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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 40 (1962), S. 921-928 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 230-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 45 (1967), S. 270-274 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 55 (1977), S. 857-867 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Social Behavior ; Primates ; Limbic System ; Cultural Evolution ; Sozialverhalten ; Mensch ; Affe ; limbisches System ; kulturelle Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Menschen und Affen haben nicht nur die einander ähnlichen physischen Merkmale und Hirnstrukturen, sondern auch die ähnlichen Formen des sozialen Lebens und der nichtsprachlichen Verständigungsweisen. Vergleichende Studien und Experimente mit Affen bieten daher die beste Möglichkeit, emotionales und kommunikatives Verhalten an seinen biologischen Wurzeln zu untersuchen. Dies wird an zwei Beispielen, nämlich an der Mimik und an der Stimme mit ihren jeweiligen hirnphysiologischen Grundlagen ausgeführt. Die Evolution der Stimme wird als Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung der menschlichen Sprache angesehen. An Mimik und Stimme als den beiden hauptsächlichsten Signalsystemen der höheren Primaten kann man zeigen, daß jeder Kommunikationsprozeß, jede Nachricht an einen Artgenossen zugleich Ausdruck einer Emotion ist. Während Mimik und Stimme beim Menschen durch seine Hirnrinde unter seine willentliche Kontrolle kommen, bleibt der emotionale Anteil in jeder nichtsprachlichen, aber auch in jeder sprachlichen Kommunikation erhalten, so verborgen er hier auch oft erscheinen mag. Der emotionale Anteil des Kommunikationsprozesses ist auch beim Menschen wie beim Affen nicht von der Hirnrinde kontrolliert, sondern wird durch ein phylogenetisch älteres Hirnsystem, durch das limbische System und seine in den Hirnstamm reichenden Verbindungen vermittelt. Aus diesen Ergebnissen kann man schließen, daß die Art und Weise, in der Menschen sich untereinander verständigen, phylogenetisch außerordentlich konservative Züge trägt, die durch die genetisch vorbestimmte Organisation des menschlichen Gehirns bedingt ist. Die Triebfedern menschlichen Handelns, die menschlichen Gefühle und Affekte, sind aufs engste mit der biologischen Vergangenheit des Menschen verknüpft und unterscheiden sich wahrscheinlich nicht von denen des Steinzeitmenschen. Wenn auch die biologische Evolution des Menschen nicht abgeschlossen ist, so ist sie doch um ein Vielfaches langsamer als die kulturelle Evolution, und niemand weiß, wohin sie geht. Die Diskrepanz zwischen altem Erbe und dem sich ständig beschleunigenden Wandel unserer Welt wird zu einem Hauptproblem für die menschliche Zukunft. Der Mensch muß seine Zukunft viel mehr als bisher selber planen. Dazu ist es notwendig, daß er mehr über sich selbst — über die Gesetze seines Verhaltens und über die Funktionen seines Gehirns — weiß. In Zukunft werden Neurobiologie und Sozialwissenschaften Hand in Hand gehen müssen. Für das Lernen des Menschen über den Menschen muß sein Neugierverhalten, sein Wissenstrieb, früh eingesetzt werden. Die Kultusministerien der Zukunft werden für das Planen ihrer Lehrpläne auch Biologen brauchen, die etwas vom Nervensystem, vom Verhalten und der menschlichen Entwicklung verstehen.
