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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 357-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Blood-to-Lumen Flux ; Tritiated Water ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Anaesthetized rats were loaded with tritiated water and a jejunal loop was perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered saline solutions. The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the blood), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal lumen) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished both the appearance rate and the disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results; however, at high blood flow the appearance and disappearance rate did not reach the value measured in the experiments with decreasing blood flow. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood retarded and towards the intestinal lumen accelerated the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water by solvent drag during the penetration through the epithelium and by changing the luminal concentration (e.g. dilution) as well as the blood flow rate in the capillaries near the epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 202 (1972), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Experimental ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Experimental Hydrocephalus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 25 mg/kg Äthylnitrosoharnstoff wurden am 9 1/2. Tag der Schwangerschaft SD-JCL-Ratten injiziert. Die Feten wurden am Termin excidiert und mit dem Stereomikroskop untersucht. 78% der Feten zeigten einen Hydrocephalus. Die histologische Untersuchung in Stufenschnitten des Gehirns zeigte eine Stenose des Aquädukts ohne subependymale Gliose, ödematöse Plexus chorioidei mit prallgefüllten Gefäßen, spärlichem Bindegewebe und geschwollenen Epithelzellen, Verdünnung der telencephalen Wandungen mit schwach entwickelter granulärer Schicht und in der ependymalen Zone verbleibenden Neuroblasten. Die Entwicklung der jungen Ratten wurde studiert. 75% der neugeborenen Ratten zeigten klinisch gewisse Hinweise auf den Hydrocephalus. Stark betroffene Tiere wurden zunehmend somnolent und/oder gelähmt und starben meist vor Ende der 4. Woche. Der Eiweißgehalt des Liquors war nennenswert vermehrt. Es wurden subdurale, subarachnoidale und intraventrikuläre Blutungen beobachtet und als wahrscheinliche Todesursache angesehen. Die histologische Untersuchung der hydrocephalen Jungtiere ergab eine Abflachung der Ependymzellschicht und pralle Füllung corticaler Gefäße von der 2. Woche an. In späteren Stadien wurde eine Dickenabnahme der periventrikulären weißen Substanz, im besonderen im Bereiche des Occipitalhornes nachgewiesen. Im verdünnten Pallium waren Vacuolenbildungen des perineuralen Gewebes zu sehen, Verbreiterung der Virchow-Robinschen Räume und eine dem Status spongiosus ähnliche Degeneration. Verschiedene Formen ependymaler Wucherung wurden gesehen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die erste postnatale Beobachtung von transplacentar verursachtem kongenitalem Hydrocephalus in der Ratte dar. Die hier beschriebene Technik erwies sich als einfaches und reproduzierbares Mittel, um einen kongenitalen Hydrocephalus in der Ratte zu erzeugen.
    Notes: Summary SD-JCL rats were injected with 25 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea on day 9 1/2 of gestation. Fetuses were excised near term and examined under dissecting microscope. 78% of viable fetuses were found to be hydrocephalic. On the histologic study of the serial sections of the brain, a stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct without subependymal gliosis, edematous choroid plexus with engorged vessels, scanty connective tissue and swollen epithelium, thinning of the telencephalic wall with poorly developed granular layers and the neuroblasts remaining in the ependymal zone, were the characteristic findings in the hydrocephalic fetuses. The natural course of the treated young rats was studied. 75% of the newborn rats showed some clinical evidence of hydrocephalus. Severely affected rats became progressively lethargic and/or paralytic, and died usually before the end of 4th week. Protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly increased. Subdural, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhages were observed and suspected to be the cause of death. On the histological examination of hydrocephalic youngs, flattening of the ependymal cells and engorgement of the cortical vessels were observed as early as in 2-week-old youngs. In more advanced stages, there was noted the thinning of the periventricular white matter, especially around the occipital horn. The thin pallium showed vacuolization of the perineural tissue, enlargement of the Virchow-Robin space and the status spongiosus-like degeneration. Various types of ependymal proliferation was seen. The present study represents the first postnatal observation of the transplacentally induced congenital hydrocephalus in the rat. The present technique proved to be a simple and reproducible model of producing a congenital hydrocephalus in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Microradiography ; Autoradiography ; Preparation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La préparation de coupes fines, plano-parallèles d'os non décalcifié, d'épaisseur connue, pour la réalisation de microradiographies et d'autoradiographies quantitatives est décrite. Pour éviter que des fractures de l'os se produisent, le fragment osseux fixé doit être inclus dans un matériel approprié qui ne doit pas se rétracter. Un minimum de force doit être appliqué à l'échantillon pendant la coupe pour éviter des vibrations. La méthode décrite, utilisant une scie circulaire tournant à faible vitesse, est adéquate. Le polissage final des surfaces du specimen est réalisé sur une machine à polir modifiée. On peut préparer un grand nombre de coupes en relativement peu de temps pour des études statistiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Herstellung von dünnen, parallelgestellten Schnitten von unentkalktem Knochen bekannter Dicke zur quantitativen Auto- und Mikroradiographie wird beschrieben. Der Knochen hat die Tendenz, unter Druck zu brechen. Um diese Schwierigkeit zu überwinden, ist es sehr wichtig, daß die fixierte Knochenprobe genügend vom Einbettungsmaterial durchdrungen wird und daß das Einschlußmittel sich vom Knochenrand weg kontrahiert. Beim Schneiden darf nur ein minimaler Druck auf die Probe ausgeübt werden, damit der Knochen nicht zertrümmert wird. Die beschriebene Methode, bei welcher eine spezielle Einrichtung zum Auftropfen des Schmiermittels den Gebrauch einer langsam rotierenden Kreissäge ermöglichte, erwies sich als günstig. Das schließliche Polieren der Oberflächen der Proben wurde auf einer modifizierten Schleifmaschine ausgeführt. Mit dieser Methode kann eine große Anzahl von Schnitten in relativ kurzer Zeit hergestellt werden; dies ist sehr wichtig, um eine angemessene Anzahl von Proben für statistische Analysen zu erhalten.
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of thin, parallel-sided sections of undecalcified bone of known thickness for quantitative auto- and micro-radiography is described. To overcome the tendency of the bone to fracture when stressed, it is essential that the fixed sample of bone should be adequately penetrated by the embedding material and that the mounting material should not contract away from the edge of the bone. Minimum stress must be applied to the sample when cutting or the bone may be shattered. The method described, using a gravity feed to a low speed circular saw, has been found to be suitable. Final polishing of the surfaces of the specimen was carried out on a modified lapping machine. Large numbers of sections can be prepared in a relatively short time by the method and this is essential to obtain an adequate number of samples for statistical analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Bone ; Erosion ; Haversian system ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Par marquagein vivo à la tétracycline et analyse histologique de coupes non décalcifiées d'os cortical, la vitesse moyenne d'érosion des fronts ostéoclastiques (cones coupants) de systèmes de Havers a été mesurée. Cette vitesse traduit la fonction d'ostéoclastes isolés dans le cône coupant et est l'inverse de la vitesse d'apposition (l'épaisseur de l'os déposé par une couche unique d'ostéoblastes par unité de temps). Au niveau de cinquante trois zones de remaniements haversiens, dans plusieurs coupes de quatre côtes différentes de trois chiens adultes, la vitesse longitudinale d'érosion (dans la direction de l'axe longitudinal de l'ostéone) est d'environ 39±14 μ/jour, alors que la vitesse d'érosion radiaire, c'est-á-dire l'élargissement centrifuge du sommet du cône coupant vers son plus large diamètre, est d'environ 7.1±3μ/jour. Etant donné que la dynamique du remaniement osseux lamellaire de l'homme et du chien est très semblable, ces résultats peuvent aussi être appliqués á l'homme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurdenin vivo Tetracylin-Markierung und histologische Analyse von unentkalkten Corticalis-Längsschnitten verwendet, um die durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit zu messen, mit der die Osteoclastenkegel (cutting cones) der sich entwickelten havers'schen Systeme im Knochen vorrücken. Diese Geschwindigkeit reflektiert die Resorptionstätigkeit eines einzelnen Osteoclasten, im Gegensatz zu Appositionsrate, welche die Intensität der Matrixproduktion durch die Osteoblasten in einer bestimmten Zeitspanne angibt. Bei 53 im Umbau begriffenen Havers'schen Systemen in mehreren Schnitten von vier verschiedenen Rippen dreier erwachsener Hunde war die durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit des longitudinalen Vorrückens 39±14μ/Tag, während die durchschnittliche Erweiterung des Durchmessers an der Spitze des Resorptionskanales einen Betrat von 7.1±3 μ/Tag ausmachte. Da die Dynamik der Umbauvorgänge im kompakten Lamellenknochen bei Hund und Mensch vergleichbar ist, kann angenommen werden, daß die ermittelten Werte auch für den Menschen zutreffend sind.
