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  • ZIB Catalog
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (99)
  • genetic engineering
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Dignity and the Dignity of Creatures (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 29-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: dignity of creatures ; genetic engineering ; human dignity ; inherent value ; Swiss Constitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In their report for the Swiss government onthe notion of the dignity of creatures, PhilippBalzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and Peter Schaber analyzethe relationship between human dignity and the dignityof creatures, taking them as two categoricallydifferent concepts. Human dignity is defined as the``moral right not to be humiliated,'' whereas thedignity of creatures is taken to be ``the inherentvalue of non‐human living beings.'' To my mind there isno need to draw a categorical distinction between thetwo concepts. Both notions could be brought togetherunder an all-encompassing concept of the inherentvalue of living beings, humans and non-humans alike,a concept one could name ``the dignity of livingbeings.'' Indeed, this very notion underlies theposition taken in the report, although this is notmade explicit by the authors themselves. As the aim of the paper is only to clarify theconcepts used, I do not go beyond this ``internal''critique of their position, i.e., I don't assess howthe claims articulated via these concepts – theclaim that humans and/or creatures have an inherentvalue consisting in a supposed intrinsic good – areto be justified, although I myself would be ratherskeptical that this might be successfully done.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009535129202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two Concepts of Dignity for Humans and Non-Human Organisms in the Context of Genetic Engineering (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 7-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: dignity ; Swiss Constitution ; nonhuman inherent value ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The 1992 incorporation of an article by referendum in the SwissConstitution mandating that the federal government issue regulations onthe use of genetic material that take into account the dignity ofnonhuman organism raises philosophical questions about how we shouldunderstand what is meant by ``the dignity of nonhuman animals,'' andabout what sort of moral demands arise from recognizing this dignitywith respect to their genetic engineering. The first step in determiningwhat is meant is to clarify the difference between dignity when appliedto humans and when applied to nonhumans. Several conceptions of humandignity should be rejected in favor of a fourth conception: the rightnot to be degraded. This right implies that those who have it have thecognitive capacities that are prerequisite for self-respect. In the caseof nonhuman organisms that lack this capacity, respecting their dignityrequires the recognition that their inherent value, which is tied totheir abilities to pursue their own good, be respected. This value isnot absolute, as it is in the case of humans, so it does not prohibitbreeding manipulations that make organisms more useful to humans. But itdoes restrict morally how sentient animals can be used. In regard togenetic engineering, this conception requires that animals be allowedthe uninhibited development of species specific functions, a positionshared by Holland and Attfield, as opposed to the Original Purposeconception proposed by Fox and the Integrity of the Genetic Make-upposition proposed by Rolston. The inherent value conception of dignity,as here defended, is what is meant in the Swiss Constitution article.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009536230634
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Risks of Pesticides Versus Genetic Engineering for Agricultural Pest Control (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 12 (2000), S. 279-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: environment ; genetic engineering ; biotechnology ; pesticides ; agriculture ; pest control ; risks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Despite the application of 2.5 million tons ofpesticides worldwide, more than 40% of all potentialfood production is lost to insect, weed, and plantpathogen pests prior to harvest. After harvest, anadditional 20% of food is lost to another group ofpests. The use of pesticides for pest control resultsin an estimated 26 million human poisonings, with220,000 fatalities, annually worldwide. In the UnitedStates, the environmental and public health costs forthe recommended use of pesticides total approximately$9 billion/yr. Thus, there is a need for alternativenon-chemical pest controls, and genetic engineering(biotechnology) might help with this need. Diseaseand insect pest resistance to various pests has beenslowly bred into crops for the past 12,000 years;current techniques in biotechnology now offeropportunities to further and more rapidly improve thenon-chemical control of disease and insect pests ofcrops. However, relying on a single factor, like theBacillus thuringiensis toxin that has beeninserted into corn and a few other crops for insectcontrol, leads to various environmental problems,including insect resistance and, in some cases, athreat to beneficial biological control insects andendangered insect species. A major environmental andeconomic cost associated with genetic engineeringapplications in agriculture relates to the use ofherbicide resistant crops (HRC). In general, HRCtechnology results in increased herbicide use but noincrease in crop yields. The heavy use of herbicidesin HRC technology pollutes the environment and canlead to weed control costs for farmers that may be2-fold greater than standard weed control costs. Therefore, pest control with both pesticides andbiotechnology can be improved for effective, safe,economical pest control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009571131089
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Engineering in Agriculture: Who Stands to Benefit? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 313-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Agri-biotech companies ; agriculture ; biotechnology ; existing technologies ; farmers ; farm crisis ; genetic engineering ; hunger ; poverty ; productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The use of genetic engineering inagriculture has been the source of much debate. Todate, arguments have focused most strongly on thepotential human health risks, the flow of geneticmaterial to related species, and ecologicalconsequences. Little attention appears to have beengiven to a more fundamental concern, namely, who willbe the beneficiaries of this technology? Given the prevalence of chronic hunger and thestark economics of farming, it is arguable thatfarmers and the hungry should be the mainbeneficiaries of agricultural research. However, theapplication of genetic engineering appears unlikely tobenefit either of these two groups. This technology islargely controlled by the private sector, and itscontinued development hinges on its profitability.Thus, the only likely beneficiaries of the applicationof genetic engineering in agriculture are companieswith the capacity to use it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009551609832
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Engineering and the Dignity of Creatures (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; inherent value ; moral obligation ; Swiss constitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The Swiss expert report suggests thatthe inherent dignity of a living being be identifiedwith its inherent value. But the phrase ``inherentvalue of a living being'' seems to connote two conceptsof inherent value. One has a morally obligatingcharacter but is counterintuitive because of itsegalitarianism. The other is one of non-moral value.It is more compatible with considered intuitions butinsufficient for substantiating the expert report'sclaim that human beings have moral duties towardsanimals and plants. The paper discusses theseconcepts. Consideration is then given to the problemof how discursive support can be generated for theexpert report's claim that human beings have the moralduty to abstain from impairing those functions andabilities of a non‐uman being that members of itsspecies as a rule can practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009503412364
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labeling Products of Biotechnology: Towards Communication and Consent (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 12 (2000), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: biotechnology ; consumer sovereignty ; genetic engineering ; informed consent ; product labeling ; risk communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Recently, both consumers and producers ofbiotechnology products have insisted thatcommunication between the two be improved. The formerdemand more democratic participation in the riskassessment process of biotechnology products. Thelatter seek to correct misinformation regardingalleged risks from these products. One way to resolvethese concerns, I argue, is through the use ofbiotechnology labels. Such labeling fosters consumerautonomy and moves toward more participatory decisionmaking, in addition to ensuring that informed consentfrom consumers is maintained. Furthermore, althoughvoluntary biotech-free labeling in lieu of biotechlabels may uphold consumer sovereignty, the latterremains a more effective strategy for achievingethical communication between consumers and producersof biotechnology products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009551131536
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethical Judgements in Genetic Engineering: The Implications for Technology Education (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of technology and design education 10 (2000), S. 239-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1804
    Keywords: contexts ; critical reflection ; environment ; ethics ; genetic engineering ; impacts ; values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Art History , Education , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Design and technology education aims to prepare young people for living in a rapidly changing technological society which will involve them in making many value judgements, some with complex ethical dimensions. Key aspects of the ethical judgements in relation to genetic engineering are examined: the hidden assumptions, the inevitable unpredictability when dealing with living processes highly interactive with the surroundings, the commercial and political pressures, and the underlying `world-views' and values. It is argued that responsible judgements therefore require wide consultation, sensitivity to social, cultural and moral issues, acknowledgement of the political and economic context, and above all, critical reflection on the beliefs and commitments that are shaping the vision and the drive. Teaching and learning strategies are needed that highlight the social and environmental context of technological activity, that encourage pupils to consider what determines the quality of their own lives and those of others, and that stimulates reflection on the values and beliefs which influence the priorities when value judgements are being made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008964405014
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein OmpC for metal bioadsorption (2000)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 22 (2000), S. 623-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; genetic engineering ; metal-binding ; OmpC ; protein engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The outer membrane protein, OmpC, from Escherichia coli was used to display metal-binding poly-histidine peptides on the surface of this bacterium. SDS-PAGE analysis of outer membrane protein preparations confirmed the expression of the metal-binding epitopes inserted in position 162 of the mature OmpC protein. Display of these epitopes was confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy of cells bound to Ni2+-NTA-agarose beads and metal adsorption experiments. The cells harboring one or two copies of the metal binding epitope were able to adsorb 3 to 6 times more Zn2+ (13.8 μmol g−1 cell), Fe3+ (35.3 μmol g−1 cell), and Ni2+ (9.9 μmol g−1 cell) metallic ions than control cells expressing the wild-type OmpC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005637920766
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium, lead, and zinc removal by expression of the thiosulfate reductase gene from Salmonella typhimurium in Escherichia coli (2000)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 22 (2000), S. 1331-1335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Keywords: bioremediation ; genetic engineering ; heavy metal ; hydrogen sulfide ; thiosulfate reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The thiosulfate reductase gene (phsABC) from Salmonella typhimuriumwas expressed in Escherichia coliin order to produce sulfide from inorganic thiosulfate and precipitate metals as metal sulfide complexes. The sulfide-engineered strain removed significant amounts of heavy metals from the medium within 24 h: 99% of zinc up to 500 μM, 99% of lead up to 200 μM, 99% of 100 μM and 91% of 200 μM cadmium. In a mixture of 100 μM each of cadmium, lead, and zinc, the strain removed 99% of the total metals from solution within 10 h. Cadmium was removed first, lead second, and zinc last. These results have important implications for removal of metals from wastewater contaminated with several metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005611331948
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Keeping Up with the Cloneses -- Issues in Human Cloning (1999)
    Springer
    The journal of ethics 3 (1999), S. 51-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8609
    Keywords: biotechnology ; cloning ; ethics of biotechnology ; ethics of cloning ; ethics of human cloning ; ethics for reproductive technology ; genetic engineering ; human cloning ; religious ethics ; reproductive technology ; secular ethics ; social ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The advent of cloning animals has created a maelstrom of social concern about the “ethical issues” associated with the possibility of cloning humans. When the “ethical concerns” are clearly examined, however, many of them turn out to be less matters of rational ethics than knee-jerk emotion, religious bias, or fear of that which is not understood. Three categories of real and spurious ethical concerns are presented and discussed: 1) that cloning is intrinsically wrong, 2) that cloning must lead to bad consequences, and 3) that cloning harms the organism generated. The need for a rational ethical framework for discussing biotechnological advances is presented and defended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009775715165
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic engineering of shikonin biosynthesis hairy root cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon transformed with the bacterial ubiC gene (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 683-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside ; Lithospermum erythrorhizon ; menisdaurin ; shikonin ; ubiC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydroxybenzoate (4HB), a precursor of the naphthoquinone pigment shikonin, was modified in Lithospermum erythrorhizon hairy root cultures by introduction of the bacterial gene ubiC. This gene of Escherichia coli encodes chorismate pyruvate-lyase (CPL), an enzyme that converts chorismate into 4HB and is not normally present in plants. The ubiC gene was fused to the sequence for a chloroplast transit peptide and placed under control of a constitutive plant promoter. This construct was introduced into L. erythrorhizon by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The resulting hairy root cultures showed high CPL activity. 4HB produced by the CPL reaction was utilized for shikonin biosynthesis, as shown by in vivo inhibition of the native pathway to 4HB with 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. A feeding experiment with [1,7-13C2]shikimate showed that in the absence of AIP the artificially introduced CPL reaction contributed ca. 20% of the overall 4HB biosynthesis in the transgenic cultures. ubiC transformation did not lead to a statistically significant increase of shikonin formation, but to a 5-fold increase of the accumulation of menisdaurin, a nitrile glucoside which is presumably related to aromatic amino acid metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006185806390
