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  • 1975-1979  (4,200)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (3,254)
  • Engineering General  (946)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 165-168 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using relatively simple analog circuitry, and an inexpensive analog frequency modulated tape recorder (or a modified audio recorder) for data storage, repetitively scanned spectra may be examined on an oscilloscope, and reconstructed mass chromatograms produced. The same equipment may be used for peak matching, and for selective ion detection over the full mass range of a sector instrument.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A stable isotope dilution method is presented by which uracil (Ura) and thymine (Thy) can be determined with high precision and sensitivity at the picomole level utilizing stable isotope dilution and gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. [15N2]Ura and [2H3]Thy served as internal standards. The molecular ions as well as the [M - CH3]+ ion fragments of silylated Ura and Thy (Ura-TMS and Thy-TMS) were suitable for the assay which provides evidence of specificity, if identical results are obtained at both ions. Nucleosides and nucleotides of Ura and Thy were determined following quantitative hydrolysis in 6 N HCI at 180°C for two hours. Other hydrolsis procedures did not give satisfactory results. Levels of free Ura and Thy were measured in human and rat plasma after solvent extraction with a sensitivity of 20-40 pm ml-1 demonstrating ready applicability of the assay method to biological samples. The potential physiological role of circulating Ura and Thy is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure is described which permits the simultaneous determination of imipramine and desipramine or clomipramine and N-desmethylclomipramine in serum or plasma for concentrations in the range of 1-200 ng ml-1. Detection limits of 0.2 ng ml-1 for imipramine and 0.1 ng ml-1 for desipramine were demonstrated with a signal-to-noise ratio maintained at 2:1 or better. The method relies on the derviatization of the secondary amines with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and is based on the combined use of gas chromatography, electron impact mass spectrometry and computerized data handling. The assaying procedure is specific, accurate and precise. It is suitable for routine analyses and has sufficient sensitivity to permit monitoring the drug and metabolite levels in human plasma or serum resulting from a single therapeutic dose.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 212-220 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The urinary metabolites of flavanone in the rat were investigated using a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method employing an OV-1 capillary column. Forty-three metabolites were detected and the most prominent of these were identified. The most common metabolic reactions were reduction of the keto group and hydroxylation at the 3- or 6-positions. Little hydroxylation occurred in ring B. The major metabolites were flavan-4α-ol, trans-3-hydroxyflavan-4β-ol, 6-hydroxyflavanone and 6-hydroxyflavan-4β-ol. Gas chromatographic analysis of underivatized flavanone metabolites, especially with stainless steel columns, results in the formation of dehydrated products including flavone, flav-3-ene and flavanone itself.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Following intraperitoneal administratin to rats of [14C]loperamide, [carbonyl-14C] 4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxyl-N,N-dimethyl-α,α-diphenyl-1-piperidinebutyramide, metabolites in feces and urine were separated, and identified by means of mass spectrometry. In feces, six metabolites were identified in addition to the unchanged drug. The main metabolic pathways involved are dealkylation in the dimethyl amide moiety to give desmethyl- and didesmethylloperamide, both of which were in turn monohydroxylated either in the α-phenyl ring or possibly in the α-carbon in the piperidine ring. It is noteworthy that metabolites hydroxylated in the piperidine ring were isolated as pyridinium derivatives, possibly due to spontaneous aromatization of its 2,4-dihydroxy-4-(p-chlorophenyl)piperidine ring. In urine, only two metabolites were found and identified to be desmethyl- and didesmethylloperamide, since [14C]loperamide was excreted into urine only in a small amount.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methane chemical ionization mass spectrometric data and gas chromatography retention parameters are reported for 31 bile acid methyl esters. The group includes both saturated and unsaturated compounds with up to three keto or hydroxyl groups. Major ions include the quasimolecular ions and fragments resulting from the loss of neutral species such as methanol, water and methane. The combination of gas-liquid chromatography retention and mass spectral data is sufficient for an unequivocal distinction among all the bile acids studied. Application of this data to the identification of bile acid metabolites is cited.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we introduce a novel procedure for the analysis of insect juvenile hormones and describe the principal steps involved in this method. Due to the low concentration of these hormones in insects, careful purification of samples before analysis is necessary. Biological samples are purified by solvent partition and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography, then analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a spectrometer equipped with a data acquisition system. By this procedure 100 pg of insect juvenile hormone could be detected in biological extracts.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A direct exposure probe has been used to obtain mass spectra of underivatized guanosine, deoxyguanosine, sucrose and the p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucronide. In all cases, a protonated molecular ion is produced with good relative abundance. The effects of heating rate and sample size on the production of the [MH]+ ion are examined in detail from total ion and single ion currents produced during rapid, repetitive scanning of the spectra after probe insertion. From this data we conclude that protonated molecular ions are produced as a result of the enhanced volatility of neutral molecules on the probe surface, followed by chemical ionization, and not by surface ionization.