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  • Electronic Resource  (169)
  • 1975-1979  (75)
  • 1970-1974  (94)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1975  (75)
  • 1971  (94)
  • Ultrastructure  (169)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lathyrism ; Capillaries ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 301-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Endocrinology ; Ultrastructure ; Adrenal cortex ; Avian Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of the interrenal cell were investigated in the quail and the pigeon after fixation by intravascular addominal perfusion. These is no significant fine structural difference between cells belonging to subcapsular and central regions of the gland. The interrenal cell in both species possesses nuclear bodies, polymorphic mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae and tubular crystalline inclusions, considerable amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, ergastoplasm, a well developed Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, microtubules, filaments, cilia, ribosomes, a profusion of liposomes, dense bodies with varied inner structure, pinocytic invaginations of cell membrane and intercellular attachment devices. The pigoen adrenocortical cell also possesses intranuclear lipidlike inclusions and fibrous bundle (this being never recorded in adrenocortical cell), annulate lamellae, and a variety of cytosomes, probably lipofucsin in nature. The significance and cytophysiological role of various organelles and inclusions have been discussed in the light of earlier data obtained on avian adrenocortical cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Endometrium ; Ultrastructure ; Progesterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Granulocytopoiesis ; Perihepatic layer ; Mesothelium ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Peritoneal-Überzug und die subkapsuläre Region der Leber von Xenopus laevis wurden mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß in der subkapsulären Region eine zwei bis zehn Zellschichten starke perihepatische Schicht vorhanden ist. Die perihepatische Schicht setzt sich zum größten Teil aus granulocytopoetischem Gewebe zusammen. Es wurden jedoch auch Lymphocyten, Pigmentzellen und Fettspeicherzellen gefunden. Das Vorhandensein einer perihepatischen granulocytopoetischen Schicht bei Xenopus laevis steht im Gegensatz zu der bisherigen Auffassung, daß die perihepatische Schicht ein typisches Merkmal der Urodelen sei. Es werden die phylogenetische Bedeutung einer solchen Schicht bei Anuren sowie die Entwicklungsvorgänge der einzelnen Zelltypen der perihepatischen Schicht diskutiert. Außerdem wird auf die mögliche Bedeutung der perihepatischen Schicht für immun-Vorgänge verwiesen.
    Notes: Summary The peritoneal cover and the subcapsular region of the liver of Xenopus laevis were examined with electron microscopy. In the subcapsular region a prominent perihepatic layer two to ten cells wide was found. This perihepatic layer is mainly composed of granulocytopoietic tissue. Other cell types found in the perihepatic layer were lymphocytes, pigment cells and fat storing cells. The presence of a perihepatic granulocytopoietic layer in the liver of Xenopus laevis is in contrast to current opinion that such a layer is a characteristic typical of urodeles. The phylogenetic significance of such a layer in anurans and the developmental processes of the individual cell types of the perihepatic layer are discussed. Furthermore the possible participation of the perihepatic layer in the immune response is considered
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 245-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Amphibia ; Glycogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Leber von Xenopus laevis wurde mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß sie in ihrem Bau stark von der Leber der Säuger abweicht, vor allem in Bezug auf die Morphologie des als typisch zu bezeichnenden Hepatocyten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß eine solche Zelle primär Glykogenspeicherungs-Funktion besitzt und nur geringe Bestandteile an Organellen und anderen Inklusionen aufweist. Da dieser Zelltyp in der Leber unbehandelter Tiere am häufigsten auftritt, wurde er als Normalzelle bezeichnet. Bemerkenswert erschien die Tatsache, daß eine Vielzahl von Zelltypen in der Normalleber vorkommen, die sonst vermehrt unter experimentellen Bedingungen zu finden sind, z.B. Zellen mit stark vermehrtem RER, vergrößertem Golgi-Feld, vermehrten Lipidinklusionen etc. Diese hohe Zahl von abweichenden Hepatocyten und die Tatsache, daß alle Zwischenstufen zwischen den einzelnen Extremen vorhanden sind, die nicht durch die lage der Zelle innerhalb der Leber erklärt werden konnten, wurden als der Ausdruck eines zyklischen Durchlaufens der einzelnen Aktivitätsstadien interpretiert. Spezielles Interesse verdient die Tatsache, daß Glykogen in der Leberzelle vermehrt nur während der Vitellogenese abgebaut wird. Akuter und chronischer Hunger, sowie Kälte-adaptation beeinflussen die Morphologie der Normalzelle, besonders in Bezug auf das Glykogen kaum. Die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The liver of Xenopus laevis was examined with electron microscopy. Its structure was found to be markedly different from that of mammals, particularly regarding the morphology of the hepatocytes to be classified as typical. It was established that the main function of such a cell is the storage of glycogen, and further that it possesses only scant organelles and other inclusions. Since this type of cell was found most frequently in the liver of untreated animals, it was designated as normal cell. The fact appears noteworthy that in the normal liver of Xenopus laevis an abundance of cell types occur which are otherwise found to be proliferated under experimental conditions, e.g. cells with pronouncedly augmented RER, enlarged Golgi complexes, increased lipid inclusions etc. This high number of divergent hepatocytes and the fact that all intermediate stages between the individual extremes are present and not to be accounted for by the position of the cell within the liver was interpreted as being the expression of a cyclic passage of the various stages of activity. It is of special interest that augmented degradation of glycogen in the liver cell takes place only during vitellogenesis. Acute and chronic hunger, as well as adaptation to cold, hardly affect the morphology of the normal cell, especially as far as the glycogen is concerned. The possible causes for this are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1975), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Fixation ; Foetus ; Liver cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations of the ability of various fixatives to preserve foetal pig liver tissue (immersion fixed 5 min, 20 min, and 40 min after the death of the mother) gave the following results: 1) Fixation with 4% formaldehyde gives, in all circumstances, an unacceptable tissue preservation. 2) Fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde gives fair tissue preservation in a ca. 130 μ thick zone below the surface. 3) Fixation with a fixative mixture containing 2% formaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde or 2% formaldehyde, 1% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein gives good tissue preservation in a ca. 500 μ thick zone under the surface. 4) The addition of DMSO does not improve tissue preservation. 5) Delayed fixation of liver tissue removed from the foetus after the uterus has been placed in an incubator for 40 min has only a slight effect on tissue preservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intranuclear Inclusions ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ; Ultrastructure ; Virus-Like Inclusions ; Nuclear Body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of intranuclear inclusions were described in a brain biopsy from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The first type of intranuclear inclusion was papova virus-like and was observed within 20% of the nuclei of all astrocytes and neurons examined. The particles measured 32 nm in diameter and consisted of a dense core surrounded by a multilayered shell. The second type of intranuclear inclusion was a granulo-fibrillar nuclear body found within the nuclei of astrocytes and neurons. The possible significance of these inclusions to the etiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Adult Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ; Polarization Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The findings are described in an adult case of metachromatic leukodystrophy examined by light, polarization and electron microscopy. Symmetrical demyelination was found in the cerebral hemispheres, but was moderate in the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Early changes in myelin of peripheral nerves have been demonstrated by polarization microscopy. Various metachromatic structures have been described in glial cells and neurons by electron microscopy, indicating disturbances at different metabolic steps of lipid metabolism. There are minor but no essential ultrastructural differences in the disease of different ages.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tissue Culture ; Ultrastructure ; Chordoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report concerns an electron microscopic study of a sacrococcygeal chordoma and its in vitro cultured cells. In vitro, the cells that proliferated in the early phase were predominantly non-vacuolated stellate cells, which were later transformed into vacuolated cells. This suggests that various cell types seen in vivo represent variants of the same cell type at different stages of differentiation and cellular activity. The in vitro tumor cells also show the origin of their vacuoles from both rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. The finding of amorphous and granular material and collagen fibrils in the extracellular spaces of cultured cells seems to suggest that chordoma cells have certain synthetic and secretory activity.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dark Neurons ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral vestibular nucleus was studied by light and electron microscopy in normal rats as well as in rats in which the anterior cerebellar vermis was destroyed. Dark neurons were seen in many of the operated rats but were rarely found in normal control animals. The dark neurons were not seen in adjacent nuclei. In additional rats, it was found that anoxia, extra anaesthetic, postmortem rough handling, and sham operations did not increase the frequency of dark neurons. These data indicate that dark neurons might not always be artifactual and that the lateral vestibular nucleus appears to be a focal point for their occurrence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Thiamine Deficiency ; Wernicke's Encephalopathy ; Rhesus Monkey ; Ultrastructure ; Myelin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy, induced in rhesus monkeys with a diet lacking thiamine (vitamin B1), is characterized by cavitary necrosis of the striatum as well as a microvacuolar periventricular lesion of the brain stem such as occurs in man. With high resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy, the primary structural alteration in the brain stem lesion, and probably also in the striatum, appears to be that of widespread “blister” formation due to splitting of myelin at the intraperiod line. Microvascular alterations were minimal, even in the most severely affected regions. It is the myelin blisters which give rise to the spongy texture of the neuropil. A similar splitting of myelin has been deseribed in several other experimental encephalopathies, and it is probable that it also occurs in Wernicke's encephalopathy in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 281-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease ; Ultrastructure ; Denervation ; Muscle ; Myofibrils ; Centrioles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors describe in biopsies from 6 cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, including 2 of the more benign type, the ultrastructural typical aspects of denervation. They compare their findings with those of other workers. The striking points are the great variation in the diameter of the muscle fibres and the myofibrils, the disorganisation of the myofibrils, the sarcomeres and the filaments, with persistance of the relations between thick and thin filaments at various levels, the modifications of the Z-band and the triads in chains. The folds and the basement membrane are examined. Centrioles are present in a muscle fibre and in a satellite. Glycogen is very abundant. The nerves seem normal but some Schwann cells contain π granules which are not observed usually at the age of the patient. The end plates and a muscle spindle are normal.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fabry's Disease ; Glycolipid ; Anhydrosis ; Pain ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sural nerve biopsy of a patient with Fabry's disease showed depletion of larger myelinated fibres, but smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibres were intact. Epineurial and to a lesser degree endoneurial vessels revealed abundant lamellar inclusions in the endothelial and perithelial cells. Larger myelinated nerve fibres contained glycogen granules in the vacuoles caused by splitting of the adaxonal membranes. A skin biopsy revealed abundant inclusions in the secretory cells and myoepithelial cells of the sweat glands. The lumen of the gland was packed with inclusions like those in the vessel walls. The pain and anhydrosis might be caused by accumulation of glycolipid in the vasa nervorum and sweat glands and not by autonomic nerve involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mesothelioma ; Pleura ; Metastases ; Brain ; Ultrastructure ; Asbestos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A malignant fibrous mesothelioma in a 52 year old white man arising from the left parietal pleura associated with lupus erythematosus with metastases to brain and liver is reported. Asbestos bodies were found in digested pulmonary tissue but none in the primary or metastatic lesions. Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies suggest that this tumor contains mesothelial or endothelial cells, some of which revealed fibroblastic features while others disclosed epitheloid characteristics.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hemangiopericytoma ; Leiomyoblastic differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two intracranial hemangiopericytomas revealed subcellular features of the neoplastic elements comparable to those observed in normal and neoplastic smooth muscle. These included intracytoplasmic and submembranous fusiform dense bodies associated with bundles of filaments, tapered configuration of cells with grouping of cytoplasmic organelles at nuclear poles and deposition of intercellular basal lamina-like material. These observations are consistent with the pericytic origin but opposed to the ofttimes postulated meningothelial derivation of the neoplasm.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; pregnancy ; B-cell ; granule type ; light (pale) granules ; dark granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultramicroscopic appearence of the B-cell of the pregnant rat suggests hyperinsulinism of the individual beta cell. In pregnant rats the B-cell contains an increased volume and an increased number of light granules as well as enlarged mitochondria.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Spinal afferents ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Identification of the direct spinal areas (portions of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei) within the opossum inferior olivary complex was accomplished by mapping the location of the terminal degeneration by the Fink-Heimer technique subsequent to cervical cord lesions. Following similar lesions, sampling of these same regions for electron microscopic study was assured by examination of transversely oriented, 1 μ plastic sections prior to thin sectioning. The first evidence of electron dense axon terminals was found at a survival time of 24 hours. At survival times of 36, 48 and 72 hours, degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes. Spinal terminals average 1–2 μ in their greatest dimension, contain round, clear synaptic vesicles and generally contact small diameter (0.4–1.8 μ) dendritic shafts or occasional spiny appendages. The spiny dendritic appendages make up the central core of the olivary glomeruli and these juxtaposed dendritic processes exhibit gap junctions. At longer survival times (5, 7 and 9 days) many presynaptic profiles with either round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles remain normal in appearance and contact dendritic shafts or the spiny appendages within glomeruli. Afferents from other sources (possibly including intrinsic neurons) must terminate within the direct spinal portion of the nuclear complex to account for the numerous axon terminals which retain normal morphology after such long survival times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 360 (1975), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle cross ; Myosin ATPase ; Ultrastructure ; Fibre types ; Light chains of myosin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chiekens were transposed and cross-innervated by the mixed, predominantly fast superior brachialis nerve, and investigated 2 to 15 months after the operation. Two months after the operation, myosin ATPase activity of the cross-innervated ALD muscles was still as low as in the control ALD, although the ultrastructure and the histochemical ATPase activity already showed a mixed fibre-type pattern with a predominance of fast-type fibres around the site of nerve implantation. The change of myosin properties of the whole cross-innervated ALD did not occur until the third month after the operation. At that time, the myosin ATPase activity increased about 2.5 times and light chains of myosin of the fast type appeared in the electrophoretic pattern. The myosin ATPase activity attained 62% of the activity found in the control fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscles at three months; subsequently it remained at about this level reaching 68% 18 months after the operation. The results indicate that approximately two thirds of the corss-innervated ALD muscle fibres became changed towards the fast type under neural influence, whereas about one third remained slow, being re-innervated by the slow-type motor fibres of the implanted nerve.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cell cultures ; Fetal ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated fetal hypothalamic cells mainly taken from 14 day-old mouse fetuses were grown in vitro for increasing time (9 to 60 days). Soon after inoculation the cells partly reaggregated and attached. The small reaggregates were then interconnected by fibers bundles. After the first week the cultures were composed of a continuous basal monolayer of flat and transparent cells, over which various types of refractile cells were lying in discontinuous areas. The ultra-structural study enabled us to identify these cell types, to describe their spatial relationships, and to follow their evolution with time in culture. The basal cell formed several superimposed layers. With increasing age, they displayed typical features of astrocytes and of ependymal cells. The latter exhibited rhythmic ciliary movements in culture. The overlying cells corresponded to three types which were associated in small clumps: primitive neuro-epithelial cells, maturing as well as mature neurons and typical neurosecretory cells. The latter cells were found as early as 9 days of culture of 14 day-old fetal hypothalamic cells and retained their typical features up to two months. Neuronal processes formed very dense networks at the surface of the cultures and terminated within the basal layers. Axon and dendrites were precociously found and were still present after two months. Within axon terminals dense-core vesicles appeared at the same time as neurosecretory cells. Synaptic vesicles and synaptic junctions were found later on.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 210 (1975), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Pallidumdegeneration ; Bielschowsky bodies ; Lafora bodies ; Corpora amylacea ; Ultrastructure ; Torsion dystonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem 60 Jahre alt gewordenen Mann, mit einer bis in die Kindheit zurückreichenden und extrem langsam progredienten, wahrscheinlich torsionsdystonischen bzw. choreoathetoiden Bewegungsstörung, fand sich eine isolierte Degeneration des äußeren Pallidumgliedes mit intraneuronaler Ablagerung von Bielschowsky-Körperchen und nur geringgradigem Nervenzellausfall. Die Bielschowsky-Körperchen zeigen den gleichen Aufbau wie Corpora amylacea und Lafora-Körperchen. Sie dürften ebenfalls Produkt einer cellulären, vorwiegend den Kohlenhydrat-stoffwechsel treffenden Dysmetabolie sein, die allerdings hier exquisit systembezogen auf die Neurone des äußeren Pallidumgliedes begrenzt ist und erst sehr spät bei fortgeschrittener Stapelung der Metabolite zum Untergang der Nervenzellen führt. Dieser Umstand erklärt den überaus torpiden Verlauf der Erkrankung.
