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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4456-4458 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The spin dependence of L2,3 absorption in 5d atoms oriented in a ferromagnetic matrix contains information on the spin density of the empty d-projected states of the absorbing atom. Spin-dependent absorption spectroscopy using circularly polarized synchrotron radiation was applied to study the polarization of the Pt atoms in the binary alloy Co50Pt50 and Pt/Co layered structures, which are promising candidates for magneto-optical recording. The spin-dependent absorption signals for vapor-deposited 250(4 A(ring) Co+18 A(ring) Pt) and 250(6 A(ring) Co+18 A(ring) Pt) multilayers indicate a ferromagnetic coupling on Pt and Co atoms with a significant Pt polarization. This is reduced on average by about 60% with respect to the Pt polarization in the Co50Pt50 alloy. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of spin-polarized band-structure calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a general integer programming model for strategic, area-wide contingency planning of oil spill cleanup operations. Model inputs include the set of risk points and the likely spill scenarios and response requirements for each, the sites of existing storage locations and the inventory of components at each, and potential sites for new storage locations. The model prescribes a minimum total cost plan to either build new storage locations, expand existing ones, or both, to purchase new components and pre-position them, and a contingency plan that determines which response systems should be composed to enable an effective time-phased response for each likely spill scenario. A family of heuristics based on linear programming (LP) is devised to resolve this strategic problem, providing an area-wide contingency plan. The heuristics are evaluated on a set of 10 test problems that involve 1869 general integer variables and 3264 constraints. Computational tests indicate that four heuristics are quite effective, prescribing solutions for each of 10 test cases within 1.41% of optimum and within a few minutes runtime. This study focused on modeling the Galveston Bay Area, and the test problems represent application in that area. A sensitivity analysis is demonstrated by assessing the impacts of component availability and the degradation of cleanup capability over time. Use of the model as a decision support aid by responsible parties, contractors, governmental organizations and others is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 804 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 804 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The efficacy, safety and resource implications of a single intravenous dose of ondansetron (0.1 mg·kg−1, maximum 4 mg) were assessed in a multinational, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 427 children aged 1–12 years, undergoing tonsillectomy with/without adenoidectomy. Emesis (retching and/or vomiting) and nausea were analysed separately. Significantly more ondansetron-treated children had no episodes of emesis (127/212 (60%) vs 100/215 (47%); P=0.004) and experienced no postoperative nausea (135/211 (64%) vs 108/213 (51%); P=0.004) in the first 24 h. Ondansetron also reduced the number of emetic episodes (P〈0.001), the time to the first emetic episode (P〈0.001) and overall nausea severity (P=0.003). Significantly fewer ondansetron-treated children were rescued or withdrawn from the study (5%vs 10%; P=0.042). Fewer ondansetron-treated patients required nursing intervention (34%vs 45%; P=0.007) and the average intervention time was significantly shorter (4.6 vs 8.1 minutes; P=0.001). Resources used to manage PONV were significantly reduced by ondansetron (43%vs 57%; P=0.014).