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dihydrodiols are derived from intermediary arene oxides during the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives obtained from the 5,6-dihydrodiol and 8,9-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene were compared. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns indicate some key features in distinguishing a K-region dihydrodiol from its non K-region isomer. The 8,9-dihydrodiol, a non K-region metabolite, exhibits a greater tendency to undergo a ringcontraction fragmentation process while the K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol participates preferably in other fragmentation pathways. The data presented in this report will be useful in characterizing K-region and non K-region metabolic epoxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amino acids with two oxygen-18 atoms in the carboxyl moiety can be synthesized easily from the amino acids and H218O through exchange. The exchange conditions are simply solution of the amino acid (1-4 mg) in acidic H218O (0.1-0.2 ml) followed by heating at 60-70°C for several days. Eighteen oxygen-18 amino acids with incorporations typically greater than 90 atom% 18O2 have been achieved and characterized by mass spectrometry. The exchange conditions do not lead to racemization. Loss of the oxygen-18 atoms through back exchange was found to be pH and temperature dependent, but yet slow enough to allow these isotopimers to be used in most studies as internal standards for quantitative mass spectrometry. The 18O carboxylic atoms were not exchanged upon incubation in plasma for three days at 37°C,pH 7.4. The exchange reaction is general enough to allow the simultaneous synthesis of several [18O]amino-acids.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of a model developed by the authors for the simultaneous quantitative determination of several isotopically labelled substances of the same chemical structure is described in detail for a two substance system. A computational flow chart is included. An example using natural estradiol and 4-[14C] labelled estradiol with manifold deuterated estradiol as an internal standard is presented. The basis of the model is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A means of determination of active hydrogen of hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, amino, amido and sulfonamido groups by chemical ionization mass spectrometry using ammonia and trideuterioammonia as reagent gases is described. The method is based on exchange of active hydrogen for deuterium occurring during the chemical ionization process using trideuterioammonia, with comparison of m/z for ammonium adduct [M+NH4]+ and trideuterioammonium adduct [M-nH+nD+ND4]+, or of protonated molecular ion [M+H]+ and deuteronated molecular ion [M-nH+nD+D]+ yielding the number of active hydrogens. Applications have been made to several classes of biologically important compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 465-466 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to analyse and quantitate the urinary 16-oxysteroids known or thought to be associated with hypertension, we have established for six 16-oxy-C19 reference steroids the following parameters: elution volume on lipophilic gel columns, gas chromatographic retention data expressed as methylene unit values of trimethylsilyl ether and O-methoxime trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on OV-1 and OV-17 packed columuns and on SE-30 capillary column, and mass spectra of these compounds. These reference steroids were: 3α, 16α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17 one, 3α,16α-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3β,16β-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3β,17β-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one and 3α,15α-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one. The proposed method was shown to be applicable to the specific analysis of 16-oxy-C19-steroids in biological samples since it achieved the selective isolation of these compounds from other steroids and their quantitative elution in a single fraction. The analysis of the urinary steroids of two patients with arterial hypertension demonstrated an elevated rate of 3β,16α-dihydroxy-5-androstan-17-one.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 462-464 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pyrrolidides of a number of fatty acids containing oxygen functions (ether linkage, epoxide ring and hydroxyl group) have been prepared and their mass spectra recorded. Detailed analyses of these, supported by accurate mass measurement, indicate that the presence of the oxygen atom has a profound effect on the normal, sequential, mode of pyrrolidide fragmentation. Cleavage adjacent to the oxygen is enhanced, this being most marked in the spectra of those compounds containing an either linkage. However, further fragmentation of the carbon chain distal to the pyrrolidide group is minimal and prevents any structural information being obtained. These findings indicate that the usefulness of the pyrrolidide derivative for structural elucidation purposes is severely limited in some cases when an oxygen atom is present in the chain. However, for both the epoxy- and hydroxy-fatty acids, complementary derivatization methods are available.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. iii 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two simple techniques have been developed to permit correlation of the profiles obtained by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry. One uses the fluoroacyl derivatives of a homologous series of n-alkylamines to provide a reference grid of retention parameters applicable to both systems. The other correlates the intensity profile of a specific fluorine-containing ion with the gas chromatographic profile obtained with electron capture detection of fluoroacyl derivatives.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: o-Hydroxymandelic acid and m-hydroxymandelic acid have been identified in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring. After solvent extraction the urinary acids were converted to their O-trifluoroacetoxy methyl ester derivatives which were identified by comparison of the retention times and relative intensities of the characteristic m/z 374 and m/z 315 ions with those from authentic samples. 4,6-[2H2]-o-hydroxymandelic acid and 2,4,6-[2H3]-m-hydroxymandelic acid were synthesized for use as internal standards in the quantitative estimation of the isomeric hydroxymandelic acids excreted in urine. In ten normal adults the following results were obtained: o-hydroxymandelic acid 4-16 ng mg-1 creatinine and m-hydroxymandelic acid 11-71 ng mg-1 creatinine. Acid hydrolysis of the urine or ingestion of a diet of known composition did not affect these results, indicating that these compounds are excreted as the free acids and probably arise by metabolism of the corresponding phenylethanolamine(s).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 123
