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  • 1965-1969  (8,602)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8,218)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (352)
  • Engineering General
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 207-237 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth kinetics of heterogeneous populations of sewage origin were studied in completely mixed reactors of the once-through type at a high concentration of incoming substrate, 3000 mg/l glucose, and in systems employing cell feedback or sludge recycle at an incoming substrate concentration of 1000 mg/1 glucose. The recycle flow rate employed was 25% of the incoming feed flow, and the concentration of cells in the recycle was maintained as closely as possible at 150% of the cell concentration in the reactor. Studies were made at various dilution rates. Throughout these studies, batch experiments using cells grown at the various dilution rates were made to determine ks and μm values. As in previous studios using heterogeneous populations, the relationship between specific growth rates μ and substrate concentration S was represented better by the Monod equation than by any other which was tested. The growth “constants” μm, ks, and Y were found to fall in the same general range as those determined in previous studies in once-through systems operated at 1000 mg/l glucose. It was observed that cell recycle, even at the relatively low concentration factor employed in these studies, greatly enhanced the flocculating and settling characteristics of the cells.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 263-266 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot-scale process for the isolation of an aliphatic, amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed. A constitutive, partially irrepressible mutant was employed to give a high initial enzyme concentration. An existing laboratory isolation procedure has been scaled up and modified particularly by substitution of polyethylene glycol for ammonium sulfate precipitation as the first stage in the conversion of the fractionation to continuous operation. Full recovery of activity was achieved with the modification. The recovery of enzyme from a subsequent chromatographic stage was 85% and the maximum overall purification was 28-fold.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 293-321 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies on fermentation processes were made and a general equation of production rate was newly presented applying the kinetic theory on mierobial cell growth which was reported previously by the authors.l,2 Equations for product concentration in fermentation time courses were derived by developing mathematically the general equation of production rate, and characteristic properties of fermentation processes were clarified. Some examples of fermentations were analyzed kinetically using the new kinetic theory. The calculated values of product, and cell concentrations were in good agreement with the observed values.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for measuring the rate of heat production from a fermentation has been developed. The method is based on measuring the rate of temperature rise of the fermentation broth resulting from metabolism, when the temperature controller is turned off. The heat accumulation measured in this manner is then corrected for heat losses and gains. A sensitive thermistor is used to follow the temperature rise with time. This procedure is shown to be as accurate as previous methods but much simpler in execution. Using this technique, the rate of heat production during metabolism was found to correlate with the rate of oxygen consumption. Experiments were performed using bacteria (E. coli and B. subtilis), a yeast (C. intermedia), and a mold (A. niger). The substrates investigated included glucose, molasses, and soy bean meal. The proportionality constant for the correlation is independent of the growth rate, slightly dependent on the substrate, and possibly dependent On the type of organism growth. This correlation has considerable potential for predicting heat evolution from the metabolism of microorganisms on simple or complex substrates and providing quantitative parameters necessary for heat removal calculations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 323-335 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A steam sterilizable oxygen electrode for fermentor use is described. The electrode has a silver cathode, lead anode, phosphate electrolyte, and a membrane of a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer film (FEP.).The electrode has a linear response to partial pressure of oxygen from 1.5 × 10-2 to 103 mm Hg.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 337-348 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Penicillin amidase was extracted from Escherichia coli ATCC 9637, grown on phenylacetic, acid and glutamate, and purified by fractional ion with streptomycin sulphate, ammonium sulphate and polyethylene glycol, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purification factor was 100-200 × and the overall yield was about 115%. The enzyme was chemically attached to derivatives of cellulose and the kinetics of these insolubilized penicillin amidase preparations was investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 363-380 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of β-galactosidase attached to cellulose and DEAE-cellulose sheets arc described. Those insoluble enzyme derivatives obey the Michael-Menten relationship but, the measured kinetic parameters are very dependent on the flow conditions. The results of long-term stability tests are given.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 349-362 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Amyloglucosidase (EC. 3.2.1.3), partially purified from an Aspergillus species, was chemically attached to DEAE cellulose using the bifunctional reagent 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine. The action of the insolubilized enzyme derivative on dilute maltose and dextrin solutions was studied in a packed bed. A second and deeper bed was used to demonstrate the possibility of a continuous process for raising the dextrose; equivalents of “glucose” liquors of high concentration formed by acid hydrolysis of maize starch.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 383-391 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results achieved by the cultivation of the yeast. Candida lipolytica on gas oil are referred. By using a distillation fraction of gas oil distilling between 180-400°C, containing 10-20% of n-alkanes, the optimal condition for biomass production and deparaffination were estimated for various dilution rates and various amounts of gas oil in the medium. The main factor, which influences the yield coefficient by hydrocarbon fermentation is the polyauxie of the hydrocarbon substrate. The penetration of dispersed hydrocarbons into the yeast cell is demonstrated on electron micrographs and the velocity and reversibility of this process is estimated by using tritium-traced hexadecane.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Micrococcus cerificans strain was grown on simple media with n-hexadecane or gas oil as sole carbon sources. Samples of cellular material recovered from hexadecane or gas oil fermentations do not appear to differ significantly in their composition. The protein content varied from 68 to 75%. With the exception of sulfur amino acids the amino acid distribution compares favorably with the FAO standard reference protein.The biological value of cell protein recoveered from hexadecane fermentations was 67 (cascin, 70). In the case of gas oil grown cells, the cell material recovered had to be completely purified in order to improve its protein quality. After fully extraction of undersirable fraction with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus the biological value observed was 63.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 843-851 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous phased growth produces a culture in which most of the cells in the population are in the same stage of their development. The cell, thereby amplified by the size of the synchronous population, may be examined in the phased culture at any desired growth rate. Changes taking place in the cell after the cell cycle, i.e., post-cycle changes, may be examined by a modification of the procedure. Further systematic applications of the method permit a rational approach to problems of cell growth and metabolism.The phasing technique recognizes the cells as the fundamental unit for experimental investigation, and offers a great potential in the analysis of the cell throughout its cycle, a relatively unexploited field in cell physiology and fermentation. Experiments with yeasts and bacteria illustrate some of the applications and progress made so far.