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 26-29 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Spinalanästhesie – Säuglinge – Adrenalin – Bupivacain – Wirkdauer ; Key words: Spinal anaesthesia – Pre-term infant – Epinephrine – Bupivacaine – Duration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. The duration of spinal anaesthesia in infants is short compared to adult patients. When tetracaine is used, the addition of epinephrine significantly prolongs the duration. For bupivacaine, however, the influence of epinephrine on the duration is not clear. We investigated the effects of epinephrine 1: 200 000 added to bupivacaine 0.5% on duration and haemodynamics. Patients and Methods. Ten former pre-term infants with postnatal respiratory problems, scheduled for bilateral inguinal hernia repair, were enrolled in the study after informed parental consent had been obtained. The infants were fasted at least 4 h prior to surgery. If they did not receive i.v. infusions before surgery, a bolus of 10 ml/kg Ringer's acetate was injected after inserting the i.v. cannula, followed by a continuous infusion of 8 ml/kg 2/3 N NaCl with 5% dextrose. Spinal anaesthesia was performed in a sitting position with 0.6 ml bupivacaine 0.5%. Five patients received plain bupivacaine (group I) and five bupivacaine with epinephrine 1: 200 000 (group II). Heart rate registered by ECG and non-invasive blood pressure were recorded prior to positioning the baby for lumbar puncture and 2, 5, 10, and 20 min after injection of bupivacaine. The duration of spinal anaesthesia was defined as the time from injection to the time when the first movements of the legs were observed after stimulation. For testing statistical differences the U test was used between the groups and the Wilcoxon and Wilcox test within the groups. Results (expressed as median and range). Additional epinephrine significantly prolonged the duration of spinal anaesthesia (group II: 95 min [60 – 120] vs group I: 50 min [37 – 85]). Haemodynamic parameters did not differ at any time between or within the groups. In group I, one infant had high spinal anaesthesia with impaired respiration but without cardiovascular effects; after 10 min of assisted ventilation by mask, sufficient respiration as judged by pulse oximetry and clinical observation had returned. The duration of spinal anaesthesia in this child was 60 min. Conclusions. Epinephrine 1: 200 000 significantly prolongs the duration of spinal anaesthesia in former preterm infants. Haemodynamic parameters in this age group remain unchanged during spinal anaesthesia and are not influenced by the addition of epinephrine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Bei 10 ehemaligen Frühgeborenen mit einem Gestationsalter zwischen 38 und 48 Wochen am Operationstag und einem Gewicht zwischen 2,10 und 3,22 kg, die postpartal respiratorische Adaptationsstörungen aufwiesen, wurde nach elterlichem Einverständnis eine Spinalanästhesie mit 0,6 ml Bupivacain 0,5% für eine Leistenhernienoperation durchgeführt. Jeweils 5 Patienten erhielten Bupivacain ohne Adrenalinzusatz (Gruppe I) bzw. mit Adrenalin 1: 200 000=5 µg/ml (Gruppe II). Die Wirkdauer wurde definiert als Zeit von der Injektion bis zur ersten Bewegung der Beine: Die über das EKG registrierte Herzfrequenz und die oszillometrisch gemessenen Blutdruckwerte wurden vor Lagerung zur Lumbalpunktion sowie 2, 5, 10 und 20 min nach der Injektion des Lokalanästhetikums erhoben. Die Wirkdauer einer Spinalanästhesie war im Median in der Gruppe II mit 95 min (60 – 120) signifikant länger als in der Gruppe I mit 50 min (37 – 85). Keine signifikanten Unterschiede zeigten sich bei Herzfrequenz und Blutdruckwerten – weder zwischen den Gruppen noch im zeitlichen Verlauf einer Gruppe.