    Notes: Summary In a 60-year-old man with a very slowly progressive motor disturbance probably of torsion dystonic or choreoathetotic type which started in childhood, we found an isolated degeneration of the exterior pallidum with intraneuronal deposition of Bielschowsky bodies and only slight deficit of neurons. The Bielschowsky bodies show the same structure as corpora amylacea and Lafora bodies. They might also be the result of a cellular disturbance mainly concerning the carbohydrate metabolism. In this case they are localised only in the neurons of the exterior part of the pallidum—in contrast to the organogenitically otherwise deriving (from the nuel. entopeduncularis) intact neurons of the pallidum internum—and they induce, after an excessive accumulation of the metabolites, not till extremely late loss of neurons. This circumstance explains the very torpid progress of this disease.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 211 (1975), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Niemann-Pick ; Liver ; Sural nerve ; Ultrastructure ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das klinische, biochemische und ultrastrukturelle Bild einer Sphingolipidose vom Typ Niemann-Pick wurde an Hand eines Patienten mit der infantilen Form (A) dargestellt. Die Diagnose wurde klinisch auf Grund einer rasch progredienten psychomotorischen Retardation mit Hepatosplenomegalie sowie typischen Schaumzellen im Knochenmark gestellt und durch den Nachweis von exzessiver Speicherung von Sphingomyelin in einer Leberbiopsie und das Fehlen der Sphingomyelinase bestätigt. Ultrastrukturell konnte eine Anhäufung von präsumptiven Phospholipiden in den Lysosomen von Leber und peripherem Nerv festgestellt werden. Obwohl weder eine axonale Degeneration noch eine Demyelinisierung im biopsierten Nerv gefunden werden konnte, war die Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit in den peripheren Nerven beim Patienten schon bei der Diagnosestellung deutlich herabgesetzt. Die Bedeutung der Befunde wurde diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type A was made in a 6-month-old boy on the grounds of progressive psychomotor retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, typical foam cells in the bone marrow and a deficiency of sphingomyelinase in a liver biopsy. Typical ultrastructural changes in lysosomes were found in hepatocytes and in Schwann cells. In spite of the absence of gross morphological changes in the axons and in the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerve biopsy, the nerve conduction velocity in the patient was greatly reduced. The ultrastructural aspect of the lysosomal inclusion suggested the storage of a phospholipid. Biochemical analysis of the liver biopsy demonstrated an increased content of total phospholipid of which sphingomyelin made up for more than 60%. The significance of these data are discussed.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Coelastrum ; Chlorococcales ; Chlorophyta ; Ultrastructure ; Cell Wall ; Tubules ; Bristles ; Polymorphism ; Buoancy ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La paroi cellulaire de Coelastrum est généralement composée de trois couches. La couche la plus externe a été plus particulièrement étudiée. Elle est composée de tubules dressées, et porte souvent de longues fibrilles dont le rôle serait de stabiliser l'algue dans son milieu. La morphologie de la paroi cellulaire peut se modifier en fonction du milieu.
    Notes: Abstract The cell wall of Coelastrum is usually composed of three layers. The outermost layer was studied most extensively. It consists of erect tubules which often bear long bristles whose function may be to stabilize the algae in its environment. The cell wall can modify its morphology according to the environment.
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  • 23
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    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Benzodiazepines ; Scenedesmus ; Ultrastructure ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Rubidium Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of diazepam (Valium) on photosynthesis, chlorophyll/photosynthesis ratios, respiration, uptake of rubidium ions, and ultrastructure of Scenedesmus obliquus synchronized by a light-dark regimen of $$14:\overline {10}$$ hrs were determined. 80 and 160 μM diazepam, added to the nutrient medium at the start of the light-dark change (i.e., start of the cell cycle) gradually reduced rates of photosynthesis below the initial rates from the beginning of the experiment. Contents of chlorophyll, however, remained nearly unaffected. Consequently, the diazepam-treated cells had a higher chlorophyll/photosynthesis ratio—also with regard to respiration in order to calculate the gross photosynthesis. The occurrence of photorespiration cannot be assumed. The net influx or rubidium was slightly reduced by 100 μM diazepam 0.5 and 2.0 hrs after the start of the cell cycle and was strongly inhibited after 5 to 14 hrs. 80 and 160 μM diazepam caused separation of thylakoids, formation of giant mitochondria and enlargement of vacuoles. The results are discussed and it is finally suggested that diazepam acts on different membrane systems. Furthermore an ATP deficiency cannot be excluded.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus acidocaldarius ; Spores ; Germination ; Thermophile ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spores of the thermophilic, acidophilic, Bacillus acidocaldarius were covered by a thick outer coat and a laminated inner coat (5.5 nm periodicity). Small membranous vesicles were present in the spore core and they disappeared as germination proceeded. After depolymerization of the cortex, and a 30% increase in spore diameter, a localized gap appeared in the laminated inner coat only. This inner coat gap was narrow and could be the whole length of the spore. The germ cell appeared to grow, or to be pushed towards the inner coat gap, at which stage the outer coat disappeared in the same localized area. As the vegetative cell grew out the spore coat fell away, with loose cortical material still attached to it. The young germ cell developed a large spherical electron dense inclusion body in the cytoplasm, at the same time as the ribosomal and nuclear areas became distinct.
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  • 25
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    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Protoplasts ; Regeneration ; Wall Structure ; Pullularia ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Splitting ; Aberrant Tubes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the process of degradation of the cell wall of the yeast form of Pullularia pullulans by the lytic system of Micromonospora chalcea samples were withdrawn at different times and observed under phase contrast and electron microscope. The progressive lysis of the walls reveals a fibrillar component inside the apparently amorphous wall. Freeze etched preparations of cells during the formation and regeneration of protoplasts show that the cellular membrane is split and this method allows the smooth external face of the membrane and other internal face covered by particles to be seen. The fact that the smooth face of the membrane is only visible during the preparation or the regeneration of protoplasts and very rarely when intact cells are fractured, suggests a strong adherence between cell wall and this external layer of the membrane. During the regeneration which takes place as in most of the yeasts and moulds, a special study of the extension of the cell wall is made and a possible mechanism for this extension of the regenerated cell wall is proposed.
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  • 26
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    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Colonial sheath ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The colonial sheath of Microcystis marginata has a definite structure as seen by light and electron microscopy, consisting of a relatively smooth inner surface and densely packed, long fibrils on the outer surface. The sheath initially forms around the single cell and expands by continual deposition of sheath material to accomodate the synchronously dividing cells of the colony.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglia ; Nerve growth factor ; Enzyme induction ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion of young rats (20 g body weight) were investigated electron microscopically 6 h, 24 h, 48 h and 5 days after subcutaneous injection of nerve growth factor (10 μ/g body weight every 24 h). By means of a planimetric method with high accuracy significant changes of the Nissl substance and the Golgi apparatus could be demonstrated as early as 6 h after injection. Within the Nissl bodies both the density of bound ribosomes on the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the density of free ribosomes and polysomes decreased in a given field. This finding reflects a rearrangement of the Nissl substance and a spreading over larger areas of the cytoplasm, indicating an activation of the ribosomal system. The Golgi apparatus, in particular its outer part, increases in volume with time of nerve growth factor treatment. On the other hand, the total cell volume does not show significant changes before 48 h of nerve growth factor treatment. At this time an increase in the cytoplasmic volume can be seen, whereas the nuclear volume remains unchanged. The possibility of correlations of the present findings with data from biochemical studies done under similar experimental conditions is discussed.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junctions ; Rete synapticum ; Development ; Antheraea ; (Lepidoptera) ; Trophic action ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of neuromuscular connections on developing dorsolongitudinal flight muscles was studied in the moth Antheraea polyphemus, Undifferentiated membrane contacts between axon terminals and muscle-fiber anlagen are present in the diapause pupa. They persist during the period of nerve outgrowth, which probably provides a pathway of contact guidance. By the 4th day of adult development some of these contact areas have differentiated into structures similar to neuromuscular junctions although differentiation of muscle structure does not start earlier than the eighth day. Dense-cored vesicles are abundant in many axon terminals at the beginning of development. They later decrease in number quite rapidly. The significance of the above-mentioned early junctions, their possible mode of action and the role of the dense-cored vesicles are discussed. It is proposed that they exercise a stimulating (trophic) influence on the growth of the undifferentiated muscular tissue. The imaginai neuromuscular junctions are formed during the second half of adult development. Clusters of vesicles and electron-dense depositions along the inner face of the axolemma seem to initiate junction formation. Glial processes then grow between axoand sarcolemma and divide the large contact area into several small segments. Mutual invaginations and protrusions of the sarcolemma and the glial cell membrane subsequently form an extensive “rete synapticum.” Six days before eclosion the glial and sarcoplasmic parts of the rete synapticum are similar in size. Up to eclosion, all glial processes shrink and increase in electron density. Most of the observations are discussed also in relation to findings in vertebrates.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 369-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crab muscle ; Excitation-contraction coupling ; Glycerol treatment ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of normal and glycerol treated fibers of the closer muscle of the ghost crab, Ocypode cursor, was studied. The muscle is composed of presumably phasic (short sarcomeres) and tonic (long sarcomeres) fibers, the latter greatly predominating. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as an extracellular tracer to delineate the tubular system (TS), and to determine to what extent this system becomes detached from the extracellular space as a result of glycerol treatment. Sarcolemmal clefts invade deeply into the muscle at Z-lines and I-bands; tubules invaginate into the muscle from the clefts and from the surface sarcolemma at the Z-lines, A-I overlaps and A-bands. A tubules are in frequent diadic or tetradic contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), whereas Z tubules appear to be randomly associated with SR, terminal cisterns (TC) and Z-line fibrils. When HRP was administered to normal muscle, black reaction product was found adjacent to the outer surface of the sarcolemma, within the clefts and within profiles of the TS throughout the tissue. In glycerol treated muscle peripheral vacuolation frequently occurred; black reaction product penetrated only as far as the vacuoles and into dilated Z-line tubules, but was virtually absent from the rest of the TS. This lack of continuity between the extracellular space and the A tubules indicated disruption or constriction of the A tubules as a result of glycerol treatment, although Z tubule contact with the extracellular space appeared unimpaired. These findings provide ultrastructural correlates of the electrophysiological changes produced by glycerol treatment of the closer muscle of the ghost crab (Papir, 1973), namely, interference with excitation-contraction (e-c) coupling. The random association of the Z tubules with SR and TC, and their resistance to disruption by glycerol treatment, tend to endorse the claims that the Z tubules in crustacean muscle are not directly involved in e-c coupling (Brandt et al., 1965; Peachey, 1967; Selverston, 1967).