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Questions about the complexity of chloroplast ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 60 (1999), S. 29-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: enzyme catalysis ; evolution ; genetic engineering ; photosynthesis ; protein assembly ; protein degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) has played a central role in our understanding of chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. In particular, its catalysis of the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation, and the mutual competition of CO2 and O2 at the active site, makes Rubisco a prime focus for genetically engineering an increase in photosynthetic productivity. Although it remains difficult to manipulate the chloroplast-encoded large subunit and nuclear-encoded small subunit of crop plants, much has been learned about the structure/function relationships of Rubisco by expressing prokaryotic genes in Escherichia coli or by exploiting classical genetics and chloroplast transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the complexity of chloroplast Rubisco in land plants cannot be completely addressed with the existing model organisms. Two subunits encoded in different genetic compartments have coevolved in the formation of the Rubisco holoenzyme, but the function of the small subunit remains largely unknown. The subunits are posttranslationally modified, assembled via a complex process, and degraded in regulated ways. There is also a second chloroplast protein, Rubisco activase, that is responsible for removing inhibitory molecules from the large-subunit active site. Many of these complex interactions and processes display species specificity. This means that attempts to engineer or discover a better Rubisco may be futile if one cannot transfer the better enzyme to a compatible host. We must frame the questions that address this problem of chloroplast-Rubisco complexity. We must work harder to find the answers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006240202051
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wounding by bombardment yields highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 367-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: transgenic carnation ; genetic engineering ; microprojectile bombardment ; stable transformation ; kanamycin selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) was obtained by first wounding stem explants via microprojectile bombardment. When this was followed by cocultivation with disarmed Agrobacterium in the dark, the transformation frequency-based on transient GUS expression-increased to over 10-fold that of explants wounded by other means and cocultivated under constant light. Two cycles of regeneration/selection on kanamycin were employed to generate stably transformed carnation plants and eliminate chimeras: first, plantlets were regenerated from inoculated stem explants and then leaves from these plantlets were used to generate transgenes in a second selection cycle of adventitious shoot regeneration. Agrobacterium strain AGLO, carrying the binary vector pCGN7001 containing uidA and nptII genes, was used in the stable transformation experiments. The combination of wounding via bombardment, cocultivation in the dark and two cycles of kanamycin selection yielded an overall transformation efficiency of 1–2 transgenes per 10 stem explants for the three carnation varieties analyzed. Histochemical and molecular analyses of marker genes in T0 and T1 generations confirmed the transgenic nature of the selected plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009671131200
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Engineering of Protein-Based Polymers: Potential in Controlled Drug Delivery (1998)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 15 (1998), S. 813-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; polymers ; drug delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011999810298
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review: Application of biotechnology to forestry – molecular biology of conifers (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Conifer transformation ; forestry ; genetic engineering ; plantation forestry ; tree improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic improvement in plantation forestry relies significantly on conventional breeding techniques which have been used extensively to improve various characteristics in forest trees such as growth and form, volume yield, resistance to pathogens and quality of the end product. This review concentrates on molecular techniques which have been used successfully in agriculture and which have more recently become available to improve further characteristics of forest trees and introduce new traits which are currently not available in the breeding population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008848824626
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structures and properties of de novo circularly permuted 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases (1998)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 30 (1998), S. 155-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: X-ray diffraction ; protein folding ; genetic engineering ; circular permutation ; 1,3-1,4-β-glucanase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases from Bacillus macerans and Bacillus licheniformis, as well as related hybrid enzymes, are stable proteins comprised of one compact jellyroll domain. Their structures are studied in an effort to reveal the degree of redundancy to which the three-dimensional structure of protein domains is encoded by the amino acid sequence. For the hybrid 1,3-1,4-β-glucanase H(A16-M), it could be shown recently that a circular permutation of the sequence giving rise to the variant cpA16M-59 is compatible with wildtype-like enzymatic activity and tertiary structure (Hahn et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10417-10421, 1994). Since the circular permutation yielding cpA16M-59 mimicks that found in the homologous enzyme from Fibrobacter succinogenes, the question arose whether de novo circular permutations, not guided by molecular evolution of the 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases, could also produce proteins with native-like fold. The circularly permuted variants cpA16M-84, cpA16M-127, and cpA16M-154 were generated by PCR mutagenesis of the gene encoding H(A16-M), synthesized in Escherichia coli and shown to be active in β-glucan hydrolysis. CpA16M-84 and cpA16M-127 were crystallized in space groups P21 and P1, respectively, and their crystal structures were determined at 1.80 and 2.07 Å resolution. In both proteins the main parts of the β-sheet structure remain unaffected by the circular permutation as is evident from a root-mean-square deviation of main chain atoms from the reference structure within the experimental error. The only major structural perturbation occurs near the novel chain termini in a surface loop of cpA16M-84, which becomes destabilized and rearranged. The results of this study are interpreted to show that: (1) several circular permutations in the compact jellyroll domain of the 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases are tolerated without radical change of enzymatic activity or tertiary structure, (2) the three-dimensional structures of simple domains are encoded by the amino acid sequence with sufficient redundancy to tolerate a change in the sequential order of secondary structure elements along the sequence, and (3) the native N-terminal region is not needed to guide the folding polypeptide chain toward its native conformation. Proteins 30:155-167, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic engineering approaches to enzyme design and mechanism (1998)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 11 (1998), S. 536-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: enzyme design ; enzyme mechanism ; genetic engineering ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aspartate aminotransferase (AATase) and aminocyclopropane carboxylate synthase (ACC synthase) are pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes whose common junction of mechanistic divergence is after the formation of a Cα carbanion from the amino acid substrate bound to PLP as a Schiff base (aldimine). AATase catalyzes the reversible interconversion of α-amino acids and α-keto acids, while ACC synthase effects the irreversible decomposition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) and 5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA). ACC is subsequently converted to ethylene, the plant ripening and senescence hormone, by ACC oxidase, the next enzyme in the pathway. AATase and ACC synthase exhibit many similar phenomenological characteristics that result from different detailed mechanistic origins. The kcat/KM versus pH profiles for both enzymes are similar (AATase, acidic pKa = 6.9, basic pKa = 9.6; ACC synthase, acidic pKa = 7.5, basic pKa = 8.9); however the acidic pKa of AATase reflects the ionization of an enzyme proton from the internal Schiff base, and the basic one is that of the α-amino group of the substrate, while the opposite situation obtains for ACC synthase, i.e. the apparent pKa of 7.4 is due to the α-amino group of SAM, whereas that of 9 reflects the Schiff base pKa. The mechanistic imperative underlying this reversal is dictated by the reaction mechanism and the low pKa of the α-amino group of SAM. The low pKa of SAM requires that the enzyme pKa be moved upward in order to have sufficient quantities of the reacting species at neutral pH. It is shown by viscosity variation experiments with wild-type and active site mutant controls of both enzymes that the reaction of SAM with ACC synthase is 100% diffusion controlled (kcat/KM = 1.2 × 106 l mol-1 s-1) while the corresponding reaction for the combination of L-aspartate with AATase is insensitive to viscosity, and is therefore chemically not diffusion limited. Tyr225 (AATase) or Tyr233 (ACC synthase) forms a hydrogen bond with the PLP in both enzymes, but that formed with the former enzyme is stronger and accounts for the lower pKa of the Schiff base. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable Production of Human Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in the Milk of Hemi- and Homozygous Transgenic Rabbits Over Several Generations (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 437-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: bioreactor ; gene farming ; genetic engineering ; mammary gland ; milk composition ; recombinant protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One transgenic rabbit line was generated carrying a fusion gene consisting of the cDNA for human IGF-1 fused to a mammary gland specific expression cassette derived from bovine alpha-S1-casein sequences. Transgene expression was shown to be strictly tissue and lactation period specific. The transgenic rabbit line was bred for six generations. All transgenic animals showed stable production of biologically active IGF-1 over the generations and no apparent effect on the physiological or reproductive performance was observed. The absence of adverse effects on homozygous transgenic rabbits suggested the absence of insertional mutagenesis. Eight hemizygous transgenic offspring analysed produced on average 363 ± 12μg/ml (ranging from 223 ± 61 to 484 ± 39 μg/ml) mature human IGF-1 in their milk, whereas three homozygous animals produced on average 543 ± 41 μg/ml (ranging from 360 ± 15 to 678 ± 80 μg/ml). Homozygous huIGF-1 females clearly showed a significantly increased production performance of the recombinant protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008831028620
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic engineering of rice leading to biosynthesis of glycinebetaine and tolerance to salt and cold (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 1011-1019 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: choline oxidase ; genetic engineering ; glycinebetaine ; low-temperature tolerance ; salt tolerance ; transgenic rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetically engineered rice (Oryza sativa L.) with the ability to synthesize glycinebetaine was established by introducing the codA gene for choline oxidase from the soil bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis. Levels of glycinebetaine were as high as 1 and 5 μmol per gram fresh weight of leaves in two types of transgenic plant in which choline oxidase was targeted to the chloroplasts (ChlCOD plants) and to the cytosol (CytCOD plants), respectively. Although treatment with 0.15 m NaCl inhibited the growth of both wild-type and transgenic plants, the transgenic plants began to grow again at the normal rate after a significantly less time than the wild-type plants after elimination of the salt stress. Inactivation of photosynthesis, used as a measure of cellular damage, indicated that ChlCOD plants were more tolerant than CytCOD plants to photoinhibition under salt stress and low-temperature stress. These results indicated that the subcellular compartmentalization of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine was a critical element in the efficient enhancement of tolerance to stress in the engineered plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006095015717
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of a chitinase transgene in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) reduces development of blackspot disease (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf) (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: chitinase ; Diplocarpon rosae ; disease resistance ; genetic engineering ; Rosa hybrida L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Blackspot, caused by the Ascomycete fungus Diplocarpon rosae, is the most widespread and pernicious disease of cultivated roses. While some species of rose possess resistance to D. rosae, none of the modern-day rose cultivars are fully resistant to the pathogen. In the current study, Biolistic gene delivery was used to introduce a rice gene, encoding a basic (Class I), chitinase into embryogenic callus of the blackspot-susceptible rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Glad Tidings. The plasmid used for transformation carried the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene facilitating the selection and regeneration of transgenic plants on medium containing 250 mg/l kanamycin. Southern analysis confirmed integration of 2–6 copies of the chitinase gene into the rose genome; gene expression was confirmed by enzyme assay. Bioassays demonstrated that expression of the chitinase transgene reduced the severity of blackspot development by 13–43%. This degree of resistance to the pathogen correlated with the level of chitinase expression in the transgenic rose plants. The introduction of disease defence genes into rose provides a method of producing blackspot-resistant rose cultivars sought by breeders and growers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009642707505