    Notes: Abstract Using tetracycline labellingin vivo and histological analysis of undecalcified longitudinal sections of cortical bone, the average speed was measured with which osteoclastic fronts (cutting cones) of the evolving Haversian systems erode bone. This speed reflects the function of the individual osteoclasts within the cutting cone and is opposite to the appositional rate (the thickness of bone deposited by a monolayer of osteoblasts in unit time). In fifty-three Haversian remodeling sites in several sections from four different ribs of three adult dogs, the longitudinal erosion rate (in the direction of long axis of the osteon) averaged 39±14 μ/day, whereas the radial erosion rate, that is the centrifugal enlargement from the tip of the cutting cone to its largest diameter, averaged 7.1±3 μ/day. Since human and canine lamellar bone remodeling dynamics appear closely similar, the estimates in this study may also apply to man.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 142-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Collagenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la collagénase osseuse de souris, une collagénase tissulaire spécifique, est isolée du milieu de culture tissulaire d'un tibia de souris de 5 jours. En combinant une précipitation de (NH4)2SO4, une filtration moléculaire sur tamis et la chromatographie par échangeurs d'ions, on obtient une fraction d'un rendement d'environ 11%, qui possède une activité enzymatique spécifique 120 fois plus élevée que l'extrait original total. Le poids moléculaire de la fraction, contenant l'activité enzymatique, est d'environ 41000, en se basant sur des études de filtration par tamis moléculaire calibré. Il existe au moins deux fractions principales distinctes et une fraction plus faible, ayant des activités en collagénase et des points isoélectriques distincts. Il n'est pas démontré que ces fractions constituent des isoenzymes de l'os ou de l'os et du cartilage, ou sont dérivés d'une seule enzyme, peu dégradée par l'extraction et la purification. L'activité de la collagénase est inhibée par l'EDTA, la cystéine, le sérum de cheval; mais elle résiste au fluorure de phénylméthyle-sulfonyle, à l'acide epsilon aminocaproique et à l'inhibiteur de trypsine de graine de soja.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase, eine spezifische Gewebe-Kollagenase, wurde aus Gewebekulturmedien von 5 Tage alten Mäusetibiae isoliert. Durch eine Kombination von (NH4)2SO4-Ausfällung, Gelfiltration und Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie wurde mit ungefähr 11% Ausbeute eine Fraktion erhalten, die eine spezifische Enzymaktivität besaß, welche 120mal größer war als diejenige des ursprünglichen unbehandelten Extraktes. Das Molekulargewicht der die Enzymaktivität enthaltenden Fraktion war ungefähr 41000, was durch kalibrierte Gelfiltrations-Untersuchungen bestimmt wurde. Mindestens zwei verschiedene Hauptfraktionen und eine kleinere Fraktion mit Kollagenaseaktivität wurden erhalten, welche verschiedene isoelektrische Punkte hatten. Es ist unklar, ob diese Fraktionen Isoenzyme aus Knochen oder aus Knochen und Knorpel darstellen, oder ob sie von einem einzelnen Enzym stammen, welches durch die verwendeten Extraktions- und Reinigungstechniken minimal degradiert wurde. Die Kollagenaseaktivität wurde durch EDTA, Cystein und Pferdeserum gehemmt, nicht aber durch Phenylmethylsulfonylfluorid, Epsilon-amino-capronsäure oder Soyabohnen-Trypsin-Hemmer.
    Notes: Abstract Mouse bone collagenase, a specific tissue collagenase, was isolated from the tissue culture media of 5 day old mouse tibiae. By a combination of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, molecular sieve filtration and ion exchange chromatography a fraction was obtained with a yield of approximately 11% which had a specific enzyme activity 120-fold greater than the original crude extract. The molecular weight of the fraction containing the enzyme activity was approximately 41000 as determined by calibrated molecular sieve filtration studies. There were at least two distinct major fractions and one minor fraction possessing collagenase activity which had distinct isoelectric points. It is not clear whether these fractions represent isoenzymes from bone or from bone and cartilage, or are derived from a single enzyme which has been minimally degraded by the extraction and purification techniques used. Collagenase activity was inhibited by EDTA, cysteine and horse serum, but not by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, epsilon amino caproic acid or soybean trypsin inhibitor.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les concentrations de pyrophosphate inorganiques (PPi), d'orthophosphate et de calcium ont été déterminées dans le cartilage au repos, en prolifération, hypertrophique et calcifié au niveau d'épiphyses foetales de veaux et aussi dans l'os spongieux, périosté et compact. Dans les échantillons de cartilage, le contenu en PPi augmente progressivement dans l'ordre énoncé ci-dessus, de 8.59 μg P/g en poids sec de cartilage au repos à 236 μg P/g en poids sec dans le cartilage calcifié. Cependant, le rapport PPi sur orthophosphate suit une relation inverse: il est plus élevé dans la zone de repos et diminue considérablement lorsque le tissu se calcifie. Le rôle possible du PPi, en inhibant la précipitation de phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) et en ralentissant la transformation d'ACP en hydroxyleapatite (HA) dans les tissus calcifiés, est envisagé par rapport à d'autres facteurs, tels que le collagène, le magnésium, les phospholipides et les protéines-polysaccharides, qui peuvent aussi intervenirin vivo. Pour l'instant, aucun facteur isolé ne peut être considéré comme un régulateur physiologique certain.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt an anorganischem Pyrophosphat (PPi), Orthophosphat und Calcium wurde in ruhendem, proliferierendem, hypertrophischem und verkalktem Knorpel von foetalen Kalbsepiphysen und auch in spongiösem, periostalem und kompaktem Knochen gemessen. Bei den Knorpelproben nahm der Gehalt an PPi progressiv in der oben angegebenen Reihenfolge zu: von 8,59 μg P/g Trockengewicht in ruhendem Knorpel bis zu 236 μg P/g Trockengewicht in verkalktem Knorpel. Das PPi/Orthophosphat-Verhältnis hingegen verlief in umgekehrter Richtung; es war am höchsten in der ruhenden Zone und nahm dramatisch ab, wenn das Gewebe verkalkte. Die mögliche Rolle von PPi bei der Hemmung der Ausfällung von amorphem Calciumphosphat (ACP) und bei der Verlangsamung der Umwandlung von ACP in Hydroxyapatit (HA) in verkalkenden Geweben wird in bezug auf folgende anderen Faktoren, welche den Vorgang in vivo ebenfalls beieinflussen könnten, diskutiert: Collagen, Magnesium, Phospholipide und Proteinpolysaccharide. Bis jetzt war es nicht möglich, einen einzelnen Faktor als sicheren physiologischen Regulator zu identifizieren.