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 785-804 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physiology of Aspergillus nidulans strain 224 has been studied under conditions of batch- and glucose-limited chemostat-culture and the effect of different steady state growth rates and dissolved oxygen tensions (DOT) examined. Measurements of the specific activities of selected glucose enzymes, the extent of oxygen uptake inhibition by glycolytic inhibitors, and radiorespirometric analyses were made in order to follow the variations in glucose catabolism, which occurred under these conditions. Greatly increased activity of the hexosemonophosphate (HMP) pathway was found during: (i) exponential growth of batch cultures; (ii) at near maximum specific growth rates (μ = 0.072 hr-1) (DOT = 156 mm Hg); and (iii) at low DOT levels (〈30 mm Hg) (μ = 0.050 hr-1) in chemostat cultures. These changes in glucose eatabolism have been discussed in terms of the biosynthetic demands of the fungus under the influence of changing growth pressures. Preliminary studies also have been made of transition state behavior following stepwise alteration of the DOT. A new steady state was established after 4-5 culture doublings during which period an “overshoot” in HMP pathway activity occurred; these kinetics are indicative of a derepression of certain glucose enzymes. Low molecular weight phenols are synthesized during the exponential phase in batch cultures and these are further metabliized to a major secondary metabolite, melanin, at the onset of stationary phase conditions. The kinetics of tyrosinase production in steady state chemostats differs from those that might be predicted for an enzyme associated solely with secondary metabolism. A primary physiological role for this oxidase in Aspergillus nidulans has been postulated.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 853-862 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous culture in a cascade of vessels with the addition of supplemental nutrients to any stage permits adjustment of the physiological state of the culture in each stage to best achieve a desired performance goal. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in two-stage continuous cultivation was selected as a model system. With conditions in the first stage held constant- at a selected glucose concentration in the feed stream, dilution rate for the second stage was varied. Cell numbers, dry weight, glucose concentration, respiration coefficient, and titers of several enzymes were determined. The seed rate was defined as the ratio of glucose concentration in the feeds to stage 1 and to stage 2. At low seed rates, the calculated specific growth rate in the second stage was proportional to dilution rate. At higher seed rates, the specific growth rate based on dry weight behaved differently from that based on cell numbers, and the dependence on dilution rate was not linear.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 887-907 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The primary objective of this paper was to develop a mathematical description for the food chain, Because of the interdependence of the elements in this food chain, continuous oscillations among the variables are possible. A set of three differential equations was obtained to describe the above system in a continuously fed stirred tank reactor. The differential equations obtained were examined to characterize the possible types of solutions. A limit, cycle solution was obtained for some values of the system parameters.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 863-874 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high intensity light system (HILIS) was designed and constructed to define the environmental parameters affecting production of algae. The HILIS incorporates the basic concepts of an aerobic fermenter for heterotrophic cells with high intensity illumination for photosynthetic studies. Of nine parameters considered, temperature and light intensity studies using Chlorella 71105 have been completed. Total illumination was varied from 25,000 to 300,000 lumens (30 times intensity of sunlight as measured at earth's surface) in 7.7-1, culture. The effect of illumination upon growth was measured as cell concentration and total daily algal production when operating the HILIS as a continuous system at a dilution rate of 0.91 per day.Growth may be expressed as a long function of illumination. A maximum algal concentration of 25.5g/l., dry weight basis, was attained at 300,000 lumens.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 875-885 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Homogeneous technique facilitates the cultivation of large quantities of cells, reduces the risk of contamination by eliminating many manipulations, and makes practical the control of conditions such as pH and oxygen tension. Although most animal cells will not multiply in free suspension, certain cell lines have lost the requirement of being attached to a solid surface. These cells can be subcultured indefinitely but have some resemblance to cancer cells such as their abnormal karyotype. Certain cell linen developed from human embryonic tissue maintain their diploid character after repeated subculture and would seem to be ideal for the production of vaccines. However, strict regulations exist for viral products for human injection in that only cells taken from normal tissue and subcultured but once may be used.A microcarrier method in which cells adhere to DEAE-Sephadex beads permits a suspension culture which may be termed quasihomogeneous. The attached cells may be retained by sedimentation or by screening as the medium is replaced. Cell debirs from the original tissue is difficult to remove from microcarrier cultures; modifications of the trypsinization technique have alleviated but not solved this problem.Conditions for virus replication can be less critical than those for cell growth in that oxygen tension seems to have little influence on virus production. In cases where rate of virus production increases with specific growth rate of cells, homogeneous culture would have a advantage in maintaining a high cell mogeneous culture would have a valuble advantage in maintaining a high cell growth rate for a longer time. Some virus infections destroy cells, but others cause little change in cellular mteabolism except that virus is continually produced. The latter type can be conducted with a microcarrier in continuous culture with a virus titer exceeding 107 plaque forming units per milliliter for over 50 days with Rubella-infected BHK cells.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 909-909 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 911-926 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microorganisms were continuously cultivated in multistage column consisting of ten perforated plate sections to which medium and air were supplied concurrently from the bottom.At steady state the cell concentration in the various stages was gradationally differentiated from the bottom to the top in the direction of medium flow. RNA content per unit cell concentration at each sage was determined. The cells in the lower stages were higher in RNA content than those from the upper stages. Wash out was observed to occur in the column at dilution rates which do not result in wash out in a single stage chemostat system.A study of the flow characteristics revealed that the overall performance of the plate column was equivalent to that of a multistage system, when hole diameter and hole area to column cross sectional area ratio were properly selected. This was true even in highly aerated conditions. These results indicated that the perforated plates in the column hindred intermixing through the plates, and that each stage functioned as an independent stirred vessel. Industrial and research application of this type fermentor was discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 927-943 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a continuous column fermentor with a multiple staging effect is described. The column is divided into four compartments by horizontal perforated plates and is provided with a central agitator shaft driving an impeller in each compartment. A tube at the center of each plate forms a liquid seal around the shaft and also acts as a “downcomer.”The fermentor is normally operated with counter-current flow of gas and medium. Fresh medium is added to the top stage and product is withdrawn from the bottom.The effect of plate and agitator design on fermentor performance was studied in terms of factor such as oxygen transfer rate, gas holdup, and interstage mixing. By proper choice of the design parameters, the fermentor was made to approximate a perfect four-stage cascade in terms of reactor performance.Preliminary experiments were performed with air-water systems, but a more realistic picture of fermentor performance was obtained in experience involving propagation of Escherichia coli. Data for business and substrate concentrations in each stage confirmed the staging effect of the apparatus. The fermentor operated in a stable manner for periods of more than two weeks.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 967-985 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A description is given of the design and operation of high-power magnetic drives developed to enable shaft seals and glands to be dispensed within deepculture vessels, in tissue homogenizers, and in mixing and filling processes where sterility is essential. The drives operate at speeds of 300 to 2000 rpm in volumes of 300 1. to 10 ml with clearances up to 16 mm between the pole faces of the magnets.Two types of drive are described, one in which the driving and driven magnets form an integral unit on the lid of a vessel: such vessels are used for transporting material. To intiate stirring, it is only necessary to connect a motor directly, or through a cable-drive, to the magnetic-drive assembly. In the other type of unit the driving magnet is attached permanently to the driving motor. Locating pins on the base of the motor and corresponding sockets on the lid of the vessel ensure that when the motor is in position, the driving and driven magnets are located correctly in relation to one another.The design of these drives is based on the use of multipole, ceramic magnets. The advantages of their use in such units, compared with metal magnets, are discussed. Earlier magnetic drives are also discussed and explanations offered for the difficulties formerly met in scaling up.
