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  • 1970-1974  (751)
  • 1971  (751)
  • Organic Chemistry  (689)
  • Engineering General  (62)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 575-586 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A quadratic thick shell element derived from a three-dimensional isoparametric element was first introduced by Ahmad and co-workers in 1968. This element was noted, however, to be relatively inefficient in representing bending deformations in thin shell or thin plate applications. The present paper outlines a selective integration scheme for evaluating the stiffness matrix of the element, in which each component of the strain energy is evaluated separately using a different Gaussian integration grid for each contribution. By this procedure, the excessive bending stiffness of the element, which results from the use of me quadratic interpolation functions, is avoided.The improved performance of this element, as compared with the original thick shell element, is demonstrated by analyses of a variety of thin and thick shell problems. Editors' note: A similar development was outlined by O. C. Zienkiewicz and co-workers in lnt. J. num. Meth. Engng, 3, 275-290 (1971). Some important details differ between the two papers which are thus complementary.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-591 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-592 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 5-11 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It has long been recognized that permeability, compressibility and viscosity vary during the consolidation of soil. However, the introduction of these variations into consolidation theory leads to formidable difficulties due to their rendering the equations highly non-linear. Numerical methods are given herein which enable the governing equation to be solved for a variety of different non-linear laws.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The simultaneous iteration method of obtaining eigenvalues and eigenvectors is employed for the solution of undamped vibration problems. This method is of significance when a few of the dominant eigenvalues and eigenvectors are required from a large matrix, and hence is particularly suitable for vibration problems involving a large number of degrees of freedom. It is shown that advantage may be taken of both the symmetry and the band form of the mass and stiffness matrices, thus making it feasible to process on a computer larger order vibration problems than can be processed using transformation methods. A method of allowing for body freedom is given and some numerical tests are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The general eigenvalue problem Ax = λBx as arising from vibration problems tackled by the finite element method is often solved by the economization method in which the two matrices are reduced to a more manageable size and approximate answers are obtained.This paper analyses the method in a more mathematical way than previous accounts and leads to a definition of the optimum set of variables to be retained during the reduction. An extension to the method is suggested which allows the approximate eigenvalue to be improved and bounds are obtained on the eigenvalues of the full problem before reduction.An estimate is made of the calculation involved in the method and it is concluded, by reference to examples, that the extended method leads to a more efficient algorithm.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A technique is described for solving the compressible flow equations in subsonic flow. The general quasi-linear equation ∇.g∇v = 0 is considered with g a function of ∇v. ∇v, and iterations of the form ∇.gn∇vn+1 = 0 are analysed, where g0 is suitably chosen and gn defined from vn for n≥1. This approach is applied to the compressible flow equations in terms of a velocity potential ø: monotonic convergence is predicted and at each iteration the error is multiplied by a factor less than the square of the greatest Mach number in the solution.Reliable convergence has been obtained in practice solving the linear equation for øn+1 by a finite difference method. The alternative of working in terms of the stream function ψ is discussed, and also discretization by the finite element method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution is presented for the computation of the transient thermoelastic stresses in a hollow cylinder with temperature boundary conditions given as a circumferential variation of surface heat transfer coefficient. The temperature distribution is solved explicitly. The problem is set up using the Airy stress function which leads to the biharmonic equation. This approach requires the satisfaction of three Michell integrals at the inner boundary in order to ensure single-valued displacements and rotation. An iterative method is described in which these integrals are all simultaneously satisfied and thus provide the necessary non-zero boundary conditions for the solution of the biharmonic equation which is rapidly solved by Gaussian elimination. Results are presented for the general case where the temperature is a function of r and θ. The computer program is checked by assuming a constant value of the surface heat transfer coefficients. In this case a closed form solution is obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 103-117 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of the finite element rank force method for the dynamic analysis of redundant structures is presented. The applied loading consists of discrete and distributed loads. Both forced and free vibrations are considered, the latter yielding latent vectors corresponding to dynamic redundancies.It is shown that the dynamic properties of an element are given by a static flexibility matrix, an inverse mass matrix, a damping parameter and a displacement vector representing the effect of the applied distributed loading.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A stiffness matrix for a finite element having the planform of an annular segment is derived using the displacement approach. Numerical problems involved in the derivation are discussed and rapid convergence to exact solutions is demonstrated on three sample problems. It is concluded that the new element will be of great value to engineers concerned with the analysis of slabs of bridge decks curved in plan.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method of solving a set of simultaneous linear equations requires an estimate of the spectral radius of the matrix. Dividing each equation by the corresponding row sum of moduli of the elements of the matrix gives a convenient upper bound of unity to this. This note shows that the DR method then gives a faster asymptotic rate of the convergence than the degenerate Chebyshev method which it closely resembles.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 149-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 16
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 151-151 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 17
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The conventional central finite difference equations for the plane stress extension of flat plates are derived as a localized Ritz process. A dual differential-variational discretization of this type enables common classification of the finite difference and finite element methods. Also, it provides alternative methods of establishing sufficiency conditions and relative rates of convergence for discrete systems derived from a localized Ritz process, and the existence of solution bounds for discrete systems derived using difference procedures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 161-179 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of consistent discrete models, via the concept of finite elements, of linear and non-linear electrothermomechanical behaviour of continuous bodies. In the development, general energy balances are utilized to derive equations governing electromagnetic fields over an element and coupled equations of motion and heat conduction of a typical element of the continuum. These equations make it possible to study a general class of field problems involving arbitrary geometries and boundary conditions. Sample problems are included.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 199-213 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of the biharmonic equation in a rectangular domain is presented in the context of continuous dynamic programming techniques. The equations are specialized to the solution of elastic rectangular plates. A suitable approximate expression of a certain functional equation containing derivatives only in one direction is used to derive equations for the stiffness and flexibility matrices of the plate. It is shown that those matrices satisfy matrix Riccati equations subject to suitable initial conditions. It is also shown that the condition of optimality in the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation directly expresses a classical variational principle, i.e. the principle of complementary energy. Some numerical examples are finally presented.
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  • 20
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 181-198 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic finite element technique, which is referred to in the literature as ‘computer-analysis’, is applied to wave propagation problems occurring in finite and semi-infinite linearly elastic membranes of revolution. Both semi-infinite and finite versions of cylindrical and conical membranes are considered, and a finite membrane having a meridional curve which is parabolic is solved. The source of excitation is generally a constant velocity motion of one end of the membranes, but the results for a stress-pulse input at one end of a semi-infinite cylindrical membrane are also given. The results for the finite membranes are new, and the results for the semi-infinite problems are discussed with respect to previously published results. The two-dimensional state of stress in the membrane requires careful ordering of the calculations, and the boundary conditions for finite membranes are shown to follow logically from this ordering of the calculations. The difference in the solutions resulting from prescribing an axial or a tangential velocity excitation at the end of a conical membrane is presented, and the mesh size necessary for convergence to the solution is indicated. The graphs of the results clearly indicate regions in space and time where the membrane model should be replaced by the shell formulation to represent a realistic structure. The technique is shown to be self-contained and independent of any formal method such as the method of characteristics.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 215-232 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents an analysis of the response of plastic spherical and cylindrical shells subjected to loads applied through a rigid boss. Special emphasis is placed on following the load-deflection behaviour of these structures after the application of the yield-point load in order to predict the appearance of any snapping action.The method of analysis assumes that upper bound calculations are applicable and that the associated velocity fields can be represented by a series of piecewise continuous polynomials. The internal dissipation of energy for the structures are then written in terms of the coefficients of these polynomials and the values appropriate to the solution are found by using a non-linear programming routine.The results of this analysis are correlated with a non-dimensional boss size parameter p and compared with the results of experimental investigations. Mention is also made of the possible effects of initial imperfections.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element technique is used to determine the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of a cantilever plate mounted on the periphery of a rotating disc. The plane of the plate is assumed to make any arbitrary angle with the plane of rotation of the disc. The distributed centrifugal force is resolved into two components - one acting in the plane of the plate and the other normal to the plate. The stresses produced in the middle surface of the plate due to the in-plane forces are first determined. The increase in the bending stiffness of the plate elements due to these in-plane stresses is obtained in a manner similar to that used in the stability analysis of plates. The component of the distributed centrifugal force normal to the plate surface is added to the inertia force.From the results of computations carried out for various values of the aspect ratio, the speed of rotation, the disc radius and the setting angle, empirical formulae are derived giving the effect of these parameters on the natural frequencies. These empirical formulae are observed to be in agreement with the corresponding known formulae for rotating cantilever beams, when the aspect ratio is high.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a search procedure for finding the unconstrained maximum or minimum of a function of many independent variables. If this function represents the volume, cost, stiffness, etc. of a structure and each of the independent variables is associated with a parameter governing the geometry of the structure then designs of optimum geometry may be made in certain cases with the assistance of this search procedure. The procedure consists of steepest gradient calculations used in conjunction with a reverse Fibonacci location process. A ridge-following technique is included to speed convergence in addition to localized exploration in the region of an optimum.The search procedure has been programmed for computer use and an outline of its structural design applications is presented together with an example of its efficiency in a specific case.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 261-273 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A study of bending of plates for small deformations by applying the finite element method is presented in this paper.A new class of displacement functions has been developed for rectangular bending elements. For the first time a method is proposed for the derivation of displacement functions in which trigonometric expressions that had apparently failed to yield satisfactory results in earlier attempts can be used along with polynomial terms.The derivation leads to conforming type of displacement functions which satisfy the convergence criterion. The approach also demonstrates how many more new displacement functions can be found.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 275-290 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of plate and shell problems by an independent specification of slopes and middle surface displacements is attractive due to its simplicity and ability of reproducing shear deformation. Unfortunately elements of this type are much too stiff when thickness is reduced.In an earlier paper a derivation of such an element was presented1 which proved very successful in ‘thick’ situations. Here a very simple extension is made which allows the element to be economically used in all situations.The improved flexibility is achieved simply by reducing the order of numerical integration applied to certain terms without sacrificing convergence properties. The process is of very wide applicability in improvement of element properties.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 291-292 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 27
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 293-294 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 28
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 29
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 295-296 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 30
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The theory of conjugate approximations1 is used to obtain consistent approximations of stress fields in finite element approximations based on displacement assumptions. These consistent stresses are continuous across interelement boundaries and involve less mean error than those computed by the conventional approach.
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  • 31
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 299-315 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A system of finite element shell analysis codes, called SABOR/DRASTIC, is used to analyse a complex two-layered shell of revolution under static and dynamic asymmetric loads. The dynamic analysis is compared with experimentally measured response. In this linear elastic analysis, emphasis is placed on the inherent flexibility of the finite element method in modelling the complex structural geometry of a given test specimen. Static studies, which involve variations in important shell parameters, and dynamic studies, which provide a successful correlation with experiment, are used to illustrate both the detail and the generality with which shell analyses may now be performed with confidence.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 327-347 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Many of the known finite elements are based on a variational procedure in a functional basis of monomials. The present paper attempts to formulate completely a finite element procedure which is non-variational on a functional basis which is left to the choice of the user.
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  • 33
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer program is described for the analysis of plates in extension using the equivalent plane-framework idealization. The conjugate gradient method is adopted to solve the resulting large number of simultaneous equations. Performance figures are quoted for the program when used on an ICL KDF9 machine with a restriction of 18K on the available core store. The method is generally shown to provide a satisfactory solution to a heavy computational task and thus permits the solution of very large structural systems on a small computer.
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  • 34
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A very simple equation solver of very large capacity is developed. The method described here does not require a very large in-core memory; however, a fast random access device like a magnetic disk drive is required.
