Kantenzüge dynamisch an die Abtastdichte der Umgebung angepasst werden kann, um für weitgehende Isotropie in der Nähe von Merkmalskantenzügen zu sorgen.
    Description: A unified approach for consistent remeshing of arbitrary non-manifold triangle meshes with additional user-defined feature lines is presented. The method is based on local operations only and produces meshes of high regularity and triangle quality while preserving the geometry as well as topology of the feature lines as well as the input mesh.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces a novel streamline seeding technique based on dual streamlines that are orthogonal to the vector field, instead of tangential. The greedy algorithm presented here produces a net of orthogonal streamlines that is iteratively refined resulting in good domain coverage and a high degree of continuity and uniformity. The algorithm is easy to implement and efficient, and it naturally extends to curved surfaces.
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Strategie zur Platzierung von Stromlinien vorgestellt. Hierzu werden zusätzliche duale Stromlinien verwendet, die --im Gegensatz zur üblichen Definition-- orthogonal zum Vektorfeld verlaufen. Der vorgestellte Greedy-Algorithmus berechnet ein Netz aus orthogonalen Stromlinien, welches iterativ verfeinert wird, was zu einer guten Abdeckung der Domäne und einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung der Stromlinien führt. Es handelt sich um einen einfach zu implementierenden und effizienten Algorithmus, der direkt auf gekrümmten Oberflächen anwendbar ist.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In dieser Diplomarbeit wird untersucht, wie auf der Basis von Literaturreferenzen ein Zitationsgraph durch ein automatisches Verfahren aufgebaut werden kann. Zur Lösung des Problems werden Probabilistische Relationale Modelle herangezogen. Eine problemspezifische Erweiterung des Modells ermöglicht es, dass bestehende Unsicherheiten im Zitationsgraphen mit Hilfe eines Inferenzverfahrens aufgelöst werden können. Zur Evaluierung des Verfahren werden Experimente auf dem Cora-Datensatz durchgeführt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Diplomarbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The diploma thesis presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexity.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Arbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The report presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexit
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Berlin als Stadtstaat ist Kommune und Land der Bundesrepublik zugleich und Standort vieler renommier-ter Wissenschafts- und Kultureinrichtungen. In enger Zusammenarbeit der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen mit dem IT-Dienstleistungszentrum Berlin (ITDZ, ehemals Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik), der für die Behörden Berlins zuständigen Einrichtung, wurde seit 1993 ein landeseigenes Glasfasernetz mit einer derzeitigen Länge von 856 km Glasfaserkabel (je Kabel bis zu 144 Einzelfasern) zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von Wissenschaft und Verwaltung errichtet und weiter ausgebaut. 1994 erfolgte der offizielle Start des Berliner Wissenschaftsnetzes BRAIN (Berlin Research Area Information Network), als durch einen Beschluss des Senats von Berlin die Nutzung des landeseigenen Glasfasernetzes durch die Wissen-schaftseinrichtungen festgeschrieben wurde. Bereits 1995 wurden durch die Wissenschaftseinrichtungen auf diesem Glasfasernetz die ersten sieben Anschlüsse in ATM-Technik (Classical BRAIN-ATM) in Betrieb genommen, 1999 wurden anschließend auch erste Strecken in Ethernet-Technik (Classical BRAIN-GE) betrieben. Diese heterogenen Netze mit unterschiedlichen Netzgeräten wurden dezentral von den Netzadministratoren der beteiligten Einrichtungen nach globalen Absprachen betreut. Die dezentrale Administration erschwerte das Management und die Erweiterungen der Gesamtnetze. Basierend auf den vorliegenden Erfahrungen vereinbarten die Berliner Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, ein technisch neues Verbundnetz in Gigabit-Ethernet-Technik mit einheitlichen Geräten und einem zentralen Netzwerkmana-gement aufzubauen und zu betreiben. Seit November 2003 betreibt BRAIN auf dem landeseignen Glasfasernetz ein auf MPLS-Technik basie-rendes Gigabit-Ethernet-Netz, das „BRAIN-Verbundnetz“, mit den Diensten LAN-to-LAN-Kopplung der Einrichtungen, regionaler IP-Verkehr, Übergang zum Verwaltungsnetz und WiN-Backup. Das BRAIN-Verbundnetz löste die dezentral betreuten Vorläufernetze komplett ab. Von den derzeit 27 BRAIN-Teilnehmern nutzen 24 Einrichtungen an 53 in der Stadt verteilten Standorten die Dienste des BRAIN-Verbundnetzes, 18 Standorte sind mit 1000 Mbit/s und 35 Standorte mit 100 Mbit/s angeschlossen. Für verteilte Standorte einer Einrichtung besteht zudem die Möglichkeit, diese über dedizierte Fasern oder Bandbreiten miteinander zu vernetzen. Seit dem 2. Quartal 2007 wird im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts der Nutzen eines zentral gemanagten Fibre Channel-Netzwerks "BRAIN-SAN" ermittelt, um Möglichkeiten einer verteilten Datenhaltung der Berliner Hochschulen und wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen zu schaf-fen. Zusätzlich zu den vorgenannten Diensten nutzt der DFN-Verein die BRAIN-Struktur für die Verbindun-gen der X-WiN-Kernnetzknoten in Berlin und Potsdam untereinander und für Zugangsleitungen zu den Anwendern. Mit Stand 2007 nutzt das Berliner Wissenschaftsnetz BRAIN vom landeigenen Glasfasernetz 2100 km Einzelfasern und verbindet insgesamt 43 Einrichtungen (BRAIN-Teilnehmer und DFN-Anwender) aus Wissenschaft, Bildung und Kultur mit 129 Standorten. Der Betrieb von BRAIN wird im wesentlichen durch seine Nutzer finanziert. Das Land Berlin trägt aller-dings pauschal die überwiegenden Kosten für die Wartung des Glasfasernetzes, soweit es vom ITDZ be-reit gestellt wird. Zentrales Planungs- und Steuerungsorgan für BRAIN ist die von der Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wis-senschaft und Forschung eingerichtete BRAIN-Planungsgruppe. Sie besteht aus Mitarbeitern der Rechen-zentren der drei Berliner Universitäten und des ZIB. Nach außen wird BRAIN in rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht treuhänderisch vom ZIB vertreten, die BRAIN-Geschäftsstelle befindet sich ebenfalls im ZIB.