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  • 24
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 945-966 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multistage tower laboratory fermentor has been constructed consisting of eight compartments separated by sieve plates. Flow of substrate and air is concurrent from the bottom to the top of the column. It, was hoped that this system could be used to reproduce, simultaneously on a continuous basis, eight distinct phases of a batch growth curve. It was believed that the extent of batch curve simulation would depend upon the character of hydraulic mean residence time of broth in the column and in the individual compartments. The expected relationship did not occur. Rather it was found that growth in the column involved residence time characteristics not only for the fluid but also for the microorganisms, and for the growth limiting substrate. Depending upon the column operation, these could be distinct and different.The purpose of this investigation was to study the residence time distribution (RTD) of the continous (fluid) and dispersed (microorganisms) phases for model systems as well as for a yeast fermentation. Various degrees of flow nonideality, i.e., fluid blackflow and dispersed phase sedimentation, were noticed. The former seems to be due to interaction of the concurrent gas and liquid flow; it is particularly dependent upon void area of the sieve plate holes. Sedimentation is probably a function of plate design as well as cell size and density. It wa concluded that for a particular plate design the gas hold-up wass controlled by superficial air velocity and was the main parameter governing the differences between dispersed and continous phase(Rt1). This conclusion was supported by a computeraided styudy utilizing a mathematical model of fluid flow to fit the growth kinetics and cell distribution observed experimentally throughout the fermentor.Some advantages of foam control in the tower fermentor by surface active compounds are mentioned. Also, suggestions are made for carrying out fermentations that have two liquid phases, such as a hydrocarbon fermentation. The possibility of closely approximating plug-flow conditions in the multistage tower fermentor, a necessary condition for batch growth simulation, is discussed from a practical point of view.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1005-1010 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A flow cell photometer is described with automatic cleaning of the photometric cell, denasimetric separation of air bubbles and precipitates, and a constant sensitivity from 0 to 10 mg/ml of bacterial dry weight.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were performed on a cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane (HF-200, ABCOR Inc., Cambridge, Mass.) to test its efficacy in concentrating and purifying a crude enzyme (trypsin) preparation. Studies were also made to determine the influence of inorganic salts, pressure, and temperature on the rate of ultrafiltration for this membrane. The results showed reductions in the rates will be encountered due to the presence of inorganic salts. However, the reduced rates were still sufficiently high to make this method extremely attractive. Operating at filtration pressures above 75 psi at, 20 to 30°C for this membrane does not show any beneficial effect in terms of ultrafiltration rates. However, at 10°C there were continual increases in the filtration rates up to 100 psi. Concentration and purification studies with trypsin yielded a concentration factor of 8.35 and a purification factor 2.35. It was shown concretely that the purification of the enzyme was due to the passage of low molecular weight proteins (below 20,000) through the membrane. Enzyme activity slightly greater than 90% was obtained: 70% was found in the concentrate and 20% in the filtrate. It is concluded that membrane ultrafiltration is an ideal simple, rapid, and economical method for the recovery of biological active substances.
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  • 27
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1027-1032 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 28
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1011-1025 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of improvements have been made in a totally-automated antibiotic bioassay machine previously described. The new machine accepts unmeasured, untreated, opaque suspensions of fermentation beers three times faster (120 samples per hour) and supplies printed potencies sooner (in just over two hours). Whereas the original machine employed a self-cleaning filter and used disposable two milliliter beakers, this version involves a batch-dialysis scheme for effecting sample purification, and provides for automated cleaning of incubation chambers.In operation, a measured, portion of thoroughly-mixed fermentation beer is automatically diluted and transferred into one side of an incubation chamber, the two halves of which are separated by a dialysis membrane. The other half is filled with inoculated media. During the two hour incubation at 37°, dialyzable antibiotic limits growth of the inoculum in proportion to its concentration. After incubation, the turbidity of the inoculum is simultaneously read by an online computer and plotted on a strip chart recorded. The computer suplies printed potency values and sample identification on site, while the recording provides the operator with an analog record of turbidity. Fiber optics are employed in the turbidmetric readout, and an electric typewrite provides the printout.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 30
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1037-1041 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1043-1054 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mixed culture of methanol oxidizing bacteria has been cultivated on simple inorganic salts medium supplemented with methanol. Optimal growth occurred at 31°C, pH 6.0-6.3, and a methanol concentration between 1 and 2 ml/1, of medium. The maximum yield was 4.5 g dw/I and the mean generation time 3.2 hr.It was estimated that 41% of methanol carbon was converted into cell-carbon, and that 73% of the inorganic nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 417-426 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Utilization of n-heptane by a Pseudomonad was studied in pilot-size butch cultures. Optimal pH and temperature were determined by a factorial design and a medium based upon mineral uptake rates was formulated. High cell yields were obtained by volatilizing heptane in the incoming air and thereby achieving good hydrocarbon dispersion. Hydrocarbon carried by effluent gases was recovered and recycled. In cultures where pH is not controlled, decrease in the electrolytic conductivity of the medium was found to be indicative of viable cells and was used in monitoring bacterial propagation. If not checked, increase in salinity in pH controlled cultures was found to affect cell production negatively. Viscosity changes were not very significant. Heptane to aqueous medium ratio was found to affect oxygen supply to the system due to higher dissolved oxygen concentrations associated with hydrocarbons.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the pitting corrosion of passive austenitic CrNi steels in neutral chloride solutionsStainless steels of the 18/8 CrNi-Type suffer pitting corrosion by halogen ions. Potentiokinetic, galvanostatic and potentiostatic tests as well as the ferro-ferricyanide-tests showed that pitting susceptibility increases with Cl- content, temperature and oxygen content of the electrolyte, with decreasing homogeneity and purity of the material. Cold-working is without significant influence on the pitting potential. Mn up to 11,2% increases pitting potential by 50 mV, Ni up to 25% increases the potential by 200 mV, Cr up to 30 and Mo up to 4,6% increase the potential by max. 900 mV in 3% NaCl of pH 7,5 at 22° C. The four methods employed gave the same pitting potentials. Before arriving at the potential of stationary pitting all steels showed a region where formation and repassivation of single pits occur.Cathodic protection to suppress pitting causes H2-absorption. The amount of absorbed H2 increases as the potential becomes more negative. Hydrogen embrittlement was not observed. The absorbed H2 impairs pitting resistance. The study of Cl--adsorption as a pitting releasing process by help of the potentiostatic method, working with a reference source of triangular alternating voltage gave no indication of a preferential Cl--adsorption or an Cl--adsorption-potential near the pitting potential.