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), orthophosphate and calcium have been measured in resting, proliferating, hypertrophic and calcified cartilage from foetal calf epiphyses and also in cancellous, periosteal and compact bone. In the cartilage samples, the content of PPi increased progressively in the order named above, from values of 8.59 μg P/g dry weight in resting cartilage to 236 μg P/g dry weight in calcified cartilage. However, the ratio of PPi to orthophosphate followed the reverse relationship and was highest in the resting zone and fell dramatically as the tissue calcified. The possible role of PPi in inhibiting the precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and in the slowing the transformation of ACP to hydroxyapatite (HA) in calcifying tissues is discussed in relation to other factors, such as collagen, magnesium, phospholipids and proteinpolysaccharides, which might also influence the processin vivo. At present, no single factor can be identified as a proven physiological regulator.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 252-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Volume ; Mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 238-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Bone ; Rat ; Tetracycline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de croissance normale en longueur de la métaphyse proximale du tibia est déterminée chez le rat Sprague-Dawley entre les âges de 20 et 100 jours, en utilisant la méthode à la tétracycline. Le taux de croissance ne varie que légèrement dans les groupes d'âges différents. Il est plus élevé chez les animaux jeunes et décroit considérablement en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge. Les rats mâles présentent une croissance plus élevée que les femelles. Cette étude a pour but de mettre au point une méthode permettant de déterminer les facteurs expérimentaux, liés à la croissance en longueur du rat.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die normale Längenwachstums-Geschwindigkeit der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia wurde bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in einem Alter zwischen 20 und 100 Tagen mittels der Tetracyclinmethode gemessen. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit variierte nur wenig innerhalb der einzelnen Altersgruppen. Die Geschwindigkeit war bei jungen Tieren am höchsten und nahm mit zunehmendem Alter beträchtlich ab. Männliche Ratten wuchsen schneller als weibliche. Diese Arbeit dient als Grundlage, um die experimentelle Beeinflussung des Längenwachstums der Ratte abschätzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of normal growth in length from the proximal growth plate of the tibia in the Sprague-Dawley rat was measured between 20 and 100 days of age using the tetracycline method. The growth rate varied only slightly within different age groups. The rate was highest in young animals and decreased considerably with increasing age. Male rats grew faster than female. This study is intended to provide a base for an evaluation of experimental influence on the growth in length of the rat.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Metacarpal ; Morphometry ; Density ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les longueurs, les volumes extérieurs et les poids de 45 seconds métacarpes, déssèchés et nettoyés, sont déterminés. Les largeurs totales et médullaires de la diaphyse sont mesurées sur des radiographies antéro-postérieurs. le volume cortical, le volume externe et le poids de cendres de la diaphyse, d'une longueur de 1 cm, sont aussi déterminés. A partir des mesures morphométriques, les estimations des propriétés géométriques et densitométriques de la diaphyse et de l'os total sont analysées. Quelques estimations des propriétés géométriques ont pu être étudiées en estiamnt que la diaphyse du métacarpe est un cylindre. Les rapports entre les estimations et les propriétés géométriques et densitométriques sont envisagés et l'exactitude d'un modèle cylindrique est évaluée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Länge, äußerer Umfang und Gewicht von 45 sauberen, trockenen zweiten Metacarpalknochen wurden bestimmt. Die totale Breite und die Markhöhlenbreite des mittleren Schaftes wurden mit posterior-anterioren Röntgenaufnahmen gemessen. Corticaler und äußerer Umfang und Aschgewicht eines 1 cm langen Stückes vom Schaft jedes Knochens wurden ebenfalls gemessen. Mittels morphometrischer Messungen wurden Schätzungen der geometrischen und densitometrischen Eigenschaften der Mittelschaftregion und des ganzen Knochens berechnet. Einige Schätzungen der geometrischen Eigenschaften wurden abgeleitet unter der Annahme, daß der metacarpale Schaft ein Zylinder ist. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Schätzungen und den geometrischen und densitometrischen Eigenschaften selbst wurden untersucht, und die Gültigkeit des Zylindermodelles wurde geprüft.
    Notes: Abstract The lengths, external volumes and weights of 45 clean, dry, second metacarpals were determined. The midshaft total and medullary widths were measured on postero-anterior radiographs. The cortical volume, external volume and ash weight of a 1 cm length of the shaft of each bone were also measured. From the morphometric measurements estimators of the geometric and densitometric properties of the midshaft section and of the whole bone were computed. Some estimators of the geometric properties were derived on the assumption that the metacarpal shaft is a cylinder. The relationships between the estimators and the geometric and densitometric properties themselves were examined and the validity of the cylinder model was explored.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Arthritis ; Phosphonates ; Bone ; Resorption ; Pathology ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'adjuvant de Freund, constitué deMycobacterium butyricum tués, en suspension dans de l'huile minérale, provoque une arthrite chez les rats qui rappelle certaines formes d'arthrites chez l'Homme. L'arthrite comporte une inflammation de tissu mou, une formation de pannus et deux ostéopathies distinctes, une résorption ossuse accélérée et une formation anormale d'os périarticulaire. L'étidronate disodique, administré à raison de 4 mg/kg/jour par voie cutanée, à partir de l'injection de l'adjuvant, inhibe nettement la résorption osseuse, la formation de pannus, l'érosion inflammatoire de cartilage et la formation d'os pathologique, en rapport avec l'adjuvant. Après arrêt du traitement à l'étidronate disodique, la formationd'os pathologique devient visible radiographiquement deux semaines après l'arrêt du traitement. Le rôle de l'étidronate disodique sur la régulation de la résorption osseuse et sur la concentration du calcium et du phosphate, dans les tissus environnants, ainsi que les rapports des phénomènes arthritiques avec ce type d'expérience sont envisagés. Les résultats suggèrent la possibilité de l'emploi de l'étidronate disodique dans certaines formes d'arthrites humaines.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Freund's Adjuvans, das aus abgetötetem und in Mineralöl suspendiertem Mycobacterium butyricum besteht, verursacht bei Ratten eine arthritische Reaktion, welche gewissen Arthritisformen beim Menschen ähnlich ist. Die arthritische Reaktion besteht in einer Entzündung der Weichteile, einer Pannusbildung und zwei verschiedenen Osteopathien, ferner in einer beschleunigten Knochenresorption und einer abnormen periartikulären Knochenbildung. Wird gleichzeitig mit der Verabreichung des Adjuvans Dinatriumetidronat in einer Dosis von 4 mg/kg/Tag subcutan gegeben, so werden sowohl die Knochenresorption, als auch die Pannusbildung, die entzündliche Knorpelerosion und die mit der Adjuvansgabe verbundene pathologische Knochenbildung merklich gehemmt. Wurde die Dinatriumetidronat-Behandlung abgebrochen, so wurde die pathologische Knochenbildung innerhalb 2 Wochen nach Behandlungsabbruch röntgenologisch sichtbar. Die Kontrollfunktion des Dinatriumetidronates bei der Knochenresorption und bei der Calcium- und Phosphatkonzentration in den umliegenden Geweben, sowie die Beziehung dieser Substanz zu den arthritischen Prozessen, wie sie bei diesem Rattenversuch vorliegen, werden besprochen. Auf Grund dieser Resultate ist eine potentielle Anwendung des Dinatriumetidronates bei gewissen Formen der menschlichen Arthritis denkbar.