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 399-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Porcellidium (copepode) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux espèces de Porcellidium ont été examinées en microscopic à balayage et sur coupe avec les techniques habituelles (P. viride provenant de Banyuls-sur-mer, Méditerranée et P. fimbriatum de Roscoff, Manche; ces deux espèces vivent sur les Algues vertes du genre Ulva). Nous avons retrouvé les ultrastructures classiques de la cuticule, observées dans les principaux groupes de Copépodes. Quatre caractères nouveaux distinguent la cuticule dorsale des Porcellidium: 1. Différenciation d'un système de microvillosités externes, avec un niveau dense aux électrons, très contrasté par rapport aux extrémités d'où semblent partir de fins filaments englobant une population assez dense de Bactéries. 2. Cette plage de microvillosités recouvre un relief assez particulier de la procuticule, évoquant par ses cratères un paysage lunaire. 3. Présence de canaux cytoplasmiques ramifiés et terminés par une expansion arrondie, sous l'épicuticule. 4. Existence d'un système de vésicules reliant la base des microvillosités aux extrémités renflées des canaux cytoplasmiques. L'association des Bactéries est régulière et une grande proportion de celles-ci est en cours de cytolyse. La système de microvillosités et de canaux ne nous parait pas étranger à la présence de cette population bactérienne.
    Notes: Summary Two species of Porcellidium have been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy: P. viride from Banyuls-sur-mer, Mediterranian Sea and P. fimbriatum from Roscoff, English Channel. Both species live on green Algae of the genus Ulva. We confirmed previous descriptions of the cuticular ultrastructure in the main groups of Copepods. Four new characteristics however were shown to occur in the backcuticle of Porcellidium: 1. The presence of a system of highly differentiated external microvilli showing electron dense basal portions and less electron dense tips, from which thin filaments project towards a large population of Bacteria associated with the Copepod. 2. The surface of the cuticle resembles a lunar landscape with craters. The sheet of microvilli closely follows the contour of the cuticle. 3. The presence of branched cytoplasmic canals with swollen extremities (beneath the epicuticle) extending from the epidermal cells. 4. Systems of vesicles lying between the bases of the microvilli and the expansions (ampullae) at the tip of the cytoplasmic canals. The association of Bacteria with the cuticle is constant and many of these are apparently undergoing cytolysis. The system of microvilli and of cytoplasmic canals are apparently related to the presence of the bacterial microflora.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 541-550 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Budgerigar ; Photoperiod ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatogenesis in the Budgerigar can be arrested by reducing the birds' photoperiod to 8 hours of daylight or less. When this occurs, Sertoli cell cytoplasm shows a great increase in the size and number of residual bodies, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is reduced. If the bird is kept at 8 hours of daylight for some weeks large lipid droplets are seen in Sertoli cytoplasm, and degenerated spermatids are apparently phagocytosed. The interstitium shows fewer active Leydig cells, a paucity of lipids and occasional ovoid mitochondria. The basal lamellae of the tubule which are thick and convoluted before and during spermatogenesis become thinner and straighter. It is thought that these morphological changes reflect changes in metabolic activity.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 551-561 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis, rat ; Exocytosis ; Blood vessels ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of rats subjected to dehydration by drinking 2% saline for four days were examined electron microscopically and compared to untreated controls. The ultrastructure of the blood vessels and the tissues surrounding them were examined and it was found that, although few exocytotic figures could be seen in either group of animals, a significantly larger (P〈0.01) number of small vesicles were found in nerve endings adjacent to the perivascular space in the saline treated group when compared to nerve endings not closely associated with blood vessels. No differences were found in the control group of animals, which supports the suggestion that the vesicles could arise from a membrane recapture process.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sphincter Oddi (Dog) ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and acetylcholinesterase activity of the intrinsic innervation of the sphincter of Oddi of eight adult dogs was studied by electron microscopy. A rich distribution of unmyelinated axons embedded individually or as groups within Schwann cell cytoplasm (“innervation fasciculée”), is to be observed. A few myelinated fibres were also observed. Many of the axons are acetylcholinesterase-positive. Three main types of nerve terminals are distinguished according to their vesicle populations. Individual nerve cells or small groups of nerve cells were scattered between the smooth muscle bundles and in the lamina glandularis mucosae. The cytoplasm of some neurons contains many electron dense spherical bodies resembling “myeloid bodies”, and many lysosomes. Nerve terminals synapse onto both neuronal perikarya and their dendrites. Within the nerve fascicles, close appositions between the terminals occur frequently probably representing the most peripheral inter-neuronal integrative link in the neural regulation of the function of the sphincter of Oddi. — The gap between nerve terminals and smooth muscle cells usually measures several thousands of Å. Closer appositions are seldom seen, and no synaptic complexes can be observed.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 413-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rectal papilla ; Insects ; Hymenoptera ; Cell Types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rectal papillae of the parasitoid hymenopteran, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk), is described. These organs in this insect consist of four distinct cell types arranged as a closed, hollow cone. The majority of the cells are present in the raised cone, and are characterised by large numbers of mitochondria arranged in a membranous labyrinth. A series of cells form a collar around the base of the cone. Junction cells have been identified which are present at the point of insertion of the cone into the rectal epithelium. The base of the cone consists of cells with elaborately folded plasma membranes facing both the central cavity of the cone, and the haemolymph. The structure of this rectal papilla is compared with those found in other insects.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Barbiturates ; Axonal transport ; Polymerization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Barbiturates were examined for in vitro effects on ultrastructure of the frog sciatic system and polymerization of microtubules (MT) in a brain supernatant. Exposure for 5–17 h to 2.0 mM barbiturates caused a considerable loss of MT in ganglionic cell bodies and sciatic axons. This was mostly followed by a proliferation of 10 nm filaments. Under similar conditions treatment with 1 mM NaCN or 0.1 mM 2,4-DNP did not change the number or ultrastructure of MT and filaments. Eight barbiturates, varying in binding ratios to serum albumin and partition coefficients, were tested for effects on polymerization of MT using viscometry. Inhibitory effects were found which correlated with their reported ability to bind to albumin and brain fractions. Dimethylsulphoxide and ethanol were used as solvents for some of the barbiturates. These solvents at 1% had stabilizing effects on MT. The present results are discussed in relation to previous findings of inhibition of rapid axonal transport in vitro in the frog sciatic system by barbiturates.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 253-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatheca ; Ultrastructure ; Cuticle ; Secretory cells ; Sperm storage ; Exocrine glands ; Insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spermatheca of the female mealworm beetle is an inflorescence of branching cuticular ducts which is connected to the bursa copulatrix via a cuticular neck surrounded by a muscular coat. The infolded bursal cuticle consists of a distinct outer epicuticle, inner epicuticle, procuticle, and a subcuticular zone; the latter is rich in mucopolysaccharides. The cuticle of the neck lacks a distinct procuticle. The cuticle of the spermatheca itself is mostly inner epicuticle with two thin underlying lamellae of procuticle. The cells of the bursa are loosely coupled to the procuticle, whereas cuticular projections bind the epithelia of the “neck” and the spermatheca proper to the underlying epithelia. The apical plasma membranes of the spermathecal epithelium are sinuous and much infolded; we believe that this epithelium controls the micro-environment within the cuticular ducts.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 395-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larval corpus allatum ; Activity cycles ; Lepidoptera ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corpora allata of the three last larval instars were studied in newly molted animals, at the beginning, middle, and end of the feeding period, and during the molt period. They were found to consist of uniform gland cells, whose ultrastructure changes in the course of the instars. In gland cells considered to be resting, the outer and inner nuclear membranes run in parallel without forming a dilated perinuclear space. Mitochondria are small, polymorphic, with an electron-dense matrix. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) appears as stacks of parallel cisternae near the nuclear envelope and in the rest of the cytoplasm, and as accumulations of twisted profiles. Occasionally, the SER takes the form of paracrystalline bodies. There are few small smooth-surfaced vesicles in the cytoplasm. In cells considered as active, a dilated perinuclear space occurs. The peripheral ends of profiles forming the SER are swollen, and numerous vesicles and vacuoles bud off from them to fill the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are large, with a more transparent matrix. The plasma membrane of gland cells located just beneath the connective tissue sheath forms numerous small invaginations. The corpora allata consist of resting cells during the molt periods. At the beginning of each instar, few active gland cells appear. In the middle of the second to last and the third to last instars, the bulk of the gland cells is active. At the end of these instars, there are both active and inactive cells. In the middle of the last instar, the gland cells are inactive or subactive, and at its end, all gland cells are completely inactive.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 483-497 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Domestic fowl ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of the carotid body of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) have shown Type I and Type II cells combined with axons into compact groups. The many Type I cells in the depths of the organ had a body, containing the nucleus, and an elongated, flared process. Some of the Type I cells in the superficial regions tended to be spindle-shaped. Type I cells were characterised by membrane-bound, dense-cored vesicles about 120 nm in diameter. Type II cells invested the Type I cells and had axons embedded in them as in Schwann cells. The fine structure of the carotid body in the domestic fowl resembles that of the Lovebird (Uroloncha domestica) and of various amphibia and mammals. The possibility is discussed that the Type I cells may have a chemoreceptor or a general secretory function, or even both pathway for functions together. The main role of the Type II cells seems to be to provide a of these axons leading to or from Type I cells.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Flight muscle ; Denervation ; Peripheral Wallerian degeneration ; Metamorphic axon degeneration ; Antheraea (Lepidoptera) ; Trophic action ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the moth Antheraea polyphemus the innervation of the anlage of the dorsolongitudinal flight muscle (dlm) was transected at the onset of adult development. The subsequent breakdown of the isolated motor stumps during early adult development was studied at the ultrastructural level. First reactions are seen on the second day of development when axonal mitochondria shrink. Later, elongated vesicles similar in structure to channels of smooth ER, appear in large numbers in the axoplasm. Their nature as well as the functional aspects of early axonal changes are discussed. From the 7th day onward two types of axonal breakdown become prominent. The first is characterized by swelling axon profiles, distorted vesicles and strongly shrunken mitochondria, while shrinking axon profiles containing tightly packed mitochondria and unaltered vesicles are typical of the second. Both types presumably take place independently of each other in different axon terminals. Axons and the contents of at least the first type are finally removed by transformation into lamellar bodies. Glial processes obviously behave independently of degenerating terminals; they loose any contact with them and never act as phagocytes for axon remnants. During the whole period of breakdown undifferentiated contacts between nerve fibers and muscle anlagen are present but synaptic structures as in normal developing dlm have never been observed. This fact, in comparison with earlier studies, suggests a lack of trophic nervous activity on the muscle anlagen tissue. A short time after removal of the isolated stumps new nerve tracts appear between dlm-fibers (which are, of course, strongly retarded in development). They are presumably sensory wing nerves which lack a guide structure to the central target, due to axotomy. Neuromuscular contacts or even junctions formed by axons of these nerves have occasionally been detected on the dlm. Their nature is discussed. Wallerian axon degeneration is compared to the normal, metamorphic breakdown of the innervation of the larval dlm-precursor. In contrast to the former, glial processes here remain in contact with the terminals. Glia and axons first swell. Then most glial processes are transformed into lamellar bodies whereas neuntes shrink and become electron-dense. Axonal organelles remain intact for a long period.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 559-570 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Antarctic birds ; Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of the migratory antarctic penguin, Pygoscelis papua, has a lobular structure. Clusters formed by different types of parenchymal cells are separated by connective tissue septa containing blood vessels. The predominant cell type displays a well-developed Golgi complex, free ribosomes, clear and granular vesicles (secretory granules), and lysosomes. Other cell types found in the gland are supporting and ependymal-like cells. The former contain dense bodies and filament bundles, the latter possess abundant cilia and clusters of ribosomes. Typical photoreceptor elements are lacking. Blood vessels are located within a perivascular space bordered by basal laminae. This perivascular space extends between the basal protrusions of the parenchymal cells. The presence of pinocytotic vesicles, secretory granules and cytoplasmic processes in the vicinity of these spaces suggests active sites of transport and exchange of substances. Intercellular canaliculi-like spaces are surrounded by parenchymal cells rich in microvilli. These canaliculi are continuous with the cavities (invaginations) of secretory and other parenchymal cells.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1975), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Gerbils ; Castration ; Steroids ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of ovariectomy on the adrenal gland was studied in the Mongolian gerbil. Castration stimulated cells in the zona fasciculata as well as those in the region between the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. No alterations occurred in the zona reticularis. The width of the intermediate region was enlarged, the cells were hypertrophic and contained an increased number of concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was hypertrophie in cells of the zona fasciculata and intermediate region. Many mitochondria in cells of the intermediate region were larger than those in controls. Stimulation of cellular ultrastructure is directly correlated with a significant elevation in plasma cortisol in ovariectomized gerbils.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Blood supply ; Capillaries ; Lymphatic system ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capillary fenestrae occur in one of about 60 cross-sectioned blood capillaries in normal adult rat skeletal muscles. The fenestrae occur singly or in groups. Fenestrated capillaries are found close to muscle fibers as well as in the perimysial and perineurial connective tissue. Small numbers of lymphatic capillaries are also present, mostly in the perimysial connective tissue.