    Notes: Passive 18/8 Cr-Ni-Stähle unterliegen der durch Halogenionen hervorgerufenen Lochfraßkorrosion. Die Durchführung potentiokinetischer, potentiostatischer und galvanostatischer Versuche sowie des Indikatortestes zeigte, daß die Lochfraß-anfälligkeit von Chrom-Nickel-Stählen mit dem Chlorionengehalt, der Temperatur und dem Sauerstoffgehalt des Elektrolyten sowie mit abnehmender Homogenität und Reinheit des Werkstoffes ansteigt. Eine Kaltverformung zeigt keinen eindeutigen Einfluß. Überhöhte Potential-Vorschubgeschwindigkeiten verfälschen das Ergebnis der potentiokinetischen Messungen des Lochfraßpotentials. In 3%iger NaCl-Lösung vom pH-Wert 7,5 bei 22° C erhöhen Mn-Gehalte bis 11,2% und Ni-Gehalte bis 25% das Lochfraßpotential um maximal 50 bzw. 200 mV, Cr-Gehalte bis 30% sowie Mo-Gehalte bis 4,6% steigern das Lochfraßpotential um maximal 900 mV. Die vier Untersuchungsverfahren ergaben Übereinstimmende Ergebnisse bzw. Lochfraßpotentiale. Alle Stähle zeigten vor dem Potential des stationären Lochfraßes einen Potentialbereich, in dem repassivierbarer Lochfraß beobachtet wurde.Kathodischer Schutz zur Verhinderung von Lochfraß bewirkt eine mit negativer werdendem Potential zunehmende Wasserstoffaufnahme, jedoch keine Beeinflussung der Kerbschlagzähigkeit. Dagegen vermindert der aufgenommene Wasserstoff die Lochfraßbeständigkeit des Stahls. Die Untersuchung der Chlorionenadsorption als lochfraßauslösendem Vorgang mit der potentiostatischen Dreiecksspannungsmethode ergab keinen Hinweis auf die bevorzugte Cl--Adsorption oder ein Cl--Adsorptionspotential in der Nähe des Lochfraßpotentials.
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  • 35
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 35-37 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 36
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 30-35 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of zirconium in chemical plant constructionIt ist in this decade only, that zirconium has become an established special material in chemical plant construction. Zirconium is used in particular where high corrosion resistance is required, e.g. with processes involving sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acids, chlorides (except ferric and cupric chlorides), alkalies, urea, hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid. Preferred types of equipment are reaction columns, pump casing, heat exchangers and tubing, e.g. in connection with the production of dyes, pigments (erosion resistance), foods, hydrogen peroxide and urea. The price of zirconium, though still high if compared with that of nickel-base alloys or high-alloy stainless steels is soon amortized as a consequence of the low maintenance requirement.
    Notes: Zirkonium ist im Laufe von nur 10 Jahren zu einem fest eingeführten Sonderwerkstoff des Apparatebaues geworden. Es wird vor allem bei hohen Ansprüchen an die Korrosionsbeständigkeit eingesetzt, z.B. bei Verfahren mit Schwefel-, Salz-, Salpeter- und Phosphorsäure, Chloriden (außer Eisen-III- und Kupfer-II-chlorid), Alkalien, Harnstoff, Wasserstoffsuperoxid, Milchsäure. Bevorzugte Apparaturen sind Reaktionstürme, Pumpengehäuse, Wärmeaustauscher und Rohrleitungen, z.B. bei der Herstellung von Farbstoffen, Pigmenten (Erosionsbeständigkeit), Nahrungsmitteln, Wasserstoffsuperoxid und Harnstoff. Der noch immer höhere Preis des Zirkoniums im Verleich mit Legierungen auf Bickelbasis oder hochlegierten nichtrostenden Stählen amortisiert sich bald aufgrund des geringen Wartungsbedarfs.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 54-67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 38
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 77-79 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 39
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 85-85 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 40
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 86-86 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 41
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 42
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 102-108 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Occurrence, formation and phase transformation of β-FeOOH in rustA prerequisite to the formation of β-FeOOH is the presence of chloride or fluoride ions. These may take the form of corresponding acids, or of their salts. β-FeOOH is formed in the presence even of minute quantities of chloride, e. g. also under conditions of pitting corrosion, when FeCl2, - 4 H2O is formed. If the chloride input ceases, the hitherto unaffected surfaces will be affected by the normal α or γ-FeOOH, as the chloride ions are then fixed in the β-FeOOH lattice. β-FeOOH remains stable at low PH values only; at higher PH values, it is transformed into the α-modification or hematite. In contact with metallic iron, β-FeOOH has the effect of accelerating the corrosion rate, probably because of the continued liberation of chloride ions.
    Notes: Für die Bildung von β-FeOOH ist die Anwesenheit von Chlorid- oder Fluoridionen Voraussetzung. Diese können in Form der entsprechenden Säuren oder auch von Salzen vorliegen. Schon bei An- wesenheit kleinster Chloridmengen entsteht dabei β-FeOOH, z. B. auch unter Lochfraßbedingungen, wobei FeCl2·4H2O entsteht. Hört die Chloridzufuhr auf, so entsteht an den freien Flüchen noch das übliche α- oder γ-FeOOH, da die Chlorionen dann im Gitter von β-FeOOH fixiert sind. Das β-FeOOH ist nur bei niedrigen PHWerten stabil, bei höheren Werten wandelt es sich in die σ-Modifkation oder in Hämatit um. σ-FeOOH wirkt in Kontakt mit metallischem Eisen korrosionsbeschleunigend, wahrscheinlich weil hierbei immer wieder Chlorionen freiwerden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 125-126 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical equilibria encountered with the chromium-plating of steelIn order to determine the equilibrium conditions, the authors investigated, in the compound system Fe(s) + CrJ2(g) ⇌ Cr(s) + FeJ2(g) used for diffusion-type chromium plating, the two stages Cr(s)+ 2J(g) ⇌ CrJ2(g) and Fe(s) + 2J(g) ⇌ FeJ2(g) which determine the reaction rate. The former stage was investigated at a temperature range of 700 to 1160° C, the latter at 760 to 1080° C. In this temperature range, the equilibrium is shifted somewhat to the left, the shift increasing with higher temperatures. However, as the general correlation of the equilibrium constants with temperature is low, it may be assumed that chromium-plating could be carried out over a much wider temperature range than is usual at present.
    Notes: Für die Ermittlung der Gleichgewichts-beziehungen wurden in dem für die Diffusionsverchromung verwendeten Verbindungs-system Fe(f) + CrJ2(g) ⇌ Cr(f) + FeJ(g) die beiden geschwindigkeitsbestim-menden Schritte Cr(f)+ 2 J(g) ⇌ CrJ2,(g) und Fe(f) + 2 J(g) ⇌ FeJ2(g) untersucht, und zwar die erste bei 700-1100, die zweite bei 760 und 1080° C. Das Gleichgewicht ist im untersuchten Temperaturbereich etwas nach links verschoben, und zwar um so stärker, je höher die Temperatur ist. Die insgesamt geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtskonstanten läßt jedoch vermuten, daß die Inchromierung in einem weit breiteren Temperaturbereich geführt werden kann als es bisher in der Praxis geschieht.