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 45 (1996), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Desfluran ; Isofluran ; Aufwachverhalten ; Hämodynamik ; Key words Desflurane ; Isoflurane ; Emergence times ; Haemodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives. The new volatile anaesthetic desflurane is characterized by very low blood-gas and tissue-blood partition coefficients, so that rapid induction of anaesthesia and shorter recovery times can be expected. The aim of this investigation was to compare the effects of desflurane and isoflurane on haemodynamics and recovery time when used as part of a balanced anaesthesia technique for elective surgery. Methods. Fifty patients (18 years and older, ASA status I-III) scheduled for elective surgery (no laparoscopies) of at least 60 min duration were included in this open, randomised, phase-III clinical trial. After oral premedication with midazolam 7.5 mg 45 min before transfer to theatre, anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl 0.1 mg and thiopental 5 mg/kg; succinylcholine or vecuronium facilitated intubation. Desflurane and isoflurane, respectively, were used for maintenance of anaesthesia, both in 50% N2O, with the inspired concentration adapted to the degree of stimulation. All patients were ventilated in a semi-closed system; muscle relaxation was achieved with vecuronium. The electrocardiogram, heart rate (HR), and direct arterial blood pressure (BP) were recorded continuously and anaesthetic gas detection was performed by an infrared absorption technique. With termination of surgery the volatile anaesthetic was discontinued and the following emergence times recorded: spontaneous ventilation (VT〉300 ml), extubation, eye opening, correctly answering the date of birth, arrival in and possible discharge from the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU). Results. In all, 49 patients were studied at random (desflurane n=24, isoflurane n=25). Data of demographics and anaesthetic technique were comparable in both groups (Tables 2 and 3). Anaesthetic elimination (expressed as FA/FAO) was significantly more rapid in the desflurane group 3 min after termination of anaesthesia (Fig. 1). Comparing the emergence times, there was no significant difference between desflurane and isoflurane: in both groups patients opened their eyes 12 min (median time) after termination of the operation (Table 4). Haemodynamics (HR, systolic and diastolic BP) were comparable at intubation, skin incision, end of surgery, extubation, and in the PACU (Fig. 2a, b). In 2 patients a rapid increase in the inspired concentration of desflurane during induction of anaesthesia produced a profound sympathoadrenergic reaction with an excessive increase in BP and HR. Similar reactions in other patients did not occur when the inspired concentration of desflurance was slowly increased. Conclusions. Despite the physicochemical properties of the new agent, emergence times were similar for desflurane and isoflurane in our study. These results, which are in contrast to those of some other authors, are most probably due to the study design, which included the use of premedicants (midazolam) and a low dose of fentanyl. The reported sympatho-adrenergic reactions after rapid changes in the inspired concentration of desflurane during induction of anaesthesia have been observed by others as well. It seems that this initial cardiovascular stimulation can be avoided by slow increases in desflurane concentration. In summary, desflurane compares to isoflurane in balanced anaesthesia for general surgical procedures with regard to haemodynamics, while the time to awakening is not necessarely reduced.