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  • 35
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 445-446 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 36
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 447-448 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 37
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Syntheses in the Plasma of a Glow Discharge, VII. Elimination of Carbon MonoxideAuszug aus der Diplomarbeit G. Kruppa, Univ. Tübingen 1970.In the plasma of glow discharges, aldehydes and ketones decarbonylate on a preparative scale. To test this method which has been developed for fluorenone, a number of simple carbonyl compounds are investigated. Aromatic compounds decompose in high yields; the expected decarbonylation products are formed almost without by-products. Aliphatic compounds mostly form several products on decarbonylation.
    Notes: Im Plasma von Glimmentladungen können Aldehyde und Ketone präparativ decarbonyliert werden. Diese am Fluorenon entwickelte Methode wird auf einfache Aldehyde und Ketone aus verschiedenen Verbindungsklassen angewandt. Bei den aromatischen Carbonylverbindungen sind die Ausbeuten an Decarbonylierungsprodukten sehr gut und die Reaktion verläuft weitgehend einheitlich (Tab. 1). Aliphatische Carbonylverbindungen decarbonylieren meist unter Bildung uneinheitlicher Produkte.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: β-Substituted Enamines, II. Reactions of Primary Amines with 2-Chloro-1.3-dicarbonyl-compounds2-Chlor-acetoacetic ester and 3-chloroacetylacetone are forming with tert.-butylamine 1:1-adducts of the salt structure 7. Primary aromatic amines or cyclohexylamine give condensation products 8, 9, 10 and 11 of ethyl-1-chloro-2-amino-prop-1-ene carboxylate and 3-chloro-4-amino-pent-3-ene-2-one.
    Notes: 2-Chlor-acetessigester (1) und 3-Chlor-acetylaceton bilden mit tert.-Butylamin die salzartigen 1:1-Addukte 7, während mit primären aromatischen Aminen oder Cyclohexylamin Kondensation zu den Derivaten 8, 9, 10 und 11 des 1-Chlor-2-amino-propen-(1)-carbonsäure-(1)-äthylesters bzw. 3-Chlor-4-amino-penten-(3)-ons-(2) erfolgt.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 8-14 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydride Transfer to 3,4-DehydrotolueneThe reaction of p-fluorotoluene with lithiumdiethylamide in ether produces a mixture of α-[m- and p-toluyl]-diethylamine (14m,p) and m- and p-[N,N-diethyl]-toluidine (16m and 16p); toluene is isolated as a by-product. The same reaction in the presence of furan results in the formation of 6-methyl-1,4-dihydro-naphthalene-1,4-endoxide (17). A 3,4-dehydrotoluene intermediate is quite probably involved. - In an analogous reaction with p-iodotoluene which yields toluene as a major product as well as α-[p-toluyl]-diethylamine (14p), a direct halogen substitution and a halogen-metal exchange are much more likely.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von p-Fluor-toluol mit Lithium-diäthylamid in Äther führt zu einem Gemisch von α-[m- und p-Tolyl]-diäthylamin (14m,p) sowie m- und p-[N.N-Diäthyl]-toluidin (16m bzw. 16p); Toluol wird als Nebenprodukt isoliert. Dieselbe Reaktion ergibt in Gegenwart von Furan 6-Methyl-1.4-dihydro-naphthalin-endoxid-(1.4) (17). Eine 3.4-Dehydro-toluol-Zwischenstufe läßt sich hier mit Sicherheit nachweisen. - Bei der analogen Reaktion mit p-Jodtoluol, die Toluol als Hauptprodukt und außerdem α-[p-Tolyl]-diäthylamin (14p) liefert, lassen sich hingegen eine direkte Halogen-Substitution und ein Halogen/Metall-Austausch wahrscheinlich machen.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1:1-Adducts of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds with Secondary Amines or CyclohexylamineTrimethyl methanetricarboxylate, dimethyl methylsulfonylmalonate, dimethyl acetylmalonate and methyl diacetylacetate yield crystalline 1:1-adducts with secondary or primary amines. From the IR-spectra, salt-like structures 1-4 are deduced.
    Notes: Aus Methantricarbonsäuretrimethylester, Methylsulfonyl-malonsäuredimethylester, Acetylmalonsäuredimethylester sowie Diacetyl-essigsäuremethylester und sek. oder prim. Aminen entstehen kristalline 1:1-Addukte, deren IR-Spektren auf salzartige Strukturen im Sinne der Formeln 1-4 schließen lassen.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 42-50 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Olefins with DihalocarbenesDichlorocarbene, generated from chloroform, aqueous sodium hydroxide, and a catalytic amount of triethyl-benzylammonium chloride allows the preparation of dichlorocyclopropanes (1-8) from olefins, which yield little or no product with potassium-tert.-butoxide and chloroform. From cyclooctatetraene a bisadduct 11 was obtained besides the known compound 10. Acetylenes give only low yields of cyclopropenones due to secondary reactions. Dibromocarbene may be generated in the same manner. Two thermal reorganizations of dichlorocyclopropanes are elucidated.
    Notes: Das aus Chloroform, 50proz. wäßriger Natronlauge und katalytischen Mengen Triäthyl-benzyl-ammoniumchlorid erzeugte Dichlorcarben ermöglicht die Herstellung von Dichlor-cyclopropanen (1-8) auch aus solchen Olefinen, bei denen Kalium-tert.-butylat versagt oder mäßige Ausbeuten liefert. Aus Cyclooctatetraen wird neben dem bekannten 10 das Bisaddukt 11 erhalten. Acetylene geben wegen Folgereaktionen geringe Ausbeuten an Cyclopropenonen. Nach demselben Verfahren kann auch Dibromcarben erzeugt werden. Zwei thermische Ringöffnungsreaktionen von Dichlorcyclopropanen werden aufgeklärt.
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: β-Substituted Enamines, III. Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions with α,β-Unsaturated α-Chloro-β-aminocarbonyl Compounds1-Chloro-2-arylamino-prop-1-ene-1-carboxylic esters (1; R = C2H5O) and 3-chloro-4-aryl-amino-3-pentene-2-ones (1; R = CH3) are able to exchange the halogen with primary or secondary amines, alkoxides and aryl mercaptans yielding compounds of type 2, 3, 5 or 6. Also the ethyl-2-amino-4-methyl-5-carboxylate (7), and the ethyl ester 8a of 3-methyl-4H-1.4-benzothiazin-carboxylic acid can be prepared by similar nucleophilic displacement-reactions of compounds 1 or 2.
    Notes: 1-Chlor-2-arylamino-propen-(1)-carbonäure-(1)-ester (1; R = C2H5O) und 3-Chlor-4-aryl-amino-penten-(3)-one-(2) (1; R = CH3) vermögen ihr Halogen-Atom gegen primäre oder sekundäre Aminogruppen, gegen Alkoxy-Reste sowie gegen Arylmercapto-Gruppen auszutauschen, wobei Verbindungen des Typs 2, 3, 5 oder 6 entstehen. 2-Amino-4-methyl-thiazol-carbonsäure-(5)-äthylester (7) und 3-Methyl-4H-1.4-benzothiazin-carbonsäure-(2)-äthylester (8a) sind durch ähnliche nucleophile Austauschreaktionen der Verbindungen 1 oder 2 zugänglich.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 65-80 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Ring Cleavage of Quinolizinium Compounds and Subsequent ReactionsQuinolizinium salts 1 react with aliphatic amines under ring-opening to vinylogous amidines 2 with trans,trans-conjugated tetramethin chains. The amine rest is exchangeable in presence of protons. The amidines can be alkylated and acylated at the heterocyclic imine nitrogen. The results are hemicyanines of the type of vinylogous amidinium salts, but in certain cases the quinolizinium salt is reformed. Hemicyanines with a reactive N-methylene group yield indolizines 18 by intramolecular ring closure, which are either unsubstituted or bear a vinyl group in the 2-position.
    Notes: Chinoliziniumsalze 1 reagieren mit aliphatischen Aminen unter Ringöffnung zu vinylogen Amidinen 2 mit trans.trans-konjugierter Tetramethin-Kette, in denen die Amin-Reste in Gegenwart von H′-Ionen austauschbar sind. Sie lassen sich am heterocyclischen Imino-Stickstoff alkylieren und acylieren. Dabei entstehen Hemicyanine vom Typ vinyloger Amidiniumsalze; unter besonderen Bedingungen aber wird das Chinoliniumsalz zurückgebildet. Aus Hemicyaninen, die eine reaktive N-Methylen-Gruppe besitzen, bilden sich durch intramolekularen Ringschluß Indolizine 18, die in 2-Stellung unsubstituiert sind oder eine Vinylgruppe tragen.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 45
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Pyrroles, Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles via Bis-en-hydrazinesSpecial cyclic and open-chain carbonyl compounds react with N.N′-dimethyl-hydrazine to bis-en-hydrazines 3 as intermediates which by thermolysis or acid catalysis give rise to the formation of N-methyl-pyrroles. Monomethylhydrazine gives in this reaction the same N-methyl-pyrroles, selectively. If the cyclization leads to pyrazolines, then the presence of a suitable leaving group effects the formation of the pyrazole or pyrazolium system by β-elimination.  -  The mechanisms of the reactions are discussed.
    Notes: Spezielle cyclische und offenkettige Carbonylverbindungen liefern bei der Umsetzung mit N.N′-Dimethyl-hydrazin über die entsprechenden Bis-en-hydrazine 3 als Zwischenstufen bei Säurekatalyse oder Thermolyse N-Methyl-pyrrole. Desgleichen führt die Umsetzung mit Monomethylhydrazin selektiv zu N-Methyl-pyrrolen. Infolge einer Konkurrenzreaktion werden gegebenenfalls Pyrazoline gebildet. Das Pyrazolin-System kann dabei, falls β-Eliminierung möglich ist, in das Pyrazol- bzw. Pyrazolium-System umgewandelt werden.  -  Die Mechanismen der Reaktionen werden diskutiert.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 744 (1971), S. 88-104 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement of Oxalodinitrile-bis-aryliminesThe title compounds 2 are obtained in situ from the corresponding hydrazidehalides by dehydrohalogenation and may be trapped by suitable dipolarophiles. In the absence of the latter, they dimerize (if aryl = phenyl or o-tolyl) to mesoionic 1,2,4,5-tetraazapentalenes 17, a so far unknown heteroaromatic system. The strongly sterically hindered 2c (aryl = 2,6-dimethylphenyl) undergoes intramolecular rearrangement to [7-methylindazolyl-2]-[2,6-dimethylphenylimino]-acetonitrile (25). The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.
    Notes: Oxalodinitril-bis-arylimine 2 können aus den entsprechenden Hydrazidchloriden durch Dehydrohalogenierung in situ dargestellt und mit Dipolarophilen abgefangen werden. In Abwesenheit der letzteren dimerisieren 2 (Aryl = Phenyl oder o-Tolyl) zu meso-ionischen 1.2.4.5-Tetraaza-pentalenen 17, einem bisher unbekannten heteroaromatischen System. Das sterisch stark gehinderte 2c (Aryl = 2.6-Dimethyl-phenyl) lagert sich intramolekular in 2-[2.6-Dimethyl-phenylimino]-2-[7-methyl-indazolyl-(2)]-acetonitril (25) um. Der Mechanismus dieser Reaktionen wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Antimalarial 6-Aminoquinolines, II. 6-[ω-Diethylaminoalkylamino]- and 6-[ω-Aminoalkyl-amino]-5,8-dimethoxyquinaldinesTwelve derivatives of 6-amino-5,8-dimethoxyquinaldine with the basic side chains (C2H5)2N—(CH2)n—NH (n = 2, 3; 15, 16) and H2N—(CH2)n—CHR—NH— (n = 1 - 9, R = H, CH3; 21a-k) in the 6-position are prepared with the aim of studying the influence of the basic side chain on malarial activity and toxicity of the 6-aminoquinolines.