    Description: Berlin as a city state is both local authority and federal state of the Federal Republic, as well as a location of many renowned institutions of research and culture. In close cooperation of the institutions of research with the IT service centre Berlin (ITDZ, the former Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik) - which is the appropriate facility for the authorities of Berlin - a glass fibre network of a total extension of 856 kilome-tres of fibre optics (144 fibres each cable optic) for the common use of research and administration has been established and advanced since 1993. In 1994, when a resolution of the Senate of Berlin laid down the use of the appropriate fibre networks by the research facilities, this was the official beginning of the Berlin Research Area Information Network (BRAIN). The first seven interfaces in this fibre network in ATM technology (Classical BRAIN-ATM) were already established by the research facilities in 1995. In 1999, first systems run in Ethernet technology (Classical BRAIN-GE). These heterogeneous networks with different interfaces have been supported locally by the network administrators of the research facili-ties following global agreements. Management and advancement of the overall networks were encum-bered by these local administrations. Based on the existing experience, Berlin's research facilities agreed on the building and advancement of a technically new integrated network in gigabit Ethernet technology with standardised facilities and a centrally managed network. Since November 2003 the Berlin Research Area Information Network established a Gigabit Ethernet - called “BRAIN Integrated Network” - based on MPLS technology, including LAN to LAN linking of the facilities, local IP traffic, interface to the administration's network and WIN back-up. This BRAIN Inte-grated Network has completely replaced the locally administered predecessor networks. 24 of 27 BRAIN participants use the services of the BRAIN Integrated Network on 53 locations spread all over the city. 18 locations are connected with 1000 Mbit/s and 35 locations with 100 Mbit/s. Moreover, spread locations of a single facility have the possibililty to communicate by dedicated fibres or bandwidths. From the 2nd quarter 2007 within the scope of a pilot scheme, the advantage of a centrally administered fibre channel network "BRAIN-SAN" will be determined in order to accomplish possibilities of a spread data manage-ment of Berlin's universities and research facilities. In addition to the aforementioned services the DFN association makes use of BRAIN's structure for the connection of the X-WiN-core network nodes in Berlin and Potsdam und for access pathways to the us-ers. As from 2007, Berlin's research network BRAIN uses 2100 kilometres of single fibres from the country's fibre glass network and connects a total of 43 facilities (BRAIN participants and DFN users) from re-search, education and culture with 129 locations. The operations of BRAIN are funded basically by its users. However, the country of Berlin bears most of the costs for the maintenance of the glass fibre network, as far as it is provided by ITDZ. Central planning and steering body for BRAIN is the BRAIN planning group, which has been arranged by the administration of the Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. It consists of staff from the computing centres of Berlin's three universities and of ZIB. BRAIN is represented legally and economically on a trust basis by the ZIB, where the BRAIN office is located also.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: For medical diagnosis, visualization, and model-based therapy planning three-dimensional geometric reconstructions of individual anatomical structures are often indispensable. Computer-assisted, model-based planning procedures typically cover specific modifications of “virtual anatomy” as well as numeric simulations of associated phenomena, like e.g. mechanical loads, fluid dynamics, or diffusion processes, in order to evaluate a potential therapeutic outcome. Since internal anatomical structures cannot be measured optically or mechanically in vivo, three-dimensional reconstruction of tomographic image data remains the method of choice. In this work the process chain of individual anatomy reconstruction is described which consists of segmentation of medical image data, geometrical reconstruction of all relevant tissue interfaces, up to the generation of geometric approximations (boundary surfaces and volumetric meshes) of three-dimensional anatomy being suited for finite element analysis. All results presented herein are generated with amira ® – a highly interactive software system for 3D data analysis, visualization and geometry reconstruction.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces novel internal and external memory algorithms for computing voxel skeletons of massive voxel objects with complex network-like architecture and for converting these voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry, that is triangle meshes and piecewise straight lines. The presented techniques help to tackle the challenge of visualizing and analyzing 3d images of increasing size and complexity, which are becoming more and more important in, for example, biological and medical research. Section 2.3.1 contributes to the theoretical foundations of thinning algorithms with a discussion of homotopic thinning in the grid cell model. The grid cell model explicitly represents a cell complex built of faces, edges, and vertices shared between voxels. A characterization of pairs of cells to be deleted is much simpler than characterizations of simple voxels were before. The grid cell model resolves topologically unclear voxel configurations at junctions and locked voxel configurations causing, for example, interior voxels in sets of non-simple voxels. A general conclusion is that the grid cell model is superior to indecomposable voxels for algorithms that need detailed control of topology. Section 2.3.2 introduces a noise-insensitive measure based on the geodesic distance along the boundary to compute two-dimensional skeletons. The measure is able to retain thin object structures if they are geometrically important while ignoring noise on the object's boundary. This combination of properties is not known of other measures. The measure is also used to guide erosion in a thinning process from the boundary towards lines centered within plate-like structures. Geodesic distance based quantities seem to be well suited to robustly identify one- and two-dimensional skeletons. Chapter 6 applies the method to visualization of bone micro-architecture. Chapter 3 describes a novel geometry generation scheme for representing voxel skeletons, which retracts voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry per dual cube. The generated triangle meshes and graphs provide a link to geometry processing and efficient rendering of voxel skeletons. The scheme creates non-closed surfaces with boundaries, which contain fewer triangles than a representation of voxel skeletons using closed surfaces like small cubes or iso-surfaces. A conclusion is that thinking specifically about voxel skeleton configurations instead of generic voxel configurations helps to deal with the topological implications. The geometry generation is one foundation of the applications presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 5 presents a novel external memory algorithm for distance ordered homotopic thinning. The presented method extends known algorithms for computing chamfer distance transformations and thinning to execute I/O-efficiently when input is larger than the available main memory. The applied block-wise decomposition schemes are quite simple. Yet it was necessary to carefully analyze effects of block boundaries to devise globally correct external memory variants of known algorithms. In general, doing so is superior to naive block-wise processing ignoring boundary effects. Chapter 6 applies the algorithms in a novel method based on confocal microscopy for quantitative study of micro-vascular networks in the field of microcirculation.