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 508-513 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An RCA Cosmac 1802 microcomputer has been used to program the sample heating wire current of a direct exposure probe used to obtain mass spectra of nonvolatile and thermally labile compounds. Programming is in machine language, which requires a minimum system, and is competitive in cost with hard-wired programmers, while possessing the flexibility available through software control. Current steps are synchronized with the rapid repetitive scanning of the mass spectrometer. The rapid desorption of the methyl ester of a bile acid is used for illustration of the operation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantitative analyses of testosterone, as the methyl oxime t-butyldimethylsilyl ether, are performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected monitoring of the metastable peak corresponding to the fragmentation [M]+·→[M - C4]+ in the field free region preceding the electric sector of a double focusing mass spectrometer. A detection limit of c 30 pg is observed during analyses of the standard compound. The method is applied to the quantitative determination of testosterone in extracts of prostatic tissue from the golden hamster, using epitestosterone as the internal standard. The analytical specificity is similar to that achieved during gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry with selected ion detection of [M]+· ions; gas chromatography low resolution mass spectrometry is of inadequate specificity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. IV 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 126
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 127
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 573-574 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High resolution single ion monitoring and low resolution multiple ion monitoring without the use of an internal standard, were compared as methods for the mass spectrometric measurement of patulin in apple juice extracts. Single ion monitoring was the more sensitive method and reliably measured 0.2 ppb patulin in apple juice while multiple ion monitoring gave a detection limit of 5 ppb and could reliably measure 10 ppb. A perdeuterated analogue of silylated patulin was found to be unsuitable either as an internal standard or as a carrier.
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  • 128
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 11-35 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element equivalents of the equations governing shearing and buoyancy driven flows are derived, and reduced to upwind forms suitable for the solution of problems in which the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers are large. A modification to the central difference iterative method is studied which increases the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers for which a central difference form may be used. A comparison is made between the results obtained using the central and upwind forms of the finite element method and those predicted by finite difference methods in the case of flow in a cavity. A mesh refinement study is made. The upwind forms of the finite element equations are applied to the solution of a complex flow problem involving the flow of glass in a throated furnace in the case of constant- and temperature- dependent viscosity and conductivity.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 290-291 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 130
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 312-312 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 131
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 313-314 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. i 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 134
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 409-421 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Families of two-and three-dimensional finite elements are constructed for use in modelling fields with singular derivatives. The elements are complete over linear fields, conform with regular elements, and are easily programmed. A low order exact quadrature rule is also derived for element stiffness calculations.
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  • 135
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 451-458 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general non-linear interpolation procedure for contouring on any isoparametric surface was presented in a previous article. The method used standard isoparametric interpolation functions and a predictor method for tracing element contour lines. The method presented here extends the previous work by using a predictor-corrector method to trace element contour lines, thereby making the contouring algorithm more accurate.
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  • 136
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 473-474 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 137
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1063-1072 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Similar and similarly oriented CST elements have the same stiffness matrix, and therefore similar shapes generated by the assembly of such elements possess the same stiffness matrix. This property and the matrix condensation technique may be judiciously combined to simplify the study of large structures, which may otherwise incur large core requirements and time and involve the solution of a great number of equations. In this paper the idea is developed to indicate its full potential. In illustration, results from examples on the determination of stresses around a small hole in a large plate are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1085-1089 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the order of certain two-dimensional quadrature formulae is discussed and it is shown that their degree and order are not related in the same simple way as they are for one-dimensional rules.