    Notes: Zwölf in 6-Stellung basisch alkylierte 6-Amino-5.8-dimethoxy-chinaldine mit den Seiten-ketten (C2H5)2N—(CH2)n—NH— (n = 2, 3; 15, 16) und H2N—(CH2)n—CHR—NH—(n = 1—9, R = H, CH3; 21a-k) wurden synthetisiert, um den Einfluß der basischen Seitenkette auf Malaria-Wirksamkeit und Toxizität der 6-Amino-chinoline zu untersuchen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemistry of Silicon-nitrogen Compounds, IC. The Sevenmembered Silicon-nitrogen Structural Units of 1,5-Bis[(di)alkylamino]-octamethyl-trisildiazanesReaction of 1,5-dichlorooctamethyltrisildiazane with amines gives the 1,5-bis[(di)alkylamino]-octamethyl-trisildiazanes 1-7. The compounds can be transformed by shortening of the sevenmembered SiN chain to the permethylated cyclotrisilazanes 8-10 with varied substituents in position 2 or by extension of the SiN chain to permethylated cyclotetrasilazane 11 with varied substituents in position 1,2 and 8. In an analogous way, the novel inorganic eightmembered ring of phosphatrisilatetrazacyclooctane (12) has been prepared.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von 1.5-Dichlor-oktamethyl-trisildiazan mit Aminen führt zu den 1.5-Bis[(di)-alkylamino]-oktamethyl-trisildiazanen 1-7. Diese lassen sich unter Verkürzung der sieben-gliedrigen SiN-Kette zu permethylierten Cyclotrisilazanen 8-10 mit variierten Substituenten in 2-Stellung sowie unter Verlängerung der SiN-Kette zu permethylierten Cyclotetrasilazanen 11 mit variierten Substituenten in 1.2- und 8-Stellung umsetzen. Analog gelingt die Darstellung des neuartigen anorganischen Achtrings 12 mit 1 P-, 3 Si- und 4 N-Atomen als Ringgliedern.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bromination of 4,4′,4″-Trisubstituted Triphenylamines. Torsional Control of Electrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionThe structures of the tribromination products of tris-(p-bromophenyl)-amine (2), tris-(p-tolyl)-amine (3) and tris-(p-anisyl)-amine (4) have been determined by comparison of their NMR spectra with those of the appropriate 4-substituted 2-bromoaniline or 4-substituted 3-bromoaniline as model compounds. The spectra (figures 1-3) show that in all cases one bromine atom substitutes in each ring of the triarylamine on a site ortho to the nitrogen atom. These results have been confirmed by fitting the chemical shifts and coupling constants to calculate the NMR spectra of these compounds (table 1). Substitution at the ortho position is consistent with the expected relative activation effects (but not steric effects) of the diarylamino group and the para substituents when the latter are Br or CH3, but probably not when they are OCH3. Deuterium exchange in 3 and 4 also occurs ortho to the amine nitrogen, but at all six ortho sites. Chlorination of triphenylamine (1) can be carried to the perchlorination stage with complete replacement of aromatic hydrogen by chlorine. Bromination of 1 under comparable conditions becomes very slow after the substitution of four bromine atoms per ring. These results are interpreted as the result of stepwise electrophilic substitution which occurs only when the aromatic ring undergoing reaction is rotated close to the fully activated conformation, in which it is coplanar with the three C—N bonds of the triarylamine. The other two rings must be rotated far out of the plane to permit the ring undergoing substitution to attain this conformation. After bromination in one ortho position, the bulky bromine atom prevents return to the fully activated position, but the smaller hydrogen, deuterium, or chlorine atom does not; thus bromination of the second ortho position is very slow, while deuterium exchange or chlorination proceed at normal rates.
    Notes: Die Strukturen der Tribromierungsprodukte von 4.4′.4″-Tribrom-triphenylamin (2), Tris-[4-methyl-phenyl]-amin (3) und Tris-[4-methoxy-phenyl]-amin (4) werden durch Vergleich ihrer NMR-Spektren mit denjenigen von 4-substit. 2-Brom- oder 3-Brom-anilin bestimmt. Die NMR-Spektren (Abb. 1-3) zeigen, daß in allen Ringen des Triarylamins Monobrom-Substitution in ortho-Stellung zum Stickstoff erfolgt. Diese Ergebnisse werden durch NMR-Spektren bestätigt, die mit Hilfe von angeglichenen chemischen Verschiebungen und Kopplungs-konstanten errechnet wurden (Tab. 1). Die Substitution in ortho-Stellung stimmt mit den erwarteten relativen Aktivierungseffekten der Diarylamin-Gruppe und der para-Substituenten Br oder CH3, wahrscheinlich jedoch nicht OCH3, überein. Deuterium-Austausch in 3 und 4 erfolgt ebenfalls in ortho-Stellung zum Amin-Stickstoff jedoch in allen sechs ortho-Stellungen. Die Chlorierung von Triphenylamin (1) kann bis zum vollständigen Ersatz der aromatischen Wasserstoff-Atome durch Chlor ausgedehnt werden. Die unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen erfolgende Bromierung von 1 verläuft nach der Einführung von vier Brom-Atomen in jeden Ring äußerst langsam. Die Ergebnisse werden als Folge einer stufenweisen elektrophilen Substitution interpretiert, die nur dann durchführbar ist, wenn der reagierende aromatische Ring sich in die nahezu vollständig aktivierte Lage dreht, in der der Ring in einer Ebene mit den drei C—N-Bindungen liegt. Um diese Lage zu ermöglichen, müssen die beiden anderen Ringe sich weit aus der Ebene herausdrehen. Nach der Bromierung in einer ortho-Stellung verhindert das sperrige Brom-Atom, im Gegensatz zum kleineren Wasserstoff, Deuterium oder Chlor, die Rückbildung der vollständig aktivierten Anordnung. Aus diesem grund erfolgt die Bromierung in der zweiten ortho-Stellung sehr langsam, während Chlorierung oder Deuterium-Austausch mit normaler Geschwindigkeit verlaufen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Circular Dichroism, XLI. Rearrangement of 3-Acyl- and 3-Hydroxyalkyl-Δ1-pyrazolines Under Acylation ConditionsAcetic anhydride attacks bornan-2-ol-3-spiro-3′-Δ1′-pyrazoline (1) to a great extent at N1 with concomitant fragmentation of the bornane skeleton between C2 and C3. The corresponding camphor derivative 12 gives analogous fragmentation, the intermediate acylium ion at C-2 then again attacking the pyrazoline ring with formation of an azepine system. The structure of these compounds was determined by chemical degradation and from their spectra. This fragmentation reaction is not restricted to the strained bornane system as has been shown in the case of 3-methyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)- Δ1-pyrazoline (6). The phenylazo derivative 9 of 3-ethoxycarbonyl camphor leads to this ring cleavage already during NaBH4 reduction. The chiroptical properties of the various pyrazoles and pyrazolines are discussed. Circular dichroism of the compounds 1-24 in table 1 (p. 153).
    Notes: Acetanhydrid greift Bornan-2-ol-3-spiro-3′-Δ1′-pyrazolin (1) vorwiegend am N1 an unter Fragmentierung der C2-C3-Bindung des Bornan-Gerüsts. Das entsprechende Campher-Derivat 12 erleidet eine analoge Fragmentierung, indem das intermediär entstehende Acylium-Ion an C-2 erneut den Pyrazolin-Ring unter Ausbildung eines Azepin-Ringsystems angreift. Die Struktur dieser Verbindungen wurde durch chemischen Abbau und spektroskopische Daten bestimmt. Diese Fragmentierungsreaktion ist nicht auf das gespannte Bornan-System beschränkt, wie am Beispiel des 3-Methyl-3-[1-hydroxyäthyl]-Δ1-pyrazolins (6) bewiesen wurde. Das Phenylazo-Derivat 9 des 3-Äthoxycarbonyl-camphers gibt bereits bei der NaBH4-Reduktion diese Ringspaltung. Die chiroptischen Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Pyrazole und Pyrazoline werden diskutiert. CD-Daten der untersuchten Verbindungen 1-24 sind in Tab. 1 (S. 153) zusammengestellt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 745 (1971), S. 8-19 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [1-Desamino]Lysinvasotocin, a Disulfide Polypeptide Exhibiting Oxytocic Activity[1-Desamino]LysinvasotocinZur Nomenklatur vgl. IUPAC-IUB Commission Biochem. Nomenclature, Rules for Naming Synthetic Modifications of Natural Peptides, Biochemistry [Washington] 6, 362 (1967); Hoppe-Seyler's Z. physiol. Chem. 348, 256 (1967).( 11), an analogue of the natural Lysinvasotocin ( 1), found in hogs' pineal glands, is stepwise synthesized with a protected bisthiolpeptide as intermediate. The new compound 11 has the oxytocic activity of Lysinvasotocin without a detectable pressor activity.
    Notes: [1-Desamino]LysinvasotocinZur Nomenklatur vgl. IUPAC-IUB Commission Biochem. Nomenclature, Rules for Naming Synthetic Modifications of Natural Peptides, Biochemistry [Washington] 6, 362 (1967); Hoppe-Seyler's Z. physiol. Chem. 348, 256 (1967).ein Analogon des natürlichen Lysinvasotocins (1), das in Zirbeldrüsen von Schweinen gefunden wurde, wird schrittweise über ein geschütztes Bisthiol-peptid als Zwischenstufe synthetisiert. Die neue Verbindung 11 zeigt die Uterus-wirksame Aktivität von Lysinvasotocin. Eine Vasopressin-Wirkung wurde nicht beobachtet.
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  • 52
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 745 (1971), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Indole Derivatives, XIII1). Quinolone Derivatives by Autoxidation2,3-Disubstituted indole derivatives of the tetrahydroharmane-type (5, 21, 24, 25) give rise to quinolones (6, 22, 23, 26, 27) on treatment with potassium tert. butylate in dimethylformamide. The reaction is discussed in connection with the biogenesis of camptothecine (1).
    Notes: 2.3-Disubstituierte Indol-Verbindungen vom Tetrahydroharman-Typ (5, 21, 24, 25) werden in Dimethylformamid mit Kalium-tert.-butylat und Sauerstoff in Chinolone (6, 22, 23, 26, 27) übergeführt. Die Bedeutung dieser Reaktion für die Biogenese des Camptothecins (1) wird diskutiert.
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  • 53
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 745 (1971), S. 39-58 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Constituents of the Essential Wood Oil from Fokienia hodginsii L.The wood oil of Fokienia hodginsii L. is separated by distillation, column and gas-liquid chromatography. At least 35 constituents are detected, 24 of which are identified and 3 are structurally evaluated. Main constituents (24% each) are nerolidol (13) and the hitherto unknown 2,6,10-trimethyldodeca-1,3-trans(s-trans)6-trans, 11-tetraene-10-ol (Fokienol, 14); besides these, it contains the compounds given in table 1.
    Notes: Das äther. Holzöl aus Fokienia hodginsii L. wird destillativ sowie säulen- und gaschromatographisch aufgetrennt. Es werden mindestens 35 Bestandteile nachgewiesen, von denen 24 identifiziert und 3 strukturell aufgeklärt werden. Hauptbestandteile (je 24%) sind Nerolidol (13) und das bisher unbekannte 2.6.10-Trimethyl-dodeca-1.3-trans(s-trans).6-trans.11-tetraen-10-ol (Fokienol, 14); daneben sind die in Tab. 1 angeführten Verbindungen enthalten.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 54
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polarographic Investigations for the Different Behaviour of Trihydroxytoluenes During the Reaction with Amino Acids Under Oxydative ConditionsPolarographic studies of the reaction of trihydroxytoluenes (1-3) with glycine under nonenzymatic oxydative conditions permit the interpretation of the different behaviour (addition or deamination) according to their substitution. The experimental results agree with the theoretical predictions, basing on the relation between structure and reactivity of benzoquinones.