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit führt I/O-effiziente Algorithmen und Standard-Algorithmen zur Berechnung von Voxel-Skeletten aus großen Voxel-Objekten mit komplexer, netzwerkartiger Struktur und zur Umwandlung solcher Voxel-Skelette in stückweise-lineare Geometrie ein. Die vorgestellten Techniken werden zur Visualisierung und Analyse komplexer drei-dimensionaler Bilddaten, beispielsweise aus Biologie und Medizin, eingesetzt. Abschnitt 2.3.1 leistet mit der Diskussion von topologischem Thinning im Grid-Cell-Modell einen Beitrag zu den theoretischen Grundlagen von Thinning-Algorithmen. Im Grid-Cell-Modell wird ein Voxel-Objekt als Zellkomplex dargestellt, der aus den Ecken, Kanten, Flächen und den eingeschlossenen Volumina der Voxel gebildet wird. Topologisch unklare Situationen an Verzweigungen und blockierte Voxel-Kombinationen werden aufgelöst. Die Charakterisierung von Zellpaaren, die im Thinning-Prozess entfernt werden dürfen, ist einfacher als bekannte Charakterisierungen von so genannten "Simple Voxels". Eine wesentliche Schlussfolgerung ist, dass das Grid-Cell-Modell atomaren Voxeln überlegen ist, wenn Algorithmen detaillierte Kontrolle über Topologie benötigen. Abschnitt 2.3.2 präsentiert ein rauschunempfindliches Maß, das den geodätischen Abstand entlang der Oberfläche verwendet, um zweidimensionale Skelette zu berechnen, welche dünne, aber geometrisch bedeutsame, Strukturen des Objekts rauschunempfindlich abbilden. Das Maß wird im weiteren mit Thinning kombiniert, um die Erosion von Voxeln auf Linien zuzusteuern, die zentriert in plattenförmigen Strukturen liegen. Maße, die auf dem geodätischen Abstand aufbauen, scheinen sehr geeignet zu sein, um ein- und zwei-dimensionale Skelette bei vorhandenem Rauschen zu identifizieren. Eine theoretische Begründung für diese Beobachtung steht noch aus. In Abschnitt 6 werden die diskutierten Methoden zur Visualisierung von Knochenfeinstruktur eingesetzt. Abschnitt 3 beschreibt eine Methode, um Voxel-Skelette durch kontrollierte Retraktion in eine stückweise-lineare geometrische Darstellung umzuwandeln, die als Eingabe für Geometrieverarbeitung und effizientes Rendering von Voxel-Skeletten dient. Es zeigt sich, dass eine detaillierte Betrachtung der topologischen Eigenschaften eines Voxel-Skeletts einer Betrachtung von allgemeinen Voxel-Konfigurationen für die Umwandlung zu einer geometrischen Darstellung überlegen ist. Die diskutierte Methode bildet die Grundlage für die Anwendungen, die in Abschnitt 6 diskutiert werden. Abschnitt 5 führt einen I/O-effizienten Algorithmus für Thinning ein. Die vorgestellte Methode erweitert bekannte Algorithmen zur Berechung von Chamfer-Distanztransformationen und Thinning so, dass diese effizient ausführbar sind, wenn die Eingabedaten den verfügbaren Hauptspeicher übersteigen. Der Einfluss der Blockgrenzen auf die Algorithmen wurde analysiert, um global korrekte Ergebnisse sicherzustellen. Eine detaillierte Analyse ist einer naiven Zerlegung, die die Einflüsse von Blockgrenzen vernachlässigt, überlegen. In Abschnitt 6 wird, aufbauend auf den I/O-effizienten Algorithmen, ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Analyse von Mikrogefäßnetzwerken diskutiert.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: One crucial step in virtual drug design is the identification of new lead structures with respect to a pharmacological target molecule. The search for new lead structures is often done with the help of a pharmacophore, which carries the essential structural as well as physico-chemical properties that a molecule needs to have in order to bind to the target molecule. In the absence of the target molecule, such a pharmacophore can be established by comparison of a set of active compounds. In order to identify their common features,a multiple alignment of all or most of the active compounds is necessary. Moreover, since the “outer shape” of the molecules plays a major role in the interaction between drug and target, an alignment algorithm aiming at the identification of common binding properties needs to consider the molecule’s “outer shape”, which can be approximated by the solvent excluded surface. In this thesis, we present a new approach to molecular surface alignment based on a discrete representation of shape as well as physico-chemical properties by points distributed on the solvent excluded surface. We propose a new method to distribute points regularly on a surface w.r.t. a smoothly varying point density given on that surface. Since the point distribution algorithm is not restricted to molecular surfaces, it might also be of interest for other applications. For the computation of pairwise surface alignments, we extend an existing point matching scheme to surface points, and we develop an efficient data structure speeding up the computation by a factor of three. Moreover, we present an approach to compute multiple alignments from pairwise alignments, which is able to handle a large number of surface points. All algorithms are evaluated on two sets of molecules: eight thermolysin inhibitors and seven HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Finally, we compare the results obtained from surface alignment with the results obtained by applying an atom alignment approach.
    Description: Die Identifizierung neuer Leitstrukturen (lead structures) zur Entwicklung optimierter Wirkstoffe ist ein äußerst wichtiger Schritt in der virtuellen Wirkstoffentwicklung (virtual drug design). Die Suche nach neuen Leitstrukturen wird oft mit Hilfe eines Pharmakophor-Modells durchgeführt, welches die wichtigsten strukturellen wie auch physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften eines bindenden Moleküls in sich vereint. Ist das Zielmolekül (target) nicht bekannt, kann das Pharmakophor-Modell mit Hilfe des Vergleiches aktiver Moleküle erstellt werden. Hier ist insbesondere die gleichzeitige Überlagerung (multiple alignment) aller oder nahezu aller Moleküle notwendig. Da bei der Interaktion zweier Moleküle die "äußere Form" der Moleküle eine besondere Rolle spielt, sollte diese von jedem Überlagerungsalgorithmus, der sich mit der Identifizierung von Bindungseigenschaften befasst, berücksichtigt werden. Dabei kann die "äußere Form" durch eine bestimmte Art von molekularer Oberfläche approximiert werden, die man als solvent excluded surface bezeichnet. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Überlagerung molekularer Oberflächen dar, der auf einer diskreten Repräsentation sowohl der Form als auch der molekularen Eigenschaften mittels Punkten beruht. Um die Punkte auf der molekularen Oberfläche möglichst regulär entsprechend einer gegebenen Punktdichte zu verteilen, entwickeln wir eine neue Methode. Diese Methode ist nicht auf Moleküloberflächen beschränkt und könnte daher auch für andere Anwendungen von Interesse sein. Basierend auf einem bekannten Point-Matching Verfahren entwickeln wir einen Point-Matching Algorithmus für Oberflächenpunkte. Dazu erarbeiten wir u.a. eine effiziente Datenstruktur, die den Algorithmus um einen Faktor von drei beschleunigt. Darüberhinaus stellen wir einen Ansatz vor, der Mehrfachüberlagerungen (multiple alignments) aus paarweisen Überlagerungen berechnet. Die Herausforderung besteht hierbei vor allem in der großen Anzahl von Punkten, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen werden an zwei Gruppen von Molekülen evaluiert, wobei die erste Gruppe aus acht Thermolysin Inhibitoren besteht, die zweite aus sieben HIV-1 Protease Inhibitoren. Darüberhinaus vergleichen wir die Ergebnisse der Oberflächenüberlagerung mit denen einer Atommittelpunktüberlagerung.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: preconditioning saddle-point problems ; eigenvalue estimation ; mixed finite element method ; minimum residual method ; second-order elliptic problems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We consider saddle-point problems that typically arise from the mixed finite element discretization of second-order elliptic problems. By proper equivalent algebraic operations the considered saddle-point problem is transformed to another saddle-point problem. The resulting problem can then be efficiently preconditioned by a block-diagonal matrix or by a factored block-matrix (the blocks correspond to the velocity and pressure, respectively). Both preconditioners have a block on the main diagonal that corresponds to the bilinear form(δ is a positive parameter) and a second block that is equal to a constant times the identity operator. We derive uniform bounds for the negative and positive eigenvalues of the preconditioned operator. Then any known preconditioner for the above bilinear form can be applied. We also show some numerical experiments that illustrate the convergence properties of the proposed technique.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 275-300 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: sparse QR factorization ; multifrontal method ; parallelism ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We describe the design and implementation of a parallel QR decomposition algorithm for a large sparse matrix A. The algorithm is based on the multifrontal approach and makes use of Householder transformations. The tasks are distributed among processors according to an assembly tree which is built from the symbolic factorization of the matrix ATA.We first address uniprocessor issues and then discuss the multiprocessor implementation of the method. We consider the parallelization of both the factorization phase and the solve phase. We use relaxation of the sparsity structure of both the original matrix and the frontal matrices to improve the performance. We show that, in this case, the use of Level 3 BLAS can lead to very significant gains in performance. We use the eight processor Alliant˜FX/80 at CERFACS to illustrate our discussion.