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das neue Inhalationsanästhetikum Desfluran besitzt sehr niedrige Blut-Gas- und Gewebe-Blut-Verteilungskoeffizienten und läßt so raschere Ein- und Ausleitungszeiten erwarten. In der vorliegenden Phase-III-Studie wurden Aufwachverhalten und Hämodynamik unter Desfluran und Isofluran prospektiv randomisiert verglichen. Untersucht wurden 49 chirurgische Patienten (Desfluran n=24, Isofluran n=25) in balancierter Anästhesietechnik: orale Prämedikation mit 7,5 mg Midazolam; Einleitung mit 0,1 mg Fentanyl und 5 mg/kg Thiopental; Narkosebeatmung mit Desfluran 0,5–18 bzw. Isofluran 0,2–3,0 Vol%, jeweils in 50% N 2 O. Bei den hämodynamischen Parametern ergaben sich keine wesentlichen Unterschiede. Zwei Patienten reagierten nach rascher Erhöhung der Desfluran-Vapor-Einstellung mit Blutdruck- und Herzfrequenzanstieg. Diese Reaktion ließ sich bei allen weiteren Patienten durch langsame Dosissteigerung vermeiden. Nach Anästhesie-Ende flutete Desfluran signifikant schneller ab als Isofluran (F A /F A0 ). Trotzdem zeigten die Aufwachzeiten keinen signifikanten Unterschied (Augenöffnen jeweils nach 12 min), vermutlich bedingt durch die angewandte balancierte Anästhesietechnik, die durch gleichzeitigen Einsatz mehrerer Anästhetika zum Profilverlust der Einzelsubstanz führen kann. Zusammengefaßt ergibt sich, daß Desfluran als Hauptkomponente einer balancierten Anästhesie unter den Gesichtspunkten Steuerbarkeit und hämodynamische Stabilität für chirurgische Eingriffe ebenso geeignet erscheint wie Isofluran. Mit einem rascheren Erwachen ist aber bei der balancierten Anästhesietechnik nicht zwangsläufig zu rechnen.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Transportable Kapnometer ; Rettungsdienst ; Genauigkeit ; Key words Portable capnometers ; Emergency medicine ; Accuracy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Capnometry, the noninvasive measurement of end-expiratory CO2 concentration (cCO2, vol%) or calculation of its respective partial pressure (pCO2; mmHg) is an established method. However, for prehospital settings, capnometry is still used very restrictively, mainly owing to the respective devices used. The prerequisite for their use is sufficient accuracy (±2 mmHg) and easy handling. Two special capnometers (STAT CAP, Nellcor: mainstream, semiquantitative estimation; Capnocheck 8200, BCI: sidestream, quantitative measurement, numeric display), developed recently for potential use in emergency medicine, are said to fit these criteria. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to assess the accuracy and precision of both devices, comparing methods under standardized in vitro (reference gases) and in vivo (intubated and ventilated patients) conditions. Methods. Both devices (“STAT CAP”: pCO2 range, light bars; “Capnocheck 8200”) were evaluated regarding the accuracy of pCO2 (Capnocheck) and the precision of the CO2 range (STAT CAP). Tests were performed with four dry gas mixtures (STPD) of defined composition and during ventilation of 20 intubated patients (BTPS). All measurements were compared with the alveolar gas monitor “AGM 1304” (Brüel & Kjaer, Denmark) as a reference method with a proven ±1 mmHg accuracy of pCO2 measurement. Results. The “Capnocheck” (BCI) presented an accuracy of the pregiven pCO2 of 0.7–1.4 mmHg (dry gas mixtures, STPD) and an overestimation of 0.2±4.1 mmHg (BTPS) during ventilation with pure oxygen; inaccuracy during ventilation with 70% N2O in O2 proved to be +1.2±1.7 mmHg (BTPS). Nellcor's “STAT CAP” failed to reach the target value in 10% of analyses, as shown by the respective segment bar of the display. Conclusion. Evaluation of the accuracy of capnometers must focus on the necessary pH2O correction and the possible effects exercised by O2 (and N2O) as well as the possible dependence on barometric pressure (if pCO2, mmHg, is the desired value). The “Capnocheck” showed an accuracy of more than 2 mmHg in dry gas mixtures as well as in humidified air. Concerning the practical use during constant artificial ventilation, the digital display and accuracy of the sidestream capnometer allow for reliable conclusions on patients' ventilation and circulation (CO2 elimination). The 90% accuracy of the segment bar display of Nellcor's “STAT CAP”, per se covering only a rather broad range of 20 mmHg, obviously does not provide more than a rough overview. Therefore, the STAT CAP cannot be recommended for prehospital capnometry in the field. However, both the accuracy of the BCI capnometer (Capnocheck) and its numeric display and easy handling strongly recommend this device also for clinical use.