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 199-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proximal to an experimental stenosis of the small intestine of rats and guinea-pigs a remarkable hypertrophy of the muscle coat develops 3–5 weeks after the operation. There is no increase in the length of the intestine but an overall increase in volume of the muscularis externa up to 10 times. This increase is accounted for by an increase in size and in number (by mitosis) of smooth muscle cells of both the longitudinal and circular layers. Bundles of newly-formed smooth cells appear in the serosa and are circularly arranged. In the hypertrophic smooth muscle cells of the circular layer the ratio of surface to volume is 0.80 (0.80 μm2 of cell surface for every μm3 of cell volume) as against 1.4 in the control muscle. The hypertrophic muscle cells have a highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and show a large number of nexuses. The density of innervation (number of axons per given number of smooth muscle cells) is smaller than in controls. Few collagen fibrils are visible in the extracellular space.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chloride cell ; Gill filaments ; Ultrastructure ; Ion transport ; Ammocoete ; Lampetra fluviatilis (L), Lampetra planeri (Bloch)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mitochondria-rich cells were located in the interplatelet area of gill filaments from ammocoete Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri. The ultrastructure of this cell type differs from typical teleost ‘chloride cells’ by the absence of a tubular, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). This difference is discussed in relation to the presumed functions of the cell and to the evolutionary histories of lampreys and teleosts. It is concluded that the mitochondria-rich cell is responsible for the active uptake of ions by the ammocoete gill.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth-hormone cell ; Anterior pituitary ; Hepatectomy, rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in pituitary growth-hormone cells were observed in partially hepatectomized rats. The hepatectomies were carried out during the afternoon after 3 p.m. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at midnight at intervals of 32, 80, and 104 hours after the operation. The principal changes in the growth-hormone cells of anterior pituitary glands of partially hepatectomized rats were: (1) increased numbers of secretory granules in exocytosis, (2) increased numbers of microtubules, and (3) enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum and occurrence of dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticula. Many growth-hormone cells contained a reduced number of secretory granules. Exocytosis of growth-hormone granules was more frequently observed in animals sacrificed at 32 hours after the operation than in those killed at 80 or 104 hours after surgery. The above results in which appearance of numerous microtubules and active secretory granule extrusion in the growth-hormone cells were observed after hepatectomy indicate that ultrastructure of growth-hormone cells and growth hormone secretion were markedly stimulated by the operation.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 403-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Eyestalk ; Carcinus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The six types of neurosecretory cell in the optic lobe of Carcinus maenas described by light microscopy are recognised by electron microscopy. They are categorised according to size, distribution of organelles and type of neurosecretory product. The neuro secretory material, produced as granules by the Golgi bodies, migrates to the cell periphery eventually reaching the sinus gland via the neurosecretory cell axon extension. No change in size occurs in the granules but the density does alter. Each cell type has its own characteristic type of neurosecretory granule based on size and electron density. Multivesicular and lytic bodies in cell types 1, 2, 3,4 and 6 suggest a cycle for degrading neurosecretory material. Such a cycle is not so evident in cell type 5. Peripheral release of neurosecretory material is suggested for cell type 6 although the fate of the material is unknown.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Milk ; Fat globule membrane ; Carbohydrates ; Chemistry ; Ruthenium red ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fat globules of the cream fractions of human and rat milk were stained with ruthenium red. Under the electron microscope, discrete granules and an amorphous coat of lesser density are seen at the surface of the milk fat globules. Since ruthenium red binds anionic groups selectively, it is probable that the granules containe the greatest concentration of these groups. The cream fraction of rat milk contains hexoses, hexosamines, methylpentoses and sialic acid. Methylpentoses and hexosamines are significantly enriched in the cream fraction. It is concluded that the finding of a surface coat in milk fat globules is in keeping with the Bargmann-Knoop model and suggests a distinct mechanism for carrying certain complex carbohydrates in milk. The role of the negative charges at the outer surface of the membrane coat in maintaining fat globules in suspension and in binding certain cations such as calcium is suggested.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi complex ; GERL ; Sertoli cell ; Ultrastructure ; Phosphatase cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Golgi complex in the Sertoli cell of the Syrian hamster is well developed and consists of stacks of cisternae and associated vesicles. The inner-and outermost cisternae of the Golgi stacks are usually moderately dilated and exhibit numerous fenestrations. The middle portions of the intermediate cisternae are greatly flattened and not fenestrated, but toward the periphery these cisternae gradually become dilated and show a few fenestrations. On the inner aspect of the Golgi stacks the following structures are seen frequently: (1) one or two series of linearly arrayed circular profiles some of which are interconnected by tubules; (2) networks of anastomosing tubules with circular or oval meshes (800 to 1200 Å in diameter); and/or (3) irregularly disposed tubules. The circular profiles and tubules are approximately 450 Å in diameter. Acid phosphatase activity was localized in these anastomosing tubules when the tissues were incubated for more than one hour in a modified Gomori's medium (Barka and Anderson, 1963). Strong thiamine pyrophosphatase activity was demonstrated in the inner one to three cisternae of the Golgi stacks but not in the associated tubules. The system of the Golgi associated tubules is morphologically and histochemioally distinct from the Golgi stacks and is probably equivalent to the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosome system (GERL) in other cell types. The three dimensional aspects of the GERL-equivalent system are discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prothoracic glands ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Prothorakaldrüse von Galleria mellonella (PGL) ist ein Y-förmiges, gepaartes Organ, das aus 45–50 polyploiden Riesenzellen besteht. Die PGL Zellen sind durch neurosekretorische Axone versorgt. Die Entleerung von neurosekretorischen Granula (1000–1300 Å Durchmesser) konnte oft direkt an der Oberfläche von PGL Zellen beobachtet werden. In Anbetracht der Feinstruktur der Zellen können die zwei letzten Larvenstadien in drei Phasen eingeteilt werden: 1. Restitutionsphase gleich nach der Häutung; 2. Stufenweise Aktivierung während der mittleren Phase der ‚'Inter-Häutung”, wie durch den logarithmischen Zuwuchs an Zellgröße, die Abnahme des nukleozytoplasmatischen Verhältnisses und die Zunahme der Zahl der an der Proteinsynthese teilnehmenden Zellorganellen und deren strukturelle Veränderungen bewiesen wurde; 3. ‚'Entleerungsperiode” vor der Häutung, charakterisiert hauptsächlich durch die extreme Erweiterung von peripheren Invaginationen. Vom präpupalen Stadium an wird die zelluläre Aktivität asynchron. Ein Teil der Zellen weist bereits die Zeichen der Involution auf, während andere Zellen erst nach der Aktivierungsphase, die der Häutung folgt, histolysieren. PGL ist eine larvales Gewebe. Während der Aktivierung ändert sich seine Feinstruktur als Funktion der Juvenilhormon-Konzentration (JH), mangels dessen die Drüse histolysiert. In Anbetracht des Gesagten schien uns die Prothorakaldrüse ein geeignetes Modell für die zytologische Untersuchung des Wirkungsmechanismus von JH zu sein.
    Notes: Summary The prothoracic gland (PGL) of Galleria mellonella is a Y-shaped, paired organ, consisting of 45–50 polyploid giant cells. The PGL cells are supplied by neurosecretory axons; release of neurosecretory granules (1000–1300 Å in diameter) directly on the surface of PGL cells was frequently observed. Based on ultrastructure, the last two larval instars can be divided into three phases: 1) restitutive phase immediately after moulting; 2) gradual activation in mid-intermoult as indicated by the logarithmic cell growth, decrease of nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, increase in the number of cell organelles participating in protein synthesis, and the structural changes of these organelles; 3) “release” period preceding moulting, characterized mainly by the extreme dilatation of peripheral invaginations. From the prepupal stage onward cellular activity is asynchronous. Part of the cells already show the signs of involution, while others histolyse only after the activation phase subsequent to moulting. PGL in G. mellonella. is one of the larval tissues. In the course of activation its ultrastructure changes as a function of juvenile hormone (JH) concentration, in the absence of which it histolyses. Accordingly, it has seemed to us to be a suitable model for the cytological study of JH activity.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 459-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Moulting cycle ; Epidermis ; Bufo bufo ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in the ultrastructure of the toad epidermis during the moulting cycle are described on the basis of 17 skin preparations fixed in consecutive phases of the cycle. Our previous light microscopical findings that morphological changes are mainly restricted to a short period prior to and after shedding are confirmed. Differentiation of zonulae occludentes in the new replacement layer after shedding is described and discussed in relation to the changes in ion permeability after the moult. Changes in appearance and distribution of filaments and of two different types of granules during the moulting cycle are described and discussed in relation to current views on amphibian keratinization; it is concluded that the initial phase of keratinization in the toad is very rapid and with a high degree of synchrony, whereas the laying-down of interfibrillar, central dense matrix in the new stratum corneum takes up to 24 hours and is less synchronous. The separation of the old stratum corneum from the replacement layer is gradual; it may be accomplished by rupture of “ pillars ” bearing the desmosomal complexes between stratum corneum and the replacement layer, or by breaking within the desmosomes themselves. Observed changes in granular content of the replacement layer are considered of no importance for this process, since the time sequence of discharge into the subcorneal space is not correlated with the initiation of separation. Other possible mechanisms of separation are discussed.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 125-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian intestine ; Duodenum ; Ultrastructure ; Crypt cells ; Paneth cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the development and maturation of intestinal chief cells from the duodenal crypts of the fowl has been described in detail. Three areas within the crypt can be recognised: (1) the crypt base where cell division is frequent but cell development is minimal; (2) the mid-crypt region where rapid growth and development of the cells takes place; and (3) the zone of differentiation where final development and functional maturation occurs. The structure of the fowl's intestinal crypt is very similar to that described for the mammal. The results are discussed in relation to previous histochemical studies.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 47-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acrosome ; Centriolar complex ; Ultrastructure ; Sabella penicillum (Polychaeta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acrosomal vesicle of Sabella penicillum spermatids consists of an electrondense core and a more transparent surrounding zone. During subsequent differentiation the vesicle membrane forms several invaginations in the juxtanuclear area. These invaginations later establish contact with the core. In the mature spermatozoon the spaces between the invaginations appear as electron-dense “tubules”; this is probably due to a shift of material from core to periphery. The ultrastructure of the centriolar complex is described in detail.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 225-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle adaptation to isometric training (Rat) ; Muscle fiber types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The soleus, reetus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles of young rats trained isometrically for 4 weeks were studied by light and electron microscopy.—The percentage of fast-twitch oxidative muscle fibers decreased at the cost of the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers in the rectus femoris muscle. The percentages of the slow-twitch oxidative fibers did not change significantly in any of the muscles studied. The changes in the areas of the muscle fibers were specific for the muscle and the fiber type and indicate geometrical rearrangements of the fibers in the trained muscles. The Z and M lines were broader in the soleus (containing about 85% slow-twitch oxidative fibers) than in the rectus femoris muscle (containing about 90% fast-twitch glycolytic fibers), while the sarcomere length and the pseudo-H zone were similar. The length of the myosin filaments appeared to be slightly shorter in the fast rectus femoris than in the slow soleus muscle.—The hypothesis on the temporal progress of muscle adaptation to training (Müller, 1974) was substantiated. Correlations between biochemical (Exner et al., 1973a) and histochemical parameters measuring the oxidative capacity were preserved during adaptation to training. The comparison of the histochemical results with the physiological data on similar animals (Exner et al., 1973a) suggests a complex relationship between the contraction time and the percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 239-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Teleosts (Poecilia, latipinna) ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna, seven morphological endocrine celltypes could be distinguished with the electron microscope. Each of these was identified with one of the seven cell-types distinguished with the light microscope, to most of which endocrine functions have previously been allocated. Corticotrophs and prolactin cells form the rostral pars distalis, and the proximal pars distalis consists of an outer layer of gonadotrophs and an inner zone containing growth hormone cells and thyrotrophs. The pars intermedia contains two cell-types, of uncertain function. Stellate cells (interstitial cells) occur throughout the adenohypophysis, but are most numerous and prominent in the rostral pars distalis. The inner proximal pars distalis contains a cell-type not previously distinguished in this species with the light microscope, the Z-cell, which could be aminergic. The ultrastructural features of each cell-type are described in detail, and discussed in comparisons with the homologous cells described in other teleosts. There is good agreement for different teleosts in the ultrastructural details of each cell type.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human fungiform papilla ; Taste bud ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The taste bud of the human fungiform papilla was examined by electron microscopy. Typical type I, type II, and type III cells were found along with contact sites with nerve endings. Vesicles in nerve fibers contacting type I and type II cells suggest that these cells may receive efferent impulses, whereas vesicles and granules in type III cells adjacent to (afferent) nerve fibers support the view that type III cells are sensory receptors. All of these features are virtually indistinguishable from those previously reported in fungiform taste buds of other mammals.