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How will bioinformatics influence metabolic engineering? (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 162-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bioinformatics ; metabolic engineering ; genetic engineering ; mathematical analysis ; stoichiometry ; enzyme kinetics ; modal analysis ; genetic circuits ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ten microbial genomes have been fully sequenced to date, and the sequencing of many more genomes is expected to be completed before the end of the century. The assignment of function to open reading frames (ORFs) is progressing, and for some genomes over 70% of functional assignments have been made. The majority of the assigned ORFs relate to metabolic functions. Thus, the complete genetic and biochemical functions of a number of microbial cells may be soon available. From a metabolic engineering standpoint, these developments open a new realm of possibilities. Metabolic analysis and engineering strategies can now be built on a sound genomic basis. An important question that now arises; how should these tasks be approached? Flux-balance analysis (FBA) has the potential to play an important role. It is based on the fundamental principle of mass conservation. It requires only the stoichiometric matrix, the metabolic demands, and some strain specific parameters. Importantly, no enzymatic kinetic data is required. In this article, we show how the genomically defined microbial metabolic genotypes can be analyzed by FBA. Fundamental concepts of metabolic genotype, metabolic phenotype, metabolic redundancy and robustness are defined and examples of their use given. We discuss the advantage of this approach, and how FBA is expected to find uses in the near future. FBA is likely to become an important analysis tool for genomically based approaches to metabolic engineering, strain design, and development. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:162-169, 1998.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic engineering of Serratia marcescens with bacterial hemoglobin gene: Effects on growth, oxygen utilization, and cell size (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 477-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Vitreoscilla hemoglobin ; bacterial hemoglobin ; Serratia marcescens ; genetic engineering ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bacterial hemoglobin from Vitreoscilla has been shown to increase growth yield and yield of genetically engineered product in Escherichia coli. To test the generality of this phenomenon, the approximately 560-bp bacterial (Vitreoscilla) hemoglobin gene (vgb) (including the native promoter), cloned into the vector pUC8 in two constructs containing about 1650 and 850 bp, respectively, of Vitreoscilla DNA downstream of vgb, was transformed into Serratia marcescens. After several transfers of the transformants on selective media, both plasmids became stable in this host and the resulting strains produced hemoglobin. Both transformants were compared, regarding growth in liquid Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, with untransformed S. marcescens and S. marcescens transformed with pUC8. The vgb-bearing strains had about 5 times lower maximum viable cell numbers than the strains without hemoglobin, but the former also had late log or early stationary phase cells that were 5-10 times larger than those of the latter. Further, on a dry cell mass basis the presence of vgb inhibited cell growth in liquid media. In contrast, growth of the vgb-bearing strains on LB plates based on cell mass (determined from colony size) was markedly enhanced compared with that of the pUC8 transformant. Respiration of the vgb-bearing strains was lower than that of the strains without vgb on a cell mass basis. These results show that the presence of vgb can have idiosyncratic effects and is not always an aid to cell growth so that its use for genetic engineering must be tested on a case by case basis. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 477-483, 1998.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetically engineered syntheses of tandem repetitive polypeptides consisting of glycine-rich sequence of spider dragline silk (1998)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 45 (1998), S. 269-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: spider dragline silk ; genetic engineering ; glycine-rich sequence ; β-sheet structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We described genetically engineered syntheses of tandem repetitive polypeptides consisting of glycine-rich sequence, GlyLeuGlyGlyGlnGlyGlyGlyAlaGlyGlnGlyGlyTyrGly, designated SCAP(1), in spidroin I of spider dragline silk from Nephila clavipes and the secondary conformational analyses in the solid state by Fourier transform ir measurements. The polypeptides composed of 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, or 13 repeats of SCAP(1) were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by nickel chelate affinity chromatography, and then cleaved with cyanogen bromide to release N- and C-terminal extensions. Typical yields were from 1.2 to 5.2 mg of lyophilized uncleaved polypeptides per liter of fermentation medium at an absorbance of 2.0 at 600 nm, and the production levels increased with decreasing the molecular weight of the expressed polypeptides. The lyophilized powder of cleaved SCAP(13) adopted the random coil, whereas the cast film from formic acid formed the β-sheet structure. The conformational results might indicate that the glycine-rich sequence formed β-sheet structure in spidroin I. Cleaved SCAP(13) started to decompose under nitrogen at ca. 230°C, which was in agreement with the decomposition temperature of the spider dragline silk from N. clavipes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 45: 269-279, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineered cell lines for insulin replacement in diabetes: current status and future prospects (1997)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 40 (1997), S. S42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Insulin ; genetic engineering ; cell lines ; transplantation ; molecular biology.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The recently completed diabetes complications and control trial has highlighted the need for improvement of insulin delivery systems for treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Despite steady improvement in methods for islet and whole pancreas transplantation over the past three decades, the broad-scale applicability of these approaches remains uncertain due in part to the difficulty and expense associated with procurement of functional tissue. To address this concern, we and others have been using the tools of molecular biology to develop cell lines with regulated insulin secretion that might serve as a surrogate for primary islets or pancreas tissue in transplantation therapy. This article seeks to provide a brief summary of the current status of this growing field, with a particular emphasis on progress in producing cell lines with appropriate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: S 42–S 47]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051398
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic engineering of bacteria and their potential for Hg2+ bioremediation (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; genetic engineering ; mercury bioaccumulation ; mercury transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ion exchange or biosorptive processes for metalremoval generally lack specificity in metal bindingand are sensitive to ambient conditions, e.g. pH,ionic strength and the presence of metal chelators. Inthis study, cells of a genetically engineered Escherichia coli strain, JM109, which expressesmetallothionein and a Hg2+ transport system afterinduction were evaluated for their selectivity forHg2+ accumulation in the presence of sodium,magnesium, or cadmium ions and their sensitivity to pHor the presence of metal chelators during Hg2+bioaccumulation. The genetically engineered E.coli cells in suspension accumulated Hg2+effectively at low concentrations (0-20 µM) overa broad range of pH (3 to 11). The presence of 400 mMsodium chloride, 200 mM magnesium chloride, or100 µM cadmium ions did not have a significanteffect on the bioaccumulation of 5 µm Hg2+,indicating that this process is not sensitive to highionic strength and is highly selective against sodium,magnesium, or cadmium ions. Metal chelators usuallyinterfere with ion exchange or biosorptive processes.However, two common metal chelators, EDTA and citrate,had no significant effect on Hg2+ bioaccumulationby the genetically engineered strain. These resultssuggest that this E. coli strain could be usedfor selective removal of Hg2+ from waste water orfrom contaminated solutions which are resistant tocommon treatments. A second potential applicationwould be to remove Hg2+ from Hg2+-contaminated soil, sediment, or particulates bywashing them with a Hg2+ chelator andregenerating the chelator by passing the solutionthrough a reactor containing the strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008233704719
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nif gene transfer and expression in chloroplasts: Prospects and problems (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 194 (1997), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chloroplast ; genetic engineering ; nif genes ; nitrogenase ; plant transformation ; plastid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The engineering of plants capable of fixing their own nitrogen is an extremely complex task, requiring the co-ordinated and regulated expression of 16 nif genes in an appropriate cellular location. We suggest that plastids may provide a favourable environment for nif gene expression provided that the nitrogenase enzyme can be protected from oxygen damage. Using the non-heterocystous cyanobacteria as a model, we argue that photosynthesis could be temporally separated from nitrogen fixation in chloroplasts by restricting nitrogenase synthesis to the dark period. We report preliminary data on the introduction and expression of one of nitrogenase components, the Fe protein, in transgenic tobacco and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Finally we discuss potential avenues for further research in this area and the prospects for achieving the ultimate goal of expressing active nitrogenase in cereal crops such as rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004296703638
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant nutrition in the 20th and perspectives for the 21st century (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 196 (1997), S. 163-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilizers ; food production ; genetic engineering ; macronutrients ; micronutrients ; nutrient absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper briefly presents the knowledge of plant nutrition in 1900 and its expansion since then in two areas - the discovery of the micronutrients and the absorption of nutrients from soils. Application of macro- and micronutrient fertilizers has contributed substantially to the huge increase in world food production experienced this century. In developed countries, excessive fertilizer use has led to serious problems of nutrient pollution; here, plant nutritionists will be concerned with monitoring nutrient status of crops and soils to maintain crop production with minimum loss of nutrients to the environment, and development of cultivars with high nutrient efficiency in soils with luxury supplies of nutrients. In many developing countries, soil infertility limits productivity; here, plant nutritional research can raise productivity by diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities of crops on previously unfertilized soils, their correction with minimal fertilizer and treatment costs, and development of cultivars with high nutrient efficiency in deficient soils and high tolerance of natural toxicities. The pre-occupation of developed countries with pollution is blinding them to the urgent needs of developing countries for fertilizers and fertilizer research to increase crop production ha-1 as an alternative to clearing more land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004208621263
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondria transfer into mouse ova by microinjection (1997)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 6 (1997), S. 379-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; heteroplasmy ; mouse ; mitochondria ; mitochondria transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for mitochondria isolation and interspecific transfer of mitochondria was developed in mice. Mitochondria were isolated from Mus spretus liver samples for microinjection into fertilized ova obtained from superovulated M. musculus domesticus females. Electron microscopic observations of mitochondria preparations used for microinjection demonstrated intact mitochondrial vesicles with little microsomal contamination. Species-specific nested PCR primers complementary to sequence differences in the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region revealed high rates of successful transfer of foreign mitochondria after isolation and injection into zygotes cultured through the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. Of 217 zygotes, 67 survived mitochondria injection and 23 out of 37 zygotes developed were at the blastocyst-stage of embryonic development after 4.5 days of in vitro culture. All 23 of these blastocysts contained detectable levels of foreign mitochondria. These results represent an initial step in developing a model system to study mitochondrial dynamics and development of therapeutic strategies for human metabolic diseases affected by aberrations in mitochondrial function or mutation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018431316831
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rice transformation: bombardment (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 35 (1997), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; particle bombardment ; plant biotechnology ; transgenic rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bombardment-based methodology is responsible for the effective genetic manipulation of major cereals including rice. Many groups reported significant advances on various aspects of rice molecular biology and genetic engineering using procedures based on bombardment technology. Molecular and genetic characterization of large numbers of these plants (more than 500 independent transgenic plants) provided information on structure, expression and stability of integrated DNA through multiple generations. Such evaluations were carried out in the greenhouse and in the field. Stability of expression was found to be dependent on the nature of the promoter and the transgene, and in specific cases on gene copy number. Direct DNA transfer utilizing particle bombardment for the delivery of foreign DNA into rice tissue results in the recovery of large numbers of independently derived transgenic plants in a variety-independent fashion. Gene copy number, level and stability of expression of transgenes can be compared to other DNA delivery methods, direct or indirect, including Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. In this paper, the technology is summarized and discussed in terms of present and future applications, including field trials and potential commercialization of transgenic rice expressing a number of genes of agronomic interest such as pest and herbicide resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005791230345
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is there any possibility of detecting the use of genetic engineering in processed foods? (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Detection method ; genetic engineering ; polymerase chain reaction ; processed food ; Gentechnik ; Nachweisverfahren ; Polymerasekettenreaktion ; verarbeitete Lebensmittel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bier, Sojaöl, verarbeitete Tomaten- (Ketchup, Mark, Pizzatomaten, Schältomaten, Suppe) und Kartoffelprodukte (Pommes frites, Chips, Püree, Mehl, Stärke, Bratkartoffeln) sowie ein Enzympräparat (Natuphos) wurden mittels PCR daraufhin untersucht, ob ein Nachweis des Einsatzes der Gentechnik bei ihrer Herstellung möglich ist. PCR-fähige DNA ließ sich aus Pizzatomaten, Schältomaten, Pommes frites, Bratkartoffeln, Kartoffelmehl und Kartoffelchips isolieren, so daß der Nachweis des Einsatzes der Gentechnik bei deren Herstellung möglich wird. Bestimmte Biere (Pils, Export, Nutfield lyte), Sojaöl, Tomatensuppe, Kartoffelstärke, Kartoffelpüree und Natuphos entziehen sich einem solchen Nachweis, da die PCR-Analyse keine Hinweise auf das Vorliegen von DNA in diesen Produkten ergab. Daß das durchgeführte Nachweisverfahren grundsätzlich in der Lage ist, geringe Mengen an DNA auch in diesen Produkten spezifisch nachzuweisen, wurde nach Zugabe vonEscherichia coli DNA bestätigt.