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel vorliegender Untersuchung war die Prüfung der CO 2 -Meßgenauigkeit bzw. -Meßbereichspräzision zweier neuer, potentiell für den Rettungsdienst konzipierter Kapnometer unterschiedlicher Funktionsweise im Rahmen eines Methodenvergleichs. Untersucht wurden das Hauptstrom- (STAT CAP, Nellcor: Balkensegmentanzeige, pCO 2 -Bereiche) und das Nebenstromkapnometer (Capnocheck 8200, BCI International: pCO 2 -Wertanzeige). Geprüft wurde mit vier Referenzgasen und an 20 beatmeten Patienten. Als Referenzmethode diente der Atemgasmonitor „AGM 1304“ (Brüel & Kjaer) mit einer pCO 2 -Meßgenauigkeit von ±1 mm Hg. Die Abweichungen des „Capnocheck“ vom Sollwert betrugen für die Prüfgase 0,7–1,4 mm Hg, bei Beatmung mit reinem O 2 0,2±4,1 mm Hg (unter N 2 O 1,2–1,7 mm Hg). Der „STAT CAP“ traf den vorgegebenen Sollwert nur in 90% mit dem richtigen Segment seiner Bereichsanzeige. Der „Capnocheck“ erreichte sowohl in trockenen Prüfgasen (STPD) als auch in wasserdampfgesättigter Ausatemluft (BTPS) eine pCO 2 -Meßgenauigkeit von ≤±2 mm Hg. Die Bereichsanzeige des „STAT CAP“ erlaubt aufgrund der Unschärfe des pCO 2 -Bereichs von 20 mm Hg sowie wegen des 10%igen Trefffehlers lediglich eine grobe Orientierung. Dieses Gerät (Preis ca. DM 2500) ist zur Verwendung als Kapnometer im eigentlichen Sinne untauglich, könnte jedoch zur „vor-Ort-Beurteilung“ der Tubuslage Bedeutung erlangen. Die Meßgenauigkeit und gute Handhabbarkeit des „Capnocheck“ empfehlen dieses Kapnometer (Preis ca. DM 4500) sowohl für den potentiellen Einsatz bei beatmeten Patienten im Rettungsdienst als auch für den innerklinischen Betrieb.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Remifentanil ; Analgosedierung ; Beatmung ; Intensivmedizin ; Key words Remifentanil ; Analgesia ; Sedation ; Mechanical ventilation ; Critical care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives: It was the aim of this investigation to report our initial clinical experience on the use of remifentanil in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Additionally, we hypothesized that even under intensive care conditions remifentanil might facilitate a temporally predictable and ”programmed” tracheal extubation. Methods: Remifentanil was used for analgesia and sedation of mechanically ventilated patients who were admitted to the ICU following major noncardiac surgery or who had to be ventilated due to respiratory failure. The infusion was started with 0.15 µg/kg/min and then adapted in steps of 0.05 µg/kg/min according to clinical needs. After admission to the ICU the depth of sedation was adjusted to a Ramsay score level of 4 (sleeping patient, immediately arousable) and then targeted at a level of 2–3 (patient awake, co-operative and tranquil or responding to command only). In case of sufficient pain relief but inadequate sedation patients could receive bolus doses of midazolam (1–3 mg) or an infusion of clonidine (0.5 µg/kg/h), the latter especially in case of shivering or hypertension. Prior to extubation bolus doses of piritramide (3–5 mg) and a non-opioid analgesic (metamizol or propacetamol) could be used for postoperative pain relief. Data are presented as mean±SD. Results: A total of 46 patients were studied, aged 62.8±15.4 yr with a mean APACHE II score of 19.2 points. The duration of remifentanil infusion ranged up to 78 h with a mean of 9.8 h. The mean infusion rate was 0.14±0.08 µg/kg/min during ongoing analgesia and sedation and 0.10±0.08 µg/kg/min immediately before its discontinuance. Additional sedatives were necessary in 63% of all patients. Emergence was rapid in the majority of cases: 67% of all patients could safely be extubated within 15 min after termination of remifentanil, and a total of 87% were extubated within 45 min. A development of tolerance was not observed during the study period. Conclusions: Remifentanil appeared to be suitable for analgesia and sedation of critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: Even under intensive care conditions recovery was rapid in the majority of cases, and in two thirds of all patients tracheal extubation was temporally predictable and could be timed within 15 min. These results are best explained by the metabolism and offset of action of remifentanil obviously unaffected in the ICU area. However, for fast emergence the cautious use of additional sedatives is crucial.