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 459-473 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Domestic fowl ; Reciprocal synapses ; Afferent axons ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Efferent and reciprocal synapses have been demonstrated in the carotid body of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). Synapses were also found with purely afferent morphology, but were probably components of reciprocal synapses. The general morphology of the endings suggested the presence of two types of axon, afferent axons making reciprocal and perhaps afferent synapses with Type I cells, and efferent axons making efferent synapses with Type I cells. A few axo-dendritic synapses were also found. The dense-cored vesicles associated with the afferent components of reciprocal synapses and with the possible true afferent synapses varied in diameter and core but could belong to one population of presynaptic vesicles. These observations are consistent with a new theory for the carotid body receptor mechanism. This proposes a spontaneously discharging afferent axon inhibited by an inhibitory transmitter substance released by the Type I cell via the “afferent” component of its reciprocal synapse, the “efferent” component inhibiting this release. Besides this chemoreceptor modulation of its afferent axon, the Type I cell may also have a general secretory function.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 475-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annulate lamellae ; Parthenogenone ; Ultrastructure ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previously it has been shown that, in the rabbit, although annulate lamellae (AL) are absent in the follicular oocytes, they appear in the fertilized eggs after the formation of the pronuclei. Furthermore, neither pronuclei nor AL appear when unfertilized eggs are aged in vivo or in vitro. This study was undertaken to determine whether AL formation requires presence of an intact nucleus, or whether the sperm alone contains the stimulatory factors essential to AL synthesis. Rabbit eggs were exposed to 10°C, then incubated for 24 hours. Control eggs were incubated without cold-treatment. Electron microscopic observations indicated that two-thirds of the eggs formed one or two ‘pronuclei,’ or subnuclei. The remainder one-third of the cold-treated eggs and the control eggs failed to form ‘pronuclei.’ AL were present in large amounts only in those activated eggs (parthenogenones) which formed ‘pronuclei.’ AL were absent in the control and the non-activated experimental eggs, both of which failed to form a ‘pronucleus.’ A few small AL were observed in eggs with subnuclei. Condensed fine textured nucleoli appeared precociously during cold-treatment in some eggs and they were present in the ‘pronuclei’ of activated eggs. It was concluded that the sperm is not necessary for AL formation, but the presence of an intact nucleus is mandatory.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 11-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intermediate lobe ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis was studied in the embryonic C3H mouse; at least four glands from embryos of every gestational day from 15 to 19 were examined. In the 16 day-old embryo prospective secretory cells proliferate at the centre of the intermediate lobe anlage. At the same stage cylindrical cells bordering the hypophyseal cleft begin to reorganize into marginal cells. By the end of fetal life marginal cells are well differentiated. In the 17 day-old embryo a few granular inclusions appear in some centrally located cells. Secretory cells increase in number during the following two embryonic days. Some of these cells contain polymorphic populations of granular and vesicular inclusions by gestational day 19. The possibility of a dual formation of secretory inclusions is discussed. The result implies that the onset of granule-formation by these cells is not contemporaneous with the start of production of melanophore-expanding substances, the presence of which has been detected by earlier biological assays.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 215-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Anuran larvae ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative optical microscopic and ultrastructural study on the ultimobranchial (UB) glands of three common species of Israeli anurans: Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, and Rana ridibunda during metamorphosis is presented. The UB glands typically consist of a single follicle with a central lumen, though occasionally secondary follicles are present in Hyla and Rana. A single UB cell type is found which appears either in a very electrondense “dark” form or as a less dense “light” form, though the ratio of dark: light cells from gland to gland at any one stage of metamorphic development is quite variable. By the end of metamorphosis in Bufo and Hyla all the UB cells are usually of the light variety, whereas in Rana the dark cells persist. The organelles of these secretory cells including secretory granules, granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, tonofilaments, microtubules, Golgi bodies, and lipid droplets, their distribution, abundance, and possible functions in relation to metamorphosis are described. Apocrine secretion into the central lumen of the gland is also described and discussed.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 85-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Swimbladder ; Opsanus tau ; Physoclist ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior chamber of the swimbladder of the toadfish Opsanus tau L. is lined by a single layer of columnar gas gland cells, cuboidal cells that resemble gas gland cells but are located outside of the gas gland region, and squamous cells. Multilamellar bodies are numerous in the gas gland cells and the cuboidal cells and are present in smaller numbers in the squamous cells. Capillaries lie in the lamina propria directly below the epithelial lining. A thick continuous muscularis mucosae and a submucosa consisting of tightly packed cells, cell processes, and connective tissue may contribute to the impermeability to gases of the wall of the anterior chamber. The posterior chamber of the swimbladder is lined by a single type of squamous epithelial cell. Multilamellar bodies were occasionally observed in these cells also. Other types of cells frequently form a partial second layer between the epithelial lining and the basement lamina. A thin muscularis mucosae lies directly below the basement lamina and the capillaries of the posterior chamber are located in the submucosa. The tunica externa is a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds both the anterior and posterior chambers. Collagen fibrils in the form of tactoids are present in this layer.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulosa lutein cells ; Western spotted skunk ; Ultrastructure ; Progesterone levels ; Implantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of corpora lutea obtained during the preimplantation, implantation and early postimplantation periods has been studied in 20 western spotted skunks. Fine structure of granulosa lutein cells was correlated with progesterone levels. The corpus luteum of the prolonged (7 month) preimplantation period contained undifferentiated small granulosa cells and differentiated large granulosa lutein cells. The former ranged in size between 12 and 20 μ and the latter between 20 and 45 μ. The ratio of small and large cells was about equal in an animal 2 days prior to nidation whereas only few small cells and numerous large cells were observed in an animal estimated to be 8 to 12 hours from nidation. Occasionally small cells were observed amidst large ones during the 24 hour nidation period, i.e. adhesion of trophoblast with the luminal uterine epithelium, but small cells were absent in animals after this period. Small cells had some smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, rod-shaped mitochondria with platelike cristae, small Golgi complex, and relatively smooth plasma membranes. Large lutein cells had abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, membranous whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, usually round mitochondria with tubular and lamellar cristae, a well developed Golgi complex, variable amounts of lipid droplets, and highly plicated and ruffled plasma membranes. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels during the prolonged preimplantation period ranged between 1.1 and 7.9 ng/ml, but during implantation it was between 8 and 16.6 ng/ml. It is suggested that plasma progesterone levels fluctuate during the time of implantation and should not be regarded as a basis to predict actual nidation in the western spotted skunk.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1975), S. 23-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptor ; Compound eye ; Insect ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The compound eye of female (diploid) Xyleborus ferrugineus beetles was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The eye is emarginate, and externally consists of roughly 70–100 facets. Each ommatidium is composed of a thickly biconvex lenslet with about 50 electron dense and rare layers. The lens facet overlies a crystalline cone of the acone type which is roughly hourglass-shaped. Pigment cells envelop the entire ommatidium, and pigment granules also are abundant throughout the cytoplasm of the 8 retinular cells. The rhabdomeres of 2 centrally situated photoreceptor cells effectively fuse into a rhabdom that extends from the base of the crystalline cone deeply into the ommatidium. Six distal peripheral retinular cells encircle the 2 central cells, and their rhabdomeres join laterally to form a rhabdomeric ring around the central rhabdom. The rhabdom and rhabdomeric ring are effectively separated by the cytoplasm of the two central retinular cells which contains the usual organelles and an abundance of shielding pigment granules. Eight axons per ommatidium gather in a tracheae-less fascicle before exiting the eye through the fenestrate basement membrane. No tracheation was observed among the retinular cells. Each Semper cell of each observed crystalline cone contained an abundance of virus-like particles near the cell nucleus. The insect is laboratory reared, and the visual system seems very amenable to photoreceptor investigations.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1975), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Milk fat globule ; Membrane ; Triglyceride content ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The primary milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) around freshly secreted milk fat globules consists of a unit membrane separated from the triglyceride core by a dense material. This dense material may widen to include cytoplasmic organelles or may form small blebs. Preincubation and fixation of the globules at temperatures between 4° C and 60° C has no effect on the width or appearance of the dense material. Isolated MFGM profiles show structures identical to those found on intact globules. The dense material on the isolated MFGM profiles is unaffected by extractions which remove essentially all the triglyceride present in the pellets of MFGM. The structure of the primary MFGM is therefore independent of any triglyceride content and the earlier suggestions that the dark material represented a triglyceride layer of high melting point adsorped during cooling of the globules after milking are not supported by the work described in this paper.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1975), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Sinus gland ; Eyestalk ; Ultrastructure ; Uca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the sinus gland of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax, was investigated and found to be similar to that in other crustaceans. Five types of neurosecretory axon terminals were tentatively identified on the basis of the size, shape, and electron density of granules within the axons. Release of neuro-secretory material appears to be by exocytosis.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Agranular and granular vesicles ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Castration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the median eminence of male rats, nerve profiles in the immediate vicinity of portal capillaries have been divided into 4 categories on the basis of their vesicular content: profiles a with agranular “synaptic” vesicles of about 50 nm, b with similar agranular vesicles and also with granular vesicles of mainly 60–140 nm, c with granular vesicles alone and d without vesicles. Twenty-four hours after castration, the percentage of profiles of category a was significantly increased when compared with sham-operated animals, whereas the percentage of profiles of category b was significantly decreased. After intravenous injection of exogenous peroxidase, especially the nerve profiles located in direct contact with the outer basement membrane of the portal capillaries contained peroxidase positive “synaptic” vesicles. Injection off peroxidase after castration resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of nerve profiles containing both peroxidase positive and peroxidase negative “synaptic” vesicles (category a). It is suggested that, in certain nerve terminals, castration may lead to release off the content of granular vesicles, which may contain gonadotropin releasing factor. This release then may cause that nerve terminals with both agranular vesicles and granular vesicles (category b) change in their vesicular content and are therefore classified as terminals with only agranular vesicles (category a). An increased turnover rate in the ultrastructurally affected terminals may be reflected in increased uptake of exogenous peroxidase. The observations imply that certain neurones projecting to portal capillaries in the median eminence are, directly or indirectly, sensitive to changes in the level of gonadal steroids.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 287-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stannius bodies ; Euryhaline teleosts ; Calcium regulation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the corpuscles of Stannius of sticklebacks and eels two cell types are described of presumably endocrine nature. The predominating type, comparable to the cells observed in other species, responds to variation in calcium content of the medium and possibly produces a hypocalcemic hormone. The second cell type is unreactive to calcium. Since it is more active in freshwater than in seawater specimens, this cell type is possibly involved in ionic regulation. It was not found in two seawater teleost species.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thread cell ; Slime gland ; Hagfish (Paramyxine atami, Eptatretus burgeri) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thread cells in the slime gland of Japanese hagfishes, Paramyxine atami and Eptatretus burgeri were studied by light and electron microscopy. The mature thread cells are large elements (180×80 μ) filled with an intricately coiled thread, approximately 2 μ in diameter. The protein nature of the thread has been confirmed by histochemical examination. In the initial stage of growth, the thread consists of a bundle of distinctly parallel filaments approximately 90–120 Å in diameter and a centrally located tubular component approximately 230–260 Å in diameter which occurs singly or occasionally as a double and triple structure. The developing thread displays thin filaments, approximately 30–60 Å in diameter. The thin filaments are composed of fine fibrous structures, subfilaments, approximately 10–30 Å in diameter. On the outer surface of the thread a coating is apparent, giving it a fluffy appearance. Polysomal clusters consisting of five or six ribosomes are predominant. Fine fibrous structures are also found among the threads. They seem to have a spatial relationship with the polysomes and resemble the subfilament constituents of the thin filaments. From these results, it may be suggested that the fine fibrous structures synthesized by polysomes, twist together and coalesce into a thread. The problem of the polysome size and the molecular weight of the fibrous protein synthesized is discussed.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 81-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensillae ; Isoptera ; Schedorhinotermes ; Labrum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude du labre du petit soldat de Schedorhinotermes, en microscopie photonique et électronique (balayage et transmission), a permis de préciser la distribution, les types et la structure des organes sensoriels présents sur celui-ci. Trois types de sensilles ont été observés: de nombreux sensilles campaniformes situés dans les régions antéro-latérales et deux types de sensilles trichoïdes: de petites soies (5 μ de longueur) réparties sur toute la surface du labre et quelques grandes soies (50 à 100 μ de longueur) localisées sur le bord antérieur du labre. Ces deux types de soies assurent à la fois une fonction mécanoréceptrice et chimioréceptrice. De nombreux orifices de glandes épidermiques débouchent également sur le labre qui porte à son apex une brosse formée de nombreuses écailles cuticulaires aplaties et non innervées. Une interprétation fonctionnelle est avancée, elle est basée sur les résultats ultrastructuraux obtenus et sur ce que l'on connait du comportement défensif du soldat.