    Notes: Summary Humans and subhuman primates do not only have the most similar physical features and brain structures, but also the most similar social behavior and forms of non-verbal communication. Comparative studies and experiments with monkeys and apes offer therefore the best possibility to investigate emotional and communicative behavior at its biological roots. This is demonstrated by two examples namely, by the facial expressions and by the voice with their respective brain mechanisms. The evolution of the voice is seen as prerequisite for the development of human language. Through facial expressions and vocalizations, the two principal signal systems of the higher primates, one can demonstrate that each communication of the information transmitted to conspecifics is at the same time the expression of an emotion. Although in humans facial expressions and vocalizations come under voluntary control by way of the cortex, the emotional part of every non-verbal and even of every verbal communication is preserved, so hidden it may often seem. The emotional part of the communication process in humans, as well as in the other primates, is not controlled by the cortex, but is mediated by a phylogenetically older brain system, the limbic system and its connections reaching into the brain stem. From these results one can draw the conclusion that the way in which people communicate with each other has extraordinarily conservative phylogenetical traits which depend upon the genetically predestinated organization of the human brain. The motives of human action, the human feelings and emotions are most closely connected with the biological past of the human being and are probably not different from those of the stone age man. Even if the human biological evolution has not come to its end, it is many times slower than the cultural evolution, and one cannot predict where it is leading to. The discrepancy between old inheritage and the accelerating change of our world is becoming a main problem for the human future. Man must plan his future much more than previously. It is therefore necessary that he knows more about himself-about the laws governing his behavior and the functions of his brain. In the future, neurobiology and the social sciences will have to work hand in hand. For the human being's study about himself his sense for curiosity and his craving for knowledge has to be activated at a very early stage. The cultural ministeries of the future will need for the planning of their teaching curriculums biologists who have an understanding of the nervous system, of behavior and of human development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 48 (1970), S. 1144-1146 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1967), S. 114-117 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electrical brain stimulation ; Evoked vocalization ; Saimiri sciureus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study 90 electrode positions, obtained from 13 adult squirrel monkeys, are presented from which vocalizations were reproducibly evoked by electrical brain stimulation. For 49 of these positions the evoked vocalization was classified according to our call catalog. Eleven of the 26 vocalizations listed in our catalog were elicitable by electrical brain stimulation. In addition to vocalization of a single type, vocalization sequences, which were indistinguishable from spontaneously occurring ones, could be elicited from fixed electrode positions. Aggression calls were found predominately in the hypothalamus and amygdala, contact calls in the septum. Among the evoked responses occurring simultaneously with vocalization, the genital response is of greatest interest since it also occurs in a spontaneous context with vocalization; specifically as a component of genital display.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 359-384 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vocal communication ; Primate behavior ; Saimiri sciureus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two hundred and fifty vocalizations of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) were selected for spectrographic analysis from a total of 200 hrs. of tape recordings. The vocalizations were classified into six groups according to their physical characteristics. Both intra and intergroup variability of calls was observed. Calls of similar shape were found to have similar functions. Thus each group of calls could be characterized by a functional designation. The functional significance of calls was determined by qualitative and quantitative observations. Four methods were employed: 1. stereotyped vocalizations were elicited by visual stimuli; 2. motor and vocal reactions were evoked through adequate vocal signals; 3. vocalizations were observed when external conditions were held constant and internal factors were permitted to vary; 4. vocal events were related to the total social situation. By these methods the complexity as well as the specificity of the vocal communication system is demonstrated and its evolutionary significance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 171-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Social signals ; Radio brain stimulation ; Primate communication Sequential behavior ; Squirrel monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Social signals of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were elicited by remote-controlled brain stimulation. The method employed permits a study of signal-response interdependencies in varying social situations which can be chosen at the experimenter's will. The function of a signal and thereby its information content are largely determined by the response of the recipients. The analysis of signal function was attempted under five conditions of social interactions: (1) reactions of group members to attack behavior of the stimulated animal, (2) reactions to dominance gestures of the stimulated animal, (3) reactions to signals that are indiscernible to the human observer, (4) reactions that are unusual or abnormal, and (5) reactions to signals sent over greater or lesser distances. Several aspects of the signal proved to be decisive for the prediction of behavior: (1) the signal intensity, (2) the space between animals, and (3) the context. The control of these variables by means of radio stimulation permits further quantitative studies of signal characteristics and their effects on the modification of social behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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