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit ist ein erster Erfahrungsbericht über den Einsatz von Remifentanil zur Analgosedierung beatmeter Intensivpatienten. Gleichzeitig wurde geprüft, ob eine rasche Extubation auch unter den Bedingungen der Intensivmedizin möglich ist bzw. sogar zeitlich programmiert stattfinden kann. Methodik: Berichtet wird über Patienten, die entweder postoperativ beatmet auf die Intensivstation verlegt wurden oder bei denen im Laufe der Intensivbehandlung eine maschinelle Beatmung erforderlich wurde. Die Remifentanilinfusion erfolgte initial mit 0,15 µg/kg/min und wurde dann in Schritten von ca. 0,05 µg/kg/min dem Bedarf angepaßt. Hierbei wurde unmittelbar postoperativ ein Ramsay-Score von 4 (schlafender Patient, sofort erweckbar), später ein Ramsay-Score von 2–3 (ruhig, kooperativ, wach bzw. auf Ansprache wach) angestrebt. Bei ausreichender Schmerzausschaltung, aber unzureichender Sedierung erhielten die Patienten zusätzlich Midazolamboli (1–3 mg) oder, insbesondere bei Muskelzittern oder Hypertonie, Clonidin 0,5 µg/kg/h; zusätzlich konnten die Patienten vor Ende der Remifentanilzufuhr Piritramidboli (3–5 mg) sowie ein Nichtopioidanalgetikum erhalten. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden die Daten (x–±SD) von 46 Patienten im Alter von 62,8±15,4 Jahren erfaßt (APACHE II Score 19,2±5,1 Punkte). Die mittlere Remifentanil-Infusionsdauer betrug 9,8 h, die mittlere Dosis im Verlauf 0,14±0,08 µg/kg/min und vor Extubation 0,10±0,08 µg/kg/min. 63% der Patienten benötigten zusätzlich Midazolam bzw. Clonidin. Die Extubation war bei 67% der Patienten in einem Zeitraum von ≤15 min bzw. bei insgesamt 87% der Patienten in der Zeitspanne von ≤45 min möglich, lediglich bei 2 der 46 Patienten dauerte dies länger als 120 min. Diskussion: Remifentanil besitzt in der Gruppe der Opioide bekannte pharmakologische Vorteile; hierzu gehört insbesondere das rasche Aufwachverhalten nach Infusionsende. Diese Eigenschaft von Remifentanil kann auch für die Analgosedierung beatmeter Intensivpatienten genutzt werden: So war eine Extubation auch unter den Bedingungen der Intensivmedizin nach vielstündiger maschineller Beatmung meist sehr zügig, bei 2/3 der Patienten sogar innerhalb von 15 min möglich. Der hypnotische Effekt von Remifentanil ist per se gering; bei rund 2/3 der Patienten waren zusätzliche Sedativa erforderlich.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Remifentanil ; Infusionsanalgesie ; Follikelpunktion ; In-vitro-Fertilisation ; Key words Remifentanil ; Monitored anaesthesia care ; Oocyte retrieval ; In-vitro-fertilisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Introduction: Transvaginal puncture for oocyte retrieval is a short-lasting but painful procedure. We hypothesized that a sole infusion of the ultra-short acting µ-agonist remifentanil may be a suitable and well-controllable single-agent analgesic technique that can dose-dependently be applied to spontaneously breathing patients. Methods: Fifty consenting adult women were enrolled in this prospective trial. A sedative premedication was omitted, all patients received 3 L/min of inhaled oxygen, and a sole remifentanil infusion was started with 0.25 µg/kg/min. Remifentanil was adjusted as needed for pain relief (in steps of 0.05 µg/kg/min) and finished after the last puncture. Dosage requirements, vital functions, oxygen saturation (as achieved by pulse oximetry, psO2), adverse drug effects and the level