    Notes: Die polarographische Verfolgung der Reaktion von Trihydroxytoluolen (1-3) mit Glycin unter nicht-enzymatischen oxydierenden Bedingungen (Abb. 1 und 2) ermöglicht das von der Substitution abhängige unterschiedliche Verhalten (Addition- bzw. Desaminierung) zu deuten. Die experimentellen Befunde stehen in Einklang mit theoretischen Voraussagen, die aufgrund der erarbeiteten Zusammenhänge von Struktur und Reaktivität bei Benzochinonen getroffen werden können.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 92-101 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sulfuration of Ureas by P4S10Tetrasubstituted ureas may be converted into the corresponding thioureas (table 1, page 93) by means of P4S10. Trisubstituted ureas give rise to side reactions yielding trans-acylated products and the dithiophosphate 5a (table 2, page 95).
    Notes: Tetrasubstituierte Harnstoffe lassen sich durch Einwirkung von P4S10 in die entsprechenden Thioharnstoffe (Tab. 1, S. 93) überführen. Trisubstituierte Harnstoffe gehen Nebenreaktionen ein, wobei umacylierte Produkte sowie das Dithiophosphat 5a auftreten (Tab. 2, S. 95).
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 56
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 120-133 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Triafulvenes with N-, S- and P-ylides, II1). Allylpyridinium Betaines and TriafulvenesThe allylbetaine 5a reacts with diphenylcyclopropenone (1a) in aprotic solvents forming 2,3,6-triphenylphenol (10). In protic solvents 1a and 5a-c give the esters 12 of Δ3.5-hexadienoic acid. 1,2-Diphenyl-3-diacetylmethylenecyclopropene (1b) yields with 5a and 5c the fulvenes 20a and 20c, respectively, in addition with 5a 2,3,6-triphenyl-1-diacetylmethylbenzene (19) and the acetylene 23. The structure of the products is proved by spectral data, chemical degradation and independent synthesis. From their formation a ketene-allene mechanism (pages 123, 127) seems to be very likely.
    Notes: Das Allylbetain 5a reagiert mit Diphenylcyclopropenon (1a) in aprotischem Solvens zu 2.3.6-Triphenyl-phenol (10). In protischem Solvens entstehen dagegen mit 5a-c Δ3.5-Hexadiensäureester 12. - 1.2-Diphenyl-3-diacetylmethylen-cyclopropen (1b) ergibt mit 5a und 5c die Fulven-Derivate 20a bzw. 20c, mit 5a zusätzlich 2.3.6-Triphenyl-1-diacetylmethyl-benzol (19) und das Acetylen 23. Die Konstitution der erhaltenen Produkte wird durch ihre Spektren, Abbaureaktionen und unabhängige Synthese bewiesen. Ihre Bildung macht einen Keten-Allen-Mechanismus (S. 123, 127) sehr wahrscheinlich.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 57
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 174-184 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydride Transfer from Lithium Pyrrolidide to AzomethinesWith the discovery that benzophenone anil (3a) can be converted to the α.β-unsaturated Schiff base 15 by means of a directed aldimine condensation with lithium metallated ethylidene cyclohexylamine (13), the formation of pyrrole derivatives 6 by the reaction of lithium pyrrolidide (4) with azomethines can be understood. In the redox reaction, which is the first of five steps in the process, the secondary lithium amides 8 as well as 1-pyrroline (9) are formed. After the anionization of 9 by means of excess starting amide, it reacts with the acceptor to yield the 3-arylmethylene-1-pyrroline intermediates 11. They then undergo a tautomeric conversion to the pyrrole derivatives 6 through the action of lithium pyrrolidide (4). This step is confirmed by the quantitative isomerization of 3-diphenylmethylene-1-pyrroline (11a) to 6a.
    Notes: Mit dem Befund, daß Benzophenonanil (3a) mit Lithium-äthyliden-cyclohexylamin (13) eine gezielte Aldimin-Kondensation zur isolierten α.β-ungesättigten Schiff-Base 15 eingehen kann, wird auch die Bildung von Pyrrol-Derivaten 6 bei der Umsetzung von Lithium-pyrrolidid (4) mit Azomethinen verständlich. Im Redoxvorgang, dem ersten Schritt dieser fünfstufigen Reaktionsfolge, entstehen die sekundären Lithiumamide 8 neben Pyrrolin-(1) (9), das sich nach seiner Anionisierung durch überschüssiges Ausgangsamid mit der Acceptor-Komponente zu den intermediären 3-Arylmethylen-pyrrolinen 11 umsetzt. Diese erfahren bei der Einwirkung von Lithium-pyrrolidid (4) eine tautomere Umwandlung in die Pyrrol-Derivate 6, wie die quantitativ ablaufende Isomerisierung von 3-Diphenylmethylen-pyrrolin-(1) (11a) zu 6a bestätigt.
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  • 58
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    Liebigs Annalen 745 (1971), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitroxides, VII. Solvent Dependence in the ESR Spectra of Alkyl-acyl-nitroxidesThe nitrogen coupling constants aN of acyl-nitroxides 1 and 2 in aprotic solvents may be correlated with the ET-values for solvent polarity. The coupling constants aN in protic solvents are unexpectedly small. This is attributed to hydrogen-bonding at the carbonyl-oxygen which influences the distribution of spin density.
    Notes: Die Stickstoff-Kopplungskonstanten aN der Acyl-nitroxide 1 und 2 in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln lassen sich mit den ET-Werten für die Lösungsmittelpolarität korrelieren. Die unerwartet kleinen Kopplungskonstanten aN in protischen Lösungsmitteln werden auf Beeinflussung der Spindichte-Verteilung durch Wasserstoffbrücken-Bindung zum Carbonyl-Sauerstoff zurückgeführt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 214-215 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Improved Preparation of 2-Benzoyloxy-4.6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde2-Benzoyloxy-4.6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (1) has been prepared in 53% yield by reaction of phloroglucinaldehyde with benzoyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine.
    Notes: 2-Benzoyloxy-4,6-dihydroxy-benzaldehyd (1) wird in einer Ausbeute von 53% d. Th. durch Reaktion von Phloroglucinaldehyd mit Benzoylchlorid bei Anwesenheit von Triäthylamin dargestellt.
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  • 60
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 211-213 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Cyclobutanone by Rearrangement of a Homopropargyl CompoundSolvolysis of [3-butyne-1-yl]-trifluoromethane sulfonate (1) in trifluoroacetic acid gives cyclobutanone (2; 76%) via a homopropargyl rearrangement.
    Notes: [Butin-(3)-yl-(1)]-trifluormethansulfonat (1) solvolysiert in Trifluoressigsäure unter Homopropargyl-Umlagerung zum Cyclobutanon (2; 76%).
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  • 61
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    Liebigs Annalen 747 (1971), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Configuration on Partial Esterification of D-GlucopyranosidesDuring esterification with acid chloride in pyridine (1 : 1) the 2-OH group of the anomeric methyl-D-glucopyranosides reacts next most easily to the 6-OH group; the α-anomer however yields more 2,6-diester. For the anomers of benzyl-D-glucopyranosides the order of reactivity of the hydroxy groups is different: 6-OH 〉 3-OH 〉 2-OH 〉 4-OH (α-configuration) and 6-OH 〉 2-OH 〉 3-OH 〉 4-OH (β-configuration).
    Notes: Bei der Veresterung der anomeren Methyl-D-glucopyranoside mit Säurechlorid/Pyridin (1 : 1) reagiert nächst dem 6-Hydroxyl das 2-Hydroxyl am leichtesten; die α-Form liefert jedoch mehr 2.6-Diester. Bei den Benzyl-D-glucopyranosiden ist die Reaktivitätsreihenfolge der Hydroxygruppen für die α-Form (6-OH 〉 3-OH 〉 2-OH 〉 4-OH) verschieden von derjenigen der β-Form (6-OH 〉 2-OH 〉 3-OH 〉 4-OH).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoreactions, XXI. ”Reductive Elimination of Nitrogene“ of Diazo Compounds in Alcohols, Induced by RadicalsDiethyl peroxydicarbonate (1), on warming in isopropyl alcohol, produces radicals which react with diazocarbonyl compounds (6, 8-10), bis(phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane (11) and 3-diazoindazolenine (12) to give reductive elimination of nitrogen. Inhibition by p-benzoquinone, aromatic nitro compounds or oxygen, as well as the observed initiation by catalytic amounts of initiator, points to a radical chain reaction. 1-Phenacyl-2-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl]-hydrazine is synthesized as a model compound, and, after dehydrogenation with silver oxide, decomposes in a manner analogous to that of a compound assumed to be an intermediate in the reaction, giving nitrogen, acetophenone and chloral. The radical-induced ”reductive elimination” gives an insight to the sensitized photolysis of diazoketones. The reaction can also be carried out - although less effectively - with other initiators such as dibenzoyl peroxide, 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile and triphenylmethaneazobenzene. With further diazoalkanes, the course of the reaction is variable.
    Notes: Diäthylperoxydicarbonat (1) liefert beim Erwärmen in Isopropylalkohol Radikale, die mit Diazocarbonyl-Verbindungen (6, 8-10), Bis-phenylsulfonyl-diazomethan (11) und 3-Diazoindazolenin (12) unter reduktiver Eliminierung von Stickstoff reagieren. Inhibitionsversuche mit p-Benzochinon, aromatischen Nitroverbindungen oder O2 sowie die Auslösung der Reaktion mit katalytischen Mengen an Initiator sprechen für eine Radikalketten-Reaktion. 1-Phenacyl-2-[2.2.2-trichlor-1-hydroxy-äthyl]-hydrazin (19) wird synthetisiert und als Modellverbindung verwendet, die nach Dehydrierung mit Silberoxid, analog einer als Zwischen-produkt angenommenen Verbindung in Stickstoff, Acetophenon und Chloral zerfällt. Die durch Radikale induzierte „reduktive Eliminierung” vermittelt einen Einblick in die sensibilisierte Photolyse von Diazoketonen. Die Reaktion kann auch mit den weniger wirksamen Initiatoren Dibenzoylperoxid, 2.2′-Azoisobutyronitril und Triphenylmethanazobenzol durchgeführt werden. Der Reaktionsverlauf mit anderen Diazoalkanen ist uneinheitlich.
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  • 63
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    Liebigs Annalen 747 (1971), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Tanning Compounds from the Wood of Chestnut and Oak, V. The Structure of VescalinThe tanning compound vescalin isolated from the wood of chestnut (Castanea sativa) and oak (Quercus sesseliflora) has structure 2a and is anomeric to castalin. This structure is proved by acid hydrolysis to flavogallonic acid (1a) and D-glucose, and also by NMR-structural analysis as well as mass spectroscopic measurements of 2b-d. With sodium methoxide/methanol 2b produces the neovescalin derivative 3a, the structure of which is elucidated in the same manner.
    Notes: Der aus dem Holz der Edelkastanie (Castanea sativa) und der Eiche (Quercus sesseliflora) isolierte Gerbstoff Vescalin besitzt die Struktur 2a und ist damit anomer zu Castalin. Die Struktur wird bewiesen durch die saure Hydrolyse zu Flavogallonsäure (1a) und D-Glucose sowie durch NMR- und Massenspektren der Verbindungen 2b-d. Durch Einwirkung von Methanol/Natriummethylat auf 2b wird das Neovescalin-Derivat 3a erhalten, dessen Struktur in entsprechender Weise aufgeklärt wird.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Liebigs Annalen 747 (1971), S. 84-97 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 4.4.6.6-Tetramethyl-5.6-dihydropyrogallol, a Stable Six Ring ReductoneStarting from isophorone we have synthesized 4,4,6,6-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one (4,4,6,6-tetramethyl-5,6-dihydropyrogallol, 6), which is the ring homologue of tetramethylreductinic acid. It is a remarkably stable reductone showing some new aspects of tautomerism in its derivatives. 6 is oxidized to the hydrate 20 of the Bordeaux-red 4,4,6,6-tetramethyl-cyclohexane-1,2,3-trione by iodine which on heating decomposes under loss of carbon dioxide and water to 6 and 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclopentane-1,2-dione (23). 6. and some of its derivatives show very simple NMR spectra pointing to a rather quick transenolisation in solution.