    Notes: Abstract Freund's Adjuvant, consisting of deadMycobacterium butyricum suspended in mineral oil, produces an arthritic response in rats which resembles certain forms of arthritis in man. The arthritic response consists of soft tissue inflammation, pannus formation and two separate osteopathies; accelerated bone resorption and abnormal periarticular bone formation. Disodium etidronate administered at 4 mg/kg/day subcutaneously from the time of adjuvant injection markedly inhibited bone resorption, pannus formation, inflammatory erosion of cartilage, and the pathologic bone formation associated with the adjuvant model. When the disodium etidronate treatments were discontinued, the pathologic bone formation became radiologically visible within two weeks after cessation of treatment. The role of disodium etidronate in controlling bone resorption and surrounding tissue concentration of calcium and phosphate and the relation to arthritic processes in this rat model are discussed. The data suggest a potential use of disodium etidronate in some forms of human arthritis.
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  • 11
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    Research in experimental medicine 159 (1972), S. 114-123 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Scalds ; Local cooling ; Rat ; Quantity of leucocytes ; Verbrühung ; Lokale Kühlung ; Ratte ; Verhalten der Leukocyten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen an Ratten ergaben folgende Befunde: 1. Sofortige lokale Kühlung nach der Verbrühung beeinflußt bei der Ratte im untersuchten Zeitraum von 15 Tagen den Verlauf der Erkrankung gemessen am Parameter der Leukocytenzahl. 2. Die Kühlungszeit muß ausreichend lang sein. 3. Die Kühlung muß früh genug einsetzen, beim Versuchstier Ratte innerhalb 5 min nach Verbrühung. 4. Bei verspätetem Kühlungsbeginn läßt sich auch durch Verlängerung der Kühlungsdauer das Verhalten der Leukocytenzahl im Ablauf des Krankheitsgeschehens nach Verbrühung nicht beeinflussen.
    Notes: Summary Following results are obtained in experiments with rats: Immediate local cooling after scald had a significant influence on progress of “burn-disease”. Time for local cooling must be long enough, onset of local cooling early enough. It is not possible to restore the consequences of a late onset by prolongation of cooling.
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  • 12
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 301-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Brain ; Ontogeny ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early ontogeny of the monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain has been analysed using Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal sections of embryos with a crown rump length between 7 and 13 mm, approximately corresponding to gestational days 12 to 15 were obtained from mothers treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor given in order to increase the monoamine levels of the embryos. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-neurons made their first appearance in the 8 mm embryo, dopamine (DA)-neurons in the 9 mm embryo, and noradrenaline (NA)-neurons in the 11 mm embryo. Small, rounded, weakly fluorescent cell bodies forming sparse aggregations appeared first. Fluorescent processes of two types soon appeared. Short processes from the cell bodies were running perpendicular to the long axis of the brain stem within the cell groups, while long slender axon bundles could be traced ascending through the met- and mesencephalon and into the prosencephalon as well as descending in the myelencephalon andspinal cord. In the 12 mm embryo the primordial DA cell formation of the substantia nigra with its striatal projections, the 5-HT neuron formations of the caudal mesencephalon, met- and myelencephalon as well as the NA neurons of the met- and myelencephalon are relatively well developed. It is concluded that the monoamine-neurons develop mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines at a very early stage during ontogeny, thus recapitulating the phylogeny of these old systems. Likewise, monoamine oxidase is present early. The presence of neurotransmitters specifying the different developing neurons long before development of their nerve terminal areas and therefore before the establishment of normal synaptic function may indicate a role of these substances during ontogeny other than transmission of nerve impulses.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Cold ; Pineal gland ; Synaptic vesicles ; Zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den synaptischen Bläschen der Nervenendigungen der Epiphyse von Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage einer Temperatur von −6° bis −8°C ausgesetzt worden waren, hat man eine signifikante Vermehrung des Zinkjodid-Osmiumtetroxyd (ZIO) reaktiven Materials festgestellt. Der durchschnittliche Durchmesser der ZIO-positiven synaptischen Vesiculae betrug bei den Kontrollratten 234 Å und bei den Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage unter der Kälte gelebt hatten, 380 Å, bzw. 379 Å. Die ZIO-Reaktion war bei den Kontrollratten in 49,3% der synaptischen Vesiculae positiv, nach zweitägiger Kälteeinwirkung waren 58,7% und nach viertägiger Kälteeinwirkung 72,1% der synaptischen Vesiculae ZIO-positiv. Auf Grund der vorliegenden Arbeit war es jedoch nicht möglich zu entscheiden, ob die Vermehrung des ZIO-reaktiven Materials mit einer gleichzeitigen Zunahme der biogenen Amine verbunden ist.
    Notes: Summary In the synaptic vesicles of pineal nerve endings of Wistar rats exposed for 2 and 4 days to a temperature of −6° to −8° C, a significant increase of the zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reactive material was observed. The mean diameter of ZIO reactive synaptic vesicles of control rats was 234 Å; in rats exposed to cold for 2 and 4 days it was 380 Å, respectively 379 Å. In control rats the ZIO reaction was positive in 49,3% of the synaptic vesicles. The reactivity increased to 58,7% in rats exposed to cold for 2 days, and to 72,1% in rats exposed to cold for 4 days. However, the results of the present study do not permit to conclude if an increase of ZIO reactive material is accompanied by a simultaneuos increase of biogenic amines.
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  • 14
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Median eminence ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Zona externa infundibuli der normalen Ratte kommen geringe Mengen „Gomori-positiver” Granula vor. Nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie erfolgt eine Vermehrung der Granula, die sich durch Gabe von Hydrocortison einschränken oder verhindern läßt. Dieser Befund hat zu der Annahme geführt, daß die Granula das morphologische Äquivalent des Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) darstellen. Morphometrische Untersuchungen an 160 weiblichen Wistarratten zeigen, daß die Menge der nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie in der Zona externa infundibuli nachweisbaren „Gomori-positive” Granula von der postoperative Überlebensdauer abhängt. Die Granulamenge nimmt zunächst bis zum 14. Tag p.o. zu und fällt dann wieder ab. Substitution bilateral adrenalektomierter Ratten mit Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension bewirkt eine dosisabhängige Verminderung der Granulamenge, wenn die Behandlung am Operationstag begonnen wird. Applikation von Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension vom 14.–21. Tag p.o. führt dagegen zu einer gesteigerten Granulavermehrung. Auch bei stärkster Vermehrung sind die Granula stets nur im Infundibulum und nicht in anderen Bereichen des Hypothalamus nachweisbar. Sie besitzen bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Tieren ein charakteristisches Verteilungsmuster mit besonders hohen Konzentrationen in den paramedianen Abschnitten des rostralen Infundibulumdrittels. Aus der Art und Weise ihrer Verteilung ist zu vermuten, daß die Granula 2 Nervenfaserzügen angehören und ein Neurosekret darstellen. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen besteht zwischen dem Verhalten der „Gomori-positiven” Granula in der Zona externa infundibuli und dem aus pharmakologischen Untersuchungen bekannten Verhalten des Corticotropin-releasing factor eine weitgehende Parallelität. Sie legt nahe, die Menge der Granula als Parameter der CRF-Aktivität zu verwenden.
    Notes: Summary In the zona externa infundibuli (outer layer of the median eminence) of the normal rat a minute number of “Gomori-positive” granules can be detected. Following bilateral adrenalectomy their number increases. This augmentation can be restricted or inhibited by administration of hydrocortisone, a finding, which has led to the assumption that the granules are the morphological equivalent of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Morphometrical studies on 160 female Wistar rats show that following bilateral adrenalectomy the quantity of “Gomori-positive” granules is dependent on the length of the post-operative survival period. Up to the 14th day p.o. the quantity of granules increases; from then on it diminishes. Substitution of bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension results in a dose-dependent decrease in the quantity of granules if treatment is begun on the day of operation. In contrast, administration of hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension from the 14th to the 21st day p.o. results in increased augmentation of the granules. Even when maximum augmentation of the granules is reached, they are invariably found only in the infundibulum and not in other regions of the hypothalamus. In animals that have been subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy, the granules show a characteristic pattern of distribution, with particularly high concentrations in the paramedian parts of the rostral third of the infundibulum. The manner in which the granules are distributed suggests that they are a neurosecretory substance localized in two fibre tracts. The present study points to a close parallelism between the behaviour of the “Gomori-positive” granules in the zona externa infundibuli and that of the corticotropin-releasing factor as revealed by pharmacological investigations. It would seem that the quantity of granules can be used as a parameter of CRF activity.