of sedation (LOS 1–5; 1=asleep/unarousable, 4=calm/awake) were recorded. Remifentanil plasma concentrations were achieved by STANPUMP pharmacokinetic simulation. Data are presented as mean±SD. Results: A total of 50 women (31.8±5.1 yr, 67.3±14.3 kg, ASA I or II ) were investigated. Follicular aspiration lasted 10.8±5.2 min, and remifentanil was infused for 19.7±8.3 min. Dosage requirements were 0.25 µg/kg/min in 70% of all patients, 0.3 µg/kg/min in 22%, 0.2 µg/kg/min in 6%, and 0.4 µg/kg/min in 2% of all cases. Vital signs (baseline, after 1st puncture, end of surgery) nearly remained unchanged: heart frequency=85±15, 87±17, 90±17 bpm, systolic blood pressure=129±12, 132±13, 131±14 mmHg; respiratory rate=15±3, 16±4, 15±4 breaths/min; psO2=99±1, 99±1, 99±2%. LOS was 4.0 (all), 3.9±0.3, 3.9±0.3. Remifentanil plasma concentrations were 5.0±1.3 ng/mL at the start, 6.6±1.3 at the end of surgery and 1.2±0.5 at PACU arrival. Adverse drug effects: 54% itching, no muscle rigidity. 94% of all women would choose this technique again. Conclusions: The sole infusion of remifentanil is a suitable and satisfying single-agent monitored anaesthesia care technique for oocyte retrieval. However, close anaesthetic observation – especially of the respiratory function – is mandatory.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Remifentanil ist ein potentes, gut steuerbares Opioidanalgetikum mit schwacher hypnotischer Eigenwirkung, das bei alleiniger Anwendung dosisabhängig eine Schmerzausschaltung ermöglichen kann, ohne daß der Patient das Bewußtsein verliert. Bei kurzen, aber schmerzhaften Eingriffen wie der transvaginalen Follikelpunktion kann dies ein Vorteil sein, wenn dadurch auf die sonst häufig übliche Allgemeinanästhesie verzichtet werden kann. Die Qualität einer solchen Infusionsanalgesie mit Remifentanil bei wachen Patienten sollte in der vorliegenden Studie untersucht werden. Methodik: Patientinnen, bei denen eine transvaginale Follikelpunktion vor In-vitro-Fertilisation (IVF) geplant war, erhielten keine Prämedikation und wurden wach in den OP gebracht. Die Remifentanil-Infusion wurde mit 0,25 µg/kg/min gestartet; sobald die Frauen z.B. über ein Schwindel- oder Wärmegefühl berichteten, konnte mit der Follikelpunktion begonnen werden. Die Infusion wurde bei Bedarf in Schritten von 0,05 µg/kg/min angepaßt und mit der letzten Punktion beendet. Alle Vitalparameter inkl. der pulsoxymetrisch gemessenen Sauerstoffsättigung (psO2) wurden 2,5minütlich erfaßt, außerdem Dosisbedarf, Nebenwirkungen, Sedierungsgrad und mittels Fragebogen die Patientenzufriedenheit. Zusätzlich wurden die Remifentanil-Plasmakonzentrationen durch pharmakokinetische Simulation (3-Kompartimentmodell, STANPUMP-Software®) ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden die Daten (x¯±SD) von 50 Frauen im Alter von 31,8±5,1 Jahren erfaßt. Remifentanil wurde bei 70% der Patientinnen durchgehend mit 0,25 µg/kg/min dosiert, in 22% war eine Dosissteigerung auf 0,3 µg/kg/min, in 2% auf 0,4 µg/kg/min erforderlich, bei 6% mußte die Dosierung auf 0,2 µg/kg/min reduziert werden. Währenddessen blieben die Patientinnen meist wach oder waren sofort erweckbar; Blutdruck, Herz- und Spontanatemfrequenz sowie die psO2 waren im Mittel nahezu unverändert. Die berechneten Remifentanil-Plasmakonzentrationen betrugen bei OP-Beginn 5,0±1,3, bei OP-Ende 6,6±1,3 und bei Ankunft im AWR 1,2±0,5 ng/ml. Insgesamt berichteten 54% der Frauen über Juckreiz, eine Thoraxrigidität trat nicht auf, 94% aller Patientinnen würden diese „Anästhesieform” nochmals wählen. Schlußfolgerungen: Bei IVF-Follikelpunktionen ist die alleinige Anwendung von Remifentanil zur Operationsanalgesie eine gute Alternative zur Allgemeinanästhesie. Die Patientenzufriedenheit ist hoch, eine sorgfältige anästhesiologische Überwachung – insbesondere der Atemfunktion – muß aber jederzeit gewährleistet sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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