    Notes: Vom Isophoron aus wird 2.3-Dihydroxy-4.4.6.6-tetramethyl-cyclohexen-(2)-on (4.4.6.6-Tetramethyl-5.6-dihydro-pyrogallol, 6), das Ringhomologe der Tetramethyl-reduktinsäure, aufgebaut. Es ist ein auffallend beständiges Redukton, dessen Derivate zum Teil neue Tautomerie-Erscheinungen zeigen. 6 wird durch Jod zum Hydrat 20 des bordeauxroten 4.4.6.6-Tetramethyl-cyclohexantrions-(1.2.3) oxydiert. Dieses zerfällt beim Erwärmen unter Abgabe von Kohlendioxid und Wasser in 6 und 3.3.5.5-Tetramethyl-cyclopentandion-(1.2) (23). Die NMR-Spektren von 6 und einigen Derivaten sind sehr einfach; sie deuten auf eine rasche Umenolisierung in Lösung hin.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Liebigs Annalen 747 (1971), S. 70-83 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Secondary Reactions During the Decomposition of Diethyl Ether and Tetrahydrofuran by n-ButyllithiumEthylene, primarily formed during the decomposition of diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran by n-butyllithium, is found to be inserted up to twelve times into the Li-C-bond of still undecomposed organometallic compound so that the solution after some hours contains the higher alkyllithium compounds. In tetrahydrofuran-d8 n-butyllithium is stable about ten times longer than in undeuterated tetrahydrofuran. In a 1 : 1 mixture of diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran-d8 the diethyl ether is cleaved predominantly while tetrahydrofuran on the contrary is cleaved exclusively in diethyl ether-d10/tetrahydrofuran (1 : 1).
    Notes: Das bei der Zersetzung von Diäthyläther und Tetrahydrofuran durch n-Butyllithium primär entstehende Äthylen schiebt sich bis zu 12 mal in die Li-C-Bindung von noch unverbrauchter metallorganischer Verbindung ein, so daß in der Lösung schon nach einigen Stunden höhergliedrige Alkyllithium-Verbindungen enthalten sind. In Tetrahydrofuran-d8 ist n-Butyllithium ca. 10 mal länger haltbar als in undeuteriertem Tetrahydrofuran. In einem 1 : 1-Gemisch aus Diäthyläther und Tetrahydrofuran-d8 wird überwiegend der Diäthyläther gespalten, in Diäthyläther-d10/Tetrahydrofuran (1 : 1) dagegen ausschließlich Tetrahydrofuran.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Liebigs Annalen 747 (1971), S. 107-110 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sultams, XVI. Synthesis of Sultams with Basic GroupsThe n-butanesultams (1→4) 6 and 9, bearing basic substituents, are synthesized from N-[4-aminobenzyl]-N-acetyl-N-methylamine (3) or N,N-bis-[4-aminobenzyl]-N-methylamine (8).
    Notes: Es werden die n-Butansultame-(1→4) 6 und 9 mit basischen Substituenten aus N-[4-Aminobenzyl]-N-acetyl-n-methyl-amin (3) bzw. N.N-Bis-[4-amino-benzyl]-N-methyl-amin (8) dargestellt.
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    Liebigs Annalen 747 (1971), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of a Highly Active, Fluorine-free Glucocorticoid11β,17α,21-Trihydroxy-6,16-dimethyl-1,4,6,15-pregnatetraene-3,20-dione (6,16-dimethyl-6,15-bisdehydroprednisolone, 2b) is a systemically active fluorine-free glucocorticoid with extraordinary antiinflammatory potency. The synthesis is achieved by starting from 6-methyl- or 16-methyl-pregnadienolone. The isomerisation of 16-methyl-16,17-epoxypregnanes to 16-methyl-15-dehydro-17-hydroxy-20-oxo- and/or 16-methylene-17-hydroxy-20-oxo-pregnanes is discussed as well as the separation of the two isomers.
    Notes: 11β.17α.21-Trihydroxy-6.16-dimethyl-1.4.6.15-pregnatetraen-3.20-dion (6.16-Dimethyl-6.15-bisdehydro-prednisolon, 2b) ist ein systemisch wirkendes Fluor-freies Glucocorticoid mit extrem starker anti-inflammatorischer Aktivität. Die Synthese wird ausgehend von 6-Methyloder 16-Methyl-pregnadienolon durchgeführt. Die Isomerisierung von 16-Methyl-16.17-epoxy-20-keto-pregnanen zu 16-Methyl-15-dehydro-17-hydroxy-20-keto- und/oder 16-Methylen-17-hydroxy-20-keto-pregnanen wird diskutiert; ebenso die Trennung der beiden Isomeren.
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 102-119 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Triafulvenes with N-, S- and P-Ylides, I. Enol Betaines and TriafulvenesPyridinium-, diethylsulfonium- and triphenylphosphonium-enolbetaines (3, 16 and 17, respectively) react with cyclopropenones forming pyrones-(2) 5 (table 1). 3-Diacylmethylene-cyclopropenes yield 2-diacylmethylene-pyranes 14 with 3 and 16, while with 17 derivatives 21 of methylenecyclobutene. The structure of the different products is elucidated by means of spectral data, chemical reactions and independent syntheses. The mechanism of their formation is discussed.
    Notes: Pyridinium-, Diäthylsulfonium- und Triphenyl-phosphonium-enolbetaine (3 bzw. 16 bzw. 17) reagieren mit Cyclopropenonen zu Pyronen-(2) 5 (Tab. 1). 3-Diacylmethylen-cyclopropene ergeben mit 3 und 16 2-Diacylmethylen-pyrane 14, mit 17 jedoch Derivate 21 des Methylencyclobutens. Die Struktur der erhaltenen Produkte wird durch Spektren, chemische Reaktionen und unabhängige Synthesen gesichert; ihr Bildungsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 134-148 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen-bonds, XI1). Influence of Substituents on the Acidity of 2,2′-DihydroxybiphenylsThe acidity of 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyls (pK-values in table 1) is changed by substituents in the 3,3′-position in three different ways: It is 1) increased or decreased by inductive and resonance effects in the normal range; 2) decreased by steric hindrance of solvation of the ionising groups; 3) increased by buttressing the OH-groups together and strengthening the H-bond between them. The relative proportion of each of the three possible types of inframolecular H-bonding in these compounds depends upon the substituents present and is determinated IR-spectroscopically (table 2).
    Notes: Substituenten in 3.3′-Stellung beeinflussen die Acidität von 2.2′-Dihydroxy-biphenylen (pK-Werte in Tab. 1) in dreierlei Weise: 1) in gewohntem Umfang erhöhend oder erniedrigend durch induktive und mesomere Effekte; 2) erniedrigend durch Solvatationsbehinderung an den ionisierenden Gruppen und 3) erhöhend durch Verstärkung der H-Brückenbindung zwischen OH-Gruppen aufgrund des Stützeffekts, wodurch die Dissoziation der ersten Stufe gefördert wird. Die relative Häufigkeit der drei möglichen Arten von intramolekularen H-Brücken hängt bei diesen Verbindungen von den Substituenten ab und wird IR-spektroskopisch bestimmt (Werte in Tab. 2).
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 149-173 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Reactive Behaviour of N-Metallated Acyclic and Cyclic Secondary AminesHexamethylacetone reacts, as does benzophenone, with lithium diethylamide in a three step path which begins with a redox process and yields the stable aldol adduct 8. The abnormal behaviour of phenyl triphenylmethylketone is described. - Lithium metallated aziridines are not capable of hydride transfer and add reversibly to the carbonyl group of ketones. However, the six-and five-membered N-metallated heterocyclic systems can transfer a hydride ion and yield cyclic azomethines. Die „gezielte aldol addition” is in this case reversible. the aldol adduct 23 is isolated and characterized by conversion to the 1.2.3.4-tetrahydroquinoline derivative 24 as well as the quinoline derivative 25.
    Notes: Hexamethylaceton reagiert wie Benzophenon mit Lithium-diäthylamid in einer dreistufigen Reaktionsfolge, die durch den Redoxprozeß eingeleitet wird, zum stabilen Aldol-Addukt 8. Über das abweichende Verhalten des Phenyl-triphenylmethyl-ketons wird berichtet. - Während Lithium-metallierte Aziridine nicht zur Hydrid-Übertragung befähigt sind und sich reversibel an die Carbonylgruppe von Ketonen addieren, findet aus sechs- und fünfgliedrigen N-metallierten Heterocyclen Hydrid-Übertragung statt, wobei cyclische Azomethine entstehen. Die „gezielte Aldol-Addition” verläuft hier reversibel. Das Aldol-Addukt 23 wird isoliert und durch Umwandlung in das 1.2.3.4-Tetrahydro-chinolin-Derivat 24 bzw. das Chinolin-Derivat 25 charakterisiert.
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  • 71
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    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 185-199 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Reactivity of Metallated Amines as Hydride DonorsThe lithium amides 1a and 1b are used as hydride donors for the reduction of aromatic ketones. It is shown that the basicity of the amine used has a decisive influence on the rate of reaction. The lithium-bimetallated methylene diamines 3a and 3b are also able to reduce ketones through hydride transfer. In the reaction of 3b with benzophenone, decomposition of the addition product 6 is a possible side reaction. In the hydride transfer from N-metallated benzylaniline to benzophenone, a relation between the electronegativity of the metal, the solvent and the reaction rate is shown.
    Notes: Die Lithiumamide 1a und 1b werden als Hydrid-Donatoren zur Reduktion von aromatischen Ketonen eingesetzt, wobei festgestellt wird, daß die Basizität der verwendeten Amine die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit entscheidend beeinflußt. Auch die Lithium-bis-metallierten Aminale 3a und 3b vermögen Ketone unter Hydrid-Übertragung zu reduzieren; bei der Umsetzung von 3b mit Benzophenon ist als Nebenreaktion der Zerfall der Additionsverbindung 6 wahrscheinlich gemacht worden. Bei der Hydrid-Übertragung von N-metalliertem Benzylanilin auf Benzophenon wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Elektronegativität des Metallatoms, dem Lösungsmittel und der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit aufgezeigt.
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  • 72
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 746 (1971), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of 1,4-Dialkyl(or Diaryl)-6-arylazo-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-diazepinium Perchlorates1)The diazepinium salts 3a-k, mentioned in the title, are obtained in good yield by the condensation of mesoxaldialdehyde-2-phenylhydrazones 1 with 1,2-dianilinoethane (2a) or N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine (2b) in ethanol/perchloric acid.
    Notes: Die im Titel genannten Diazepinium-Salze 3a-k werden durch Kondensation von Mesoxaldialdehyd-2-phenylhydrazonen 1 mit 1.2-Dianilino-äthan (2a) bzw. N.N'-Dimethyl-äthylendiamin (2b) in Äthanol/Perchlorsäure in guten Ausbeuten erhalten.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 73
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 747 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 74
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 2,3-Dimethoxy-13,13a-dehydroberbine: Preparation and Spectroscopic CharacterizationThe preparation of 2,3-dimethoxy-13,13a-dehydroberbine (3) from the protoberberinium salt 2 is described. NMR, UV, and IR spectra of the enamine 3 are compared with the spectra of the corresponding immonium chloride 4.