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  • 15
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    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neurogenesis ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Time of origin of various neuronal elements in the cerebellum of rat was established with the aid of tritiated-thymidine-autoradiography. The earliest nerve cells to form were the Purkinje cells, and they came into existence on days 15 and 16 of gestation. Interstitial nerve cells had their genesis on days 15, 16, 17 and 18, and the marginal cells on day 16 of the embryonic development. The Golgi cells were found to come into existence on days 17, 18 and 19 of gestation. On day 21 of gestation a number of small-medium-sized nerve cells, which were smaller than the Golgi cells but larger than the granule cells, were seen to come into existence. Finally, the earliest stock of granule, basket and stellate cells, primarily in the nodulus, flocculus and para-flocculus, were observed to have been formed on the day 21 of embryogenesis.
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  • 16
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 269-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: l-DOPA ; Neoplasm, Striatal ; Motor Behavior ; Rat ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After administration ofl-DOPA to a rat with a unilateral striatal neoplasm of the nucleus caudatus-putamen, postural asymmetries and rotating behavior were observed. These observations are discussed in relation to the activity of catecholamines within the central nervous system.
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  • 17
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS Tumours ; N-Nitrosomethylurea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Cell Culture ; Clonal Growth ; Aggregation Pattern ; Transplantation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two sarcomas, one neurosarcoma and one polymorphous tumour of uncertain classification of the central nervous system of the rat induced by N-nitrosomethylurea or ethylnitrosourea were the source of 14 clones. The cytomorphology and the aggregation pattern of the clonesin vitro are described. The malignancy and histology were checked by homologous transplantation. All the clones formed sarcoma-like structuresin vivo, but it was difficult to decide whether these neoplasias were real sarcomas or very dedifferentiated glial tumours. The differences in cytology observedin vitro were greater than the histological differencesin vivo.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Diet ; Collagen ; Hexosamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une fluorose squelettique est induite chez des lapins soumis à des régimes adéquates et faibles en calcium. Les lapins soumis à un régime pauvre en calcium sont plus sensibles à l'intoxication fluorée, ainsi que le démontre les exostoses et la rétention plus élvée de fluor du fémur. La matrice collagène de l'os et la synthèse de l'hexosamine, étudiée par l'incorporation de proline (U)14C dans le collagène et de glucose (1)14C dans l'hexosamine, ne semblent pas affecter par le fluor et par la concentration de calcium dans le régime des lapins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Skelettfluorose wurde bei Kaninchen hervorgerufen, welche ausreichende und niedrige Calciumdiäten erhielten. Kaninchen mit einem niedrigen Calciumgehalt in der Nahrung entwickelten eine stärkere Fluoridintoxikation, was sich durch Exostosebildung und höhere Fluoridretention in den Femora zeigte. Die Synthese des Knochenmatirx-Collagens und der Hexosamine [untersucht mittels Einbau von Prolin (U)14C in Collagen und Glukose (1)14C in Hexosamin] wurde weder durch Fluorid noch durch den Calciumgehalt der Kaninchen-Nahrung beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract Skeletal fluorosis was induced in rabbits fed adequate and low calcium diets. Rabbits on a low calcium diet were found to suffer more from fluoride intoxication as evidenced by exostosis formation and higher retention of fluoride in the femora. Bone matrix collagen and hexosamine synthesis assessed by14C-proline (U) incorporation into collagen and14C-glucose (1) into hexosamine were found to be unaffected by the fluoride as well as by the level of calcium in the diets of rabbits.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Microradiography ; Parturition ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypervitaminosis D ; Adult ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microradiographique et histologique de l'os cortical et spongieux a permis de mettre en évidence des remaniements peu profonds chez des vaches, présentant une sévère hypocalcémie et des parésies peu avant la mise à bas. Les surfaces de l'os spongieux et haversien apparaissent inactives et identiques à des coupes de vaches non pleines ou ne fournissant pas de lait. Les surfaces inactives sont lisses et bordées par une zone de radiodensité augmentée. L'absence de réponse ostéoclastique n'est pas due à l'accumulation de tissu ostéoide le long des surfaces d'os haversien et spongieux. La lactation est associée à une augmentation triple de la résorption de l'os spongieux de 7 à 10 jours post-partum chez les vaches témoins. En soumettant les vaches à un régime pauvre en calcium pendant 30 jours, on observe une hypocalcémie significative et une augmentation double de la résorption osseuse. L'adjonction de doses pharmacologiques de vitamine D (30 millions d'unités par jour), du 20ème au 30ème jour de l'administration du régime pauvre en calcium provoque une résorption osseuse additionnelle (environ quintuplée), surtout à la surface de l'os spongieux. L'adjonction de vitamine D empêche le développement de l'hypocalcémie, mais ne produit pas une hypercalcémie décelable. Des concentrations identiques de vitamine D, administrées, pendant 3 à 10 jours, à des vaches, ingérant du calcium et du phosphore à doses normales, provoquent une hypercalcémie et des lacunes de résorption de l'os cortical. La vitamine D semble plus efficace que les régimes pauvres en calcium pour agir sur l'homéostasie du calcium, en modifiant le métabolisme squelettique des vaches adultes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch mikroradiographische und histologische Bestimmungen des kortikalen und trabekulären Knochens konnte ein niedriger Knochenumsatz bei Kühen nachgewiesen werden, die kurz vor dem Kalbern ein Syndrom von schwerer Hypocalcaemie und Parese entwickelten. Die trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen schienen inaktiv und sahen Schnitten von nicht säugenden und nicht trächtigen Kühen ähnlich. Die inaktiven Oberflächen waren glatt und von einer Zone erhöhter Röntgendichte umgeben. Der Ausfall der Osteoklastenreaktion beruhte nicht auf einer Anhäufung von Osteoid längs der trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen. Während der Laktation nahm die Resorption des trabekulären Knochens vom siebten bis zum zehnten Tag postpartum bei Kontrollkühen um das Dreifache zu. Wurden die Kühe während 30 Tagen mit einer calciumarmen Diät gefüttert, so entstanden eine signifikante Hypocalcaemie und eine zweifache Zunahme der Knochenresorption. Wurde vom 20. bis 30. Tag der calciumarmen Diätperiode Vitamin D in pharmakologischen Dosen (30 Millionen Einheiten pro Tag) zugesetzt, so erhöhte sich die Knochenresorption noch mehr (ungefähr um das Fünffache), vor allem längs der trabekulären Oberflächen. Das zugesetzte Vitamin D verhinderte die Bildung einer Hypocalcaemie, verursachte jedoch keine nachweisbare Hypercalcaemie. Gleiche Vitamin D-Dosen, die während 3 bis 10 Tagen an Kühe mit einer normalen Calcium- und Phosphateinnahme abgegeben wurden, verursachten eine Hypercalcaemie und zahlreiche Resorptionsräume im kortikalen Knochen. Es scheint, daß Vitamin D wirksamer ist als eine calciumarme Diät in der Beeinflussung der Calciumhomöostase durch Veränderung des Skelettmetabolismus bei ausgewachsenen Kühen.