    Notes: Summary To elucidate if there is any possibility to identify highly processed foods as produced through genetic engineering, beer, soya bean oil, processed tomato (ketch-up, paste, pizza tomatoes, peeled tomatoes, soup) and potato (french fries, crisps, mashed potatoes, flour, starch, fried potatoes) products as well as an enzyme preparation (Natuphos) were investigated by PCR. In pizza tomatoes, peeled tomatoes, french fries, fried potatoes, potato flour and potato crisps DNA suitable for PCR was found. Therefore, it is possible to identify these products as produced through genetic engineering. Such an identification is impossible in certain beers (pilsener, export, Nutfield lyte), soya bean oil, tomato soup, potato starch, mashed potatoes and Natuphos since PCR-analysis gave no indication of the presence of DNA in these products. As it was shown by addingEscherichia coli DNA the used method is, in principle, capable of detecting specifically small amounts of DNA in such products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01611394
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bruchid resistance of transgenic azuki bean expressing seed α-amylase inibitor of common bean (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect resistance ; genetic engineering ; host specificity ; transgenic plant ; α-amylase inhibitor ; Callosobruchus spp. ; Zabrotes subfasciatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Various species of bruchid beetles including Callosobruchus chinensis, C. maculatus and C. analis cause postharvest damage of azuki bean seeds, an important East Asian grain legume. The α-amylase in the midguts of these insects is inhibited by the α-amylase inhibitor (αAI) present in common bean seeds. Transformation of azuki bean with the αAI gene driven by the promoter of phytohemagglutinin results in high levels of αAI in the seeds and the complete block of bruchid development on the seeds. Zabrotes subfasciatus, a South and Central American bruchid that is a storage pest of common bean, develops normally on the transgenic azuki bean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186289
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Antimicrobial peptides fromMirabilis jalapa andAmaranthus caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 993-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antifungal ; genetic engineering ; precursor processing ; protein sorting ; disease resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cDNAs encoding the seed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) fromMirabilis jalapa (Mj-AMP2) andAmaranthus caudatus (Ac-AMP2) have previously been characterized and it was found that Mj-AMP2 and Ac-AMP2 are processed from a precursor preprotein and preproprotein, respectively [De Bolleet al., Plant Mol Biol 28:713–721 (1995) and 22:1187–1190 (1993), respectively]. In order to study the processing, sorting and biological activity of these antimicrobial peptides in transgenic tobacco, four different gene constructs were made: a Mj-AMP2wild-type gene construct, a Mj-AMP2 mutant gene construct which was extended by a sequence encoding the barley lectin carboxyl-terminal propeptide, a known vacuolar targeting signal [Bednarek and Raikhel, Plant Cell 3: 1195–1206 (1991)]; an Ac-AMP2wild-type gene construct; and finally, an Ac-AMP2 mutant gene construct which was truncated in order to delete the sequence encoding the genuine carboxyl-terminal propeptide. Processing and localization analysis indicated that an isoform of Ac-AMP2 with a cleaved-off carboxyl-terminal arginine was localized in the intercellular fluid fraction of plants expressing eitherwild-type or mutant gene constructs. Mj-AMP2 was recovered extracellularly in plants transformed with Mj-AMP2wild-type gene construct, whereas an Mj-AMP2 isoform with a cleaved-off carboxyl-terminal arginine accumulated intracellularly in plants expressing the mutant precursor protein with the barley lectin propeptide. Thein vitro antifungal activity of the AMPs purified from transgenic tobacco expressing any of the four different precursor proteins was similar to that of the authentic proteins. However, none of the transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance against infection with eitherBotrytis einerea orAlternaria longipes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040718
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    General resistance against potato virus Y introduced into a commercial potato cultivar by genetic transformation with PVYN coat protein gene (1996)
    Springer
    Potato research 39 (1996), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Pathogen derived resistance ; genetic engineering ; Solanum tuberosum L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transgenic cv. Folva potato plants expressing the coat protein gene of potato virus Y strain N (PVYN) were produced usingAgrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Forty independent transformants were selected for resistance screening. Four clones showed complete resistance to mechanical inoculation with all the five PVY isolates tested: the PVYN isolate from which the coat protein gene was derived, two PVYO isolates, and two PVYNTN isolates. Two of the fully resistant clones contained only one copy of the transgene, demonstrating that it is possible by genetic engineering to obtain highly virus resistant potato clones that can also be useful in future breeding programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360919
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  • 34
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    Genetic engineering for resistance to bacteria in transgenic plants by introduction of foreign genes (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 2 (1996), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: transgenic plants ; resistance ; phytopathogenic bacteria ; plant breeding ; genetic engineering ; potato ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437908
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Production of multidomain complement glycoproteins in insect cells (1996)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 20 (1996), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: baculovirus ; complement activation ; genetic engineering ; mosaic protein ; serine-protease ; zymogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350407
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  • 36
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    An agenda for future potato research (1996)
    Springer
    Potato research 39 (1996), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; sustainable production ; breeding ; resistance processing ; storage ; priorities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The world is changing, and the rate of change is accelerating, nowhere moreso than in the pace of scientific discovery and the advance of technology. The last thirty years have also seen substantial global changes in potato production which are likely to continue if current projections are correct. Climate change is bound to affect local weather patterns, which will influence both the epidemiology of pests and pathogens and broaden their geographic range. An agenda for future research will of necessity include much of the current agenda; research into more sustainable systems; research into new and novel resistances to biotic and abiotic constraints, combining modern cell and molecular-based technologies with classical breeding approaches and research into the genetic and biochemical bases of low temperature sweetening and dormancy control, that should lead to varieties with superior storage characteristics, particularly for processing. However, a future agenda has to retain some flexibility and a component of speculative research. Perhaps potatoes could become a source of industrial feedstock or pharmaceuticals, perhaps there is a place for cultivars produced by botanic seed in Europe? The exciting thing about research is that we cannot always predict where it will lead, and a future agenda must not curb the enthusiasm of any young scientist by too rigidly adhering to that suggested here. it is essential that scientific options are kept open.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357944
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  • 37
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    Genetic engineering to contain the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene enhances degradation of benzoic acid by Xanthomonas maltophilia (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 101-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Xanthomonas maltophilia ; benzoic acid ; Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene ; genetic engineering ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthomonas maltophilia was transformed with the gene encoding Vitreoscilla (bacterial) hemoglobin, vgb, and the growth of the engineered strain was compared with that of the untransformed strain using benzoic acid as the sole carbon source. In general, growth of the engineered strain was greater than that of the untransformed strain; this was true for experiments using both overnight cultures and log phase cells as inocula, but particularly for the latter. In both cases the engineered strain was also more efficient than the untransformed strain in converting benzoic acid into biomass. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of genetically modified micro-organisms into the environment (1996)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 65 (1996), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2575
    Keywords: GMOs ; environment ; release ; genetic engineering ; gene transfer ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biotechnology in general, and recombinant DNA technology in particular, has the capacity to change the health and wealth of every individual, but like other major advances in science and technology such as nuclear power and electronics it can also be exploited to mankind's detriment. For this reason and the fact that recombinant DNA technology involves altering the molecules encoding life itself, the subject has given rise to a high level of public debate. Centuries of experience with the release of conventional micro-organisms for sewage treatment, agriculture and food production have shown that the release of large numbers of foreign organisms into an environment does not necessarily cause ecological damage. In fact few of these organisms survive for long periods. The threat of horizontal gene transfer from recombinant organisms to indigenous ones is however very real and mechanisms exist whereby, at least theoretically, any genetically engineered trait can be transferred to any prokaryotic organism and many eukaryotic ones. The rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms since the widespread introduction of antibiotics graphically demonstrates that such a threat is real. There have now been several experiments to determine the effect of environmental release of micro-organisms, both in enclosed areas and in unenclosed sites. Proposals for the use of genetically modified micro-organisms that contain specific gene deletions have had a relatively smooth passage through government approval agencies and public enquiries and some products have been approved for commercial use. In addition a strain of bakers' yeast with an altered control element has also been approved for commercial use in the UK. Genetically modified viruses, especially those containing foreign genes have not received such favourable treatment and have been the subject of heated national and international debate. Many microbiologists are convinced, however, that the use and release of carefully constructed genetically engineered organisms will result in significant benefit, but with little risk to the environment. Ecologists, however, are not so sanguine and in the current ‘green’ political atmosphere their opinions are very influential. Thus most developed countries now have in force a series of very cautious regulations and guidelines for the release of genetically modified micro-organisms.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Procedural justice as a contested concept: Sociological remarks on the group value model (1995)
    Springer
    Social justice research 8 (1995), S. 175-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6725
    Keywords: systems theory ; procedural justice ; technology assessment ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract The group value model by Lind and Tyler has had a major impact on procedural justice research. After critically examining the model, the author proposes that its underlying idea be reformulated at a more general level. The theory of autopoietic systems provides the background for an attempt to depict procedural justice as a mode for the self-description of social systems, a concept that the author relates to procedural structures that have been empirically shown to exist. Two cases from the field of genetic engineering are cited in this context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02334690
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential of biotechnology in temperate agroforestry practices (1995)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 32 (1995), S. 29-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; marker-aided selection ; molecular diagnostics ; plant tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Technologies in forest molecular biology and tissue culture could play an increasing role in the choice of genotypes for successful establishment of agroforestry practices. Research areas such as micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, genetic engineering, marker-aided selection, and molecular diagnostics are merging with traditional forest biological studies to help identify and produce better-suited trees for agroforestry plantings. A combination of classical and molecular biological research could be used to improve pest and stress resistance of selected genotypes, modify structure and function, and monitor pests of trees. This merger of approaches, as well as continued technological development, could accelerate the production and selection of suitable tree genotypes for agroforestry plantings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713846
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant genetic engineering for crop improvement (1995)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1995), S. 449-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bioreactor plants ; crop improvement ; genetic engineering ; molecular flower breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Plant genetic engineering has long since left its experimental stage: transgenic plants with resistance to viruses, bacteria, fungi, various pests and abiotic stresses have already been released in their hundreds. Transgenic plants can produce better fruits and food of higher quality than wild-types, and can be used as bioreactors for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important compounds. This review portrays some of the achievements in this field of plant molecular biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364620
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnology is not compatible with sustainable agriculture (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 98-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: biotechnology ; sustainable agriculture ; subsistence ; women farmers ; genetic engineering ; agricultural ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Biotechnology increases commercialization of food production, which competes with food for home use. Most people in the world grow their own food, and are more secure without the mediation of the market. To the extent that biotechnology enhances market competitiveness, world food security will decrease. This instability will result in a greater gap between rich and poor, increasing poverty of women and children, less ability and incentive to protect the environment, and greater need for militarization to maintain order. Therefore, biotechnology should be discouraged. An active program to protect and strengthen local food production and to decrease reliance on industrial agriculture should be promoted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251874
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnology is compatible with sustainable agriculture (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 112-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agribusiness ; biotechnology ; crop adaptation ; crop diversity ; crop management ; crop varieties ; disease resistance ; environment ; genetic engineering ; holistic agriculture ; insect resistance ; new technology ; plant breeding ; societal responsibility ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Biotechnology can provide appropriate new tools for use in solution of specific problems in sustainable agriculture. Its usefulness will depend in large part on the degree to which sustainable agriculturists understand the utility of biotechnology and apply it toward ends they deem important. Biotechnology can give little assistance to sustainable agriculture in the short term. It can be more useful in the medium term, and it could be highly useful in the long term as an integral part of the art and science of plant breeding and other components of sustainable agriculture systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251875