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1090-1094 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the two-dimensional isoparametric 8-node element an additive condition is formulated, so that the function describing the domain boundary is continually differentiable at the common nodes on the boundary. This condition will be satisfied by moving the mid-side nodes into a special position. The advantage in using this modified element will be shown by an example of the elasto-plastic calculation of a double-edge notched specimen.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1100-1104 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This communication presents a simple algorithm to compute the stiffness matrix for a triangular plate bending element, without numerical integration. This brings about a substantial saving in computer time.
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  • 141
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1127-1140 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In Reference 1 a class of first-order factorization methods for the solution of large, sparse systems of equations, of which the coefficient matrix is a symmetric M-matrix, was introduced. Asymptotic results for the computational complexity was proved in the case of systems arising from finite difference approximation of second-order self-adjoint elliptic partial differential equation problems in two dimensions with Dirichlet boundary conditions. In this paper the result is extended to cover even mixed boundary conditions and problems with discontinuous material coefficients. Results from numerical experiments with various finite difference and finite element approximations are presented and comparisons with direct and other interative methods are made.
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1165-1182 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a numerical procedure for the solution of metalworking problems of a strain-hardening material. The overall metalworking process is split up into a number of stages and the governing equations for a typical stage are set up in terms of incremental displacements. The incremental deformation occurring in each successive stage is found by an interative numerical procedure based on the concept of piecewise linearization. The ‘composite’ solution yields the distribution of stress and strain in the work material at various stages of the process. Finally, application of the method to finite axisymmetric compression is described.
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 159-178 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A series of open-type elements which are compatible with axisymmetric thin shell elements have been dervied. These elements allow the effects of intermediate openings and discrete support systems for rotational shells to be realistically modelled in the dynamic regime. Also, consistent load vectors for several common cases are derived.The availablility of these elements in a public domain computer program enhances the possibility for modelling systems which are basically axisymmetric but which include intermediate or end supports using a rotational shell code.
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 211-225 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of non-radial loading (in the stress space) of structures of elastic-plastic metals is discussed. A concept of combined isotropic and kinematic hardening is proposed. For a material displaying such mixed hardening, constitutive equations are derived and incorporated in a finite element program for the analysis of elastic-plastic 2D-structures. When determining the numerical solution of the non-linear equations, the program enables the investigator to select an optimal combination of step by step and iteration procedures. The computed results are compared with experimental results and with results from calculations based on the overlay model, Reference 25.
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1335-1346 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new second-order accurate method for the solution of two-point boundary value problems on a uniform mesh is given; the local truncation error is obtained for use with the deferred correction process. The method is compared with existing second-order techniques and is shown to produce more accurate results for a number of linear and nonlinear example problems.
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  • 147
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1379-1398 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Orthogonal base functions that are complete first-order polynomials but contain higher order terms are developed for normalized rectangular and triangular elements. To obtain exact expressions for kinetic energy under rigid body rotation, an internal node is introduced at the centroid of each element. Then the corresponding mass matrix is both diagonal and consistent. A mixed variational formulation is used in the derivation of spatially discretized field equations. Central Difference time integration is utilized to provide sample results which are compared with other numerical or analytical solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1428-1429 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 149
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1421-1427 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown here that certain interpolating polynomials of degrees four and five may not always be uniquely defined on triangular-shaped elements which have one curved side. Conditions which indicate non-uniqueness are given, together with some geometrical interpretations concerning the location of the node on the curved side. A numerical example is given to demonstrate that there ar curves for which every point is unsuitable to be chosen as a node.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1430-1430 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 151
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
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  • 152
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1461-1476 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 153
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1449-1460 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical model is proposed to simulate the space-time behaviour of a low-density plasma in a linear multipole. Semi-discrete Galerkin techniques are used in conjunction with triangular finite elements. For both space and time discretizations, special techniques are developed to numerically separate the effect of rapid diffusion along the field lines from the slow perpendicular diffusion. Numerical results are exhibited to show how these techniques succeed in eliminating the problems caused by the strong anisotropy of the diffusion coefficient in the strongly curved and very inhomogeneous multipole configuration.