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  • 44
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 45
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 46
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 108-118 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of pitting corrosion with copper pipes in drinking water mainsInvestigations into cases of corrosion observed on copper pipes of water mains in Vienna and Linz have given rise to some useful practical knowledge concerning corrosion prevention: Lengthy periods of stagnation after the installation are detrimental whilst short periods of stagnation are beneficial. This is because, in the latter case, protective layers (Cu2O) are formed whilst, in the former case  -  and especially if there is no intermediate rinsing  -  the sedimentation of suspend matter is liable to cause the formation of a non-uniform cover layer. The thickness of the cover layer must not exceed a certain critical value as the elasticity of the layer would otherwise decline so that metal would be bared when the pipe is bent. Soldering at the time of installation calls for great care since soldering remnants are, in principle, detrimental. In contrast, the aggressivity of the water (ions, sedimentations) is not of major importance if the above-mentioned conditions are met.
    Notes: Untersuchungen an Korrosionsfällen in kupfernen Wasserleitungsrohren (Wien und Linz) ermöglichen einige für die Praxis wichtige Hinweise zur Korrosionsverhinderung: längere Stillstandsperioden nach Installation sind ungünstig, kürzere Stillstandsperioden hingegen günstig, weil im letzten Falle schützende Deckschichten entstehen (Cu2O), während im ersten Falle  -  besonders, wenn zwischenzeitlich nicht gespült wird. Die Dicke der entstehenden Deckschicht darf eine gewisse Grenze nicht überschreiten, da sonst die Elastizität der Deckschichten abnimmt und beim Biegen der Rohre Metall freigelegt wird. Löten bei der Installation erfordert große Vorsicht, da Lötmittelrückstände grundsätzlich nachteilig sind. Die Aggressivität des Wassers (Ionen, Ablagerungen) spielt hingegen keine große Rolle, sofern die obengenannten Voraussetzungen erfüllt sind.
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  • 47
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 73-75 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 48
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 80-84 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 51
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 12-19 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The effect of water on paint coatingsThe water absorption of varnishes and organic coatings is normally known as “swelling”. In many cases, however, a homogeneous water absorption through swelling of the polymer substance is of lesser importance than a heterogeneous water absorption. The latter may occur at the inner interfaces of a lacquers or plastic coating, e.g. at the interface between coating base, at the interface between polymer substance (binder) and filler (pigment), or at the interfaces within the polymer substance itself. One important cause of heterogeneous water absorption is the occurence of osmotic processes which are caused by water soluble substances present or originating at the boundaries. With such absorption, the freezing temperature of the polymer substance plays an important part. It is possible to ascertain experimentally how polymer films are absorbing the water. In this way, the influence of water on the film properties can be better evaluated than by simply ascribing all the water intake to a swelling process.
    Notes: Die Wasserabsorption von Lacken und organischen Beschichtungen wird üblicherweise als Quellung bezeichnet. Häufig ist aber eine homogene Wasserabsorption durch Quellung der Polymersubstanz gegenüber einer heterogenen Wasseraufnahme von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Eine hetrogene Wasseraufnahme kann an inneren Grenzflächen einer Lack- oder Kunststoffbeschichtung erfolgen, z.B. an der Grenzfläche zum Untergrund, an der Grenzfläche zwischen Polymersubstanz (Bubdenuttek) und Füllstoff (Pigment) oder an Grenzflächen innerhalb der Polymersubstanz selbst. Eine wichtige Ursache für heterogene Wassereinlagerungen sind osmotische Vorgänge, die durch an den Grenzflächen vorhandene oder dort entstehende wasserlösliche Stoffe verusacht werden. Die Einfriertemperatur der Polymersubstanz spielt bei dieser Einlagerung eine wichtige Rolle. Es ist experimentell möglich, festzustellen, in welcher Weise gefükkte Polymerfilme Wasser absorbieren. Dadurch läßt sich der Einfluß von Wasser auf Filmeigenschaften besser beurteilen, als wenn alles aufgenommene Wasser summarich einem Quellungsvorgang zugeschrieben wird.
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  • 52
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Adhesive strength in interfacesOn the thesis that the adhesion between two phases - e.g. coating and substratum - is a function of the interfacial tension at the phase boundary concerned, tests have been carried out on a number of different surface protection systems. To begin with the thesis was corroborated by testing the adhesive strength of PTFE powder on different plastics. It was also found that the tensile and peeling strength calues of glued plastics show a rapid decline as the interfacial tension between plastics and hardened adhesive increases. In analogy, the same correlation was found to apply to the fouling resistance of coatings. -With decreasing interfacial tension, i.e. with increasing wettability, the resistance to fouling will decrease. In practice, it is necessary to accept a compromise in order to obtain an adequate adhesive strength of the lacquers film yet, at the same time, a low fouling-proneness.
    Notes: Ausgehend von der Annahme, daß die Haftfestigkeit zwischen zwei Phasen -z.B. Anstrichfilm und Substrat- eine Funktion der Grenzflächenspannung an der betreffenden Phasengrenzfläche ist, werden verschiedene Systeme zum Oberflächenschutz überprüft. Zunächst wird die Annahme bestätigt in Versuchen über das Haftvermögen von PTFE-Pulver an verschiedenen Kunststoffen. Außerdem wird gefunden, daß die Zug- und Schälfestigkeit verklebter Kunststoffe mit zunehmender Grenzflächenspannung zwischen Kunststoff und ausgehärtetem Klebstoff rasch abnehmen. In Analogie dazu wurde festgestellt, daß die gleiche Beziehung auch für die Verschmutzbarkeit von Anstrichfilmen gilt: mit abnehmender Grenzflächenspannung, d.h. zunehmender Benetzbarkeit, nimmt die Verschmutzungsanfälligkeit zu. In der Praxis ist man gezwungen, einen Kompromiß zu suchen, um einerseits austeichende Haftfestigkeit des Lackfilms und andererseits geringe Verchmutzungsanfälligkeit zu erhalten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 54
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 27-29 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion indicator for devices made of metals capable of passivationThe authors describe a fully transistorized instrument which indicates changes in the corrosion behaviour on the strength of the change in potential of a metal in the vicinity of the passivation potential, and - by means of visual and acoustic signals - indicates the need for remedial measures. Conversely, the instrument is also suited to indicate changes in the surrounding medium so that it can be used for the continuous monitoring of working conditions. Its application is, however, confined to those cases where the difference in the corrosion rates in the active and passive state is considerable.