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 113-124 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: iterative methods ; linear systems ; multisplittings ; overlap ; parallel algorithms ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Parallel two-stage multisplitting methods with overlap for the solution of linear systems of algebraic equations are studied. It is shown that, under certain hypotheses, the method with overlap is asymptotically faster than that without overlap. Experiments illustrating this phenomenon are presented.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 91-111 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: boundary integral operators ; domain decomposition ; interface operators ; fast elliptic problem solvers ; parallel algorithms ; preconditioning ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: In this paper a method for fast computations with the inverse to weakly singular, hypersingular and double layer potential boundary integral operators associated with the Laplacian on Lipschitz domains is proposed and analyzed. It is based on the representation formulae suggested for above-mentioned boundary operations in terms of the Poincare-Steklov interface mappings generated by the special decompositions of the interior and exterior domains. Computations with the discrete counterparts of these formulae can be efficiently performed by iterative substructuring algorithms provided some asymptotically optimal techniques for treatment of interface operators on subdomain boundaries. For both two- and three-dimensional cases the computation cost and memory needs are of the order O(N logp N) and O(N log2 N), respectively, with 1 ≤ p ≤ 3, where N is the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary under consideration (some kinds of polygons and polyhedra). The proposed algorithms are well suited for serial and parallel computations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: diagonally dominant matrix ; determinant ; norm ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: A property of strictly diagonally dominant matrices and a generalization of a Varga's bound for ∥ A-1∥∞ to the case ∥ A-1B∥∞ are given and the two-sided bounds for the determinants of strictly diagonally dominant matrices are derived
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 513-524 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: regularization ; I-norm ; discontinuous solutions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: In certain inverse problems it is useful to be able to compute solutions which are, in some sense, as simple as possible. For example,k one may wish to compute solutions which are piecewise constant and with as few discontinuities as possible. Such solutions are suited to describe models, e.g., geological layers, where the coarse structure is more important than the fine structure. A natural generalization of piecewise constant functions is piecewise polynomial solutions. In this paper we present a new algorithm which is capable of computing solutions that are piecewise polynomials, without having to specify a priori the positions of the break points between the polynomial pieces.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 491-512 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: unsymmetric ; Krylov subspace ; IOM(q) ; FOM ; truncated ; basis vector ; orthonormality ; convergence ; restarted ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The incomplete orthogonalization method (IOM(q)), a truncated version of the full orthogonalization method (FOM) proposed by Saad, has been used for solving large unsymmetric linear systems. However, no convergence analysis has been given. In this paper, IOM(q) is analysed in detail from a theoretical point of view. A number of important results are derived showing how the departure of the matrix A from symmetric affects the basis vectors generated by IOM(q), and some relationships between the residuals for IOM(q) and FOM are established. The results show that IOM(q) behaves much like FOM once the basis vectors generated by it are well conditioned. However, it is proved that IOM(q) may generate an ill-conditioned basis for a general unsymmetric matrix such that IOM(q) may fail to converge or at least cannot behave like FOM. Owing to the mathematical equivalence between IOM(q) and the truncated ORTHORES(q) developed by Young and Jea, insights are given into the convergence of the latter. A possible strategy is proposed for choosing the parameter q involved in IOM(q). Numerical experiments are reported to show convergence behaviour of IOM(q) and of its restarted version.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 413-426 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: iterative methods ; linear systems ; singular matrices ; block methods ; multisplitting ; two-stage ; non-stationary ; Markov chains ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The use of block two-stage methods for the iterative solution of consistent singular linear systems is studied. In these methods, suitable for parallel computations, different blocks, i.e., smaller linear systems, can be solved concurrently by different processors. Each of these smaller systems are solved by an (inner) iterative method. Hypotheses are provided for the convergence of non-stationary methods, i.e., when the number of inner iterations may vary from block to block and from one outer iteration to another. It is shown that the iteration matrix corresponding to one step of the block method is convergent, i.e., that its powers converge to a limit matrix. A theorem on the convergence of the infinite product of matrices with the same eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 is proved, and later used as a tool in the convergence analysis of the block method. The methods studied can be used to solve any consistent singular system, including discretizations of certain differential equations. They can also be used to find stationary probability distribution of Markov chains. This last application is considered in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 349-350 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: No Abstract
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 427-453 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: mixed method ; nonconforming method ; multilevel preconditioner ; condition number ; second order elliptic problem ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: A new approach for constructing algebraic multilevel preconditioners for mixed finite element methods for second order elliptic problems with tensor coefficients on general geometry is proposed. The linear system arising from the mixed methods is first algebraically condensed to a symmetric, positive definite system for Lagrange multipliers, which corresponds to a linear system generated by standard nonconforming finite element methods. Algebraic multilevel preconditioners for this system are then constructed based on a triangulation of the domain into tetrahedral substructures. Explicit estimates of condition numbers and simple computational schemes are established for the constructed preconditioners. Finally, numerical results for the mixed finite element methods are presented to illustrate the present theory.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 455-457 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 34
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 473-489 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: conjugate gradients ; biconjugate gradients ; conjugate directions ; non-symmetric linear systems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: In this paper three basic conjugate direction methods for solving non-symmetric linear systems are described and compared. All three have entirely different basic structures and, consequently, completely different characteristics. The motivation for this work is the comparative assessment of the methods in order to decide which of the three is the most suitable for further development.
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  • 35
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 36
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 543-545 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 37
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 21-44 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: first-order PDEs ; iterative methods ; preconditioners ; Toeplitz ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Preconditioners to nonsymmetric, nondiagonally dominant systems of equations are constructed and examined numerically. The preconditioners are based on a Toeplitz approach with a certain symmetry that we define. The inversion of the preconditioners is defined through a Fast Modified Sine Transform. As a model problem we study the systems of equations arising from a implicit time-discretization with a large time-step of a scalar hyperbolic PDE.