    Notes: Summary The labrum of Schedorhinotermes minor soldier was examined to determine the distribution, types and structures of sense organs present with both light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three types of sensilla were recognized: campaniform sensillae and two types of sensilla trichodea, the short bristles and the long bristles. The campaniform sensillae are singly-innervated receptors distributed in large numbers on the anterolateral margins of the labrum. The short and long bristles are multiinnervated; the former are found all over the surface, the latter are much more scarce and are found only at the front of the labrum. Both are at the same time chemo-and mechanoreceptors. The labrum is strewn with many glandular pits and exhibits at its apex a brush of cuticular not innervated spines. On the basis of ultrastructural evidence and of what we know of the defence mechanisms of the soldier, a functional interpretation is attempted.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Blind cave fish (Astyanax mexicanus) ; Continuous illumination and darkness ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration, photoreceptor outer segment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes of the pineal organ were investigated in the blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus, kept under continuous artificial light (5000 lux), in continuous darkness, and under natural light conditions. The pineal end-vesicle of the fish kept under natural photoperiod consisted of photoreceptor cells and supporting cells mixed with a few ganglion cells. The photoreceptor cells possessed well-developed outer segments with regularly arranged lamellar membranes. The supporting cells contained a number of lipid droplets and large globular cisternae filled with fine granules. In the fish kept under continuous light or in darkness, the pineal end-vesicle displayed a dilated lumen, and the outer segments of the receptors showed signs of degeneration. Furthermore, alterations of cell organelles were observed in the photoreceptor and supporting cells.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 387-399 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Ultrastructure ; Rana pipiens ; Cell types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stellate cells in the pars intermedia of adult Rana pipiens black-and-white background adapted for 14 days were studied by electron microscopy. This cell type forms a capsule around the secretory cells at the surface of the gland; it also lines the perivascular spaces between the pars intermedia and pars nervosa. The cells are characterized by the lack of well-developed secretory organelles and by the presence of long processes which extend into the intercellular spaces of the secretory cells and reach the surface of the gland and the perivascular spaces. Occasional desmosomes link the stellate cells to adjacent cells; bundles of microfilaments occur frequently. Microtubules run parallel to the long axis of the cell processes. In light of the possibility that the stellate cells might be involved in transfer of substances to and from the melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) secretory cells, they were studied for indications of membrane activity. The stellate cell plasma membranes abutting the pericapillary spaces showed intense micropinocytotic vesicle activity. Also at the gland surface the electron-lucent vesicles were common at the plasma membranes of the stellate cells. Along the plasma membranes of the stellate cell processes extending between the secretory cells were vesicles which were somewhat electron-dense. This membrane activity would suggest an active role for these cells in addition to a sustentacular role.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Gonadotrophins ; Testis ; Hypophysectomy ; Ultrastructure ; Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five-week old Japanese quail held under short daylengths (8L/16D) were injected daily for two weeks with 20 μg/day of purified chicken luteinizing hormone (LH) or with one of two chicken follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) fractions. Both intact and hypophysectomized birds were used. After killing, the testes were weighed and fixed for light- and electron-microscopy. Following hypophysectomy testicular weights fell significantly below those of saline-injected controls, indicating that short day conditions are not equivalent to “physiological hypophysectomy”, the pituitary-gonadal axis continuing to function at a low level. Chicken LH stimulated differentiation of the interstitium, producing mature Leydig cells containing the full complement of organelles typical of steroid-secretion. In addition it induced some testicular growth caused by spermatogonial division and partial differentiation of the Sertoli cells. This effect was assumed to be a secondary response to androgen secretion but a direct action of chicken LH on the tubules is not dismissed. LH given to intact quail caused greater testicular growth, presumably due to synergism with endogenous hormones. Both chicken FSH fractions induced testicular growth and development; in intact birds the effects were similar to those observed in intact LH-treated birds. In hypophysectomized quail given FSH the testicular weights were greater than in hypophysectomized LH-treated birds and the seminiferous tubules were larger. Sertoli cells were stimulated and pachytene spermatocytes were numerous. Leydig cell differentiation was minimal in all FSH-treated birds, being less pronounced in hypophysectomized than in intact birds.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 25-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland (Rabbit) ; Autonomic innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rabbit pineal gland two types of postganglionic nerve endings were found which are characterized by the presence of small dense-core vesicles or small clear vesicles. Pharmacological and cytochemical experiments showed them to be noradrenergic and cholinergic, respectively. Both types were often present in the same nerve bundle, occasionally in close apposition. Intrapineal neurons were only rarely observed. They showed cholinergic synapses on their perikaryon and dendrites as well as noradrenergic axo-dendritic close eontacts. Bilateral extirpation of the superior cervical ganglia revealed the postganglionic sympathetic origin of the pineal noradrenergic nerve fibres. Moreover, it appeared that these ganglia are hardly, if at all, involved in the pathway of pineal cholinergic innervation. The results obtained from lesions of both facial nerves, taken together with the results reported in the literature, led to the conclusion that the postganglionic cholinergic nerve fibres in the pineal are of parasympathetic origin. A model for the sympathetic and parasympathetic pineal innervation is proposed.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 283-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microbodies ; Kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to provide a detailed morphological and cytochemical characterization of the microbodies of the rat renal proximal tubule following perfusion fixation. The following observations were made: 1) Two basic types of microbodies (Mb-I and Mb-II) can be identified. Mb-I have both circular and tubular profiles which are located peripherally within the granular matrix of these microbodies. Mb-II have marginal plates and crystalloid inclusion in addition to circular and tubular profiles. 2) Circular and tubular profiles, 100 nm in diameter, described by previous investigators as being infrequent in occurrence, are the most consistent morphological characteristic of rat renal microbodies after perfusion fixation. These profiles have a homogeneous center surrounded by a double or single ring of granules. The uniform size and spacing of these granules within profiles establish a basic 100 Å periodicity found in both types of microbodies. 3) Evidence is presented which suggests that both “nucleoids” and “tubular protrusion rods” as described by other investigators of the rat renal microbodies may result from poor fixation and/or osmotic stress. 4) The density of the matrix of Mb-I is, in contrast to previous reports, greater than the density of adjacent mitochondria. 5) Marginal plates or crystalloid inclusions were demonstrated in some microbodies (Mb-II) of all the rats studied; periodicities of 100, 200, and 300 Å were identified within these structures. 6) Both types of microbodies were positive for catalase activity, but were negative for acid phosphatase activity. On the basis of both morphological and cytochemical criteria, it seems plausible that these two populations of renal microbodies (Mb-I and Mb-II) represent a morphological and functional continuum.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 503-517 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Optic system ; Ouabain ; Axoplasmic flow ; Wallerian degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cardiac glycoside ouabain was injected into the eye-bulb of the teleost fish, Carassius carassius. Three doses of ouabain were used: 10-4 M, 10-5 M, 10-6 M. The final concentrations in the vitreous body of the eye were approximately 3 · 10-5 M, 3 · 10-6 M and 3 · 10-7 M, respectively. After 8 hrs, 1,2,4,6 and 8 days the ultrastructural alterations of retinal ganglion cells, the optic axons near the bulb and the terminal segments in the optic tectum were studied. The high doses of ouabain induced an early necrobiosis of the cell bodies in the retina followed by degeneration in the nerve. This is characterized as a protracted form of Wallerian degeneration. The significance of the inhibition of Na+-K+-activated ATPase at the perikaryal level for both the integrity of axonal morphology and the axonal flow is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 123 (1975), S. 263-281 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Cyanophyceae Geitleribactron ; Ultrastructure ; reproduction ; periphyton ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the littoral of the lakes Titisee (FRG) and Neusiedler See (Austria) and in a backwater near Stockerau (Austria) two periphytic unicellular blue-green algae with rod-like cells have been found. They were formerly thought to be members of the exosporine generaChamaesiphon orCyanophanon. Now the alga from Titisee was studied in culture, particularly with reference to cell division, reproduction and ultrastructural cytology. Similarities with the genusSynechococcus are evident, but there is a small mucilaginous disc at the basis of the cells. Because of differences between this and all other known genera of unicellular blue-green algae, a new genus,Geitleribactron, with two species,G. periphyticum (= type species) andG. subaequale, is described.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serpulid ; Polychaete ; Hydroxyapatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un petit groupe de cellules épithéliales de la surface antérieure du col du serpulidePomatoceros caeruleus contient des vacuoles, remplies de matériel cristallin. Les cristaux présenttent des aspects rhomboédriques ou rectangulaires. La diffraction électronique montre qu'ils sont constitués par de l'hydroxyleapatite et du phosphate de calcium et de magnésium. Les apex des cellules sont bordés de microvillosités. Certaines cellules ont des cils apicaux. Un appareil de Golgi est visible dans le cytoplasme apical. De nombreuses mitochondries sont dissé minées dans le cytoplasme. Le role éventuel de ces cellules, a contenu minéral, dans la mise en réserve de calcium et/ou de phosphore est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein kleiner Zellverband im Epithel der vorderen Oberfläche am Hals des SerpulidsPomatoceros caeruleus enthält membrangebundene Vakuolen, welche mit kristallinem Material gefüllt sind. Die Kristalle haben rhomboide oder rechteckige Formen; mittels Elektronendiffraktion konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß sie aus Hydroxyapatit und Calciummagnesiumphosphat bestehen. Die oberen Enden der Zellen sind von Microvilli eingefaßt. Einige der Zellen haben zudem apikale Zilien. Die Zellen enthalten Golgi-Apparate im apikalen Cytoplasma. Eine große Anzahl von Mitochondrien sind über das, ganze Cytoplasma verteilt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser mineralhaltigen Zellen als Aufbewahrungsorte für Calcium und/oder Phosphor wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A small patch of cells in the epithelium of the anterior surface of the collar of the serpulidPomatoceros caeruleus contains membrane-bound vacuoles filled with crystalline material. The crystals have rhomboidal or rectangular profiles and have been shown by electron diffraction analysis to be composed of hydroxyapatite and calcium magnesium phosphate. The apices of the cells are bordered by microvilli. Some cells also have apical cilia. The cells contain Golgi complexes in the apical cytoplasm. Large numbers of mitochondria are distributed thoughout the cytoplasm. The possible function of these mineral-containing cells as sites for storage of calcium and/or phosphorus is discussed.
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Luminal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Implantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rat uterine luminal epithelium has been examined during normal pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, lactation and lactation-pregnancy, all being conditions when a blastocyst is known to be able to implant. In all four groups of animals the epithelium passes through three characteristic and structurally similar states, namely a pre-attachment state, an attachment state and a postattachment state. The attachment state is characterized by a close contact between apposing luminal surfaces of the epithelium. It is concluded that implantation in an undamaged uterus claims a sequence of certain changes in the uterine luminal epithelium, and that the blastocyst attachment occurs within the early part of that period when the luminal epithelium is in the attachment state.
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    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Differentiation ; Ultrastructure ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the morphological events which take place in the hamster Leydig cell during its process of prenatal and postnatal differentiation. The most strinking feature of the prenatal differentiation is the high development of the vesicular form of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R.). At around the end of the first month of postnatal life the vesicular form of the S.E.R. is replaced by a truly reticular S.E.R. formed by numerous interconnected cisternae. From fetal to adult life the amount of ribosomes decreases whereas the number of mitochondria and Golgi cisternae increases. It is concluded that the differentiation mechanism of the hamster Leydig cell differs from that observed in the Leydig cell of other species, even of those closely related to the hamster, such as the mouse.
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 139-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Rabbit ; Fertilization ; Blastocysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized rabbit ova were studied in the period from 25 to 144 hr after insemination. Eggs were recovered by flushing the uterine horns and oviducts with Hank's solution. The cells were morphologically alike in the 24 and 48 hr ova. At 661/2 hr blastomeres were differentiated into an inner mass of cells with dense cytoplasm and an outer trophoblastic layer with less dense cytoplasm. Otherwise no morphological differences were seen. Whether the 661/2 hr ova were morulas or blastocysts is discussed. The 96 hr ova were clearly blastocysts. Inner cells and trophoblastic cells at this stage bad the same cytoplasmic density. Mitochondria were increased in number and crystal-like figures were present for the first time. In the 120 and 144 hr ova the cytoplasm of the trophoblastic cells was denser than that of the inner cells. Trophoblastic cells were characterized by their density, crystal-like figures, elongated mitochondria with transverse cristae and many single ribosomes and they were interconnected with well developed junctional complexes. In a few cases a continuity seemed to exist between trophoblastic cells and inner cells. The latter were characterized by cytoplasm of less density than that of the trophoblastic cells, rounded mitochondria and fewer ribosomes. The fine structure of the crystal-like figures, their possible origin and differentiation of the mitochondria are discussed.
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  • 80
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 117-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Embryology ; Human adenohypophysis ; Progenitor cell and canaliculi ; Follicular structures ; Histocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the early development of the adenohypophysis was carried out on a human material. Special attention was paid to an accumulation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-and/or-6-sulfate in the mesenchyma; its role in morphogenesis of the Rathke's pouch is discussed. The role of the vessels as a “critical factor” in the budding of the parenchyma and in the differentiation of secretory cells is discussed. Canalicular extensions from the original lumen of the pouch into the core of parenchymal buds, which migrate into the mesenchyma, is a new observation. The participation of canaliculi in formation of follicular structures of pars distalis is described and discussed. The primitive cell type lining the pouch is also found in the wall of canaliculi and follicular structures. The cell type is described and its role as the real progenitor cell of the adenohypophysis is discussed. Three types of colloid are noticed in pars distalis: 1. In the follicular structures, 2. in the slits or clefts caused by partial occlusion of the lumen of the pouch, and 3. mesenchymal extravasal colloid presumably representing material squeezed out from the aforementioned clefts or slits. It is concluded that the colloid contains material secreted from different types of granulated cells as well as material from the surface coat of the luminal cells.
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Type IV Glycogenosis ; Amylopectinosis ; Skeletal Muscle ; Polysaccharides ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skeletal muscles from a patient with type IV glycogenosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. The distinctive polysaccharide deposits were more abundant in the tongue and diaphragm than other skeletal muscles. The involved myofibers contained fusiform areas filled with polyhedral or rounded granules of basophilic material that was further characterized by staining with periodic acid-Schiff, Grocott methenamine silver and alcian blue. Ultrastructurally the deposits were composed of branched filaments, osmophilic granules and electron-dense amorphous material. There are sufficient ultrastructural, histochemical and chemical similarities among the deposits in type IV glycogenosis, Lafora bodies and visceral deposits in myoclonus epilepsy, corpora amylacea and basophilic degeneration of the myocardium to suggest a common composition and mechanism of synthesis possibly through reversal of the debranching enzyme system. However, sharing a biochemical pathway does not necessarily imply a common etiological factor.
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Wilson's Disease ; Opalski Cells ; Tissue Culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The object of the present study was to analyse the ultrastructure of Opalski cells, obtained in tissue culture according to the method described by Mossakowskiet al. (1970). The electron microscopic picture of the Opalski cells was characterized by scanty endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and a greatly reduced number of mitochondria, as compared with glial cells cultured in vitro. Their cytoplasm contained two types of spherical bodies, one of which corresponded to lysosome-like bodies; the second one, in the authors' opinion, represented an accumulation of mucopolysaccharide substances. The ultrastructural picture of Opalski cells corresponded well with their previously described histochemical properties.
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 173-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Progressive Muscular Dystrophy ; Duchenne Type ; Ultrastructure ; Lipidstorage ; Type I Fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Muskelgewebe von 10 Knaben mit Duchennescher Form von PMD wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die einzelnen myopathischen Veränderungen wurden feinstrukturell analysiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Spezifität beurteilt. Es treten Fasernekrose, davon abhängig Faserregenerate, weiters Faserdegenerationen mit primärer Filamentenordnungsstörung und konsekutiver Filamentendegeneration, sowie einfache Faseratrophie als Gesamtfaserschädigung auf. Fokale myopathische Veränderungen, vorwiegend auf Typ I-Fasern beschränkt, sind Z-Streaming und Lipidspeicherung in zentralen Faserabschnitten. Keine der Einzelveränderungen ist für sich spezifisch, lediglich ihre Häufigkeitsverteilung ergibt ein charakteristisches Muster. Pathogenetische Faktoren der Einzelveränderungen, besonders Lipidakkumulation in Typ I-Fasern, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Examinations of 10 muscle biopsies in Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy were performed. The different particular myopathic changes are analysed and their specificity is discussed. Two groups of changes are observed, one concerning total fiber involvement, the other the focal degenerations. In the first group muscle fiber necrosis, associated regenerations, fiber degeneration with initial disturbance of the filamentous arrangement and atrophia simplex are described. Focal myopathic changes appeared predominantly in type I fibers and consisted of Z-streaming and lipid storage in central fiber parts. None of the particular fiber changes are specific, only the distribution of their frequency shows a characteristic pattern. Pathogenic factors of the different particular fiber changes are discussed, especially of the lipid accumulation in the type I fibers.