    Notes: Beschrieben wird ein volltransitorisiertes Gerät, das aufgrund der Potential-änderung eines Metalls in der Umgebung des Passivierungspotentials Änderungen im Korrosionsverhalten anzeigt und damit -über optische und akustische Signale - auf die Notwendigkeit von Abhilfemaßnahmen hinweist. Es eignet sich umgekehrt auch zur Anzeige von Veränderungen im umgebenden Medium und damit zur kontinuierlichen Überwachung von Betriebsbediungungen. Die Anwedung ist allerdings auf die Fälle beschränkt, in denen der Unterschied der Korrosions geschwindigkeit im aktiven und passiven Zustand beträchtlich ist.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 29-30 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the problem of the corrosion of lead in the building industryThe corrosion resistance of lead in mortar can be improved by surface treatment. The best protection is obtained with a chromate layer, followed by phosphate and the sulphate layers. The corrosion resistance of the protective layers is consistently superior when the mill scale on the lead sheet is removed by pickling prior to immersion into the treating solutions. While the useful life of a lead sheet (2.6 mm thick) without surface treatment is about 58 months in lime mortar and 43 months in cement mortar, the respective values for chromated sheets are 147 and 116 months.
    Notes: Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Blei in Mörtel kann durch Oberflächenbehandlung verbessert werden. Den besten Schutz bietet eine Chromatierungschicht, etwas schlechter ist eine Phosphatierungsschicht, und die geringste Schutzwirkung besitzt die Sulfatschicht. Der Korrosionswiderstand der Schutzschichten ist immer dann höher, wenn die Walzhaut des Bleibleches vor dem Eintauchen in die deckschichtbildenden Lösungen durch Ätzen entfernt wird. Während die Lebensdauer eines Bleiblechs von 2,6 mm Dicke ohne Oberflächenbehandlung in Kalkmörtel etwa 43 Monate beträgt, liegt sie im Falle der chromatierten Bleche bei 147 bzw. 166 Monaten.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 56
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 57
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 58
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 79-80 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 59
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 85-85 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 60
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 86-86 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 61
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Evaluation of atmospheric corrosion tests with iron, copper and zinc, extending over three years, at Czechoslovak testing stationsAt three testing stations in Czechoslovakia, carbon steel, metallurgical zinc and metallurgical copper were exposed to atmospheric corrosion for three years. Samples were taken for examination after 6 weeks, 14 weeks, 6 months, 12 months and 2 years. The humidity and temperature conditions experienced during the test period were recorded in „climatographs“, and the SO2 contents were measured cumulatively. After a time, the corrosion rate is found to assume a stationary condition which has often not been recognized in previous research work because the initial periods, showing a different behaviour, were included in the evaluation. The results confirm the known close correlation between corrosion and humidity, though different mechanisms must be assumed for the different metals investigated. In the case of Zn and Cu, the SO2 content in the atmosphere is the decisive factor whilst, for Fe, the content of SO42- ions in the rust is more important. In either case, critical values are encountered which are governed, respectively, by the possibility of adsorbing SO2 at the phase boundary and by the possibility of compounding the SO42- ions in the rust.
    Notes: Auf drei atmosphärischen Prüfstationen der ČSSR wurden C-Stahl, Hüttenzink und Hüttenkupfer 3 Jahre lang exponiert; nach 6 Wochen, 14 Wochen, 6 Monaten, 12 Monaten und 2 Jahren wurden Proben zur Untersuchung entnommen. Die während des Versuchszeitraums herrschenden Feuchtigkeits- und Temperaturwerte wurden in Klimatogrammen zusammengefaßt und der SO2-Gehalt kumulativ gemessen. Für die Geschwindigkeit der Korrosion ergibt sich nach einer gewissen Zeit ein stationärer Zustand, der in bisherigen Arbeiten häufig nicht erkannt wurde, weil bei der Auswertung auch die davon abweichenden Anfangsperioden mit berücksichtigt wurden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die schon bekannte starke Abhängigkeit der Korrosion von der Feuchtigkeit, wobei für die untersuchten Metalle verschiedene Mechanismen angenommen werden müssen. Für Zn und Cu ist der Gehalt an SO2 in der Atmosphäre entscheidend, während für Fe der Gehalt an SO42--Ionen im Rost ausschlaggebend ist. In beiden Fällen treten kritische Werte auf, die einmal durch die Möglichkeiten der Adsorption von SO2 an der Phasengrenze, zum anderen durch die Bindungsmöglichkeit für SO42--Ionen im Rost bedingt sind.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron-optical and electro-chemical investigation into the passive behaviour of fine lead in hot concentrated sulphuric acidThe passivation of fine lead in hot concentrated sulphuric acid is exclusively governed by a lead sulphate layer. A stable passive condition can only be maintained within a narrow range of potentials. In the trans-passive zone (above + 600 mV), as with potentials below the passivation potential, a loose suphate layer is formed. In either case, pitting corrosion is liable to occur. Whether any compounds of tetravalent lead play a part in the passivation phenomena has not yet been fully clarified.
    Notes: Die Passivierung von Feinblei in heißer konzentrierter Schwefelsäure ist ausschließlich durch eine Bleisulfatschicht bedingt. Der stabile Passivzustand läßt sich nur in einem engen Potentialbereich aufrechterhalten. Im transpassiven Bereich (Über + 600 mV) entsteht ebenso wie bei Potentialen unterhalb des Passivierungspotentials eine lockere Sulfatschicht, wobei es in beiden Fällen zu Lochfraß kommen kann. Ob an den Passivierungsvorgängen auch Verbindungen des vierwertigen Bleis beteiligt sind, konnte noch nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 64
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 85-85 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 65
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 86-86 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 66
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 67
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The corrosion resistance of the silicides of transitional metalsThe disilicides of Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo and W, as well as Mo5Si3, Mo3Si and W3Si2 have, in general, an extremely high resistance to acids. However, the silicides of Mo and W have a low resistance to most acids whilst the remaining silicides have a high resistance to nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid, but a low resistance to hydrofluoric acid, but a low resistance to hydrofluoric acid. Similar conditions are encountered for hydroazoic acid whilst the resistance of all silicides to NaOH is poor. The high resistance to acids is due to the formation of a surface layer rich in SiO2. To obtain comparable results, the silicides were ground to powder which was then fused in a plasma are into fairly uniform globules.