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  • 38
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 45-64 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Toeplitz least squares problems ; circulant preconditioned conjugate gradient method ; deconvolution ; image restoration ; atmospheric imaging ; medical imaging ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: In this paper, we propose a method to generalize Strang's circulant preconditioner for arbitrary n-by-n matrices An. The th column of our circulant preconditioner Sn is equal to the th column of the given matrix An. Thus if An is a square Toeplitz matrix, then Sn is just the Strang circulant preconditioner. When Sn is not Hermitian, our circulant preconditioner can be defined as . This construction is similar to the forward-backward projection method used in constructing preconditioners for tomographic inversion problems in medical imaging. We show that if the matrix An has decaying coefficients away from the main diagonal, then is a good preconditioner for An. Comparisons of our preconditioner with other circulant-based preconditioners are carried out for some 1-D Toeplitz least squares problems: min ∥ b - Ax∥2. Preliminary numerical results show that our preconditioner performs quite well, in comparison to other circulant preconditioners. Promising test results are also reported for a 2-D deconvolution problem arising in ground-based atmospheric imaging.
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  • 39
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 65-80 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: boundary value problem ; boundary element method ; preconditioning ; iterative method ; fast Fourier transform ; parallel algorithm ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The parallel version of precondition iterative techniques is developed for matrices arising from the panel boundary element method for three-dimensional simple connected domains with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Results were obtained on an nCube-2 parallel computer showing that preconditioned iterative methods are very well suited also in three-dimensional cases for implementation on an MIMD computer and that they are much more efficient than usual direct solution techniques.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 91-93 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 41
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 42
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 43
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 391-411 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: finite difference discretization ; fast adaptive composite grid method ; convergence rate ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The fast adaptive composite grid (FAC) method is an iterative method for solving discrete boundary value problems on composite grids. McCormick introduced the method in [8] and considered the convergence behaviour for discrete problems resulting from finite volume element discretization on composite grids. In this paper we consider discrete problems resulting from finite difference discretization on composite grids. We distinguish between two obvious discretization approaches at the grid points on the interfaces between fine and coarse subgrids. The FAC method for solving such discrete problems is described. In the FAC method several intergrid transfer operators appear. We study how the convergence behaviour depends on these intergrid transfer operators. Based on theoretical insights, (quasi-)optimal intergrid transfer operators are derived. Numerical results illustrate the fast convergence of the FAC method using these intergrid transfer operators.
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  • 44
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 45
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 459-471 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: alternating projection method ; Dykstra's algorithm ; patterned matrix ; constrained least-squares ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We apply Dykstra's alternating projection algorithm to the constrained least-squares matrix problem that arises naturally in statistics and mathematical economics. In particular, we are concerned with the problem of finding the closest symmetric positive definite bounded and patterned matrix, in the Frobenius norm, to a given matrix. In this work, we state the problem as the minimization of a convex function over the intersection of a finite collection of closed and convex sets in the vector space of square matrices.We present iterative schemes that exploit the geometry of the problem, and for which we establish convergence to the unique solution. Finally, we present preliminary numberical results to illustrate the performance of the proposed iterative methods.
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  • 46
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 125-145 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: orthogonalization ; QR factorization ; polar decomposition ; subspace tracking ; error analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We consider the problem of computing Uk = QkUk-1(where U0 is given) in finite precision (εM = machine precision) where U0 and theQi are known to be unitary. The problem is that Ûk, the computed product may not be unitary, so one applies an O(n2) orthogonalizing step after each multiplication to(a) prevent Ûk from drifing too far from the set of untary matrices(b) prevent Ûk from drifting too far from Uk the true product.Our main results are1. Scaling the rows to have unit length after each multiplication (the cheaptest of the algorithms considered) is usually as good as any other method with respect to either of the criteria (a) or (b).2. A new orthogonalization algorithm that guarantees the distance of Ûk (k = 1, 2, …) to the set of unitary matrices is bounded by n3.5εM for any choice of Qi.
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  • 47
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 48
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: elasticity ; finite-element ; multilevel ; a posteriori error estimation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The constant γ in the strengthened Cauchy-Buniakowski-Schwarz (C.B.S.) inequality plays a crucial role in the convergence rate of multilevel iterative methods as well as in the efficiency of a posteriori error estimators, that is in the framework of finite element approximations of SPD problems.We consider the approximation of the 2D elasticity problem by the Courant element. Concerning multilevel convergence rate, that is the γ corresponding to nested general triangular meshes of size h and 2h, we have proved that γ2≤ 3/4$ uniformly on the mesh and the Poisson ratio. Concerning error estimator, that is the γ corresponding to quadratic and linear approximations on the same mesh, numerical computations have shown that the exact γ for a reference element deteriorates that is goes to one, when the Poisson ratio tends to 1/2
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 161-172 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: smoothing property ; multigrid method ; semi-iterative smoother ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: In this paper we present an extension of Reusken's Lemma about the smoothing property of a multigrid method for solving non-symmetric linear systems of equations. One of the consequences of this extended lemma is the verification of the smoothing property for all damping factors οε(0, 1). Additionally, a semi-iterative smoother is constructed which gives, in some sense, optimal smoothing rate estimates.
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  • 50
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 51
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 185-203 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: orthotropic partial differential equation ; preconditioned conjugate gradient method ; parallel algorithm ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Finite element meshes and node-numberings suitable for parallel solution with equally loaded processors are presented for linear orthotropic elliptic partial differential equations. These problems are of great importance, for instance in the oil and airfoil industries. The linear systems of equations are solved by the conjugate gradient method preconditioned by modified incomplete factorization, MIC. The basic method presented, is based on fronts of uncoupled nodes and unlike earlier methods it has the advantage of no requirement of a specific orientation of the mesh. This method is however, in general, restricted to small degree of anisotropy in the differential equation. Another method, which does not suffer from this limitation, uses rotation of the differential equation and spectral equivalence. The rotation is made in such a way that in the new co-ordinate system, the basic method is applicable. The spectral equivalence property is used for estimation of the condition number of the preconditioned system. Both methods are suitable for implementation on parallel computers. The computer architecture could be single instruction multiple data (SIMD) as well as multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) with shared or distributed memory. Implementation of the basic method on a shared memory parallel computer shows a significant improvement by use of the MIC method compared with the diagonal scaling preconditioning method.
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  • 52
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 221-237 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: sparse matrix ; iterative methods ; preconditioning ; graph partitioning ; domain decomposition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Domain decomposition methods for finite element problems using a partition based on the underlying finite element mesh have been extensively studied. In this paper, we discuss algebraic extensions of the class of overlapping domain decomposition algorithms for general sparse matrices. The subproblems are created with an overlapping partition of the graph corresponding to the sparsity structure of the matrix. These algebraic domain decomposition methods are especially useful for unstructured mesh problems. We also discuss some difficulties encountered in the algebraic extension, particularly the issues related to the coarse solver.