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  • 154
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1499-1509 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An isoparametric Hermite cubic element is developed for calculating compressible flows past complex aerofoils in two dimensions. A simple intermediate transformation is used to derive an isoparametric transform whose Jacobian is always non-zero and which attains very high accuracy on the boundary. Application of the method and assessment of the error is illustrated by flow past a circular cylinder.
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  • 155
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1545-1557 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The reasons for the presence of spurious modes in plane isoparametric elements are examined. Eigenvalue and eigenvector analyses of stiffness matrices for single elements and unconstrained and constrained meshes reveal the types of mechanisms and near-mechanisms that can be expected when reduced or selective integration techniques are used with quadrilateral elements in the analysis of plane strain problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1525-1544 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Various singularity finite elements proposed so far are reviewed and their correlations are discussed. The method adopted in the comparative study is based on the singularity mapping or transformation technique. It is suggested that a compact design of computational routines is materialized by using the element which embodies singularity transformation and can be compatible with the notion of using the variable-number-nodes element in the general-purpose computer programs.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1563-1566 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method is presented for inverting an n × n complex matrix M = A + jB by using a real matrix inversion. The approach avoids the requirements of inverting a 2n × 2n real matrix as well as non-singularity assumptions placed on A or B, or A + B, or A - B, as required by earlier methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1574-1574 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a new, one-point iterative formula for solution of equations is presented.
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  • 159
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
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  • 160
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 632-632 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 161
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 647-664 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new energy based finite difference analytical technique is introduced. The method incorporates certain energy concepts and the ability to use arbitrary, irregular meshes within the framework of the Finite Difference Method. This formulation reduces any governing partial differential equations to a set of difference equations containing partial derivatives up to and including the second order. Further, certain strong similarities with the popular Finite Element Method are shown and the ability to solve problems with irregular boundaries is discussed. To demonstrate the Finite Difference Energy Method several plate bending problems are solved.
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  • 162
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 665-679 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A study of the application of the Finite Element Method to compressible potential flows, typified by the airfoil problem, is undertaken. Some novel approaches, believed to simplify solution techniques, are presented.The solutions use two pseudo-variational integrals, appropriate to subsonic flows, and possessing a physical iterative basis. With constant-derivatives triangular elements formulated for cylindrical co-ordinates, accurate solutions are easily obtained for the flow over a circular cylinder. For arbitrary airfoils a simple mapping is used to transform them into near circles. An appropriate mesh is then constructed in the mapped plane. The paper then presents two solution approaches by which this non-linear problem is solved in both the near circle plane and the airfoil plane.
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  • 163
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 727-740 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the finite element calculation of the stress intensity faactors for plane extension and plate bending problems. On the basis of the plate theory including the effect of transverse shear deformation, the influences of plate thickness, crack length and plate width on the stress intensity faotors are investigated. The numeriacal analyses are carried out using the superposition method of analytical and finite element solutions. It is found that the present stress intensity factors calculated for cracked plates under plane extension as well as bending compare favorably with the analytical ones.
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  • 164
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 791-812 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The essence of the proposed curvilinear finite difference solution method is the direct solution of the transformed fourth order partial differentiall equation using the finite difference expressions based on the flexible structure so that the geometry generality of the finite element method can be approached. The examples of applications indicte that the curvilinear mesh can be used and the boundary condition on the curved boundary can be easily and accurately prescribed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 855-870 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A simple computer method is presented for analysing statically indeterminate beams having sectionally constant EI values and loads consisting of any number of arbitrarily placed concentrated forces and couples as well as any number of uniform and ramp loads. Unknown reactions are treated as parameters which are determined by simulataneous imposition of end conditions and interior constraints. Support locations are specified independently of any discontinuites of load or cross-section. A computer program implementing this method is described which has very concise data input considerably shorter than tupically required in programs based on the stiffness method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 933-936 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 937-941 
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  • 168