    Notes: Die Disilicide von Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo und W sowie Mo5Si3 Mo3Si und W3Si2 sind im allgemeinen äußerst beständig gegen Säuren. Schlecht beständig in den meisten Säuren sind die Silicide von Mo und W, während die übrigen Silicide in Salpeter-, Salz- und Schwefelsäure gut, in Flußsäure schlecht beständig sind. Ähnliche Verhältnisse ergeben sich auch für Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure, während in Natriumhydroxid sämtliche Silicide schlecht beständig sind. Die gute Beständigkeit in Säuren beruht auf der Bildung einer SiO2-reichen Oberflächenschicht. Um vergleichbare Ergebnisse zu erhalten, wurden die Silicide nach ihrer Herstellung gemahlen und in einem Plasmabrenner zu ziemlich einheitlichen Kügelchen geschmolzen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The electrode behaviour of zinc and iron in calcium hydroxide solutions and in mortarThe behaviour of zinc (fine zinc and metallurgical zinc) and of unalloyed steel in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution and in mortar has been the subject of electrode-kinetic investigations. The observations showed that the behaviour of fine zinc, metallurgical zinc and galvanized steel is more or less identical, and that even the mortar coating has little effect on the electrode behaviour. It is found that (a)zinc is passivated by a zinc oxide layer;(b)the potential of a short-circuit cell consisting passive zinc and iron becomes so negative that hydrogen is developed at the iron at an appreciable rate;(c)the passivity Of the zinc in a solution containing chloride is removed at a much higher chloride concentration than that of steel.In the case of a galvanized electrode with an electrolytically dissolved layer of pure zinc, the current/potential characteristic was similar to that of the passive iron.
    Notes: Es wurden elektrodenkinetische Untersuchungen über das Verhalten von Zink (Feinzink und Hüttenzink) und von un-legiertem Stahl in gesättigter Calcium-hydroxidlösung und in Mörtel ausgeführt. Die Messungen ergaben, daß sich Feinzink, Hüttenzink und feuerverzinkter Stahl im wesentlichen gleich verhalten und daß auch die Mörtelumhüllung das Elektrodenverhalten kaum verändert. Es wird festgestellt, (a)daß Zink durch eine Zinkoxidschicht passiviert wird,(b)daß das Potential einer Kurzschlußzelle aus passivem Zink und Eisen so negativ wird, daß am Eisen mit merklicher Geschwindigkeit Wasserstoff entwickelt wird,(c)daß die Passivität des Zinks in chloridhaltiger Lösung erst bei wesentlich, höherer Chloridkonzentration aufgehoben wird als die des Stahls.Bei einer feuerverzinkten Elektrode mit elektrolytisch abgetragener Reinzinkschicht war die Stromspannungskurve der des passiven Eisens ähnlich.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 127-131 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 70
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 159-161 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 71
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 72
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 181-181 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 73
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 183-194 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations into the electrolytic-potentiostatic etching of stainless steels in 10 n NaOH, using a coulometerCurrent density/potential characteristics can only provide qualitative indications concerning the phenomena encountered with potentiostatic etching in 10 n NaOH. The process is best carried out in the trans-passive zone. Identification is based, not on the selective dissolution of certain standard components, but on the interference colours which can be observed as a result of the formation of cover layers of different thickness. The charge density/time characteristics also permit quantitative indications of the different phases. Current density/time curves permit a clarification of the mechanism govering the formation of cover layers. A ferritic steel (28 pC Cr) and a NiCr alloy (45 pC Cr) were found to follow a cubic law of growth, whilst CrNi steel 18-8 is initially governed by an approximately logarithmic law, followed by a zone extending over several hours where the growth begins to follow a parabolic law.
    Notes: Stromdichte-Potential-Kurven ermöglichen nur qualitative Aussagen über die Vorgänge beim potentiostatischen Ätzen in 10 n NaOH. Am günstigsten ist Ätzen im Transpassivbereich. Die Identifizierung erfolgt dabei nicht durch selektive Auflösung bestimmter Gefügebestandteile, sondern aufgrund der Interferenzfarben, die infolge der Bildung unterschiedlich starker Deckschichten zu beobachten sind. Die Ladungsdichte-Zeit-Kurven ermöglichen auch Aussagen über die Mengen der einzelnen Phasen. Stromdichte-Zeit-Kurven ermöglichen eine Aufklärung des Deckschichtbildungsmechanismus. Für einen ferritischen Stahl (28% Cr) und eine NiCr-Legierung mit 45% Cr gilt ein kubisches Wachstumsgesetz, während für CrNi-Stahl 18-8 zunächst ein annähernd logarithmisches Gesetz gilt, an das sich ein mehrstündiger Bereich anschließt, in dem übergang zu einem parabolischen Schichtwachstum erfolgt.
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  • 74
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 206-208 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electro-chemical examination of solutions containing inhibitors for temporary corrosion protectionThe products of lubricant type hitherto mainly used for temporary corrosion protection are increasingly superseded by aqueous solutions. Potentiostatic examinations have shown that solutions containing ammonium oxalate, sodium oxalate or sodium nitrite  -  possibly with an admixture of starch or glycerine  -  are suitable for this purpose. The action mechanism shows fairly great differences. Whilst the inhibiting effect of sodium oxalate is confined to the cathodic reaction, the effect of ammonium oxalate also extends to the anodic reaction. Ammonium oxalate is much more effective than sodium nitrite. It has not yet been possible to establish with certainty whether the protective effect is due to the formation of an oxa-late film, or to the adsorption of the oxalate ions, or to the reaction with oxygen.
    Notes: Statt der bisher meist verwendeten schmierstoffähnlichen Produkte fü den zeitweiligen Korrosionsschutz finden zunehmend wäßrige Lösungen Anwendung. Potentiostatische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß Lösungen mit Ammoniumoxalat, Natriumoxalat oder Natriumnitrit, gegebenenfalls mit Zusatz von Stärke oder Glycerin, für diesen Zweck geeignet sind. Der Wirkungsmechanismus ist ziemlich verschieden. Während Natriumoxalat nur die kathodische Reaktion inhibiert, erstreckt sich die Wirkung von Ammoniumoxalat ist dabei wesentlich wirksamer als Natriumnitrit. Ob die Schutzwirkung bedingt ist durch Bildung einer Oxalatschicht, Adsorption der Oxalation oder Bindung von Sauerstoff, konnte noch nicht eindeutig entschieden werden.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical measuring methods for studying stress-corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigueAn apparatus is described for the investigation of local corrosion phenomena with simultaneous static and dynamic loading. The apparatus enables measurements to be made of potential variations in time, interdependance of current density and potential, and current density variation at constant potential. It is shown that stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in boiling Ca(NO3)2, solution and of soft iron in NaOH is a clear local corrosion process. Analogous results are obtained with austenitic stainless steel in an activating medium. Corrosion fatigue of passive austenitic steels can be produced in SO, saturated water or in ferroammonium sulphate solution. Between corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking there is a number of analogies but there are also differences. Stress corrosion cracking strongly depends from material composition but may be produced by almost any medium, while corrosion fatigue is possible in certain media only, but is not related with a particular metal composition.