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  • 53
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 205-220 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: elliptic equations ; multilevel methods ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: New uniform estimates for multigrid algorithms are established for certain non-symmetric indefinite problems. In particular, we are concerned with the simple additive algorithm and multigrid (V(1,0)-cycle) algorithms given in [5]. We prove, without full elliptic regularity assumption, that these algorithms have uniform reduction per iteration, independent of the finest mesh size and number of refinement levels, provided that the coarsest mesh size is sufficiently small.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: non-linear equations ; global convergence ; Lagrangians ; non-linear programming ; Lagrangian globalization ; detour potentials ; homotopy methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The Lagrangian globalization (LG) method for non-linear equation-solving proposed in [10] is developed through theoretical analysis, the formulation of a particular LG algorithm, and a numerical illustration. New merit functions (termed detour potentials) for non-linear equation-solving, which broaden the LG concept, are also defined.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 251-254 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 57
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 255-274 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: conjugate gradient method ; preconditioning ; two-level method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The presented paper contains a suggestion and an analysis of a two-level preconditioner appropriate for unstructured meshes. The convergence analysis is done for H1-equivalent forms in the two-dimensional case; ways for generalization are discussed, too. The efficiency is demonstrated by numerical experiments.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 329-343 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: iterative methods ; GMRES ; Krylov methods ; incomplete orthogonalization ; quasi-minimization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We describe a Krylov subspace technique, based on incomplete orthogonalization of the Krylov vectors, which can be considered as a truncated version of GMRES. Unlike GMRES(m), the restarted version of GMRES, the new method does not require restarting. Like GMRES, it does not break down. Numerical experiments show that DQGMRES(k) often performs as well as the restarted GMRES using a subspace of dimension m=2k. In addition, the algorithm is flexible to variable preconditioning, i.e., it can accommodate variations in the preconditioner at every step. In particular, this feature allows the use of any iterative solver as a right-preconditioner for DQGMRES(k). This inner-outer iterative combination often results in a robust approach for solving indefinite non-Hermitian linear systems.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: linear systems ; regularization ; divided differences ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: A regularization procedure for linear systems of the type fi(zj)xi = g(zj), (j = 1, 2, …, n) is presented, which is particularly useful in the case when z1, z2, …, zn are close to each other. The associated numerical algorithm was tested on several examples for which analytic solutions do exist and was found to yield highly accurate results.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 301-327 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: information ; latent semantic indexing ; low-rank ; orthogonal ; matrices ; metrieval ; singular value decomposition ; sparse ; ULV and URV decompositions ; updating ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Current methods to index and retrieve documents from databases usually depend on a lexical match between query terms and keywords extracted from documents in a database. These methods can produce incomplete or irrelevant results due to the use of synonyms and polysemus words. The association of terms with documents (or implicit semantic structure) can be derived using large sparse {\it term-by-document} matrices. In fact, both terms and documents can be matched with user queries using representations in k-space (where 100 ≤ k ≤ 200) derived from k of the largest approximate singular vectors of these term-by-document matrices. This completely automated approach called latent semantic indexing or LSI, uses subspaces spanned by the approximate singular vectors to encode important associative relationships between terms and documents in k-space. Using LSI, two or more documents may be closeto each other in k-space (and hence meaning) yet share no common terms. The focus of this work is to demonstrate the computational advantages of exploiting low-rank orthogonal decompositions such as the ULV (or URV) as opposed to the truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) for the construction of initial and updated rank-k subspaces arising from LSI applications.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 369-390 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: multigrid ; incomplete Gaussian elimination ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: In this paper we introduce and analyse a new Schur complement approximation based on incomplete Gaussian elimination. The approximate Schur complement is used to develop a multigrid method. This multigrid method has an algorithmic structure that is very similar to the algorithmic structure of classical multigrid methods. The resulting method is almost purely algebraic and has interesting properties with respect to variation in problem parameters.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 351-367 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: multilevel preconditioning ; Krylov subspace methods ; GMRES, nonsymmetric elliptic problems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The subject of this paper is to study the performance of multilevel preconditioning for nonsymmetric elliptic boundary value problems. In particular, a minimal residual method with respect to an appropriately scaled norm, measuring the size of the residual projections on all levels, is studied. This norm, induced by the multilevel splitting, is also the basis for a proper stopping criterion. Our analysis shows that the convergence rate of this minimal residual method using the multilevel preconditioner by Bramble, pasciak and Xu is bounded independently of the mesh-size. However, the convergence rate deteriorates with increasing size of the skew-symmetric part. Our numerical results show that by incorporating this into a multilevel cycle starting on the coarsest level, one can save fine-level-iterations and, therefore, computational work.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: view factor ; radiation ; parallel computation ; heat transfer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two implementations for parallel computation of radiation heat transfer view factors are formulated and tested for a model problem. Using a sufficiently large number of processors and a suitable communications paradigm, the solution time for the problem considered here scales linearly with the number of surface elements in the parallel implementation rather than the quadratic scaling obtained using a serial approach. For larger problems, significantly shorter solution times are obtained using the massively parallel Connection Machine 5 than those obtained on a single processor of the Cray C-90, a traditional vector supercomputer. Parallel performance was degraded for implementations using too few processors or data layouts leading to inefficient processor communication.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 51-62 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary element method ; hypersingular integrals ; singular integration ; elasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algorithm based on the Taylor series expansion is extended to deal with the problem of near-hypersingular integrals occurring in a 3D electrostatic BEM formulation. The integral is evaluated by subtracting out the leading terms in the near-hypersingular part of the integrand and adding it back. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated for a curved element. It is shown that accurate values can be obtained with low orders of Gaussian quadrature.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 147-148 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 149-150 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 63-73 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: asymptotic solution ; natural frequencies ; membrane vibrations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper an asymptotic formula has been developed to correct the discretization error for the finite element predicted natural frequencies of membrane transverse vibration problems. The general idea behind deriving this asymptotic formula is that, when the finite element size approaches zero, a discretized finite element system approaches a continuous system and the predicted natural frequencies of the system from the finite element analysis therefore approach the exact solutions of the system. Without losing generality, several different finite element mesh patterns have been considered and the same asymptotic formula for correcting the finite element predicted natural frequency has been obtained for all the different mesh patterns because of the uniqueness of the exact solution to the natural frequency of a real structure. The usefulness, effectiveness and efficiency of the present asymptotic formula have been assessed by a simple but critical problem, for which the exact solution is available for comparison. In order to investigate the applicability of the asymptotic formula to practical engineering problems, two challenging membrane vibration problems of irregular shapes, an L-shape and a tapered shape with a circular hole in the centre, have also been analysed. The related numerical results have demonstrated that the asymptotic formula provides a very useful post-processing error corrector for the finite element predicted natural frequencies of membrane transverse vibration problems, even though the problem domains are of irregular shape. The greatest advantage in using the present asymptotic formula is that it yields a solution of higher accuracy, by simply using the formula to correct the rough solution obtained from a much coarser finite element mesh with fewer degrees of freedom, without any further finite element calculation.