    Notes: Die präparative Herstellung von 2.3-Dimethoxy-13.13a-dehydro-berbin (3) aus dem Proto-berberiniumsalz 2 wird beschrieben. NMR-, UV- und IR-Spektren des Enamins 3 werden mit den Spektren des zugehörigen Immoniumchlorids 4 verglichen.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 75
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: β-Substituted Enamines, IV1). Substitution Reactions of 1,1,2-TriaminoethenesThe amidinium salts 1 and 3 are prepared by protonation or alkylation of 1,1,2-triaminoethenes 5. With 5 and α-chloroamines the chlorides 7 are obtained, which are converted by hydrolysis to 2,3-dialkylamino-N.N-dialkylpropionamides 4. By reaction of 5 with diazonium salts the phenylhydrazono-acetamidinium salts 6 are formed. - Acylation of 5 to compound 9 with acetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine takes place at the C-2 carbon. O-Acylated salts 11 and 12 can be isolated after treatment of 5 with excess of benzoyl chloride. 5b undergoes reaction with ketene yielding a mixture of the C-acylated product 9a and the α-pyrone derivative 4. - The reaction of 5 with isocyanates and isothiocyanates yields the carbamoyl and the thiocarbamoyl derivatives 16 and 17, respectively. Triaminoacrylonitriles 18 are obtained from cyanogen chloride and 5. - Reaction of 5 with phenylsulfonyl and benzylsulfonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine gives the sulfones 19. From the reaction with methylsulfonyl chloride the thietene-1,1-dioxide 21 can be isolated as well as 23; it is probably formed from addition of 5 to a sulfene intermediate. - Dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate reacts with 5 to 1,1,4-triamino-2,3-dicarbomethoxy-1,3-butadiene 25.
    Notes: Aus den 1.1.2-Triamino-äthenen 5 entstehen bei der Protonierung und Alkylierung Amidiniumsalze wie 1 bzw. 3. α-Chlorierte Amine überführen die Verbindungen 5 in Amidinium-chloride 7, die bei der Hydrolyse die 2.3-Dialkylamino-propionsäure-dialkylamide 4 liefern. Diazoniumsalze und 5 bilden Phenylhydrazono-acetamidiniumsalze 6. - Acetylchlorid in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin acyliert 5 in 2-Stellung zu 9; mit Benzoylchlorid tritt sekundär Enol-Acylierung zu 11 bzw. 12 ein. Aus Keten und 5b entsteht neben 9a das α-Pyronderivat 14. - Isocyanate bzw. Isothiocyanate und 5 bilden die Carbamoyl- bzw. Thiocarbamoyl-Derivate 16 bzw. 17; mit Chlorcyan entstehen die Triamino-acrylnitrile 18. - Benzol- und Benzylsulfochlorid reagieren mit 5b in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin zu 1.1.2-Triamino-2-sulfonyl-äthenen 19. Ausgehend von Methansulfochlorid wurde neben 23 über intermediär gebildetes Sulfen das Thieten-dioxid-(1.1) 21 erhalten. - Acetylendicarbonsäure-dimethyl-ester und 5 setzen sich unter Bildung von 1.1.4-Tris-(dialkylamino)-2.3-bis-(methoxycarbonyl)-butadienen-(1.3) 25 um.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with 2-Thiazoline-5-ones, II1). Rearrangement of 4-Arylazo-2-benzylmercapto-2-thiazoline-5-ones into 1,2,4-Triazole DerivativesTreatment of 4-arylazo-2-benzylmercapto-2-thiazoline-5-ones (3a, b) with potassium hydroxide in ethanol effects their conversion into 1-aryl-Δ2-1,2,4-triazoline-5-thione-3-carboxylic acids (4a, b). On the other hand, 3a, b react with ethanol in presence of sulphuric acid to yield ethyl esters (5a, b) of 1-aryl-5-benzylmercapto-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acids. - Whereas treatment of 3a-c with aromatic amines or phenylhydrazine results in the formation of benzylmercaptotriazole derivatives (5f-l), 3a, b react with methylamine or piperidine to give triazolinethione derivatives (4c-f). The benzylmercapto derivatives 5f-h are easily oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to give the benzylsulfonyl derivatives 7a-c. 4-Arylazo-2-alkoxy-2-thiazoline-5-ones (10a-f) undergo rearrangement to the triazole derivatives 11a-j upon treatment with aromatic amines.
    Notes: Beim Behandeln von 4-Arylazo-2-benzylmercapto-Δ2-thiazolinonen-(5) (3a, b) mit äthanol. KOH tritt Umlagerung zu 1-Aryl-Δ2-triazolinthion-(5)-carbonsäuren-(3) (4a, b) ein. Andererseits reagieren 3a, b mit Äthanol in Gegenwart von Schwefelsäure zu Äthylestern (5a, b) der 1-Aryl-5-benzylmercapto-1H-1.2.4-triazolcarbonsäuren-(3). - Während 3a-c mit aromatischen Aminen oder Phenylhydrazin zu Benzylmercaptotriazol-Derivaten 5f-l reagieren, bilden sich bei der Umsetzung von 3a, b mit Methylamin oder Piperidin die Triazolinthion-Derivate 4c-f. Die Benzylmercapto-Derivate 5f-h werden durch H2O2 zu den Benzylsulfonyl-Derivaten 7a-c oxydiert. 4-Arylazo-2-alkoxy-Δ2-thiazolinone-(5) (10a-f) werden beim Behandeln mit aromatischen Aminen zu den Triazol-Derivaten 11a-j umgelagert.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 77
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    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methods for the Preparation of Trimethylsilyl IsothiocyanatocarboxylatesThe methods I-VI for the preparation of trimethylsilyl esters of aliphatic and aromatic isothiocyanatocarboxylic acids 3 are described. A comparison shows method V to be the most suitable. With the exception of their α-derivatives the trimethylsilyl isothiocyanatocarboxylates can be converted into their corresponding acid chlorides 4 by treatment with thionyl chloride.
    Notes: Es werden die Methoden I-VI zur Herstellung aliphatischer und aromatischer Isothiocyanatocarbonsäure-trimethylsilylester 3 beschrieben. Ein Vergleich ihres präparativen Wertes zeigt, daß Methode V am besten geeignet ist. Isothiocyanatocarbonsäure-trimethylsilylester, ausgenommen die α-Verbindungen, lassen sich mittels Thionylchlorids zu den entsprechenden Isothiocyanatocarbonsäurechloriden 4 umsetzen.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Conformation of the Proline Ring in Diketopiperazine SystemsFrom NMR-spectra (figures 2-4) of some piperazine-2,5-diones (c-Ala-Gly, c-Aib-Gly, c-Pro-Gly, c-Pro-Pro, and c-Pro-D-Pro) in DMSO-d6, D2O, trifluoroacetic acid (TFE), and deuterotrifluoroacetic acid (TFED), conclusions as to possible conformational difference have been drawn. It seems that in the case of c-Ala-Gly and c-Aib-Gly the piperazinedione ring is planar. In deuterodimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) and D2O, c-Pro-Gly has a boat-conformation. In TFE and TFED the piperazinedione ring of this compound is probably planar with collateral changes in conformation of the proline ring (fig. 1). The investigation of the NMR-spectra of c-Pro-Pro (piperazinedione ring in stable boat-conformation) and c-Pro-D-Pro (piperazinedione ring in stable planar conformation, both proline rings in half-chair-conformation) supports this conclusion.
    Notes: Die NMR-Spektren (Abb. 2-4) einiger Piperazindione-(2.5) [c-Ala-Gly, c-Aib-Gly, c-Pro-Gly, c-Pro-Pro und c-Pro-D-Pro]Abkürzungen: Gly = L-Glycin, Ala = L-Alanin, Aib = L-α-Amino-isobuttersäure, Pro = L-Prolin. wurden in DMSO-d6, D2O, Trifluoressigsäure (TFE) und Deuterotrifluoressigsäure (TFED) gemessen. Aus den Resultaten wurde auf Konformations-änderungen geschlossen. Unabhängig vom angewandten Lösungsmittel liegt danach bei c-Ala-Gly und c-Aib-Gly die planare Konformation des Diketopiperazin-Rings vor. Während c-Pro-Gly in deuteriertem Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO-d6) und in D2O Wannen-Form besitzt, ist der Diketopiperazin-Ring dieser Verbindung in TFE und TFED wahrscheinlich planar, wobei der Prolin-Ring Halbsessel-ähnliche Struktur haben muß (Abb. 1). Diese Annahme ist durch Vergleich der NMR-Spektren von c-Pro-Pro (stabile Wannen-Form des Diketopiperazin-Rings) und c-Pro-D-Pro (stabile planare Form des Diketopiperazin-Rings mit zwei Halbsessel-förmigen Prolin-Ringen) bestätigt worden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of 7-Fluoro-B-homo-steroids7β-Fluoro-B-homo-steroids are shown to be much more stable than their 7β-chloro-analogs previously studied. Aromatization of ring A under various conditions occurs without rearrangement of the carbon skeleton and even without loss of the 7β-fluorine atom. Whilst treatment of 7β-fluoro-B-homo-estranone compounds with lithium aluminum hydride in ether or tetrahydrofuran leads to the corresponding alcohols, the 7β-fluorine atom is eliminated in diglyme solution at reflux temperature. Catalytic hydrogenation of the Δ5(10)-bond leads to dihydro compounds, shown to be identical with the 5β,10β-derivatives obtained by reduction of the double-bound in Δ4-3-keto-10βH-B-homo compounds through lithium in ammonia.
    Notes: 7β-Fluor-B-homo-Steroide erweisen sich stabiler als die früher untersuchten 7β-Chlor-Analoga. Aromatisierung des Ringes A unter verschiedenen Bedingungen erfolgt ohne Umlagerung des Kohlenstoff-Gerüsts und ohne Verlust des 7β-Fluor-Atoms. Während 7β-Fluor-B-homoöstran-on-Verbindungen mit Lithiumalanat in Äther oder Tetrahydrofuran den entsprechenden Alkohol ergeben, wird das 7β-Fluor-Atom in siedendem Diglyme eliminiert. Katalytische Hydrierung der Δ5(10)-Bindung führt zu Dihydro-Verbindungen, welche mit den 5β.10β-Derivaten identisch sind, die durch Reduktion der Doppelbindung in Δ4-3-Keto-10βH-B-homo-Verbindungen mit Lithium in flüssigem Ammoniak erhalten werden.
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  • 80
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    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Steric Effects in the Addition of Al-Namine Compounds to BenzonitrileThe addition of dialkyl- or alkyl-arylamino groups, attached to aluminium, to the C ≡ N group of benzonitrile is suppressed for the sterically hindered compounds diphenylamino-alane (1a) and dicyclohexylamino-alane (1c), where side products are formed (table 1). An explanation for these unexpected results is given. - Attempts to influence the reactivity of the Al-Namide bond in 1a and 1c by replacement of the alkyl groups, bonded to aluminum, by chloride result in a different course of reaction.
    Notes: Zum Unterschied von Dialkyl- bzw. Alkylaryl-amino-alanen addieren sich das sperrige Diphenylamino- (1a) bzw. Dicyclohexylamino-alan (1c) nicht mehr glatt an die C ≡ N-Bindung des Benzonitrils. Es bilden sich Nebenprodukte (Tab. 1) und die Reaktion verläuft nur bis zu einem Umsatz von 50%. Das unerwartete Verhalten wird diskutiert. - Bei Versuchen, die Reaktivität der Al-Namid-Bindung in 1a und 1c durch Ersatz der Alkylgruppen am Aluminium durch Chlor zu beeinflussen, wurde ein abweichender Reaktionsablauf beobachtet.
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  • 81
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    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 173-188 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Two-Step Redox Systems, IV. Radical Cations Derived from 2-Thiazolone-azinesBy oxidation, the 2-thiazolone-azines 5Red easily form azo dications 5Ox. 5Red and 5Ox comproportionate quantitatively yielding the radical cations 5Sem which have also been isolated as their perchlorates. All three members of the redox system are characterized by their electron spectra. Syntheses via several intermediate stages for 5Red possessing different substitutents R3 and R4 are described.