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1-9 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element model is presented for the analysis of the thermal stress development in a body with temperature dependent material properties. The thermal model allows a change of phase to occur within the body and an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive relationship is used for the stress analysis. An example is given of the applicability of the technique to the analysis of continuous casting in metals.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 51-68 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The 18 degree-of-freedom flat triangular shell element is reformulated by combining the well-known bending triangle with a plane stress triangle incorporating in-plane rotations at each vertex. Both elements are displacement formulated. The plane stress element's displacement interpolation is incomplete and hence convergence to exact solutions is precluded. Comprehensive test results are presented for several types of problem including plane stress, thin shells and folded plates. The results indicate that the element does produce rapidly convergent answers. However these answers are not the correct ones, although they may be acceptable engineering approximations in many applications. Further, the element seems to provide reasonably good results even for relatively coarse element grids.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 81-102 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper considers the finite element analysis of the free, undamped and the forced damped vibrations of rotationally periodic structures. Associated with every natural frequency (except for those for which the deflection is the same at corresponding points on every substructure) there are a pair of orthogonal mode shapes, with eigenvectors {u} and {ü}. The complex vector {z}={u}+i{ü} is also an eigenvector of the equations of motion, and represents a rotating normal mode. The deflection of one substructure has the same amplitude as, and a constant phase difference from the deflection of the preceding substructure. It is therefore possible to analysse the complete structure by considering only one substructure, and applying appropriate complex constraints at its boundary with the following substructure, so as to and applying appropriate complex constrainsts at its boundary with the following substructure, so as to impose this phase difference. The method has been implemented in a computer program and is illustrated by analyses of an alternator end winding, a cooling tower with legs, and a wheel of turbine blades.For forced vibration, it is shown that any arbitrary oscillatory force can be decomposed into a series of rotating forces. For any one of these rotating components, there is a fixed relationship between the amplitude and phase of the force acting on one substructure, and that acting on an adjoining substructure. This relationship, which does not involve any approximation, can be used to enable a series of calculations of the response of one substructure to be performed instead of one on the whole structure. A series of calculations on an individual substructure normally requires much less computer time and storage than a single calculation on the complete structure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 153-155 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 423-440 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper summarizes the formulation of a set of computer algorithms for the solution of the three-dimensional non-linear Poisson field problem. Results are presented that were obtained by applying algorithms to the analysis of two-dimensional magnetostatic fields. Scalar and vector potentials were used, and it is shown that the convenient single valued scalar potential associated with the induced sources gives severe accuracy problems in permeable regions. The results become as good as those obtained using vector potential if the scalar potential associated with the total field is used for permeable regions. The combination of two scalar potentials has a significant advantage for three-dimensional problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 459-463 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A physical interpretation of the method - adding αM to the stiffness matrix - used in frequency analysis of unsupported structures is suggested. The proper choice of α is discussed and a relation between angular natural frequencies of structures with and without elastic support is given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1559-1562 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Approximate and exact methods are presented for computing a function, related to complete elliptic integrals of the first kind, which arise in the theory of microwave transmission lines. The method can be implemented on programmable hand calculators.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1575-1579 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 178
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1613-1626 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algorithm is described which appears to give an efficient solution of nonlinear finite element equations. It is a quisi-Nowton method, and we compare it with some of the alternatives. Initial tests of its application to both material and geometric nonlinearities are discussed.
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 624-628 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A stationary variational formulation of the necessary conditions for optimality is derived for an optimal control problem governed by a parabolic equation and mixed boundary conditions. Then a mixed finite element model with elements in space and time is utilized to solve a simple numerical example whose analytical and finite difference solutions are given elsewhere. Numerical results show that the proposed method with C° continuity elements constitutes a powerful numerical technique for solution of optimal control problems of distributed parameter systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1665-1678 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of local mesh refinements for the generation of meshes for the finite element or finite difference methods is studied. A class of rectangular meshes which admit restricted local refinements, referred to as irregular rectangular meshes, is introduced and its representation discussed. Properties of algorithms for mesh refinements are discussed from the viewpoints of termination with a mesh in the specified class, memory utilization, symmetry and fragmentation of the mesh.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1707-1709 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The superconvergent property of the discrete solution to certain one-dimensional problems is examined in the context of the weighted residual difference equations and their conservation properties. The difference equations are shown to satisfy the differential equation exactly at nodes and reproduce the derivatives at boundary nodes. The exact values for the first derivative at interior nodes follow from the conservation property when applied locally.
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  • 182
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1710-1714 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A modification of the numerical techniques of solution of Cauchy-type singular integral equations and determination of stress intensity factors at crack tips in plane elastic media is proposed. This technique presents some advantages under appropriate geometry conditions.