    Notes: Abstract Microradiographic and histologic evaluation of cortical and trabecular bone revealed a low turnover in cows which developed a syndrome of profound hypocalcemia and paresis near parturition. Trabecular and Haversian surfaces appeared inactive and were similar to sections from nonlactating-nonpregnant cows. The inactive surfaces were smooth and bordered by a zone of increased radiodensity. The failure of osteoclastic response was not due to the accumulation of osteoid along trabecular and Haversian surfaces. Lactation was associated with a threefold increase in resorption of trabecular bone at 7 to 10 days postpartum in control cows. Feeding a calcium-deficient diet to cows for 30 days resulted in a significant hypocalcemia and a twofold increase in bone resorption. The addition of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D (30 million units daily) from the 20th to 30th day of feeding the calcium-deficient diet further increased bone resorption (approximately fivefold), primarily along trabecular surfaces. The added vitamin D prevented hypocalcemia but did not produce a detectable hypercalcemia. Similar levels of vitamin D administered for 3 to 10 days to cows with a normal calcium and phosphorus intake resulted in hypercalcemia and numerous resorption spaces in cortical bone. Vitamin D appeared to be more effective than calcium-deficient diets in influencing calcium homeostasis by altering skeletal metabolism in adult cows.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Remodeling ; Connective tissue ; Tetracycline ; Fibula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude a pour but de déterminer si l'activité métabolique de segments homotypiques de péronés de chien peut être comparée au cours d'une période de trente jours. On a analysé la porosité, la formation simultanée, la résorption et l'apposition. Les examens sont effectués sur des coupes sériées l'aide de la microradiographie et la tétracycline. La distribution dans l'espace de ces divers remaniements est étudiée en construisant des modèles tridimensionnels. Les conclusions suivantes ont pu être tirées: 1. les différences moyennes entre les segments de péronés de chien homotypiques sont moins élevées que les différences moyennes entre les zones hétérotypiques. 2. Le choix de zones homotypiques de péronés comme témoins devrait être limité à des recherches au cours desquelles les différences à mettre en évidence sont plus élevées de 4% pour l'apposition, 2% pour la résorption, 0,6% pour la porosité et 2% pour la formation simultanée. 3. Des quatre paramètres mesurés, la porosité est le plus constant, ne présentant pas de différences significatives entre des segments symétriques. 4. Les corrélations effectuées montrent l'intérêt de l'utilisation de coupes sériées. 5. La résorption physiologique ne s'observe pas exclusivement au niveau de l'os âgé. 6. Les zones d'activité métabolique sont surtout localisées dans certains ostéones, situés surtout en périphérie, et de façon identique au niveau de segments symétriques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung war, zu bestimmen, ob in einem Zeitraum von 30 Tagen ein zuverlässiger Vergleich der metabolischen Aktivität zwischen homotypischen Segmenten von Hundefibulae möglich ist. Folgende Aktivitäten wurden untersucht: kumulative Knochenbildung, Porosität, Resorption und Apposition. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten in benachbarten Gewebeabschnitten mittels mikroradiographischer und Tetrazyklintechnik. Die räumliche Anordnung dieser verschiedenen Aktivitäten wurde durch die Erstellung eines dreidimensionalen Modelles untersucht. Die Ergebnisse erlaubten folgende Schlußfolgerungen: 1. die durchschnittlichen Unterschiede zwischen homotypischen Hundefibulasegmenten sind viel kleiner als diejenigen zwischen heterotypischen Segmenten; 2. die Verwendung von homotypischen Fibulasegmenten als zuverlässige Kontrollen sollte auf die Untersuchungen beschränkt werden, bei welchen die Unterschiede mindestens über 4% (Apposition), 2% (Resorption), 0,6% (Porosität) und 2% (kumulative Knochenbildung) liegen; 3. von den vier gemessenen Parametern war die Porosität am konstantesten; es zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Spiegelsegmenten; 4. zeitliche Korrelationen betonen die Wichtigkeit, alle zugänglichen benachbarten Abschnitte in einer einzelnen Fibula zu verwenden; 5. physiologische Resorption erfolgte nicht nur in alten Knochen; 6. die Zentren metabolischer Aktivität wurden hauptsächlich in spezifisch aktiven Osteonen gefunden, welche vor allem in der Peripherie verteilt waren und zwar in einer auffallend zwischen Spiegelsegmenten übereinstimmenden Anordnung.
    Notes: Abstract This investigation was undertaken to determine if the metabolic activity of homotypic segments of dog fibulae could be reliably compared in a thirty day period. Activities analyzed were: cumulative formation, porosity, resorption and apposition. Analyses were performed on contiguous tissue sections using microradiographic and tetracycline techniques. Spatial arrangements of the various activities were analyzed by constructing three dimensional models. The data permitted the following conclusions: 1) The mean differences between dog homotypic fibular segments are much smaller than the mean differences between heterotypic sites. 2) The use of homotypic fibular sites as valid controls should be limited to investigations in which the differences worth detecting are at least greater than 4% (apposition), 2% (resorption), 0.6% (porosity), and 2% (cumulative formation). 3) Of the four parameters measured, porosity was the most constant, showing no significant differences between mirror segments. 4) Lag correlations emphasize the importance of utilizing all available contiguous sections in a given specimen. 5) Physiologic resorption was not exclusive in old bone. 6) The sites of metabolic activity were predominantly found among specific active osteons which were primarily distributed peripherally in a strikingly similar pattern between mirror segments.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Calcification ; Mitochondria ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Quatre vingt quinze pour cent du total du calcium et phosphate d'homogénats cellulaires, isolés mécaniquement de l'os, sédimentent avec des particules sub-cellulaires par centrifugation à 15000×G. Une méthode, destinée à isoler et à purifier partiellement cette fraction, riche en calcium, est mise au point par digestion enzymatique avec de la désoxyribonucléase et ultracentrifugation dans 70% de saccharose. Le fragment obtenu contient 10% de produit minéral, sous forme de complexe calcium-phosphate, et des protéines et lipides. Des quantités importantes de phospholipides et RNA sont notées, ainsi que des quantités faibles d'hexosamine et d'acide sialique. Les essais enzymatiques et la microscopie électronique indiquent que la fraction contient plusieurs types différents de particules cytophoniques, mais leur contenu en calcium n'a pu être déterminé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde festgestellt, daß 95% des gesamten Calcium-und Phosphatgehaltes in Zellhomogenaten, welche mechanisch aus Knochen isoliert wurden, mit subzellulären Teilchen in einem Zentrifugenfeld von 15000×G sedimentieren. Zur Isolation und teilweisen Reinigung dieser calciumreichen Fraktion wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die auf enzymatischer Verdauung mit Desoxyribonuclease und Ultrazentrifugation mittels 70% Sucrose basiert. Der entstandene Niederschlag enthielt 10% Mineral, der in Form eines Calciumphosphat-Komplexes vorlag und einen hohen Gehalt an Protein und Lipid aufwies. Es fanden sich ferner signifikante Mengen von Phospholipid und RNS, dagegen nur kleine Mengen von Hexosamin und Sialsäure. Enzymbestimmungen und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß die gefundene Fraktion mehrere, sich voneinander unterscheidende Typen von Cytoplasmapartikeln enthielt; ihr Calciumgehalt konnte jedoch anhand der verfügbaren Resultate nicht bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-five percent of the total calcium and phosphate in homogenates of cells isolated mechanically from bone was found to sediment with subcellular particles in a centrifugal field of 15000×G. A method was devised for the isolation and partial purification of this calcium-rich fraction by enzymatic digestion with deoxyribonuclease and ultracentrifugation through 70% sucrose. The resultant pellet was 10% mineral, present as some form of calcium-phosphate complex, and was rich in protein and lipid. Significant amounts of phospholipid and RNA were present also, but only small amounts of hexosamine and sialic acid. Enzyme assays and electron microscopy indicated that the fraction contained several different types of cytoplasmic particles but those which contained calcium could not be determined from available data.