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  • 69
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: eigenvalue extraction ; conjugate gradient method ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new conjugate gradient algorithm is presented for extracting eigenvalues from large systems of equations encountered in finite element analysis. The new algorithm involves applying the conjugate gradient method (CGM) to a static problem to generate an equivalent tridiagonal matrix used for eigenvalue computation. The eigenvalues of the tridiagonal matrix are then extracted using a QR factorization. The similarity of the new CGM with the Lanczos method is discussed regarding the need for matrix inversion and reorthogonalization. Several examples using the new method are presented to illustrate its performance.
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  • 70
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 185-196 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: homogenization ; boundary conditions ; periodicity ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of homogenization equations by the finite element (FE) method is explained briefly. The issue of extracting boundary conditions from the periodicity assumption is addressed and a direct method utilizing symmetry is presented. Using this method, the computation of the elements of the constitutive matrix of a composite material is reduced to a very conventional boundary value problem with known forces and boundary conditions which can be carried out with any FE code. Two examples are presented.
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  • 71
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 72
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: higher-order beam element ; best-fit stress prediction ; a priori error analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is known that finite elements try to capture stresses within each discretized local region in a ‘best-fit’ sense. In the paper we examine the performance of a beam element based on a higher-order shear deformation theory and show that the best-fit paradigm accounts for the manner in which through-the-thickness displacement and stresses are modelled. An a priori prediction derived from the paradigm is confirmed by a carefully chosen numerical experiment. This provides a measure of the quality of approximation as well as another ‘falsification’ of the best-fit paradigm.
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  • 73
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Discretization ; heat conduction ; simulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A different approach to discretization is described with which complicated three-dimensional heat transfer problems can be solved with a finite volume approach on a general curvilinear grid. It represents an improvement on the existing methods in that it can easily be expanded to three-dimensional problems. A concise explanation of the transformation process is given, together with a discussion of the discretization procedure. The method is evaluated by solving two simple test problems and comparing the results with those of existing methods and the analytical solution. In conclusion it is found that this method yields equally or more accurate results than the existing methods, with the additional advantage of being easily expandable to three-dimensional problems.
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  • 74
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements ; automatic generation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element generation methods, such as Delaunay, allow the meshing of shapes from a set of nodes. These nodes must previously exist. The authors present a simple, fast and reliable method to generate them in an unstructured way in N-dimensional space. Its main characteristic is to easily allow variation of the node density by introducing a density function, either analytical or discretized. This function can also be anisotropic. Some nodes can have a pre-fixed position. Inner lines and holes can also be specified in the domain to be meshed. Generated nodes are to be connected according to triangles in 2D and tetrahedrals in 3D.
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  • 75
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite member element ; modified theory ; geometrical non-linearity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper a modified non-linear member element is derived which can lead to satisfactory computed results even for large loading and displacement increments from pre-instability to post-instability of structures. The high accuracy of this element is proved by numerical examples.
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  • 76
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 77
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: obstacle problems ; quadratic programming ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of problems involving frictionless contact between an elastic body and a rigid obstacle is considered. The elastic body may undergo small or large deformation. Finite element discretization and repetitive linearization lead to a sequence of quadratic programming (QP) problems for incremental displacement. The performances of several QP algorithms, including two new versions of a modified steepest descent algorithm, are compared in this context. Numerical examples include a string, a membrane and an Euler-Bernoulli beam, in contact with flat and non-flat rigid obstacles.
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  • 78
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 79
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The authors study the shape optimization of a complex cracked shell under complex criteria. The shell is one of various cases of a turboshaft, and optimization criteria are associated to the cost, the technology, and above all the working conditions for the turboshaft. The optimization criteria involved are of course the weight of the structure, but also the plastic instability and critical stress intensity factor. All computations have been made with the Ansys finite element program in which an optimization module exists.
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  • 80
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: mode-matching ; Helmholtz' equation ; DtN ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element (FE) mode-matching procedures for the solution of Helmholtz' equation on an unbounded domain are reviewed and a symmetric general formulation is presented. This is a formal restatement of procedures applied previously to computations involving scattering of shallow water waves, acoustic transmission in non-uniform ducts and acoustic radiation from prismatic sheet metal ducts. An essential feature of the method is the use of a Galerkin procedure, rather than collocation, to match a finite computational model to a truncated modal expansion with the desired radiation characteristics. The method produces a symmetric set of linear equations which can be solved to give the unknown nodal values of the dependent variable and the modal coefficients of an outer expansion. Either of these sets of variables can be eliminated prior to solution to yield a reduced set of equations in the remaining parameters. The reduced equations obtained by eliminating the modal coefficients are shown to be identical to those obtained by applying a truncated Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) boundary condition. If applied in this form, mode-matching can therefore be regarded as an alternative to the DtN method for generating this common set of discrete equations while permitting simultaneous solution for the modal coefficients in the outer region.
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  • 81
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: wavelets ; measures ; stability ; domains ; differential equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper investigates the accuracy and numerical stability of a class of wavelet Galerkin formulations on irregular domains. The method of numerical boundary measures is based upon a domain embedding strategy in which the irregular domain of interest is embedded in a larger domain having regular geometry. One advantage of the domain embedding method is that the boundary conditions on the larger, regular domain can be enforced in a straightforward manner, and the solution procedure can exploit the highly structured form of the resulting governing equations. The defining characteristic of this method is that the calculation of integrals along the irregular boundary are carried out using recently derived numerical boundary measures. In addition, the coercive bilinear forms characterizing the boundary value problem of interest must be calculated when restricted to the actual domain. In the case of wavelet Galerkin formulations, this calculation is accomplished with the three term connection coefficients that characterize the numerical boundary measure. The numerical stability and accuracy of the domain embedding procedure is compared to a newly developed wavelet-based finite element formulation.
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  • 82
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 371-372 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 83
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 295-302 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: mesh generation ; adaptivity ; iterated fractal systems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper the author presents a novel point of view for the refinement and derefinement algorithms of triangular nested meshes using fractal concepts and iterated function systems (IFS). The fractal behaviour can be understood in the sense that these meshes feature a remarkable amplifying invariance under changes of magnification. Here we compare the meshes obtained by the combination of these algorithms with those presented by Bova and Carey (1992). Although both of the meshes are very similar, the current algorithms automatically build and manage sequences of nested irregular discretizations of the domain. The author illustrates here how the application of IFS families is equivalent to the use of an adaptive strategy that combines the refinement procedure with the derefinement one.