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetically engineered charge modifications to enhance protein separation in aqueous two-phase systems: Charge directed partitioning (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 46 (1995), S. 62-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: aqueous two-phase systems ; β-galactosidase ; T4 lysozyme ; partitioning ; charge modifications ; genetic engineering ; polymers ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report continues or examination of the effect of genetically engineered charge modifications on the partitioning behavior of proteins in aqueous two-phase extration. The genetic modifications consisted of the fusion of charged peptide tails to β-galactosidase and charge-change point mutations to T4 lysozyme. Our previous article examined the influence of these charge modifications on partitioning as a function of interfacial potential difference. In this study, we examined charge directed partitioning behavior in PEG/dextran systems containing small amounts of the charged polymers diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dextran) or dextran sulfate. The best results were obtained when attractive forces between the protein and polymer were present. Nearly 100% of the β-galactosidase, which carries a net negative charge, partitioned to the DEAE-dextran-rich phase regardless of whether the phase was dextran or PEG. In these cases, cloudiness of the protein-rich phases suggest that strong charge interactions resulted in protein/polymer aggregation, which may have contributed to the extreme partitioning. Unlike the potentialdriven partitioning reported previously, consistent partitioning trends were observed as a result of the fusion tails, with observed shifts in partition coefficient (Kp) of up to 37-fold. However, these changes could not be solely attributed to charge-based interactions. Similarly, T4 lysozyme, carrying a net positive charge, partitioned to the dextran sulfate-containing phase, and displayed four- to sevenfold shifts in Kp as a result of the point mutations. These shifts were two to four times stronger than those observed for potential driven partitioning. Little effect on partitioning was observed when the protein and polymer had the same charge, with the exception of β-galactosidase with polyarginine tails. The high positive charge density of these tails provided for a localized interaction with the dextran sulfate, and resulted in 2- to 15-fold shifts in Kp. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260460109
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of giant silkmoth cecropin B genes in tobacco (1995)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 4 (1995), S. 132-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: antibacterial ; bacterial disease resistance ; cecropin ; genetic engineering ; plant transformation ; protease degradation ; transgenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cecropin B is a small antibacterial peptide from the giant silkmothHyalophora cecropia. To reveal the potential of this peptide for engineering bacterial disease resistance into crops, several cecropin B gene constructs were made either for expression in the cytosol or for secretion. All constructs were cloned in a plant expression vector and introduced in tobacco viaAgrobacterium tumefaciens. A cDNA-derived cecropin B gene construct lacking the amino-terminal signal peptide was poorly expressed in transgenic plants at the mRNA level, whereas plants harbouring a full-length cDNA-derived construct containing the insect signal peptide, showed increased cecropin B-mRNA levels. Highest expression was found in plants harbouring a construct with a plant-gene-derived signal peptide. In none of the transgenic plants could the cecropin B peptide be detected. This is most likely caused by breakdown of the peptide by plant endogenous proteases, since a chemically synthesized cecropin B peptide was degraded within seconds in various plant cell extracts. This degradation could be prevented by the addition of specific protease inhibitors and by boiling the extract prior to adding the peptide. In addition, anionic detergents, in contrast to cationic, zwitter-ionic or non-ionic detergents, could prevent this degradation. Nevertheless, transgenic tobacco plants were evaluated for resistance toPseudomonas solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt of many crops, andP. syringae pv.tabaci, the causal agent of bacterial wildfire, which are highly susceptible to cecropin Bin vitro. No resistance was found. These experiments indicate that introduction and expression of cecropin B genes in tobacco does not result in detectable cecropin B protein levels and resistance to bacterial infections, most likely due to degradation of the protein by endogenous proteases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969415
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Targeting of heterologous membrane proteins into proliferated internal membranes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 11 (1995), S. 913-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: fusion-gene expression ; protein targeting ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Overproduction of chimeric proteins containing the HMG2/1 peptide, which comprises the seven transmembrane domains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase isozymes 1 and 2, has previously been observed to induce the proliferation of internal endoplasmic reticulum-like membranes. In order to exploit this amplified membrane surface area for the accommodation of heterologous microsomal proteins, we fused sequences coding for human cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) to sequence encoding the HMG2/1 peptide and expressed the hybrid genes in yeast. The heterologous hybrid proteins were targeted into strongly proliferated membranes, as shown by electron microscopic and immunofluorescent analysis. Fusion proteins comprising the whole CYP1A1 polypeptide (HMG2/1-CYP1A1) exhibited 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, whereas fusion proteins lacking the N-terminal 56 amino acids of CYP1A1 (HMG2/1-ΔCYP1A1) were inactive and appeared to be unable to incorporate protoheme. Similar amounts of heterologous protein were detected in cells expressing HMG2/1-CYP1A1, HMG2/1-ΔCYP1A1 and CYP1A1, respectively. Replacement of the N-terminal membrane anchor domain of human NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase by the HMG2/1 peptide also resulted in a functional fusion enzyme, which was able to interact with HMG2/1-CYP1A1 and the yeast endogenous P450 enzyme lanosterol-14α-demethylase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320111003
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Expression of biologically active hordothionins in tobacco. Effects of pre- and pro-sequences at the amino and carboxyl termini of the hordothionin precursor on mature protein expression and sorting (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 83-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anti-bacterial protein ; genetic engineering ; precursor processing ; synthetic gene ; thionin ; transgenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hordothionins (HTHs) are small anti-bacterial proteins present in barley endosperm which are processed from larger precursor proteins, consisting of an amino-terminal signal peptide (SP), the mature highly basic HTH and a carboxy-terminal acidic peptide (AP). Different HTH precursor proteins were expressed in tobacco to study the effects of the pre-sequences (SP) and pro-sequences (AP) on expression, processing, sorting and biological activity and hence the feasibility of engineering bacterial disease resistance into crops which lack these proteins. Maximum HTH expression levels of approximately 0.7% (11 μmol/kg) of total soluble protein in young tobacco leaves were obtained using a semi-synthetic gene construct encoding a complete chimaeric HTH precursor protein. Tenfold lower HTH expression levels (maximum 1.3 μmol/kg) were obtained using synthetic gene constructs without the AP-coding sequence and no expression was found in plants containing synthetic HTH gene constructs without SP-and AP-coding sequences. In both cases where expression was found, the precursors were apparently correctly processed, although the HTH produced in plants containing a construct without AP sequence appeared to be slightly modified. No effect on plant phenotype was observed. Localization studies indicated that the HTH was in identical fractions of plants expressing the two different precursors, albeit at a different ratio, and was not secreted into the intercellular spaces of leaves or culture medium by protoplasts. Our results indicated that the AP is not involved in sorting and suggested that it might facilitate transport through membranes. The in vitro toxicity of HTH isolated from transgenic tobacco plants expressing the two different precursor proteins for the bacterial plant pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis appeared similar to that of the HTH purified from barley endosperm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040576
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Coordinate expression of antibody subunit genes yields high levels of functional antibodies in roots of transgenic tobacco (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1701-1710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Antibody ; coordinated expression ; genetic engineering ; protein assembly ; root ; secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To explore the feasibility of employing antibodies to obtain disease resistance against plant root pathogens, we have studied the expression of genes encoding antibodies in roots of transgenic plants. A model monoclonal antibody was used that binds to a fungal cutinase. Heavy and light chain cDNAs were amplified by PCR, fused to a signal sequence for secretion and cloned behind CaMV 35S and TR2′ promoters in a single T-DNA. The chimeric genes were cloned both in tandem and in a divergent orientation. The roots of tobacco plants transformed with these constructs produced antibodies that were able to bind antigen in an ELISA. Immunoblotting showed assembly to a full-size antibody. In addition, a F(ab′)2-like fragment was observed, which is probably formed by proteolytic processing. Both antibody species were properly targeted to the apoplast, but the full-size antibody was partially retained by the wall of suspension cells. The construct with divergent promoters showed a better performance than the construct with promoters in tandem. It directed the accumulation of functional antibodies to a maximum of 1.1% of total soluble protein, with half of the plants having levels higher than 0.35%. The high efficiency of this construct probably results from coordinated and balanced expression of light and heavy chain genes, as evidenced by RNA blot hybridization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019485
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnology and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; development ; genetic engineering ; sub-Saharan Africa ; sustainable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Whether development is defined by the long-standing economic parameter of per capita gross national product (GNP) or by the newly introduced Human Development Index (HDI), which is not based exclusively on per capita GNP, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa rank at or near the bottom of the developing world. Agriculture and agro-based processing are the mainstays of the economies of the majority of these countries. Because of this, and also because many of the diseases endemic in these countries are communicable, the application of modern biotechnology (including genetic engineering, tissue culture and monoclonal antibody technology) and related biotechnologies could play an important part in creating sustainable development in the region. There is, therefore, an urgent need to train more of the region's indigenous citizens, and to equip more laboratories, in modern biotechnology. It is suggested that, in order to accelerate the harnessing of the fruits of biotechnology, more countries in the region should affiliate with the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB). It is further suggested that a regional equivalent of the ICGEB be built and the services of non-governmental biotechnology organizations used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414855
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetically engineered charge modifications to enhance protein separation in aqueous two-phase systems: Electrochemical partitioning (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: aqueous two-phase systems ; β-galactosidase ; T4 lysozyme ; partitioning ; charge modifications ; genetic engineering ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have examined the effect of genetically engineered charge modifications on the partitioning behavior of proteins in dextran/polyethylene glycol two-phase systems containing potassium phosphate. By genetically altering a protein's charge, the role of charge on partitioning can be assessed directly without the need to modify the phase system. The charge modifications used are of two types: Charged tails of polyaspartic acid fused to β-galactosidase and charge-change point mutations of T4 lysozyme which replace positive lysine residues with negative glutamic acids. The partition coefficient Kp for these proteins was related to measured interfacial potential differences Δφ using the simple thermodynamic model, In Kp = In Ko + (F/RT)Zp δφ. The protein net charge Zp was determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch relationship with modifications based on experimentally determined titration and isoelectric point data. It was found that when the electropartitioning term Zp δφ was varied by changing the pH, the partitioning of T4 lysozyme was quantitatively described by the thermodynamic model. The β-galactosidase fusions displayed qualitative agreement, and although less than predicted, the partitioning increased more than two orders of magnitude for the pH range examined. Changes in the partitioning of lysozyme due to the various mutations agreed qualitatively with the thermodynamic model, but with a smaller than expected dependence on the estimated charge differences. The β-galactosidase fusions, on the other hand, did not display a consistent charge based trend, which is likely due either to the enzyme's large size and complexity or to nonelectrostatic contributions from the tails. The lack of quantitative fit with the model described above suggests that the assumptions made in developing this model are oversimplified. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260440202
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-assembling biomolecular materials in mediaine (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 56 (1994), S. 168-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: abzyme ; bacteriostatic agent ; bioactive material ; biomimetic structure ; biosensor ; blood coagulation ; ceramic ; coating ; combinatorial synthesis ; drug delivery ; encapsulation ; enzyme ; extracorporeal device ; genetic engineering ; implant ; in vitro enolution ; LB film ; liqid ; liposome ; molecular imprinting ; molecular machine ; nanostructure ; orthopedics ; porey ; engineering ; sensor ; silk ; S-layer ; surface ; smart material ; synthetic chemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Materials that mimic or extend the properties of natural molecules are being developed for medical appoications. Recent breakthroughs in genetic engineering, polymer synthesis, molecular self-assmbly and related areas are greatly expanding the variety of structures available for use in physiological settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240560208
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Efficient fuzzy control strategies for the application of pH-stat to fed-batch cultivation of genetically engineered Escherichia coli (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 61 (1994), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2575
    Keywords: fed-batch culture ; pH-stat ; recombinant Escherichia coli ; genetic engineering ; fuzzy control ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the cultivation of genetically engineered Escherichia coli it is very important to control the substrate concentration at an appropriate level in order to avoid the accumulation of acetate, thereby elevating the expression level of plasmid-encoded protein. In this paper, a pH-stat mode of fuzzy control was considered for the overexpression of β-galactosidase in the fed-batch cultivation of recombinant E. coli. In the simple pH-stat fuzzy control, the response of pH change in the culture broth to the feeding rate of glucose was used to estimate the glucose consumption rate. In the modified pH-stat fuzzy control, the glucose consumption rate was accurately estimated by using pH change and the change in the carbon dioxide content of the exhaust gas. With this control strategy, the cell density could be increased to 72 g DCW dm-3, which was twofold higher than that attained in the cultivation with the simple pH-stat fuzzy control. The bulk β-galactosidase concentration was increased to 4150 U cm-3, which was threefold higher than when the simple pH-stat control was used.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280610316