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 299-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cat Cerebrum ; Endocytosis ; Thorotrast ; Ferritin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small quantities of ferritin or Thorotrast were injected into the visual cortex of the cat in order to determine which cells in the cerebrum exhibited endocytic activity when exposed to foreign material. Blocks of tissue from the cortex and adjacent white matter were examined by electron microscopy 5 h and 20 h after injection. Some neurons and oligodendrocytes and all the astrocytes examined showed pinocytotic activity. Increasing the time of exposure of the tissue to the tracer did not appear to result in greatly increased uptake by individual cells, except in the case of astrocytes. Neutrophils, which invaded the tissue after 5 h, and in increased numbers after 20 h, exhibited minimal endocytic activity when they invaded the grey matter. They were more active in the white matter. Up to 20 h after injection, the three most important endocytic elements in the cerebrum were astrocytes (collectively), pale perivascular cells within the basement membrane of the blood vessels and phagocytes, which appeared to be reactive endogenous cells.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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  • 86
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Testosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que la clinique et l'expérimentation semblent démontrer que des doses élevées de testostérone provoquent un arrêt prématuré de la croissance, le mécanisme exact et le lieu précis de son action sur l'appareil de croissance des os longs restent indéterminés. Au cours de cette étude, des rats máles de 200 g sont injectés à l'aide de doses supra-physiologiques de testostérone pour observer les effects sub-microscopiques sur les diverses zones du cartilage épiphysaire. Au niveau de la zone de division cellulaire, on note une augmentation des cellules en division. Les cellules, en voie de maturation, présentent plus de produits de sécrétion, à un stade plus précoce de leur cycle d'évolution, et semblent subir une hypertrophie plus rapide. Dans la zone pré-hypertrophique, la matrice intercellulaire présente des foyers de calcification précoce, ainsi que des fibres collagènes plus longues et plus épaisses que chez les témoins. Il apparait que, chez l'animal entier, des doses même élevées de testostérone provoquent initialement une stimulation de la prolifération chondrocytaire, avant de favoriser les processus de maturation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Obwohl experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung darauf hinweisen, daß hohe Dosen von Testosteron zu einem frühzeitigen Wachstumsabschluß führen, sind der genaue Mechanismus und der eigentliche Wirkungsort dieses Hormons im Wachstumsapparat der Röhrenknochen unbekannt geblieben. In diesem Experiment wurden 200 g schweren männlichen Ratten supraphysiologische Testosterondosen injiziert, um die submikroskopischen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Zonen des Epiphysenknorpels zu beobachten. In der Zone der Zellmitosen fand sich eine erhöhte Anzahl von sich teilenden Zellen. Die reifenden Zellen häuften im Frühstadium ihres Lebenscyclus größere Mengen von Sekretionsprodukten an und schienen eine abruptere Hypertrophie durchzumachen. In der prähypertrophen Zone enthielt die interterritoriale Matrix Herde von früher und verfrühter Verkalkung, sowie dickere und längere Kollagenfasern als vergleichsweise in Kontrolltieren. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß bei unbehandelten Tieren sogar große Testosterondosen anfänglich eine Stimulation der Chondrocytenproliferation verursachen, bevor sie die Reifungsprozesse veranlassen.
    Notes: Abstract Although experimental and clinical experience indicates that large doses of testosterone lead to premature cessation of growth, the exact mechanism and precise site of action of this hormone on the growth apparatus of long bones remain unknown. In this study, plateaued male rats were injected with supraphysiologic doses of testosterone to observe the submicroscopic effects on the various zones of the epiphyseal cartilage. In the zone of cell division there were increased numbers of dividing cells. The maturing cells accumulated larger amounts of secretory products at earlier stages of their life cycle, and appeared to undergo a more abrupt hypertrophy. In the zone of prehypertrophy, the interterritorial matrix contained foci of early and premature calcification and thicker and longer collagen fibers than at comparable levels in controls. It is concluded that in intact animals, even large doses of testosterone initially cause a stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, prior to promoting maturation processes.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Prism ; Crystals ; Growth ; Shell ; Formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le début des prismes est visible au niveau de la région proximale de la surface externe du repli périphérique externe dans l'espace palléal, limité extérieurement par la périostracum. Le premier stade de formation d'un prisme est identique à celui observé dans la formation du nacre, à savoir l'élaboration d'une lamelle dense aux électrons qui sert de limite interne au futur prisme. Les fragments de lamelles se détachent et migrent vers un espace bordé extérieurement par le periostracum. Ces fragments lamellaires forment des enveloppes, au niveau desquelles on observe le dépôt initial et la croissance des cristaux. En même temps, on voit apparaitre des parois interprismatiques nettes, qui dérivent aussi des lamelles. La croissance de nouveaux cristaux et d'éléments organiques donne finalement un prisme adulte allongé. La croissance de la coquille se fait en périphérie, surtout par formation de nouveaux prismes. En outre, un environnement modifié, qui consiste en un dédoublement du periostracum au niveau de la surface distale, donne naissance à des ilôts étroits, contenant des prismes, qui se forment sur les bords de l'espace produit par la courbe du periostracum.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Prismenbildung beginnt in der proximalen Region der äußeren Oberfläche der äußeren Mantelfalte in Pallialraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum begrenzt wird. Der erste Schritt bei einer Prismenbildung verläuft gleich, wie dies bei der Perlmutterbildung beobachtet werden kann, nämlich in Form der Ausarbeitung einer elektronenoptisch dichten Lamelle, welche als innere Begrenzung des zukünftigen Prismas dient. Fragmente der Lamelle werden abgetrennt und wandern zu einem Zwischenraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum abgeschlossen wird. Diese Lamellenfragmente bilden Hüllen, innerhalb welcher der Kristall entsteht und sein Wachstum stattfindet. Gleichzeitig bilden sich dicke, zwischen den Prismen liegende Wände, die ebenfalls von den Lamellen abstammen. Das aus der Bildung zusätzlicher Kristalle bestehende Wachstum, zusammen mit den organischen Komponenten, läßt schließlich das reife längliche Prisma entstehen. Das Wachstum der Muschel spielt sich am Rande hauptsächlich durch Bildung neuer Prismen ab. Durch eine Veränderung der Umgebung, bestehend aus einer Verdoppelung des Periostracums an der distalen Oberfläche, entstehen zusätzlich dünne, prismenhaltige Sporne, welche innerhalb des begrenzten Raumes vorkommen, der sich durch das Überschlagen des Periostracums bildet.
    Notes: Abstract The initiation of prisms occurs in the proximal region of the outer surface of the outer mantle fold in the pallial space bounded externally by the periostracum. The first step in the formation of a prism is similar to that observed in the formation of nacre, namely, the elaboration of an electron-dense lamella that serves as the internal boundary of the future prism. Fragments of the lamella become detached and migrate to a chamber bounded externally by the periostracum. These lamellar fragments form envelopes within which crystal initiation and growth oocur. At the same time stout interprismatic walls appear. They are also derived from the lamellae. Growth consisting of the formation of additional crystals and the organic components finally give rise to the mature elongated prism. Growth of the shell occurs at the margin chiefly by formation of new prisms in this area. In addition a modified environment consisting of duplicature of the periostracum on the distal surface results in the formation of thin spurs containing prisms that occur within the confines of the space created by the periostracal loop.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Inorganic ; Organic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La phase organique (ou fantôme des cristaux) associéc à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque amas cristallin, sont mises en évidence au niveau du cartilage calcifié en utilisant le sulfate de chrome basique comme agent de fixation, de coloration et de déminéralisation. Le traitement ultérieur du tissu, à l'aide de papaïne ou d'hyaluronidase, indique que les fantômes cristallins constitutent un complexe protéino-polysaccharidique et que la substance de base est formée par une protéine associée à un polysaccharide acide. Les rapports entre phases inorganique et organique sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die organische Phase (oder Kristallit-Schatten), die zu jedem Kristallit gehört, sowie das Hintergrundmaterial, das zu jeder Kristallitgruppe gehört, wurden in calcifiziertem Knorpel sichtbar gemacht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde basisches Chromsulfat als ein kombiniertes Fixierungs-, Färbe- und Demineralisierungsmittel verwendet. Nachfolgende Behandlung des Gewebes mit Papain oder Hyaluronidase läßt vermuten, daß die Kristallitschatten einen Proteinpolysaccharidkomplex darstellen und daß das Hintergrundmaterial hauptsächlich aus Protein mit einigen sauren Polysacchariden besteht. Die Beziehung zwischen anorganischen und organischen Phasen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The organic phase (or crystallite ghost) associated with each crystallite, together with the background material associated with each crystallite cluster, was demonstrated in calcified cartilage using basic chromium sulphate as a combined fixative, stain, and demineralizing agent. Subsequent treatment of the tissue with papain, or with hyaluronidase, suggests that the crystallite ghosts represented a protein-polysaccharide complex and that the background material was principally protein together with some acid polysaccharide. The relationship between inorganic and organic phases is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 13-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antennae of Scolytus multistriatus were examined with light and scanning and transmitting-electron microscopy to determine the distributions, types and structures of sense organs. Four types of sensilla were found: (1) sensilla chaetica, a singly-innervated receptor; (2) sensilla basiconica, Type A, a short, thin-walled, multiple-innervated receptor; (3) sensilla basiconica, Type B, a long, thin-walled multiple-innervated receptor; and (4) sensilla trichodea, short, thick-walled, multiple-innervated receptors. The positioning of dendrite(s) with regard to pore tubules is elaborated. Evidence for lack of sensory axon fusion is presented.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 388-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pomatoceros triqueter ; Egg investments ; Fertilization reaction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of unfertilized and fertilized egg investments ofPomatoceros triqueter is described. A characteristic feature is the presence of a hitherto unrecorded additional investment layer, inserted between the chorion and the “outer border layer”, which is referred to as the intermediate layer. The fertilization reaction consists of the release of cortical granule material into the perivitelline “space”, and the severing of the microvillous cytosome to “outer border layer” connections, thus allowing an increase in the width of the perivitelline “space”. More ridged corrugations are found on the outer surface of the investments in the fertilized as compared with the unfertilized condition.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Elasmobranchs ; Glomerular Vessels ; Tubular Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Glomerula und Hauptstücke der Elasmobranchierniere fallen nach lichtmikroskopischen Studien durch strukturelle Besonderheiten auf, die möglicherweise mit der physiologischen Uraemie dieser Tiergruppe in Zusammenhang stehen. Um weitere morphologische Grundlagen für spätere cytochemische und physiologische Untersuchungen zu gewinnen, haben die Autoren die genannten Nephronabschnitte elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Die erstaunliche Dicke der Glomerulumgefäße der Elasmobranchier — sie beträgt durchschnittlich 7 μ — beruht auf der Ausbildung einer zellreichen Schicht (Durchmesser durchschnittlich 6 μ) zwischen Podozyten und Endothel. 2. Die Podozyten tragen Einzelcilien, die in den Kapselraum hineinragen, und werden von Strähnen zarter, etwa 80 Å dicker Filamente durchzogen. Möglicherweise handelt es sich um Myofilamente. Zwischen den Füßchen der Podozyten auf der Basalmembran kommen Schlitzmembranen vor. 3. Die Mittelschicht der Gefäßwand entspricht einer stark verdickten Basalmembran, in die außer Kollagenfibrillen Zellen eingebettet sind. Die Mehrzahl dieser intralamellären Zellen besteht aus verästelten Elementen, deren Ausläufer sich innerhalb der Membran ausbreiten. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Aussagen, die sich auf lichtmikroskopische Beobachtungen stützen, werden diese Zellen als fibrozytäre Elemente und nicht als glatte Muskelzellen gedeutet. Eine zweite intralamelläre Zellart, deren Elemente keine Ausläufer besitzen, fällt durch starke Entwicklung von Ergastoplasma auf. 4. Das relativ dicke Endothel der Glomerulumgefäße besitzt eine stark zerklüftete Oberfläche, seine Pseudofenestrierung ist weniger regelmäßig als in den Glomerula höheren Formen ausgebildet. 5. Verschiedene Zustandsbilder einer Abschnürung von vacuolär strukturierten Blasen und von Protuberanzen, die möglicherweise das Äquivalent einer apokrinen Extrusion aus den Hauptstückzellen sind, werden beschrieben. Die Frage bleibt offen, ob dieser Vorgang etwas mit der Abgabe harnpflichtiger Substanzen in das Lumen des Kanälchens zu tun hat. Es handelt sich bei diesen Strukturen nicht um Fixationsartefakte. 6. Die von Lichtmikroskopikern beschriebenen „Basalreifen“ des Nierenkanälchens entsprechen leistenartigen Erhebungen der Innenfläche der Basalmembran. Das Bild der „basalen Kittfäden“ dürfte durch die Cytoplasmapartien zwischen den Basalreifen hervorgerufen werden.