    Notes: Die Thiazolon-(2)-azine 5Red lassen sich zu den Azo-Dikationen 5Ox oxydieren. 5Red und 5Ox komproportionieren quantitativ zu den Radikal-Kationen 5Sem, die als Perchlorate ebenfalls isoliert werden. Alle drei Partner des Redoxsystems werden durch ihre Elektronenspektren charakterisiert. Die Synthese von 5Red mit verschiedenen Substitutenten R3 und R4 über mehrere Zwischenstufen wird beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Two-Step Redox Systems, V1). Polarography of 2-Thiazolone-azinesPolarography of the redox systems 1a-h shows two reversible one-electron exchanges (E1 and E2). The radical cation 1Sem thereby formed is very stable, corresponding to K = 107-1010. Substituents in position 3 and 4 of 1 influence E1 and E2 in the same way. The pK's of the azines 1Red are evaluated from the pH-dependence of E1 in aqueous acetonitrile. A linear correlation between E1 and E2 and the pK of 1Red is found.
    Notes: Die Polarographie der Redoxsysteme 1a-h zeigt zwei reversible Einelektronen-Übertragungen (E1 und E2) mit einem sehr stabilen Radikal-Kation 1Sem, gekennzeichnet durch K = 107-1010. Die Substituenten in 3- und 4-Stellung von 1 beeinflussen E1 und E2 in gleicher Richtung. Die pK-Werte der Azine 1Red werden aus der pH-Abhängigkeit von E1 in wäßrigem Acetonitril abgeschätzt. Zwischen E1 sowie E2 und dem pK-Wert von 1Red besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mercuric and Silver Derivatives from Diphenylphosphinyl- and Diethylphosphono-diazomethane1)Convenient syntheses for diphenylphosphinyl- and diethylphosphono-diazomethane (4a and 4b) by amine diazotization are described. Both diazo compounds react with mercuric and silver oxides to the metal derivatives 5a, b and 6a, b.
    Notes: Bequeme Synthesen für Diphenylphosphinyl- bzw. Diäthylphosphono-diazomethan (4a bzw. 4b) durch Amin-Diazotierung werden beschrieben. Beide Diazoverbindungen reagieren mit Quecksilber- bzw. Silberoxid zu den Metall-Derivaten 5a, b und 6a, b.
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  • 84
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 749 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 85
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    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Isolation of C30H26O12-Procyanidin B 1 from GrapesThe procyanidins of grapes are dimeric and polymeric dehydrocatechins. Leucocyanidins (5.7.3′.4′-tetrahydroxyflavan-3.4-diols) have not been detected. As well as the procyanidins, a number of crystalline polyphenols is isolated. The yield and constitution of these compounds are given.
    Notes: Die Procyanidine der Weintrauben sind dimere und polymere Dehydrocatechine. Leukocyanidine (5.7.3′.4′-Tetrahydroxy-flavan-3.4-diole) werden nicht nachgewiesen. Neben den Procyanidinen ist eine Anzahl weiterer kristalliner Polypnenole isoliert worden, deren Ausbeute und Konstitution angegeben werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Interaction of Steric and Electronic Effects During Methylation of and N-Oxide Formation by 2-, 3-, and 4-DimethylaminopyridineThe title reactions of each of the three dimethylaminopyridines are different: 3-dimethylaminopyridine forms its methiodide 9 by reaction at the ring nitrogen and its N-oxide 11 by attack at the (CH3)2N-group. In the case of 2-dimethylaminopyridine (4) the same reactions both occur at the exocyclic nitrogen (affording 5 and 6) and in the case of 4-dimethylaminopyridine at the nitrogen atom of the ring (yielding 7 and 8).
    Notes: Methylierungen und Umsetzungen zu N-Oxiden nehmen bei den drei isomeren Dimethylaminopyridinen einen unterschiedlichen Verlauf: 3-Dimethylamino-pyridin wird am Ring-Stickstoff methyliert (zu 9) und an der Dimethylamino-Gruppe zum N-Oxid 11 oxydiert. Bei der 2-Dimethylamino-Verbindung 4 erfolgen beide Reaktionen am exocyclischen Stickstoff (zu 5 bzw. 6), beim 4-Dimethylamino-Derivat am Ringstickstoff (zu 7 bzw. 8).
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  • 87
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    Liebigs Annalen 749 (1971), S. 24-37 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Reactivity of the Central Double Bond of Dibenzo[g,p]chryseneThe comparison of the conventional stabilization energy values derived from the combustion enthalpies of dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (1) and its dihydro derivative 3 with results of HMO calculations shows the π-electron delocalization in 1 and 3 to be hindered. This leads to the assumption of non-planar structure and pronounced reactivity of the central double bond in 1. Addition of lithium to 1 yields the di-anion 2 and finally the dihydroaromatic compound 3, of which the cis and trans isomers can be isolated. Osmium tetroxide reacts with the central double bond in the same manner, and likewise phenanthraquinone (7) which, on ultraviolet irradiation with 1, forms the propellamancene
    Notes: Ein Vergleich der aus den Verbrennungswärmen von Dibenzo[g.p]chrysen (1) und dessen Dihydro-Derivat 3 ermittelten konventionellen Stabilisierungsenergien mit den Resultaten von HMO-Rechnungen zeigt, daß die Delokalisierung der π-Elektronen von 1 und 3 beeinträchtigt ist. Dies weist auf einen nicht-planaren Bau sowie auf eine bevorzugte Reaktivität der zentralen Doppelbindung von 1 hin. Die Addition von Lithium an 1 führt über das Dianion 2 zu dem Dihydro-Aromaten 3, von dem sowohl die cis- als auch die trans-Form isoliert werden konnte. Ebenso reagiert Osmiumtetroxid mit der zentralen Doppelbindung, desgleichen Phenanthrenchinon (7), das bei UV-Belichtung mit 1 das Propellamancen 8 bildet.Das Propellan wird nach einem Vorschlag des Beilstein-Instituts benannt. Der Name „Mancen“ (S. 32) entstammt der Bezeichnung „mancud“ für ein maximal ungesättigtes System (maximal numbers of non cumulated doublebonds).
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal cis-trans-Isomerization of 1-Ethyl-4-[4-hydroxystyryl]-quinolinium chloride. A cis-Stilbazolium BetaineThe rate constant for the thermal cis-trans-isomerization of 1-ethyl-4-[4-hydroxystyryl]-quinolinium chloride (1) is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration and increases at 25° with decreasing solvent polarity. The activation energy for the isomerization is 25 kcal/mole. In contrast to these results the rate constant of the thermal cis-trans-isomerization of the 1-ethyl-4-[4-methoxystyryl]-quinolinium compound is 105 smaller in acetone and immeasurably small in water. The kinetic data suggest that the thermal cis-trans-isomerization of 1 occurs via both the cis- and trans-stibazolium betaines 2.
    Notes: Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der thermischen cis-trans-Isomerisierung des 1-Äthyl-4-[4-hydroxy-styryl]-chinoliniumchlorids (1) ist der Wasserstoffionen-Konzentration umgekehrt proportional; sie nimmt bei 25° mit abnehmender Polarität des Lösungsmittels zu. Die Aktivierungsenergie beträgt 25 kcal/Mol. Dagegen ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Isomerisierung der 1-Äthyl-4-[4-methoxy-styryl]-chinolinium-Verbindung in Aceton 105 mal kleiner und in Wasser überhaupt nicht meßbar. Aus kinetischen Messungen folgt, daß die cis-trans-Isomerisierung von 1 über die cis-sowie die trans-Form des Stilbazoliumbetains 2 erfolgt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 749 (1971), S. 38-48 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Propellanes of the Dibenzo[g,p]chrysene SystemA cyclizing Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement converts the carbinol 12 into the aromatic propellane3. An alkali metal cleavage of the aliphatic C-C-bond of this ortho-linked hexaphenylethane is not possible because the formation of a nearly planar resonance-stabilized triphenylmethyl anion is prevented by steric hindrance. In contrast, the alkali metal cleavage of the aliphatic C-C-bond in the isomeric hexaphenylethane derivative 17 occurs smoothly. Compound 17 is synthesized from the glycol 15 by a radical C-C-coupling using tin(II) chloride. A closer investigation of the cyclizing Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement applied to the synthesis of propellanes shows that a ring closure is also possible when a 1,8-coupled naphthylene group is introduced instead of the o,o'-biphenylene group. This leads to the formation of 31.
    Notes: Eine cyclisierende Wagner-Meerwein-Umlagerung führte von dem Carbinol 12 zu dem aromatischen Propellan 3Die in dieser Arbeit hergestellten Propellane werden nach einem Vorschlag des Beilstein-Instituts benannt. Der Name „Mancen“ (S. 39) entstammt der Bezeichnung „mancud“ für ein ungesättigtes System (maximal numbers of non cumulated doublebonds).. Alkalimetall-Spaltung der aliphatischen C-C-Bindung dieses ortho-verknüpften Hexaphenyläthans war nicht möglich, da sich aus sterischen Gründen keine nahezu ebenen Resonanz-stabilisierten Triphenylmethyl-Anionen ausbilden können. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte eine entsprechende Alkalimetall-Spaltung der aliphatischen C-C-Bindung des isomeren Hexaphenyläthan-Derivats 17 erzielt werden. Diese Verbindung wurde aus dem Glykol 15 über 16 durch radikalische C-C-Verknüpfung mit Zinn(II)-chlorid synthetisiert. Eine nähere Untersuchung der cyclisierenden Wagner-Meerwein-Umlagerung zur Synthese von Propellanen zeigte, daß ein Ringschluß auch dann noch erfolgt, wenn anstelle des o.o'-Biphenylen-Restes der 1.8-verknüpfte Naphthylen-Rest eingeführt wird, wobei 31 entsteht.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Further Knowledge of Chlorophyll and of Hemin, XXXII. Partial Synthesis of Rhodin-g7-trimethyl Ester from Chlorin-e6-trimethyl Ester and at the Same Time Completion of the Harvard Synthesis of Chlorophyll a to Chlorophyll bThe mechanism of the photochemical oxidation of chlorin-β-phlorins is demonstrated: 2 → [I → II] → 3a + 3b. The bacterio-3,4-diol-3-monomethyl ethers 3a - 3b, finally formed through methanolysis, render possible a proton catalyzed functionalisation of the 4-ethyl group: 3a + 3b → [III] → 4. The 4′-hydroxy compound 4 formed is oxidized finally to the deethyl-4-acetyl-chlorin (5). - This „model“ reaction sequence is extended to a functionalisation of the 3-methyl group also, by using the bacterio-3,4-diols 6a + 6b, obtained through hydrolysis after photochemical oxidation of 2, instead of 3a + 3b; this gives two theoretically equal leaving groups. Through protonolysis from 6a + 6b are formed the 3-hydroxymethyl-(7) as well as the 4′-hydroxy-chlorin (9), which can be separated. Oxidation of the rhodinol (7) leads to rhodin-g7-trimethyl ester, identical with natural material. - 9 is dehydrated to 4-vinyl-chlorin-trimethyl ester (10), a possible intermediate of the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a.