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  • 53
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    The true meaning of ‘exotic species’ as a model for genetically engineered organisms (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ecological theory ; environmental safety ; exotic species ; genetic engineering ; introduced species ; recombinant DNA ; risk analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The exotic or non-indigenous species model for deliberately introduced genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) has often been misunderstood or misrepresented. Yet proper comparisons of ecologically competent GEOs to the patterns of adaptation of introduced species have been highly useful among scientists in attempting to determine how to apply biological theory to specific GEO risk issues, and in attempting to define the probabilities and scale of ecological risks with GEOs. In truth, the model predicts that most projects may be environmentallysafe, but a significant minority may be very risky. The model includes a history of institutional follies that also should remind workers of the danger of oversimplifying biological issues, and warn against repeating the sorts of professional misjudgments that have too often been made in introducing organisms to new settings. We once expected that the non-indigenous species model would be refined by more analysis of species eruptions, ecological genetics, and the biology of select GEOs themselves, as outlined. But there has been political resistance to the effective regulation of GEOs, and a bureaucratic tendency to focus research agendas on narrow data collection. Thus there has been too little promotion by responsible agencies of studies to provide the broad conceptual base for truly science-based regulation. In its presently unrefined state, the non-indigenous species comparison would overestimate the risks of GEOs if it were (mis) applied to genetically disrupted, ecologically crippled GEOs, but in some cases of wild-type organisms with novel engineered traits, it could greatly underestimate the risks. Further analysis is urgently needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923530
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  • 54
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    Genetic engineering of grain and pasture legumes for improved nutritive value (1993)
    Springer
    Genetica 90 (1993), S. 181-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: plant ; genetic engineering ; nutritive value ; agrobacterium ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review describes work aimed at the improvement of the nutritive value of grain and forage legumes using gene transfer techniques. Two traits which are amenable to manipulation by genetic engineering have been identified. These are plant protein quality and lignin content. In order to increase the quality of protein provided by the legume grains peas and lupins, we are attempting to introduce into these species chimeric genes encoding a sunflower seed protein rich in the sulphur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. These genes are designed to be expressed only in developing seeds of transgenic host plants. Chimeric genes incorporating a similar protein-coding region, but different transcriptional controls, are being introduced into the forage legumes lucerne and subterranean clover. In this case the genes are highly expressed in the leaves of transformed plants, and modifications have been made to the sunflower seed protein-coding sequences in order to increase the stability of the resultant protein in leaf tissue. Another approach to increasing plant nutritive value is represented by attempts to reduce the content of indigestible lignin in lucerne.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01435039
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  • 55
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    Analysis of the toxicity of purothionins and hordothionins for plant pathogenic bacteria (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antibacterial ; antimicrobial ; genetic engineering ; thionin ; toxicity assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Purothionins (PTHs) and hordothionins (HTHs) were purified by cation-exchange chromatography from petroleum-ether extracts of wheat and barley flour respectively. The HTHs could be separated into two fractions, HTH-1 and HTH-2. Radial diffusion assays and micro-plate broth dilution assays with a number of plant pathogenic bacteria showed that these proteins were toxic forClavibacter michiganensis subsp.michiganensis, the causal agent of bacterial canker on tomato,C. m. subsp.sepedonicus, the causal agent of ring rot on potato, andXanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria, the causal agent of a spot disease on tomato and pepper. Only minor differences in toxicity between PTHs and HTHs, and between HTH-1 and HTH-2, were detected. Minor differences in toxicity of these thionins were also detected for different strains of these bacteria. The use of these plant proteins for engineering bacterial disease resistance into solanaceous crops will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974307
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    The biotechnology of crop legumes (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 165-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: transgenic legumes ; genetic engineering ; particle bombardment ; Agrobacterium ; direct DNA transfer ; crop legumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absence of variety-independent gene transfer methods for major agronomic species has, until now, limited the usefulness of recombinant DNA techniques to crop improvement programs. Until recently, only Solanaceous crops could be used to study fundamental and applied problems in plant sciences. During the past five years rapid advances in cell biology, in combination with the development of novel gene transfer methodology allowed utilization of the tools of plant molecular biology in conventional breeding programs. Cereal and leguminous species were considered to be recalcitrant to genetic manipulation. As a result of the development of direct DNA transfer methodology into organized tissue, we are now in a position to introduce any foreign gene into almost all of the major cereals and legumes. This can be achieved efficiently, often in a variety-independent fashion. The object of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the state of the art in gene transfer for the cultivated leguminous crops. Important oilseed and feed species primarily in industrialized countries, as well as minor but equally important species for sustaining growth populations in developing countries will be examined. Advantages of the various gene transfer methods that were shown to be useful for specific crops, as well as limitations and problems associated with each crop and gene transfer method will be discussed. Data from field trials of transgenic legumes, where available, will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040399
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    Advances and prospects in potato virology with special reference to virus resistance (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; resistance genes ; transgenic virus resistance ; viral genes ; virus interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the nucleotide sequences in the genomic nucleic acid of several potato viruses has enabled the open reading frames to be identified. These open reading frames are expressed by a variety of strategies, to produce proteins with functions in virus nucleic acid replication, virus particle production, cell-to-cell transport of virus and virus transmission by vectors. The activity of such proteins depends on their interactions with other viral or non-viral materials. Several other biological properties of plant viruses can also be related to individual viral gene products. For example, in plants co-infected with a specific pair of unrelated viruses, one virus can benefit from an ability to use the gene product of the second virus in replication, cell-to-cell transport or transmission by vectors. Similarly, different host resistance genes are targeted against viral replicase, movement protein or coat protein. Thus it is becoming possible to relate gene-for-gene (or more accurately, viral gene domain-host gene) interactions to events at the molecular level. Genetically engineered resistance to plant viruses likewise can be targeted against individual viral genes, and probably also against viral regulatory sequences. Such transgenic resistance seems likely to be as durable as conventional host resistance but durability should be improved by producing plants with combinations of resistances of different kinds, either conventional or genetically engineered, or both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974466
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    Molecular breeding for virus resistant potato plants (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; resistance genes ; transgenic virus resistance ; viral genes ; PVX ; PVY ; PLRV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To engineer resistance against potato virus X (PVX), the viral coat protein (CP) gene has been introduced into two potato cultivars. Stable expression of the gene in transgenic clones throughout the growing season has been obtained and resulted in considerably increased virus resistance. With varying frequencies depending on the original cultivar used, true-to-type PVX resistant transgenic clones have been obtained. Since deviant light sprout characteristics were invariably associated with aberrations in plant phenotype, they can be used in procedures to early screen for deviations. Furthermore, it has been possible to unequivocally discriminate between the original untransformed and independent transgenic cultivars. Although no relation has been found between the presence, if any, of the CP of potato virus Y (PVY) or potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in CP gene transgenic potato, appreciable levels of resistance to these viruses has been obtained. This suggests that the mechanism by which a viral CP gene in the potato genome evokes resistance, differs amongst various viruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974469
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    Exchange of gene activity in transgenic plants catalyzed by the Cre-lox site-specific recombination system (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; phage P1 ; recombinase ; luciferase ; selectable markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Cre-lox site-specific recombination system of bacteriophage P1 was used to excise a firefly luciferase (luc) gene which had previously been incorporated into the tobacco genome. The excision event was due to site-specific DNA recombination between two lox sequences flanking the luc gene and was catalyzed by the Cre recombinase introduced by cross-fertilization. Recombination resulted in the fusion of a promoter with a distally located hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) coding sequence and the excision event was monitored as a phenotypic change from expression of luc to expression of hpt. The efficiency of recombination was estimated from the exchange of gene activity and confirmed by molecular analysis. The relevance to potential applications of site-specific deletion-fusion events for chromosome engineering are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034962
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    The coming revolution of biotechnology: A critique of Buttel (1991)
    Springer
    Sociological forum 6 (1991), S. 551-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7861
    Keywords: agriculture ; capitalism ; development ; world economy ; Third World ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Frederick Buttel was one of the pioneers in studying the social impacts of biotechnology, claiming originally that it will involve profound changes in social structure. Recently Buttel turned around his argument proposing that, rather than revolutionary, biotechnology is more a “substitutionist” technological form to be applied to declining sectors of the economy than an “epoch-making” technology. This paper provides both external and internal critiques of Buttel's new position based on the concept of the “third technological revolution,” looking at the impact of new technologies as a global and interrelated phenomenon, and not on an individual case-by-case basis. The concluding section suggests the necessity of bringing into the analysis those living in the Third World: 60% of this population lives from agriculture and will be affected by the deployment of agricultural biotechnologies, whether through “substitutionism” or through totally new products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01114476
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    Molecular biology of rickettsiae (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 7 (1991), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Rickettsia ; Intracellular parasite ; genetic engineering ; molecular biology ; rickettsial genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our understanding of the biology of the rickettsiae, organisms that are the archetype of the obligate intracytoplasmic bacterial parasites, remains muddy and fragmentary. For example although we all appreciate that the rickettsiae can exploit their unique environment, the host cell cytoplasm, but are unable to grow axenically, the basis of this fact is still one of microbiology's central mysteries. It is unfortunate, but true, that because of the inherent difficulty of working within this system, progress on the answers to such questions will be slow and laborious. However, with the application of molecular biological methods, that is, the powerful modern approaches of genetics and biochemistry, the rickettsiology community has the realistic prospect that this field is far from being at a stand-still and that significant increases in our comprehension of the fundamental problems of rickettsial biology are occurring and will continue to occur at ever accelerating rates. Some examples, both in terms of scientific conclusions and technical approaches, of the progress made in recent years and expectations for the near future will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145668
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    Normal and lysine-containing zeins are unstable in transgenic tobacco seeds (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: storage protein ; genetic engineering ; transgenic plants ; zeins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chimeric genes composed of the β-phaseolin promoter, an α-zein coding sequence and its modified versions containing lysine codons, and a β-zein polyadenylation signal were inserted into the genome of tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. α-Zein mRNA levels in the transgenic tobacco seeds 20 days after self-pollination varied between 1.0% and 2.5% of the total mRNA population. At 25 days after pollination the 19 kDa α-zein was immunologically detected with a polyclonal antiserum in protein extracts from the seeds of transgenic plants. The transgenic plant with the highest level of zein gene expression had an α-zein content that was approximately 0.003% of the total seed protein. The amount of α-zein in other transgenic plants varied between 1 × 10−4% and 1 × 10−5% of the total seed protein. The differences in the amounts of mRNA and protein did not correlate with the lysine substitutions introduced into the α-zein protein. Polysomes translating α-zein mRNA isolated from tobacco seeds contained fewer ribosomes than those from maize endosperm, but this did not appear to be the cause of the inefficient protein synthesis. In vivo labelling and immunoprecipitation indicated that newly synthesized α-zein was degraded in tobacco seeds with a half-life of less than 1 hour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017922
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    Introduction (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 4 (1991), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agricultural bioethics ; bovine somatotropin ; ownership of germ plasm ; genetic engineering ; animal rights ; intellectual property rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980306