    Notes: Summary According to light microscopical studies glomerula and proximal convoluted tubules of the elasmobranch kidney are characterized by structural peculiarities, which possibly are related to the physiological uremia of this group of animals. In order to obtain morphological fundamentals for cytochemical and physiological studies, the authors have investigated the above mentioned parts of the nephron with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The remarkable thickness of the glomerular tufts in the elasmobranchs—averaging 7 μ—is due to the presence of a cell-rich layer (diameter about 6 μ) between podocytes and endothelium. 2. The podocytes bear individual cilia protruding into the capsular space. They further contain bundles of fine filaments (diameter approximately 80 Å) which possibly are myofilaments. Between the feet of the podocytes slit membranes occur on the surface of the basement lamina. 3. The medium layer of the vascular wall corresponds to a strongly thickened basement lamina, into which besides collagen fibrils and fuzzy material different cells are embedded. The majority of these intralamellar cells consists of branched elements the processes of which spread inside the membrane. In contrast to earlier statements, which were based on light microscopical observations, these cells are interpreted to represent fibrocytic elements and not smooth muscle cells. A second intralamellar cell type which does not possess any processes, is marked by well developed cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. The relatively thick endothelium of the glomerular vessels possesses a rugged surface, its pseudofenestration beeing less regular than in glomerular capillaries of higher vertebrates. 5. Vesiculated spherical bodies, swollen cellular apices and protuberances apparently being pinched off in the proximal convoluted tubule—possibly equivalents of an apocrine extrusion—are described. The authors are of the opinion that these structures do not represent artifacts caused by fixation. It remains on open question, whether this extrusion contributes to the composition of the tubular urine. 6. The “Basalreifen” of the kidney tubule as have been described by light microscopists, correspond to crests of the inner surface of the basement lamina, the “basale Kittfäden” to the strips of cytoplasm between these “Basalreifen”.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear division ; Protozoan ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubules ; Colchicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in the micro- and macronucleus throughout division were followed in synchronized cultures of the suctorian, Tokophrya infusionum. After an initial swelling, the micronucleus elongates enormously; microtubules within the micronucleus proliferate and lengthen as the micronucleus elongates. Changes in the macronucleus become visible only after micronuclear division is well underway. The chromatin bodies fuse into long chromatin strands, and the large bundles of microtubules present in the resting macronucleus break up into small groups which parallel the chromatin strands. Colchicine, which prevents reproduction in Tokophrya, seems to block division at a very early stage. The macronucleus appears the same as the resting nucleus of untreated organisms, with numerous microtubules and distinct chromatin bodies. The chromatin in the micronucleus aggregates into large clumps, however, and proliferation of microtubules does not occur.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 184-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rotifer ; RNA synthesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oocyte development in Asplanchna brightwelli was studied by observation through the transparent body wall of living females and by electron microscopy. During oogenesis, which requires four to six hours, the oocyte increases in volume approximately 1000-fold. Most of its cytoplasm appears to be derived from the vitellarium by direct flow through the cytoplasmic bridge. This flow is rapid enough to be easily observed in the living female at low magnifications. Ribosomes, mitochondria, cortical granules, and lipid droplets were observed in the bridge area in electron micrographs. RNA synthesis during oogenesis was studied by means of autoradiography. Very little synthesis could be demonstrated in oocyte nuclei at any period of oogenesis, whereas the vitellarium nuclei show active incorporation of 3H-uridine throughout the reproductive life of the adult female. Most of this RNA is subsequently transferred to developing oocytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 426-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Actinomycin D ; Cellular differentiation ; Young Planarians ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation de l'actinomycine D, au cours de la régénération de Planaires à l'éclosion ou de celle d'adultes, montre que ces deux groupes d'animaux réagissent différemment à l'antibiotique. La régénération se produit en présence de l'antibiotique chez les jeunes Planaires, alors que, pour la même concentration (50 μg/cm3), elle est totalement bloquée chez les adultes. Elle débute dès la décapitation des animaux; le retour dans l'eau, après un traitement par l'antibiotique qui va de 1 à 4 jours, ne modifie pas son déroulement morphologique. L'examen ultrastructural montre que les cellules différenciées présentent le plus souvent des dissociations nucléolaires importantes. Les lésions s'étendent progressivement à toute la cellule qui dégénère fréquemment. Les cellules morphologiquement indifférenciées ne sont que faiblement altérées (raréfaction du composant granulaire du nucléole), et récupèrent une structure normale après retour dans l'eau. Ces résultats conduisent à envisager l'étude des synthèses d'ARN, au cours de ces expériences, au niveau des organismes entiers et au niveau cellulaire.
    Notes: Summary The utilization of actinomycin D during the regeneration of young and adult Planarians shows that the two groups of animals react differently to the antibiotic. Regeneration takes place in the presence of the antibiotic in young Planarians, whereas it is entirely inhibited in adult ones, applying the same concentration (50 μg/cm3). In the young animals it begins immediately after decapitation. Their return into the water, after a treatment with the antibiotic lasting from 1 to 4 days, does not interfere with the morphological differentiation. The ultrastructural investigation exhibits that in the majority of the undifferentiated cells the nucleolus is largely dissociated. The lesions gradually extend to the whole cell which frequently degenerates. The morphologically undifferentiated cells are weakly impaired (depletion of the granular component of the nucleolus), and they recover a normal structure after their return into water. These results lead us to study the RNA synthesis, during these experimentations, on the whole organism as well as the cellular level.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 473-493 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus Luteum ; Guinea-Pig ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron-microscopic investigation, based on the suggestion that differences seen in progesterone levels under differing hormonal conditions might be reflected in the ultrastructural organisation of the lutein cells of the guinea-pig was undertaken. Comparisons were made between corpora lutea taken from animals during the normal oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and after hysterectomy or hypophysectomy. The lutein cells from the oestrous cycle corpus luteum appeared to be of two types, “light” and “dark”. The former were more numerous. The main difference between them lay in the arrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum. Lutein cells from corpora lutea (with the exception of the “old” degenerating corpora lutea) all contained well-developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum, little granular endoplasmic reticulum, several electron-dense lipid granules, lysosomal bodies which ranged from small spherical bodies to large autophagic vesicles and mitochondria. The mitochondria were numerous, and in the corpus luteum of pregnancy, they were closely associated with the parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum. With minor exceptions, the lutein cells of the guinea-pig present a strikingly uniform picture despite their hormonal condition. The manner in which this uniformity of ultrastructure may be related to observed differences in progesterone levels in the corpus luteum of the guinea-pig is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 443-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limulus heart ; Ultrastructure ; Cardiac innervation ; Hypertonicity effects ; Intercalated disks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Limulus cardiac muscle was examined. The hearts were fixed in situ by perfusion with isotonic glutaraldehyde solution while in relaxed, contracted, or stretched states. The sarcomeres are relatively long, varying in length from about 2.5 to 6.6 μ. The average A-band length is 2.46 μ. M lines are absent, and H zones are poorly distinguished. Thick and thin filament diameters average about 200 Å and 50 Å, respectively; each thick filament is surrounded by 8–12 thin ones. Superficial invaginations of the sarcolemma occur, making contact with the Z lines of the outermost myofibrils. There is an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse (T) tubules. Some T tubules run longitudinally and some open into deep sarcolemmal invaginations which extend into the fiber interior. The T tubules swell markedly in hypertonic solution. Single neurons and small bundles of neurons are observed in close apposition with myocardial cells. Intercalated disks are found in Limulus heart at regions of contact between contiguous myocardial cells lying end to end; semitight or gap junctions are essentially absent. Prominent differences in sarcomere lengths sometimes occur across the disk, thus indicating that the disks demarcate cells functionally. Hence, in addition to direct motoneuron activation, there may be some transfer of excitation across the intercalated disks in accord with our previous finding that propagating, overshooting action potentials can be induced in this heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryptonephridial system ; Tenebrio molitor ; Rectal complex ; Perinephric membrane ; Leptophragmata ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study has been to elucidate the structure of the rectal complex of the meal worm, in particular of the perinephric membrane and the leptophragmata. Most of Grimstone's (1968) findings have been confirmed, but in some respects a different interpretation is suggested. 1. The perinephric membrane is limited towards the hemocoele by a basement membrane secreted by a layer of elongated cells. Over the leptophragmata, these cells are lacking, whereas the basement membrane is enormously thickened, constituting the so-called blister. 2. The tracheole cells form a network in all of the perinephric membrane. 3. The perinephric membrane may be divided into an outer and an inner sheath. The main part of the outer sheath is an acellular matrix, probably a basement membrane secreted by the tracheole cells. This matrix is extremely thin over the leptophragmata. 4. The inner sheath is mostly made up of tracheole cells. In the inner part of this sheath, multiple extremely thin cell layers are observed; it is suggested that cells in these layers have nuclei located in the innermost layer of the sheath. The inner sheath is absent over the leptophragma. 5. The leptophragma is a thin plate-like protrusion from a modified tubule cell, the leptophragma cell. Together the cell body and the cytoplasmic rim of the leptophragma cell make up a short funnel communicating with the tubule lumen; the short funnel is filled with thin microvilli without mitochondria.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 405-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut ; Formica ; Histophysiology ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules du mésentéron des ouvrières, des reines et des mâles de Formica polyctena F. possèdent un certain nombre de particularités cytologiques dont l'évolution a été suivie au cours du développement post-embryonnaire et du cycle annuel. A l'apex des cellules de régénération les microvillosités se différencient avant l'élimination des cellules caduques larvaires ou nymphales. A partir de la nymphose une activité sécrétoire apocrine se manifeste dans la partie dorsale de l'épithélium du mésentéron, l'ensemble des cellules assurant par ailleurs la fonction absorbante de l'organe. Il existe deux sortes d'inclusions cytoplasmiques, des polysaccharides et des concrétions minérales. Les polysaccharides sont surtout abondants chez les larves et les nymphes: le glycogène, polysaccharide de réserve, est utilisé au cours de l'histogénèse; des mucopolysaccharides acides, d'origine golgienne, représentent une sécrétion muqueuse. Les sphérocristaux sont constitués de strates concentriques de phosphates et chlorures de calcium et d'une matrice de mucopolysaccharides. La cristallisation des éléments minéraux s'effectue, à partir de la nymphose seulement, dans les citernes ergastoplasmiques. Cette accumulation d'ions pourrait être en relation avec le régime alimentaire de l'insecte ou représenter une voie d'excrétion.
    Notes: Summary The midgut cells of workers, queens and males of the ant Formica polyctena show cytological characteristics which were studied in the course of postembryonic development and annual cycle. The microvilli of the regenerating cells appear before the elimination of the regressing larval and pupal cells. At the time of pupation, an active phase of apocrine secretion begins in the dorsal part of the midgut epithelium, while the absorptive function is carried out by all cells of the organ. Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions coexist: polysaccharides and mineral concretions. The polysaccharides are particulary abundant in larvae and pupae. Glycogen is metabolized during histogenesis; acid mucopolysaccharides, elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, represent a mucous secretion. The spherites are composed of concentric strata of calcium phosphate and chloride and a matrix of mucopolysaccharides. These minerals form in the ergastoplasmic cisternae of pupal cells only. Their accumulation could be related to the insect's diet, or it could reflect a process of excretion.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 322-353 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Collembola ; Dioptric apparatus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de l'appareil dioptrique des photorécepteurs des Collemboles adultes a permis de reconsidérer la structure des formations oculaires à ommatidies aggrégées. Quatre types de cornéules ont été reconnus, dont les plus remarquables sont ceux à ≪mamelons cornéens≫. Les cellules cristalliniennes au nombre de quatre assurent alternativement une double fonction au cours de chaque cycle de la mue. Sur les faces distales, les cellules élaborent le matériel cuticulaire de la cornéule; vers l'intérieur elles sécrètent le cristallin. Les cellules de Semper réalisent ainsi une fonction cornéagène et une fonction cristallogène. La répartition spatiale des organites intracellulaires en couches concentriques est une caractéristique des Collemboles. Chaque cellule cristallinienne envoie vers la membrane basale un processus tubulaire contenant des granules denses de nombreux microtubules et du glycogène en faible quantité. Les cônes cristallins présentent une grande diversité de forme de structure et de composition chimique. Suivant les groupes le cristallin peut être une formation intracellulaire ou extracellulaire, simple ou quadripartite. La présence de petits cristallins satellites associés à un cristallin unique reste inexpliquée mais caractérise une espèce troglobie Tomocerus problematicus. Deux cellules dites ≪cornéagènes≫ à cytoplasme toujours pauvre en organites intracytoplasmiques, avec ou sans pigment, complètent l'appareil dioptrique des ommas des Collemboles.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the dioptric apparatus of photoreceptors of adult Collembola described by the author has enabled the author to compare the structure of ocular formations with aggregated ommatidia. Four different types of corneulae have been determined, the most remarkable of which are those showing ‘corneal nipples’. The four crystalline cells have alternately different functions during each molting cycle. On their distal surfaces, the cells elaborate cuticular material of the corneula; proximally, they secrete a crystalline cone. The Semper cells thus have both corneogenous and crystallogenous functions. The typically concentric spatial distribution of intracellular organelles in these cells is a characteristic feature for Collembola. Each crystalline cell sends towards the basal membrane a tubular process containing granules, numerous microtubules, and a small amount of glycogen. The shape, the structure, and the chemical composition of the crystalline cones are highly variable. In Collembola, the crystalline formation can either be intracellular or extracellular, and it can be simple or quadripartite. No explanation has yet been advanced for the existence of small crystalline satellites which appear to be associated with the single large crystalline cones; this association is characteristic for the troglobian species Tomocerus problematicus. The dioptric apparatus of Collembolan ommatidia is completed by the presence of two corneogenous cells, the cytoplasm of which contains few organelles and in some cases pigments.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Notochord ; Caecilians ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The notochord of Ichthyophis glutinosus and I. kohtaoensis consists of peripheral flattened cells characterized by a well-developed system of rough endoplasmic reticulum, bundles of tonofilaments, and abundant glycogen particles. These cells contain furthermore fairly high activities of α-naphtyl-acetate esterase and 4-chloro-5-bromoindoxyl acetate esterase as well as acid phosphatase which was found in lysosomal localization. The huge intracellular vacuoles of the centrally situated cells possibly originate from electron translucent spaces within the glycogen fields of the peripheral cells. The notochord sheath consists of variously differentiated layers of collagen fibers and of an elastica externa. The diameters of the collagen fibers increase from the inner towards the outer region of the sheath. A peculiar feature of the Ichthyophis notochord sheath is a ring of mineralized collagen. The notochord of the caecilians investigated is compared with that of anurans, urodeles, and several groups of fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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