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1693-1706 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stiffness-derivative method of Parks1 for calculating the linear elastic crack tip stress intensity factor for any symmetric crack configuration and a particular loading is extended to calculate the weight function vector field2,3 which serves as a Green's function for the stress intensity factor. The method, which combines the observations of Rice3 on the weight function and of Zienkiewicz4 on the differential stiffness method, permits very efficient determination of the weight function, requiring only one additional back-substitution on the already-factored stiffness matrix. Thus, the stress intensity factor for arbitrary loading of this configuration can subsequently be determined by quadrature alone. The promising extension of the method to three-dimensional configurations is outlined.While this manuscript was under review, the authors became aware of the recent work of Vanderglas,21 in which the same approach as ours is used to extend the stiffness derivative method. The present work was then voluntarily revised in order to address further certain aspects of the topic of shape function perturbation, which Vanderglas noted.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 184
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1715-1725 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 185
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1732-1733 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 186
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1734-1734 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 187
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1735-1738 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 188
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 189
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1739-1760 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 190
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1051-1061 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of finite element methods to parabolic partial differential equations leads to large linear systems of first-order ordinary differential equations. Very often these systems are stiff and difficulties arise in their numerical solution. We attempt to analyse the problem of how to select numerical methods for the solution of such linear systems.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon-13, carbon-13 one-bound and long-range coupling constants are determined for anthracene and 9,10-dihydroanthracene labelled in the 9,10-positions, and for thiophthalic anhydride and phthalimide, labelled in both carbonyl groups. Relative signs are determined by the SDL method. Signs in naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene derivatives are discussed. The general trends observed in many aromatic compounds, 3J|〉|2J|〉|4J| and 2J positive, 3J positive, 4J negative are mostly confirmed. However, evidence suggests that two-bond couplings between carbon atoms in the same ring in aromatic hydrocarbons are negative.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon-13, carbon-13 coupling constants and carbon-13 chemical shifts have been measured in a series of phenyl substituted ethylenes and aromatics all doubly labelled with 13C at the olefinic positions (α,β-) or at neighbouring aromatic positions, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone labelled at the 3,4-positions, and dichlorodiphenylmethane labelled at the α-carbon. Signs of coupling constants were determined by the symmetrical double labelling (SDL) method. Coupling constants over as many as five bonds are reported. Two-bond couplings between carbons in the aromatic skeleton belong to different classes according to the nature of the coupling path. The magnitudes of three-bond coupling constants between such carbons correlate linearly with π-bond orders and a separation of the δ- and π-contributions is evident. The three-bond couplings between the 2-position in a phenyl substituent and the olefinic β-position or a corresponding aromatic position depend on the out-of-plane twist of the phenyl ring and may lead to information about the twist angle. Contrary to findings with aromatic carbonyl compounds two- and three-bond couplings to the α-carbon in the present compounds are fairly constant. The reported data suggest that the signs of coupling constants over more than two bonds alternate in aromatic systems. Carbon-13, carbon-13 coupling constants in naphthalene have been calculated by the INDO-SOS method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spectral behaviour of dimesityl-2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylmethane (1) was examined by 1H NMR spectroscopy at 270 MHz in order to resolve an isochrony of resonances observed in the low temperature spectra of 1 at 60 MHz. At 270 MHz the spectra of 1 exhibit well resolved o-methyl resonances at low temperature so that the two-ring flip mechanism, previously proposed as the threshold mechanism by Mislow et al., receives new independent experimental support.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A 13C NMR study of new isoxazol-5-ones has been carried out in different solvents. Mathematical analysis of the tautomeric ring proton exchange in pyridine solvent indicates that the relative contributions of the NH, CH and OH tautomers are respectively 10 ± 5, 15 ± 3, 10 ± 8%, while the anionic form represents the remaining 65 ± 8%.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 195
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various platinum complexes have been studied by 195Pt FT NMR. Long range J(31P195Pt) and J(195Pt195Pt) are observed in dinuclear complexes. The value of 1J(31P195Pt) in monomeric and dimeric complexes is shown to depend mainly upon the Pt - P bond length.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon-13 chemical shift parameters for equatorial and axial substituents in cyclohexane are reported for methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy and phthalimido substituents. The usefulness of the alkyl parameters is demonstrated by the agreement between calculated and observed 13C shifts for trans-1,4-dialkylcyclohexanes (alkyl = Me, Et, i-Pr) and for both conformations of cis-1,4-dialkylcyclohexanes (alkyl = Me, Et, i-Pr).