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    Parametric studies of ethanol production form xylose and other sugars by recombinant Escherichia coliFlorida Agricultural Experiment Station Publication Number R-01082. (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 296-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: ethanol ; genetic engineering ; Escherichia coli ; lignocellulose ; xylose ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conversion of xylose to ethanol by recombinant Escherichia coli has been investigated in pH-controlled batch fermentations. Chemical and environmental parameters were varied to determine tolerance and to define optimal conditions. Relatively high concentrations of ethanol (56 g/L) were produced from xylose with excellent efficiencies. Volumetric productivities of up to 1.4 g ethanol/L h were obtained. Productivities, yields, and final ethanol concentrations achieved from xylose with recombinant E. coli exceeded the reported values with other organisms. In addition to xylose, all other sugar constituents of biomass (glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose) were efficiently converted to ethanol by recombinant E. coli. Unusually low inocula equivalent to 0.033 mg of dry cell weight/L were adequate for batch fermentations. The addition of small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and ferrous ions stimulated fermentation. The inhibitory effects of toxic compounds (salts, furfural, and acetate) which are present in hemicellulose hydrolysates were also examined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260380311
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    Optimization of cell culture conditions for production of biologically active proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 17-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; Namalwa cells ; perfusion culture ; scaling-up ; serum-free medium ; stable production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the basic technology of cell culture conditions for production of useful substances such as cytokines, and related proteins produced by Namalwa cells. Namalwa cells (Klein, 1972), human B lymphoblastoid cells, were used for large scale production of alpha-interferon (Klein, 1979). Namalwa KJM-1, a subline of Namalwa cells, adapted to serum- and albumin-free medium, can grow at a high density above 1 × 107 cells/ml in suspension mode by the use of a perfusion culture system, Biofermenter™, containing a cone-type cell-sedimentation column as cell separator (Sato, 1983). Several kinds of cytokine cDNA can be introduced and expressed in Namalwa KJM-1 cells (Miyaji, 1990a,b,c). Some of these were produced in large quantities by use of a gene amplification method with dhfr (Miyaji, 1990c), even though the Namalwa KJM-1 cells contained endogenous dhfr genes. For stable production of the target protein, Namalwa KJM-1 cells are very useful host cells, because they have no effective endogenous protease activity in the conditioned medium. Using Biofermenter with micro-silicone fibers and a dialysis system, the specific productivity of the target proteins was not depressed at a high cell density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573878
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    Brain grafts and Parkinson's disease (1991)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 45 (1991), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: tissue transplantation ; catecholamines ; dopamine ; L-DOPA ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In animal models, grafts derived from several different tissues, principally fetal substantia nigra and adrenal medulla from young adults, have been found to be effective in alleviating some of the manifestations of lesions of the substantia nigra. It has been suggested that these grafts function by diffusely secreting dopamine, by exerting trophic effects on the host brain, or by producing a new innervation of the host corpus striatum. Evidence for each of these modes of action is briefly reviewed. Several brain tissue transplantation techniques have been described. Each of these techniques has significant limitations in animal models. The significance of these limitations for human application is described, and possibilities for improving the efficacy of brain tissue transplantation in animal models and for human application are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240450307
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    The construction of high efficiency human bone marrow tissue ex vivo (1991)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 45 (1991), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: hematopoiesis ; stem cell ; perfusion ; hematopoietic growth factor ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The successful ex vivo reconstruction of human bone marrow is an extraordinarily important basic scientific and clinical goal. Fundamentally, the system is the paradigm of a complex interactive tissue, in which the proliferation and regulated differentiation of one parenchymal cell type (the hematopoietic stem cell) is governed by the surrounding stromal cells. Understanding and reproducing the molecular interactions between bone marrow stromal cells and stem cells in tissue culture models is therefore the critical step in successful bone marrow tissue culture. Clinically, successful reconstruction of human bone marrow would permit the controlled production of mature blood cells for transfusion therapy, and immature bone marrow stem cells for bone marrow transplantation. In approaching the bone marrow culture system, we recognize the critical role that hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) play in hematopoiesis. Since stromal cells in traditional human bone marrow cultures produce little HGFs, we have begun by asking whether local supplementation of hematopoietic growth factors via genetically engineered stromal cells might augment hematopoiesis in liquid cultures. The results indicate that locally produced GM-CSF and IL-3 do augment hematopoiesis for several weeks in culture. In combination with geometric and dynamic approaches to reconstructing physiological bone marrow microenvironments, we believe that this approach has promise for reconstructing human bone marrow ex vivo, thereby permitting its application to a variety of basic and clinical problems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240450308
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    New reproductive technologies in the treatment of human infertility and genetic disease (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical medicine and bioethics 11 (1990), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1200
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; human embryos ; medical ethics ; medical technology ; in vitro fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I will discuss three areas in which advances in human reproductive technology could occur, their uses and abuses, and their effects on society. First is the potential to drastically increase the success rate and availability of in vitro fertilization and embryo freezing. Second is the ability to perform biopsies on embryos prior to the onset of pregnancy. Finally, I will consider the adding or altering of genes in embryos, commonly referred to as “genetic engineering”. As new reproductive technologies pass from experimental models into the potential for medical utilization, I believe that it will be important for lawmakers everywhere to avoid the impulse to outlaw procedures that a society believes to be ‘unnatural’ at a first glance. Rather, I would hope that they can respond thoughtfully with legislation that serves two purposes — to protect the rights of couples to overcome infertility or to reduce the risk of genetic disease in their children-to-be, and more importantly, to protect children-to-be from the abuses that could result from some of the practices that I will discuss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00489454
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    Parasexual fusion products in green algae: Enteromorpha and Ulvaria (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Enteromorpha ; genetic engineering ; micro spectrophotometry ; parasexual fusion ; seaweeds ; Ulvaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Enteromorpha linza and Ulvaria oxysperma in North Carolina reproduce exclusively by asexual zoospores. Calcofluor white staining indicated that newly released zoospores lack significant cellulose cell wall material, making them suitable for treatment as protoplasts in a parasexual fusion process using high pH-Ca2+, PEG and centrifugation. Presumptive fusion products were identified by their larger size, twin chloroplasts and eyespots, and presence of fluorescence labelled and unlabelled portions. Parasexual fusion and karyogamy were confirmed by elevated levels of nuclear DNA in fusion cell germlings. In addition, aceto-orcein staining of fusion cell products revealed a diploid chromosome complement of 2N = 20 in Enteromorpha linza. Fusion cells were isolated by killing the more numerous adjacent unfused zoospores with 2-3 min exposure to blue light (410–490 nm). Unexposed fusion cells could be readily distinguished and recovered by micropipette at the 10-day stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040227
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    Transformed plants with elevated levels of chloroplastic SOD are not more resistant to superoxide toxicity (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 501-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast SOD ; paraquat ; stress ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The petunia nuclear gene which encodes the chloroplast isozyme of superoxide dismutase, SOD-1, has been fused with an efficient rbcS promoter fragment and 3′ flanking region and introduced into tobacco and tomato cells. Transformed plants carrying this chimeric gene have up to 50-fold the levels of SOD-1 which occur in wild-type plants. However, tobacco plants with 30-to 50-fold the normal SOD-1 activity do not exhibit resistance to the light-activated herbicide paraquat. Similarly, tomato plants with 2-to 4-fold increases in SOD-1 do not exhibit tolerance to photoinhibitory conditions known to increase superoxide levels (high light, low temperatures and low CO2 concentrations). Our data indicate that increasing the chloroplastic SOD level in a plant cell is not sufficient to reduce the toxicity of superoxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027496
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    Histochemical analysis of CaMV 35S promoter-β-glucuronidase gene expression in transgenic rice plants (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 527-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase ; CaMV 35S promoter ; genetic engineering ; immunohistochemistry ; Oryza sativa ; transgenic rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cauliflower mosaic virus promoter is commonly used to drive transcription of chimeric genes in transgenic plants, including the cereals. To determine the tissue and cell types of cereal plants that the promoter functions in, transgenic rice plants containing a CaMV 35S promoter/GUS chimeric gene were analyzed for GUS activity. Insertion of a 35S/GUS chimeric gene at low copy number into chromosomal DNA of plants regenerated from electroporated protoplasts was confirmed by gel blot hybridization analysis of uncut and endonuclease-digested DNA. Quantitative measurement showed that GUS activity was some tenfold higher in rice leaves than in tobacco leaves [8] whereas activities obtained for rice roots were similar to those reported for tobacco roots. Histochemical localization of GUS activity confirmed that the CaMV 35S promoter functions in cells of the leaf epidermis, mesophyll and vascular bundle. It is also active in the cortex and vascular cylinder of the root, but only marginally active in the root epidermis. The generally similar distribution and levels of GUS activity obtained in differentiated tissue of stably transformed rice plants indicates the value of the CaMV 35S promoter as a positive control for studies in gene activity in transgenic monocots and dicots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017828
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    Genetically engineered herbicide resistance, part two (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 3 (1990), S. 114-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; herbicide resistance ; herbicide tolerant crops ; agricultural ethics ; morality ; values ; justice ; sustainable agriculture ; alternative agriculture ; socio-economic effects ; weeds ; biotechnology ; agribusiness ; family farms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Should we continue to support publicly funded research on genetically engineered herbicide resistant crops? In Part One, I discussed the difference between science and ethics, presented a brief history of weed control, and explained three moral principles undergirding my environmentalist perspective. I then argued that unqualified endorsement (E) of the research is unjustified, as is unqualified opposition (O). In Part Two, I argue against qualified endorsement (QE), and for qualified opposition (QO).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02014610
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    Breeding for herbicide resistance using molecular and cellular techniques (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Herbicide resistance ; plant transformation ; genetic engineering ; atrazine ; glyphosate ; sulphonylureas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of herbicide resistant plants using molecular and cellular techniques, including mutant selection, cloning, plant transformation and protoplast fusion, is discussed in relation to the mode of action of the herbicide as well as the alternative molecular strategies of modification of target protein, introduction of detoxifying system or overproduction of target protein. Successful attempts to modify the tolerance of plants to the herbicides atrazine, sulphonylureas, bromoxynil, glyphosate and phosphinothricin using cellular and molecular techniques are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023313
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    Recovery and development of parasexual fusion products inEnteromorpha linza (L.) J. Ag. (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Enteromorpha ; epifluorescence DNA determination ; genetic engineering ; parasexual fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Newly released zoospores fromEnteromorpha linza (L.) J. Ag. lack significant cellulose cell wall material and are suitable for treatment as protoplasts in a parasexual fusion process using high pH-Ca+ +, PEG and centrifugation. Treated zoospores settled on glass cover slips within 3 h and were examined microscopically at 1000 ×. Presumptive fusion products were identified by their larger size and presence of twin chloroplasts and eyespots. Unfused zoospores adjacent to fusion cells were killed by 2–3 min exposure to blue light (410–490 nm) from a high pressure mercury illuminator. Unexposed fusion cells developed into uniseriate germlings within 10 days at which stage they could be readily identified at 60 × with a dissecting microscope and isolated by micropipette. Ten-day germlings from both unfused zoospores and fusion cells were stained with the DNA-localizing fluorochrome hydroethidine and relative nuclear DNA content determined with epi-(incident) UV illumination. All germlings were found to be uninucleate. Germlings from unfused zoospores had haploid nuclei with 1N = 10 and 1C and 2C levels of DNA, while germlings from fusion cells had diploid nuclei with 2N = 20 and 2C and 4C levels of DNA. These result are interpreted as evidence of karyogamy following parasexual zoospore fusions. Isolated diploid germlings, cultured for 10 weeks were found to conserve their 2N chromosome complements and elevated levels of nuclear DNA. Although most diploid germlings were morphologically similar to haploid control plants, some exhibited ‘gigas’ characteristics, including larger cells, chloroplasts, and nuclei. These results are discussed in terms of unique phenotypes that result when nuclear and organellar genes are combined in different ways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003649
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    Electronic Resource
    Tryptophan accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the influence of an artificial yeast TRP gene cluster (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 95-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; tryptophan accumulation ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plasmid pME559, carrying all five yeast TRP genes, was constructed. This plasmid is a yeast/Escherichia coli shuttle vector based on pBR322 and 2 μm-DNA sequences derived from plasmid pJDB207. We studied in yeast (i) the stability of the plasmid under selective and non-selective conditions, (ii) expression of all five TRP genes and (iii) tryptophan accumulation in yeast transformants. These studies were conducted in comparison with an earlier construction, pME554, which differs from plasmid pME559 in the expression of the TRP1 gene and which carries the TRP2 wild type instead of the TRP2fbr mutant allele. For stable maintenance of the plasmids in yeast a selection was necessary. Plasmid pME559 displayed normal expression of all TRP genes, and enzyme levels on average 23-fold higher than in the wild type strain were found. In comparison, the maximal tryptophan flux observed in such a plasmid-carrying strain was about ten-fold higher than the maximal flux capacity in the wild type strain.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320030206