    Notes: Der Mechanismus der photochemischen Oxydation von Chlorin-β-phlorinen wird dargelegt: 2 → [I → II] → 3a + 3b. Die letztlich durch Methanolyse erhaltenen Bacterio-3.4-diol-3-monomethyläther (3a + b) ermöglichen eine Protonen-katalysierte Funktionalisierung der 4-Äthyl-Gruppe: 3a + 3b → [III] → 4. Die entstandene 4′-Hydroxy-Verbindung 4 wird zum Desäthyl-4-acetyl-chlorin (5) oxydiert. - Diese „Modell“-Reaktionsfolge wird zu einer Funktionalisierung auch der 3-Methyl-Gruppe erweitert, indem anstelle von 3a + 3b die nach photochemischer Oxydation von 2 durch Hydrolyse erhältlichen Bacterio-3.4-diole (6a + 6b) eingesetzt werden, womit theoretisch zwei gleiche Abgangsgruppen vorliegen. Durch Protonolyse entstehen aus 6a + b sowohl das 3-Hydroxymethyl-(7) als auch das 4′-Hydroxychlorin (9), die sich trennen lassen. Oxydation des Rhodinols (7) führt zum Rhodin-g7-trimethylester (8), der mit natürlichem Material identisch ist. - 9 wird zum 4-Vinyl-chlorin (10) dehydratisiert, einer möglichen Zwischenstufe der Biosynthese des Chlorophylls a.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mass Spectrometry of Unstable Molecules, VI1). Formation and Structure of C6H4O from Pyrolysis of Esters of Salicylic Acid and Related CompoundsEsters of salicylic acid, salicylamide, methyl o-methoxybenzoate, 1,2-carbonyl-dioxybenzene (phenylene carbonate), and o-dinitrobenzene are decomposed to C6H4O with an ionisation potential of 8,95 ± 0,1 eV in pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Varying amounts of phenol result also. It is shown by comparison with preparative pyrolysis in the gas phase, which results in dicyclopentadiene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid diester, that C6H4O is identical with fulvene-6-one (3), formed by a Wolff-rearrangement of the diradical or keto carbene 1. Phenol is formed directly from 1 by addition of hydrogen.
    Notes: Salicylsäureester, Salicylsäureamid, o-Methoxy-benzoesäuremethylester, 1.2-Carbonyldioxybenzol (Phenylencarbonat) und o-Dinitro-benzol liefern unter den Bedingungen der Pyrolyse-Massenspektrometrie als vorherrschendes Pyrolyse-Produkt C6H4O mit einem Ionisationspotential von 8.95 ± 0.1 eV. Daneben entsteht in wechselnden Mengen Phenol. Durch Vergleich mit einer Gasphasen-Pyrolyse im präparativen Maßstab, bei der u. a. Dicyclopentadien-dicarbonsäure-(1.8)-diester entsteht, wird gezeigt, daß es sich bei der Verbindung C6H4O um Fulvenon-(6) (3) handelt, das durch eine Wolff-Umlagerung aus dem primär gebildeten Biradikal bzw. Ketocarben 1 entsteht. Phenol entsteht direkt aus 1 durch Wasserstoff-Anlagerung.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ring Opening of 1.2-BenzisothiazolesThe reaction of the benzisothiazoles 3 and 4 with Zn/HCl, hydrazine/ethyldiisopropylamine or nitrous acid yields the disulfide 6 by reductive ring cleavage; the 3.3′-bisbenzisothiazoles 1 or 2 are not formed as supposed formerly. The benzisothiazole quaternary salts 11 and 12 are substituted by benzoylhydrazine forming 13. Methyl mercaptan opens the ring of 13 yielding the triazole 15. Mechanisms are proposed.
    Notes: Die Benzisothiazole 3 bzw. 4 reagieren mit Zn/HCl, Hydrazin/Äthyldiisopropylamin bzw. salpetriger Säure unter reduktiver RingöffnungAnmerkung bei der Korrektur (29. 5. 1971): Ähnliche Ringöffnungen unter nucleophilem Angriff wurden inzwischen auch beobachtet von D. E. L. Carrington, K. Clarke und R. M. Scrowston, Tetrahedron Letters [London] 1971, 1075; vgl. auch F. Becke und H. Hagen, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 729, 146 (1969). zum Disulfid 6 und nicht, wie früher beschrieben, zu den 3.3′-Bisbenzisothiazolen 1 bzw. 2. Die Benzisothiazol-quartärsalze 11 und 12 werden mit Benzoylhydrazin substituiert; im Falle von 13 wird bei Anwesenheit von Methylmercaptan der Ring unter Bildung des Triazols 15 geöffnet. Reaktionschemismen werden vorgeschlagen.
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  • 93
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 214-217 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 9-Aristolen-1α-ol and 1,2,9,10-Tetradehydroaristolane, New Aristolanetype SesquiterpenesFrom roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys chinensis Batalin (Valerianaceae) two sesquiterpenes are isolated. The structures have been established as 9-aristolen-1α-ol (1) and 1,2,9,10-tetradehydro-aristolane (4) by means of degradation to aristolane (5) and spectroscopic methods.
    Notes: Aus den Wurzeln und Rhizomen von Nordostachys chinensis Batalin (Valerianaceae) werden zwei Sesquiterpene isoliert. Aufgrund des Abbaues zum Aristolan (5) und der UV-, IR-NMR- und Massenspektren wird für die Verbindungen die Struktur des 9-Aristolen-1α-ols (1) und des 1.2.9.10-Tetradehydro-aristolans (4) abgeleitet.
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  • 94
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 748 (1971), S. 211-213 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of 1.8.9.10-Tetradehydroaristolan-2-one and 9-Hydroxy-1(10)-aristolen-2-oneThe structures of 1.8.9.10-tetradehydroaristolan-2-one (3) and of 9-hydroxy-1(10)-aristolen-2-one (4) from Nardostachys chinensis Batalin (Valerianaceae) are confirmed by preparation from 1(10)-aristolene (1).
    Notes: Die Strukturen des 1.8.9.10-Tetradehydro-aristolanons-(2) (3) und des 9-Hydroxy-1(10)-aristolenons-(2) (Debilon, 4) aus Nardostachys chinensis Batalin (Valerianaceae) werden durch Darstellung aus 1(10)-Aristolen (1) sichergestellt.
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  • 95
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 749 (1971), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermally Unstable Allenes, VII. TrichlorocarbethoxyalleneThe ethyl ester of α-H-tetrachlorovinylacetic acid 1a is converted by alkali into the 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane derivative 6. The postulated thermally unstable intermediate trichlorocarbethoxyallene 3 can be isolated at -70° by treating 1a with lithium tert.-butoxide in liquid propane. At room temperature 3 dimerizes in dilute solutions quantitatively forming 6. The structure of 6 has been proved by ozonolysis to tetrachlorosuccinic acid and transformation to the cyclobutene aldehydes 8 and 10.
    Notes: Die Alkalibehandlung des α-H-Tetrachlorvinylessigsäureäthylesters 1a liefert das 1.2-Dimethylen-cyclobutan-Derivat 6. Das als Zwischenstufe angenommene thermisch instabile Trichlor-äthoxycarbonylallen 3 ist mit Lithium-tert.-butanolat in flüssigem Propan bei - 70° faßbar und dimerisiert in verdünnten Lösungen bei Raumtemperatur quantitativ zu 6. Die Konstitution von 6 wird durch Ozonolyse zu Tetrachlorbernsteinsäure und Überführung in die Cyclobutenaldehyde 8 und 10 bewiesen.
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  • 96
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 749 (1971), S. 16-23 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Amidrazones from AmidinesThe aliphatic amidines 1a-e and hydrazine form the amidrazones 2a-e within 5-10 minutes in nearly quantitative yield; with aromatic amidines (1f, g) the reaction is completed after 4 hours yielding 2f, g respectively. The amidrazones 2a-g are either isolated as hydrochlorides or their formation is shown by reaction with the 1,2-dioxo-compounds 3a-f, leading to the 1,2,4-triazines 4a-o.
    Notes: Die aliphatischen Amidine 1a-e reagieren mit Hydrazin innerhalb von 5-10 Minuten in nahezu quantitativer Ausbeute zu den Amidrazonen 2a-e; bei aromatischen Amidinen (1f, g) beträgt die Reaktionszeit etwa 4 Stunden, wobei 2f bzw. g entsteht. Die Amidrazone 2a-g werden entweder als Hydrochloride isoliert oder durch Reaktion mit den 1.2-Dioxo-Verbindungen 3a-f als 1.2.4-Triazine (4a-o) nachgewiesen.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 749 (1971), S. 56-61 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transformation of Substituted Hydroxybenzoquinones into Cyclopenta[b]quinoxalines5-Bromo-2-cyclohexene-1,4-diones (2a-c) which have been obtained from the hydroxybenzoquinones 1a und b, react in presence of organic bases to give the epoxides 3-5 by elimination of HBr and ring contraction. Treatment of 3-5 (not isolated) with 1,2-diaminobenzenes leads to the cyclopenta[b]quinoxalines 6 or 7.
    Notes: Die aus den Hydroxybenzochinonen 1a und b zugänglichen 5-Brom-cyclohexen-(2)-dione-(1.4) 2a-c reagieren in Gegenwart organischer Basen unter HBr-Abspaltung und Ringverengung zu den Epoxiden 3-5. Diese werden ohne Isolierung mit 1.2-Diamino-benzolen zu den Cyclopenta[b]chinoxalinen 6 bzw. 7 umgesetzt.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 749 (1971), S. 62-67 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Halogenothioethers II. Interaction Between Dichlorojodides and Thioethers.α-Chlorothioethers 7 are formed by the reaction of dichlorojodides 6 with aliphatic thioethers 5. The mechanism of this reaction is investigated. From the interaction of 6 with thiirane (11a) or thietane (11b) disulfides 12 are obtained instead of α-chlorothioethers 7.
    Notes: Aus der Reaktion von Dichlorjodiden 6 mit Thioäthern 5 entstehen α-Chlor-thioäther 7. Der Mechanismus dieser Umsetzung wird untersucht. Auf Thiiran (11a) bzw. Thietan (11b) angewandt, ergibt diese Reaktion nicht die α-Chlor-thioäther 7, sondern die Disulfide 12a bzw. b.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 750 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Quinones and α-Dicarbonyl Compounds with Diazoalkanes, XVIII1). Further Experiments with 1,4-Naphthoquinone and its Halogeno-, Alkyl- and Phenyl DerivativesThe reaction of 2-halogeno- or 2,3-dihalogeno derivatives 6 of 1,4-naphthoquinone with diazomethane or -ethane leads to unstable adducts 7 which are converted to the halogen-free pyrazoles 3. These are formed also by dehydrogenation of the corresponding adducts 2. 2-Methyl- or 2,3-dialkylnaphthoquinones 9 and diazoalkanes give Δ1-pyrazolines 10. Their decomposition in an aprotic medium yields cyclopropane derivatives (12), while decomposition in aqueous acidic medium yields the homologous naphthoquinones 11. The Δ2-pyrazolines (type 16) which are isomers of 10 are the more stable compounds. - 2,3-Diphenylnaphthoquinone (15) reacts with diazomethane to the stable Δ2-pyrazoline 16. With diazoethane the epoxide 19 is formed which may be decomposed by ethanolic hydrochloric acid to the hydroquinone 18. Phenyl migration is not observed with 16; it is however detected during the decomposition of the adduct 21, where, besides the ring enlargement product 22, the indenone 23 is isolated.
    Notes: 2-Halogen- bzw. 2.3-Dihalogen-Derivate 6 des Napthochinons-(1.4) ergeben mit Diazomethan bzw.-äthan instabile Addukte 7, die sich zu den Halogen-freien Pyrazolen 3 umwandeln; diese bilden sich auch bei der Dehydrierung entsprechender Addukte 2. 2-Methylsowie 2. 3-Dialkyl-naphthochinone 9 liefern mit den Diazoalkanen Δ1-Pyrazoline 10, deren Zersetzung in aprotischem Medium Cyclopropan-Derivate 12, in wäßrig-saurem Medium unter Alkyl-Wanderung homologe Naphthochinone 11 ergeben. Die mit 10 isomeren Δ2-Pyrazoline (Typus 16) sind wesentlich stabiler. - 2.3-Diphenyl-naphthochinon (15) bildet mit Diazomethan das stabile Δ2-Pyrazolin 16, mit Diazoäthan das Epoxid 19, das durch Salzsäure zum Hydrochinon 18 abgebaut wird. Phenyl-Wanderung wird hierbei nicht beobachtet; sie erfolgt aber bei der Zersetzung des aus 2.3-Diphenyl-indenon (20) und Diazoäthan erhältlichen Addukts 21, wobei neben Ringerweiterung zu 22 das Indenon 23 erhalten wird.
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