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The C-2 - N bond of 2-N,N-dimethylaminopyrylium cations has a partial π character due to the conjugation of the nitrogen lone-pair with the ring. The values of ΔG≠, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ parameters related to the corresponding hindered rotation have been determined by 13C NMR total bandshape analysis. This conjugation decreases the electrophilic character of carbon C-4 so that the displacement of the alkoxy group is no longer possible. Such a hindered rotation also exists in 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyrylium cations and the corresponding ΔG≠ parameters have been evaluated. Comparison of these two cationic species shows that hindered rotation around the C - N bond is larger in position 4 than in position 2. Furthermore, the barrier to internal rotation around the C-2—N bond decreases with increasing electron donating power of the substituent at position 4. ΔG≠ values decreases from 19.1 kcal mol-1 (79.9 kJ mol-1) to 12.6 kcal mol-1 (52.7 kJ mol-1) according to the following sequence for the R-4 substituents: -C6H5, -CH3, -OCH3, -N(CH3)2.
    Notes: Dans les cations N,N-diméthylamino-2 pyrylium, la conjugaison du doublet de l'azote avec le cycle confère à la liaison C-2—N un caractère partiel de double liaison. Les valeurs des paramètres ΔG≠, ΔH≠ ΔS≠ relatifs à l'empěchement de rotation correspondant ont été déterminées par analyse de la forme des bandes. Cette conjugaison diminue le caractère électrophile du carbone C-4, ce qui rend impossible les réactions de transalcoylation. Dans les cations N,N-diméthylamino-4 pyrylium il existe de měme une barrière de rotation autour de la liaison C-4—N, dont les paramètres ΔG≠ ont été évalués. La comparaison de ces deux types de cations montre que l'empěchement de rotation autour de la liaison C—N est plus important en position 4 qu'en position 2. Par ailleurs, plus le substituant en position 4 est électrodonneur, moins la barrière de rotation autour de la liaison C-2—N est élevée: la valeur du paramètre ΔG≠ décroǐt de 19,1 kcal mol-1 (79,9 kJ mol-1) à 12,6 kcal mol-1 (52,7 kJ mol-1) selon l'ordre suivant des substituants R-4: -C6H5, -CH3, -OCH3, -N(CH3)2.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A number of phenol- and catechol- amines has been studied in aqueous solutions at acidic and alkaline pD by means of 13C NMR. Resonance assignments are achieved for the fully protonated forms and the influence of the side chain on the aromatic carbons is studied. The shielding effects associated with the various types of side chain tend to follow an additive relationship. The pD dependence of the ring and side chain carbon resonances in phenolamines is accounted for by considering the sum of two separate and opposite effects related to ring and side chain deprotonations. Such a simple model fails to apply to the catechol derivatives. This difference is discussed in terms of the orientational dependence of the deprotonation shifts. It is shown that the protonated amino group is the less acidic group in phenol- and catechol-amines.
    Notes: Un certain nombre d'amines biogènes (phénol- et catéchol- amines) ont été étudiées en solution aqueuse par RMN du 13C. Les attributions ont été réalisées sur les formes protonées et l'influence de la nature de la chaǐne latérale sur les conditions de résonance des noyaux du cycle a été étudiée. Les différences de comportement observées à la déprotonation entre phénol- et catéchol- amines sont discutées en fonction de la répartition géométrique des centres chargés. Il est établi que, dans les deux séries, le groupement amino protoné est le site le moins acide.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 199
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relative reactivity toward protonation and methylation of the two nitrogen atoms in N,N-dimethylaminopyridines has been examined by 1H NMR. The ring position of the dimethylamino group has no influence on protonation, which occurs in all the derivatives at the heterocyclic nitrogen. The N-methylation reaction does not follow a homogeneous behaviour, occurring at the exocyclic nitrogen in the 2-substituted dimethylamino derivative. The electronic characteristics of the molecules, determined by MO calculations at a semi-empirical level, indicate that both protonation and methylation should occur at the heterocyclic nitrogen; the calculated relative stabilites, however, of the N-protonated and N-methylated forms are in full agreement with the experimental results, and it appears that the anomalous behaviour of 2-dimethylaminopyridine in the N-methylation reaction is caused by steric factors.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 200
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fluorene-9-13C, fluorenone-9-13C, acenaphthenone-11-13C, acenaphthenone-12-13C, 1-methylcyclopentanol-1-13C and 1-methylcyclopentene-1-13C were synthesized to obtain J(CC) values between the natural carbons and the labeled carbons. Each of these compounds possessed at least one asymmetric dual-path coupling, i.e., coupling between the labeled carbon and another carbon via simultaneous two- and three-bonded coupling paths. Model 13C-labeled compounds were synthesized where necessary to give expected values of the constituent mono-path couplings. Values of these dual-path couplings (2+3)J suggested that the observed value is the (at least approximate) algebraic sum of the two constituent J values.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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