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  • 84
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: stretching functions ; mesh refinement ; finite differences ; truncation error ; composite grids ; regularity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this work the truncation-error criteria of Thompson and Mastin (1985) are combined with conditions of vanishing second and higher derivatives at both endpoints for the purpose of deriving new classes of one-dimensional stretching functions for mesh refinement in finite-difference numerics. With these elementary stretching functions, matching of the slopes between adjacent grid patches then automatically confers Cn regularity upon the composite stretching function. Formulated with reference to two conceptions of truncation order (fixed relative distribution against fixed number of nodes) the resulting mappings are shown to provide particularly advantageous node distributions at both ends simultaneously (with concomitantly higher truncation error in between). Viewed overall, the truncation-error functions compare favourably with those for sinh, tanh and erf - mappings whose utility for mesh refinement was established by Thompson and Mastin. The numerical labour of implementing the new stretching functions is only slightly greater than that required for the error function. An illustrative derivation involving Cn patching leads to two-sided stretching functions, which allow the slopes at both ends to be prescribed arbitrarily. This formulation differs from a previous approach described by Vinokur (1983).
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  • 85
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 383-394 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: symmetrically laminated plates ; anisotropy ; fundamental solutions ; boundary integral equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper the bending problem of moderately thick symmetrically laminated anisotropic plates is considered, based on the first-order transverse shear deformation plate theory. Using the method of plane wave decomposition and Hörmander's operator method, the fundamental solution of the plates is presented. The boundary integral equation of the plates is formulated by taking the fundamental solution presented as the weighted function and using the method of weighted residuals. The numerical calculation of the boundary integral equation presented is discussed in detail. Some examples are presented and compared with the exact solutions and the numerical solutions available in the literature. The numerical results show that the present method has a satisfactory rate of convergence and acceptable accuracy with a reasonable boundary mesh.
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  • 86
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 373-381 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; mesh refinement ; adaptivity ; singularities near edges ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with several refinement techniques of finite element meshes for treating elliptic boundary value problems in domains with re-entrant edges and corners. A priori mesh grading is explained, and it is combined with the well-known adaptive finite element method. For two representative examples the numerically determined error norms are recorded, and the different strategies are compared.
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  • 87
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 395-411 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite volume ; high-order discretization ; non-oscillatory schemes ; pressure interpolation ; non-staggered grid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper addresses the problem of convection discretization by extension and application of numerical schemes used in compressible flows: SONIC-A, SONIC-B, UNO2, MUSCL and MINMOD to predict steady incompressible recirculating convection dominated flows. A new scheme, SONIC-Q, is proposed together with a third-order non-oscillatory practice for pressure interpolation in non-staggered grids. Finite-volume calculations of the Navier-Stokes equations of a standard 2D driven square cavity standard test case and the laminar flow over a fence using primitive variables and non-staggered grid systems have shown that the schemes are alternatives to the conventional ones used in general algorithms for incompressible recirculating flows. In general these composite high-order schemes have proved to be good candidates to overcome the problems of false-diffusion and unboundedness encountered in non-composite high-order upwind schemes used in incompressible flows.
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  • 88
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 425-431 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: time integration ; finite element method ; least squares formulation ; multistep methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a formulation and analysis of three and four step least squares algorithms for first order IVPs. The three step algorithm is derived using cubic Lagrangian interpolation, and is found to be third order accurate but only conditionally stable. Fourth order Lagrangian interpolation is used to obtain a four step least squares scheme which is A0-stable but inconsistent.
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  • 89
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary integral equation ; necessary and sufficient condition ; plane elasticity problem ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: With respect to a given boundary value problem, the corresponding conventional boundary integral equation is shown to yield non-equivalent solutions, which are dependent upon Poisson's ratio and geometry. In the paper a systematic method for establishing a necessary and sufficient boundary integral formulation has been proposed for two-dimensional elastostatic problems. Numerical analyses show that the conventional boundary integral equation yields incorrect results when the scale in the fundamental solution approaches a degenerate scale value. However, the results of the necessary and sufficient boundary integral equation are in good agreement with analytical solutions of the boundary value problem.
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  • 90
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 519-520 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 91
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 92
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 433-444 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: two-phase flow ; solute transport ; interphase exchange ; porous media ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The development of a numerical method for modelling two-phase flows and solute transport, particularly with interphase exchange in porous media, is presented. The governing equations are derived to describe two immiscible and compressible fluids flows such as water-air and two-phase solute transport with interphase exchange. Technically, the standard finite element method and a strongly implicit procedure are employed to solve the fully coupled governing equations. Pressures of two-phase fluids and solute concentrations in two-phase fluids are taken as the primary unknown variables, and the discretized equations are solved by a direct type of solver. Application examples are shown to confirm the applicability of the numerical method.
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  • 93
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: inviscid drops ; coalescence ; boundary element method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method is used to simulate the motion of inviscid drops colliding and coalescing at a solid surface. The equations of motion are solved by a boundary element method in which the free surface of the drop is represented by a moving grid. The numerical results include the configuration of the drop during coalescence and the kinetic and potential energies. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the way in which coalescence affects the configuration of the free surface.
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  • 94
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 455-459 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: harmonic differential quadrature method ; computational complexity ; differential quadrature ; numerical method ; centrosymmetric matrix ; computational mechanics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The structure of weighting coefficient matrices of harmonic differential quadrature (HDQ) is found to be either centrosymmetric or skew centrosymmetric, depending on the order of the corresponding derivatives. The properties of both matrices are briefly discussed in the paper. It is noted that the computational effort of the harmonic quadrature for some problems can be further reduced by up to 75 per cent by using the properties of the above-mentioned matrices.
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  • 95
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 471-482 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: numerical methods ; constitutive equations ; composite ; mixing formulation ; anisotropic elastoplastic model ; mapping stress tensor space ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general constitutive model adequate for analysis of the thermomechanical response of composite materials is presented. The model is based on the mixture of the basic substances of the composite and allows the evaluation of the interdependence between the constitutive behaviour of different compounding materials. The behaviour of the each compound is modelled by a general anisotropic thermo-elasto-plastic model, termed the ‘base model’. The different base models for each compound are combined using mixing theory to simulate the behaviour of the multiphase material.
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  • 96
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 581-594 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: acoustics ; finite element method ; error estimation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A posteriori error estimation has become very popular, mainly in linear elasticity. A robust implementation of the superconvergent patch recovery technique of O. C. Zienkiewicz and J. Z. Zhu is presented for acoustic finite element analyses: the original concepts are extended to complex variables, and both local and global behaviours of the recovery procedure and the error estimation are studied. The numerical tests confirm the improvement of the rates of convergence for the recovered solution and also show the reliability of the error estimator except at frequencies corresponding either to the analytical or to the finite element eigenfrequencies.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 595-595 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 597-597 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 100
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 521-529 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: bellows ; shell of revolution ; integral equation method ; compressed angle ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper a U-shaped bellows is treated as a flexible shell of revolution which consists of circular ring shells and truncated shallow conical shells; then the non-linear problem of U-shaped bellows under the action of axial compression force and internal pressure is solved by means of the non-linear theory of shells and the integral equation method. Numerical solutions obtained are compared with previous theoretical and experimental results. The present theory is more appropriate to the analysis of bellows in the light of real profile shape, and shows that the influence of compressed angle on the characteristic relation and peak stresses is noticeable.
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