    Notes: Beschrieben wird eine Apparatur zur Untersuchung örtlicher Korrosionserscheinungen bei gleichzeitiger statischer und dynamischer Werkstoffbeanspruchung. Die Apparatur ermöglicht die Messung von zeitlichen Potentialänderungen, der Abhängigkeit von Stromdichte und Potential und der Änderung der Stromdichte bei konstantem Potential. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die Spannungsrißkorrosion von C-Stahl in Siedender Ca(NO3)2- Lösung und von Weicheisen in NaOH ein ausgesprochener Lokalkorrosionsvorgang ist. Für austenitische nichtrostende Stäble erhält man mit einem aktivierenden Medium analoge Ergebnisse. Schwingungsrißkorrosion passiver austenitischer Stähle kann in mit Schwefeldioxid gesättigtem Wasser oder Ferroammonsulfatlösung der- zeugt werden. Zwischen Schwingungsrißkorrosion und Spannungsrißkorrosion be- stehen zahlreiche Analogien, doch auch Unterschiede. Spannungsrißkorrosion ist stark abhängig von der Werkstoffzusam-mensetzung, kann jedoch durch fast jedes dien möglich ist, jedoch an keine bestimmte rißkorrosion ist nur in bestimmten Medien möglich, ist jedoch an keine bestimmte Metallzusammensetzung gebunden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 228-236 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 248-253 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 263-268 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 272-279 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 80
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 279-279 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 81
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. IX 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 82
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations into the causes of stress corrosion cracking with stainless, C-stabilized austenitic Cr-Ni-steelsWith the deformation of specimens (steel with 17 per cent. Cr, 10 per cent Ni) in boiling MgCl2 solution, the potential is shifled to the negative side, at a rate which increases with the expansion rate. This phenomenon is ascribed to the fact, that, with slow expansion, the active zones are again apt to be passivated. It is only when major cracks are already present that the expansion rate at the bottom of the crack becomes so high that no passivation takes place any more and that the potential remains continuously below that required for stress corrosion cracking. Between stres corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion, there is a correlation inasmuch as the pitting has a corrosioninhibiting effect. The hydrogen and chlorme ions which accumulate in the pitting have the effect of shifling the potential to the negative side so that, during expansion, the potential is no longer much below the negative potential required for stress corrosion cracking. This interpretation is derived from the different behaviour of specimens which were exposed to loads after brief polarisation (causing pitting corrosion), and directly.
    Notes: Bei der Verformung von Proben (Stahl mit 17 % Cr, 10 % Ni) in siedender MgCl2-Lösung wird das Potential unedler, und zwar zunehmend mit der Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit. Diese Erscheinung wird damit gedeutet, daß bei langsamer Dehnung die aktiven Bereiche wieder passiviert werden können. Lediglich wenn schon größflere Risse vorliegen, wird die Dehngeschwindigkeit am Rißgrund so hoch, daß dort keine Passivierung mehr auftritt und das für Spannungsrißkorrosion erforderliche Potential dauernd unterschritten wird. Zwischen Spannungsrißkorrosion und Lochfraß besteht insofern eine Beziehung, als die Löcher korrosionsverzögernd wirken. Die Wasserstoff- und Chlorionen, die sich in den Löchern ansammeln, verschieben das Potential zu negativen Werten, so daß bei Dehnung das für die Spannungsrißkorrosion erforderliche negative Potential kaum noch unterschritten wird. Diese Deutung ergibt sich aus dem unterschiedlichen Verhalten von Proben, die nach kurzer Vorpolarisation (Lochfraßauslosung) und direkt belastet wurden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 355-366 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 84
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 370-372 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XIII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 87
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 396-407 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Passivation behaviour and stress corrosion cracking of iron-maganese-chromium alloys in sodium chloride solutionElectrochemical experiments with MnCr steels (20-28% Mn, up to 12% Cr) in 3% NaCl solution. High Mn contents reduce the passivation tendency, while increasing Cr contents broaden the range of passivity. The formation of surface layers is due primarily to a direct reaction with the solution (good adhesion, high protective value) and, secondarily, to precipitation from the solution (porosity, low protective value). The tendency to form secondary layers increases as the Cr content is reduced. In oxygen containing solution there is a pronounced corrosion in the pitting range. At low Cr contents, stress corrosion cracking is mostly transcrystalline, at higher Cr contents (8-12%) it is intercrystalline, in particular when Cr carbide precipitations are present at the grain boundaries. In the range of transcrystalline corrosion the susceptibility to selective corrosion extends beyond the pitting potential. At higher Cr contents there may be pitting without any indication of stress corrosion cracking.
    Notes: Electrochemische Versuche mit MnCr-Stählen (20-28% Mn, bis 12% Cr) in 3% NaCl. Hohe Mn-Gehalte verringern die Passivierungsneigung, während steigende Cr-Gehalte den Passivitätsbereich verbreitern. Die Deckschichtbildung erfolgt hierbei primär durch direkte Reaktion mit der Lösung (gute Haftung, hoher Schutzwert), sekundär durch Ausfällen aus der Lösung (Porosität, geringer Schutzwert). Die Neigung zur Bildung sekundärer Schichten steigt mit abnehmendem Cr-Gehalt. In sauer-stoffhaltigen Lösungen tritt ausgeprägte Korrosion im Lochfraßbereich auf. Bei niedrigen Cr-Gehalten verläuft Spannungsrißkorrosion meist transkristallin, bei höheren Cr-Gehalten (8-12%) interkristallin, besonders wenn an den Korngrenzen Auscheidungen von Cr-Carbid vorliegen. Im transkristallinen Korrosionsbereich ist die Anfälligkeit für selektive Korrosion über das Lochfraßpotential hinaus erweitert. Bei höheren Cr-Gehalten kann Lochfraß auftreten, ohne daß Anzeichen einer Spannungsriß-korrosion vorliegen.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 436-438 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 452-454 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 339-340 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 366-368 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 518-522 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 530-532 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 555-561 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 97
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 569-569 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 569-569 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 486-487 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 578-583 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cathodic corrosion of lead in the soilCathodic corrosion of lead in the soil can be expected in exceptional cases only. The corrosion found on a particular lead cable could be simulated in the laboratory. It could be confirmed, that  -  probably by decomposition of primary lead hydride  -  metallic lead is deposited below layers of Ca and Mg compounds already at potentials below -1,7 V. A special switching method was developed to account for breakthrough polarisation.
    Notes: Kathodische Korrosion von Blei im Boden ist grundsätzlich nur in Ausnahmefällen zu erwarten. Diese an einem Kabel gefundene Korrosion wurde im Laboratorium nachgebildet. Hierbei konnte bestätigt werden, daß unter Deckschichten aus Calcium- und Magnesiumverbindungen bei Potentialen schon unter -1,7 V metallisches, Blei abgeschieden wurde, wahrscheinlich durch Zersetzung von primär entstandenem Bleihydrid. Für derartige Untersuchungen wurde eine spezielle Schaltmethode entwickelt, bei welcher auch die Durchtrittspolarisation berücksichtigt wird.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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