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  • 76
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    Isolation and characterization of native human renin derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: hypertension ; renin production ; mammalian expression ; affinity chromatography ; genetic engineering ; prorenin secretion ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a plasmid containing the cDNA for human preprorenin has provided cell lines that secrete 15 mg of native prorenin per liter of culture medium. Tryptic activation of the prorenin occurs by selective cleavage of the Arg66-Leu67 bond (numbering as in preprorenin). The renin product, purified in a single step and in high yield by affinity chromatography, is fully stable for as long as 8 months when stored in solution at 4°C and pH 6.5. Purity of the renin was judged to be greater than 95% by gel electrophoresis, compositional and N-terminal sequence analyses, and specific enzyme activity. An important aspect of the present work is the development of a direct assay for renin which permits accurate and reproducible evaluation of enzyme units and kinetic parameters. Application of methods described herein, combined with appropriate scale-up fermentation capabilities, provides the means for generating gram quantities of human renin and its zymogen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010206
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-virus-based vectors for gene transfer will be of limited use because of the high error frequency during viral RNA synthesis (1985)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 4 (1985), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mutation frequency ; viruses ; RNA synthesis ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The error frequency during the RNA replication of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was calculated to be significantly higher than 10−5. It may be expected that RNA synthesis in general will have low fidelity compared to DNA synthesis. The low fidelity of RNA replication will severely restrict the usefulness of vectors for genetic engineering which are based on RNA viruses, viroids or DNA viruses which are replicated via an RNA intermediate (e.g. caulimoviruses). Spontaneous mutants selected by host shift were found to be much less stable than UV-induced mutants. This difference points to variations in fidelity during RNA synthesis, probably due to the local sequence of the template.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02418253
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  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgenic mice: A new and powerful experimental tool in mammalian developmental genetics (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: gene transfer ; mouse embryos ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040102
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  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microchemical instrumentation (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure and Cellular Biochemistry 17 (1981), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0275-3723
    Keywords: Edman degradation ; protein sequencing ; DNA synthesis ; peptide synthesis ; mass spectrometer ; genetic engineering ; Chemistry ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: A number of cell surface molecules of great theoretical and practical importance simply cannot be obtained in amounts sufficient for molecular analysis using conventional methods and instrumentation. Because of our interest in such studies, we began about eight years ago to explore the possibility of developing new instrumentation for the sequence analysis of very small quantities of polypcptide chains. These efforts have led to the development of two microsequenators which employ one thousandth to one ten-thousandth the material used in the original sequenator described by Per Edman. In addition, in conjunction with the explosion of recombinant DNA techniques, we also have begun to develop instrumentation for the sequence analysis and synthesis of DNA molecules. In this paper we describe briefly several new instruments that have been developed at Caltech. We believe this new instrumentation in conjunction with the recombinant DNA and hybridoma technologies will provide unique opportunities to analyze cell-surface molecules in the years ahead.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsscb.380170104
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  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic engineering of Indica rice in support of sustained production of affordable and high quality food in developing countries (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Indica-type rice ; genetic engineering ; vitamin A endosperm ; insect resistance ; virus resistance ; fungus resistance ; essential amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Indica-type rice provides the staple food for two billion people in Third World countries. Several problems involved in the stable and sustained production of high quality food cannot be solved by traditional breeding. Methods have been established for gene transfer to Indica rice breeding lines to study possible contributions from genetic engineering. Experiments are in progress on the development of transgenic resistance towards Yellow Stem Borer, resistance towards Rice Tungro Virus, accumulation of provitamin A in the endosperm, increase of essential amino acids in the endosperm such as lysine, cysteine and methionine and resistance towards fungal pests such as Rice Blast and Sheath Blight. Transgenic clones from Indica rice breeding lines have been recovered from several of the approaches mentioned, some of which have been regenerated to plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023978
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  • 81
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    Electronic Resource
    The application of chemical mutagenesis and biotechnology to the modification of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Linum usitatissimum ; linseed ; mutation breeding ; somaclonal variation ; fatty acids ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the early 1980s the phenomenon of somaclonal variation induced by cell culture was exploited to produce genetic variation in linseed. The linseed variety Andro, derived from the widely grown Canadian variety McGregor, was selected in saline culture and was released for production in Canada. ‘Andro’ possesses traits very different from its parent, such as increased seedling vigour and tolerance to heat stress. Additional stable somaclonal variation in characters such as yield, days to maturity, seed weight and oil content were subsequently induced in ‘McGregor’. However, despite extensive screening of the somaclonal variants, no significant variation in the fatty acid profile was found. Chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methanesulphonate was, however, succesful in modifying the fatty acid profile of McGregor. Initial screening of M2 seed by the thiobarbituric acid colourimetric procedure was followed by gas chromatography to select half-seeds with atypical fatty acid profiles. Two independent, partially dominant genes were identified that were responsible for reducing the linolenic acid (18 : 3) from 50% to 2% while increasing linoleic acid (18 : 2) to 70%. A single, partially dominant gene, inherited independently of the linolenic acid genes, increased palmitic acid (16 : 0) from 7% to 30% and palmitoleic acid (16 : 1) from trace amounts to 4%. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of linseed has also been successful. Herbicide tolerance genes for glyphosate, sulfonylurea and phosphinothricin have been incorporated into Canadian varieties. Commercially useful levels of tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides have been achieved with no adverse agronomic affect. It is expected that a transgenic variety containing this resistance will be registered for commercial production in Canada in 1994. Standard breeding techniques, the application of antisense technology and the overexpression of fatty acid synthesis genes are being used to further modify the fatty acid profile of linseed, as well as for the transfer of abiotic stress-related genes identified in bromegrass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023961
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  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potato germplasm enhancement for resistance to biotic stresses at CIP. Conventional and biotechnology-assisted approaches using a wide range of Solanum species (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; introgression ; molecular markers ; potatoes ; resistances ; Solanum ; technology mansfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato genetic improvement has been facilitated using new knowledge of potato reproductive biology and new techniques. Many wild diploid species as well as landrace cultivars have been used in breeding at the diploid level, a strategy which is supported by 1) 2n gametes and 2) haploids from tetraploid cultivars. Different categories of wild species which have been under-utilized are now being exploited further in more systematic enhancement programmes using semi-conventional and biotechnological methods. Molecular maps of the potato genome are used actively to achieve marker-assisted introgression and improved selection among the germplasm collections to facilitate the use of valuable wild genetic resources. As an alternative method to incorporate a high level of fesistance, genetic engineering has been employed to facilitate the initial breeding process using various gene constructs for controlling major biotic stresses in the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023980
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  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic manipulation in plant breeding — prospects and limitations (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; gene targets ; mapping ; markers ; transformation ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023925
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibody engineering and perspectives in therapy
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimie 72 (1990), S. 639-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0300-9084
    Keywords: chimeric antibody ; genetic engineering ; homologous recombination ; immunoadhesin ; immunoglobulin ; immunotoxin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0300-9084(90)90046-J
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  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnology initiative to achieve plant pest and disease resistance
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 13 (1994), S. 591-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: development assistance ; genetic engineering ; resistance management
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(94)90004-3
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  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the flavonol glycosides in Petunia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Plant Science 70 (1990), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-9452
    Keywords: flavonoids ; flower color ; genetic engineering
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-9452(90)90031-I
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  • 87
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    Electronic Resource
    Expression of a Cecropin B lytic peptide analog in transgenic tobacco confers enhanced resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Plant Science 89 (1993), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-9452
    Keywords: disease resistant plants ; genetic engineering ; peptide design
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-9452(93)90169-Z
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimie 67 (1985), S. 737-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0300-9084
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; genie genetique ; mutagenese dirigee ; site-directed mutagenesis ; specificite ; specificity ; tRNA synthetase ; tRNA synthetase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(85)80161-9
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  • 89
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    Electronic Resource
    Structure of DNA-RecA complexes studied by residue differential linear dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy for a genetically engineered RecA protein
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular Biology 226 (1992), S. 1193-1205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-2836
    Keywords: DNA-protein complex ; RecA ; genetic engineering ; linear dichroism ; recombination
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(92)91061-S
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Transgenic farm animals - A critical analysis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Theriogenology 38 (1992), S. 337-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0093-691X
    Keywords: animal ; genetic engineering ; livestock ; transgenic
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(92)90239-N
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple and highly efficient site-specific mutagenesis, by ligation of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide into gapped heteroduplex DNA in which the template strand contains deoxyuridine
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 69 (1988), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA ; enrichment ; genetic engineering ; ligation ; mutant construction ; plasmid ; transformation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(88)90441-6
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction of a synthetic variant of the bacteriophage f1 gene V by assembling oligodeoxy-nucleotides corresponding to only one strand of DNA
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 71 (1988), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA ; gene construction ; genetic engineering ; ligation ; mutagenesis ; plasmid
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(88)90075-3
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    P-transposable vectors expressing a constitutive and thermoinduce hsp82-neo fusion gene for Drosophila germline transformation and tissue-culture transfection
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 89 (1990), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA ; fusion gene ; gene transfer ; genetic engineering ; heat-shock protein 82 ; neomycin and alcohol-dehydrogenase selection
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(90)90004-B
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of new biologically active molecules from random nucleotide sequences
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 137 (1993), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Applied molecular evolution ; genetic engineering ; herpes simplex virus type 1 ; random sequence selection ; thymidine kinase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(93)90249-3
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A marker-coupled method for site-directed mutagenesis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 103 (1991), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA ; genetic engineering ; polymerase chain reaction ; protein engineering
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(91)90393-P
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of the erythromycin macrolactone and a rational approach for producing hybrid macrolides
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 115 (1992), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: IS ; Saccharopolyspora ; Streptomyces ; antibiotics ; fatty acid synthase ; genetic engineering ; polyketide synthase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(92)90546-2
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of a baculovirus pesticide expressing an eclosion hormone gene
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 104-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Autographa-californica ; Manduca sexta ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; biotechnology ; fall armyworm ; genetic engineering ; insect ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1049-9644(92)90033-A
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A high efficiency method for site-directed mutagenesis with any plasmid
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 84 (1989), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; Recombinant DNA ; double-stranded DNA ; genetic engineering ; in vitro DNA synthesis ; mutant construction ; oligodeoxyribonucleotide
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(89)90149-2
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    High-level expression of the simian virus 40 genes LP1, VP1 and VP2 as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 68 (1988), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: E. coli ; Recombinant DNA ; agnoprotein ; capsid proteins ; genetic engineering
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(88)90595-1
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