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 39-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fluoride ; Absorption ; Bone ; Blood ; Skeleton ; Deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'absorption, les concentrations sanguines et osseuses du fluor (F) et du calcium (Ca), à partir de mélanges de monofluorophosphate de sodium (Na2PO3F) et de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc), ont été étudiées chez le rat dans diverses conditions expérimentales. Lorsque Na2PO3F et CaCluc sont ingérés simultanément, dans la proportion pondérale de F/Ca=1/50, on observe un parallelisme de l'absorption et de la concentration squelettique de F et Ca. Ce fait s'explique partiellement par un effet prolongé de l'absorption de F sous l'influence de CaGluc. L'hydrolyse des ions PO3F est faible dans l'estomac, presque totale dans l'intestin, et apparemment totale dans le plasma sanguin. L'ingestion combinée de Na2PO3F-CaCluc donne une élévation comparativement faible, modérée et prolongée de la concentration plasmatique de F, alors qu'aucune action n'est observée pour le Ca plasmatique chez les rats normaux. L'absorption et la concentration squelettique de F et Ca sont augmentées chez des rats déficients en Ca et diminuées chez des rats en hypervitaminose D2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Absorption, die Konzentration in Blut und die Aufnahme im Skelet von Fluorid (F) und Calcium (Ca), zugeführt als Natriummonofluorphosphat (Na2PO3F) und als Calciumgluconat (CaGluc), wurden bei Ratten unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht. Die hauptsächlichsten Ergebnisse waren folgende: Wurden Na2PO3F und CaGluc in einem Gewichtsverhältnis von F∶Ca=1∶50 gleichzeitig eingenommen, so verliefen die Absorption und die Aufnahme im Skelet von F und Ca parallel. Dies konnte teilweise durch eine verlangsamte F-Absorption unter dem Einfluß von CaGluc erklärt werden. Die Hydrolyse der PO3F-Ionen war im Magen spärlich, im Darm beinahe vollständig und scheinbar vollständig im Blutplasma. Die kombinierte Einnahme von Na2PO3F und CaGluc ergab eine verhältnismäßig langsame, gemäßigte und verzögerte Erhöhung der F-Konzentration im Plasma, während bei normalen Ratten keine Beeinflussung des Plasma-Calciums gefunden wurde. Die F- und Ca-Absorption und deren Aufnahme im Skelet waren bei calciumarmen Ratten erhöht und bei mit Vitamin D2 überdosierten Tieren erniedrigt.
    Notes: Abstract Absorption, blood levels and skeletal uptake of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) from combinations of sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) and calcium gluconate (CaGluc) were studied in rats under varying conditions. When Na2PO3F and CaGluc were ingested simultaneously in a ratio by weight F/Ca=1/50, absorption and skeletal uptake of F and Ca were parallel. This was partly due to the prolonged absorption of F under the influence of CaGluc. Hydrolysis of PO3F ions was weak in the stomach, nearly complete in the intestine and apparently complete in the blood plasma. Combined Na2PO3F-CaGluc ingestion gave a comparatively slow, moderate but prolonged elevation of the plasma F levels, while no influence on plasma Ca was found in normal rats. F and Ca absorption and skeletal uptake were increased in Ca-deficient rats and decreased in vitamin D2-intoxicated rats.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 254-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Tetracycline ; Somatotrophin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Particles ; Bone ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 257-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Hydroxyapatite ; Anorganic tissue ; Ethylenediamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode efficace et détaillée d'extraction de la matière minérale du tissu osseux à l'aide d'un appareil Soxhlet et d'éthylène diamine anhydre (ED), est décrite. L'éthylène diamine solubilise la portion organique (graisse et protéine) du tissu avec peu ou pas de modifications chimiques ou physiques de la phase minérale. Après traitement à l'éthylène diamine, la pièce est lavée à l'eau froide pour éliminer le solvant. La diffraction aux rayons X, la densité, les analyses chimiques et des études d'échange ont été utilisées pour étudier les modifications de la phase minérale pendant les procédés d'extraction et de lavage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine detaillierte, wirksame Methode wird dargelegt, mit welcher aus Knochengewebe die Mineralsubstanz mit Hilfe eines Soxhlet-Apparates mittels wasserfreiem Äthylendiamin extrahiert werden kann. Das Äthylendiamin löst den organischen Anteil — Fett und Protein — des Gewebes mit geringer oder überhaupt keiner chemischen oder physikalischen Veränderung der Mineral phase. Nach der Behandlung mit Äthylendiamin wird die Probe mit kaltem Wasser gewaschen, um das Lösungsmittel zu entfernen. Röntgen-Diffraktion, Dichte, chemische Analyse und Austausch-Studien wurden verwendet, um Veränderungen in der Mineralsubstanz während der Extraktions- und Waschvorgänge zu überwachen.
    Notes: Abstract A detailed, efficient method of extracting mineral matter from bone tissue using a Soxhlet apparatus and anhydrous ethylenediamine is presented. The ethylenediamine solubilizes the organic portion, fat and protein, of the tissue with minor, if any, chemical or physical alteration of the mineral phase. After ethylenediamine treatment the sample is washed with cold water to eliminate the solvent. X-ray diffraction, density and chemical analyses and exchange studies have been used to monitor changes within the mineral matter during the extraction and washing procedures.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 280-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagenase ; Bone ; Serum ; Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du sérum de cheval, dépourvu d'inhibiteurs de la trypsine, en le faisant passer sur une colonne de trypsine insolubilisée (de la trypsine liée de façon covalente au Sepharose 4B), n'inhibe plus l'activité de la collagénase de l'os de souris. Des diverses fractions du sérum testées, seules deux d'entre elles (une beta-lipoprotéine, riche en alpha-2-macroglobuline, et une alpha-globuline) inhibitent de façon significative l'activité de la collagénase de l'os de souris. Seule la fraction alpha-2-macroblobuline du sérum de cheval, chromatographiée sur du Biogel P-150, inhibe à la fois l'activité en collagénase d'os de souris et l'activité de la trypsine. La fraction alpha-1-antitrypsine n'inhibe pas l'activité en collagénase d'os de souris, mais inhibe celle de la trypsine. La chromatographie de sérum de cheval sur Sepharose 4B, avec la trypsine qui lui est lié de façon covalente, permet de mettre en évidence une activité d'inhibition envers la trypsine et la collagénase d'os de souris dans la fraction contenant l'alpha-2-macroglobuline. Les résultats semblent indiquer que le constituant du sérum, qui inhibe l'activité de la collagénase d'os de souris, pourrait être identique avec l'inhibiteur de trypsine de la fraction alpha-2-macroglobuline. Les collagénases du sérum et de l'os de souris, chromatographiées sur la colonne de Biogel, ne se combinent pas et la collagénase apparait à son propre volume d'élution, sans perte d'activité enzymatique. Ce fait semble indiquer qu'un complexe d'inhibiteur enzymatique (s'il existe) est facilement dissociable. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus avec du sérum de souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Pferdeserum wurde von Trypsinhemmern befreit, indem es über eine Säule aus unlöslich gemachten Trypsin (d. h. Trypsin kovalent an Sepharose 4B gebunden) gegeben wurde. Dadurch verlor es seine Hemmwirkung auf die Aktivität der Mäuseknochenkollagenase. Von den verschiedenen getesteten Serum-Fraktionen hemmten nur zwei (beta-Lipoprotein, welches reich an alpha-2-Makroglobulin ist, und alpha-Globulin) die Aktivität von Mäuseknochenkollagenase signifikant. Nur die alpha-2-Makroglobulinfraktion von Pferdeserum, welche auf Biogel P-150 chromatographiert wurde, hemmte die Aktivität von Mäuseknochenkollagenase und von Trypsin. Die alpha-1-Antitrypsinfraktion hemmte die Mäuseknochenkollagenase-Aktivität nicht, dagegen die Trypsin-Aktivität. Die Affinitätschromatographie von Pferdeserum auf Sepharose 4B, an welche Trypsin kovalent gebunden worden war, zeigte eine Hemmwirkung gegen Trypsin und gegen Mäuseknochenkollagenase in der alpha-2-Makroglobulin enthaltenden Fraktion. Die Resultate lassen vermuten, daß die Komponente im Serum, welche die Mäuseknochenkollagenase-Aktivität hemmt, identisch mit dem Trypsinhemmer in der alpha-2-Makroglobulinfraktion ist. Serum und Mäuseknochenkollagenase, welche auf der Biogelsäule chromatographiert wurden, verbanden sich nicht, und die Kollagenase erschien in ihrem eigenen Elutionsvolumen und ohne Verlust von Enzymaktivität. Dies läßt vermuten, daß ein Enzymhemmkomplex (falls er existiert) leicht dissoziierbar ist. Ähnliche Resultate wurden mit Mäuseserum erhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Horse serum prepared free of trypsin inhibitors by passing it through a column of insolubilized trypsin (trypsin covalently bound to Sepharose 4B) no longer inhibits mouse bone collagenase activity. Of the various serum fractions tested, only two (beta-lipoprotein, which is a rich source of alpha-2-macroglobulin, and alpha-globulin) significantly inhibited mouse bone collagenase activity. Only the alpha-2-macroglobulin fraction of horse serum chromatographed on Bio-gel P-150 inhibited both mouse bone collagenase activity and trypsin activity. The alpha-1-antitrypsin fraction did not inhibit mouse bone collagenase activity, but did inhibit trypsin activity. Affinity chromatography of horse serum on Sepharose 4B to which trypsin had been covalently bound revealed inhibitory activity towards both trypsin and mouse bone collagenase in the fraction containing alpha-2-macroglobulin. The results suggest that the component in serum which inhibits mouse bone collagenase activity may be identical with the trypsin inhibitor present in the alpha-2-macroglobulin fraction. Serum and mouse bone collagenase chromatographed on the Bio-gel column did not bind together and the collagenase emerged at its own elution volume without loss of enzymatic activity. This suggests that an enzyme inhibitor complex (if it exists) is easily dissociable. Similar results to those above were obtained using mouse serum.
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  • 27
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 28-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Parietal ; Enzyme ; Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trois phosphatases alcalines (I, II et III), partiellement purifiées, d'os pariétal humain fœtal, sont également actives dans des conditions identiques. La constante de subtratK s, pour l'hydrolyse d'un substrat donné (β-glyceryl phosphate, DL-α-glycery. phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, etp-nitrophenyl phosphate) est approximativement la même pour chaque enzyme, étudiée. Les valeurs deK s pour les trois premiers substrats, mentionnés ci-dessus, sont respectivement de 0.08, 0.23 et 0.19 mM pour chaque enzyme. Pourp-nitrophenyl phosphate, les valeurs sont 0.029, 0.033 et 0.046 mM pour I, II, III respectivement. L'effet de plusieurs cations métalliques divalents, de l'EDTA, du fluorure de phenylmethanesulphonyle, dep-chloromercuribenzoate, de N-ethylmaleimide et d'autres réactifs est identique pour chaque enzyme. Mg2+ produisent l'hydrolyse le plus accentuée dup-nitrophenyl phosphate. Le fluorure de phenylmethane sulphonyle inhibe, de façon non compétitive, toutes les enzymes (K i=0.07 mM pour I et II, et 0.05 mM pour III). L'EDTA inhibe chaque enzyme, maisp-chloromercuribenzoate et N-ethylmaleimide n'ont aucun effet. L-cystine M inhibe, de façon non compétitive, les trois phosphatases avecK i près de 0.02 mM pour I, II et III. L'effet, de composés d'ammonium quaternaires est différent pour chaque enzyme: α-Lècithine active le plus et la phosphocholine inhibe le plus. Les différences paraissent liéer aux propriétés physiques, alors que les similitudes paraissent liées aux propriétès catalytiques et aux substrats. Les trois enzymes sont considérées comme des phosphatases différentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Drei aus foetalen menschlichen Parietalknochen teilweise gereinigte alkalische Phosphatasen (I, II und III) waren gleicherweise, aktiv unter identischen Bedingungen. Die Substratkonstante,K s, für die Hydrolyse eines gegebenen Substrates (β-glycerylphosphat, DL-α-glycerylphosphat, Glucose-1-Phosphat undp-Nitrophenylphosphat) war annähernd dieselbe für jedes der untersuchten Enzyme. DieK s-Werte für die ersten drei der obgenannten Substrate betrugen jeweils 0,08; 0,23 und 0,19 mM für alle Enzyme. Fürp-nitrophenylphosphat lagen die Werte jeweils bei 0,029; 0,033 und 0,046 mM. Die Wirkung von verschiedenen zweiwertigen Metallkationen (EDTA, Phenylmethansulfonylfluorid,p-Chloromercuribenzoat, N-Aethylmaleinimid und andere Reagenzien) war dieselbe für alle Enzyme. Mg2+-und Ca2+-Ionen bewirkten die größte Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit vonp-Nitrophenylphosphat. Phenylmethansulfonylfluorid hemmte alle Enzyme nicht kompetitiv (K i=0,07 mM für I und II, und 0,05 mM für III). Alle Enzyme wurden durch EDTA gehemmt;p-Chloromercuribenzoat und N-Aethylmaleinimid hatten jedoch keine Wirkung. L-Cystin M hemmte alle drei Phosphatasen nicht kompetitiv mit einemK i von annähernd 0,02 mM für I, II und III. Die Wirkung quaternärer Ammoniumverbindungen war für jedes Enzym verschieden, wobei α-Lecithin die stärkste Aktivierung, Phosphocholin in allen Fällen eine Hemmung hervorrief. Die Unterschiede erschienen als physikalische Eigenschaften, während die Ähnlichkeiten als substratbindende und katalytische Eigenschaften angesehen wurden. Die 3 Enzyme wurden als verschiedene Phosphatasen betrachtet.
    Notes: Abstract Three alkaline phosphatases (I, II, and III), partially purified from human foetal parietal bones, were similarly active in identical conditions. The substrate constant,K s, for the hydrolysis of a given substrate (β-glyceryl phosphate, DL-α-glyceryl phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate. and p-nitrophenyl phosphate) was approximately the same for each of the enzymes studied, The values ofK s for the first three substrates above were 0.08, 0.23, and 0.19 mM, respectively for all enzymes. For p-nitrophenyl phosphate the values were 0.029, 0.033, and 0.046 mM, for I, II, and III, respectively. The effect of several divalent metal cations, EDTA, phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride,p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and other reagents was the same for all enzymes. Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions produced the highest rate of hydrolysis ofp-nitrophenyl phosphate. Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride inhibited non-competitively all enzymes (K i=0.07 mM for I and II, and 0.05 mM for III). EDTA inhibited all enzymes, butp-chloromercuribenzote and N-ethylmaleimide caused no effect. L-Cystine inhibited noncompetitively all three phosphatases withK i close to 0.02 mM for I, II, and III. The effect of quaternary ammonium compounds differed for each enzyme, α-lecithin producing the strongest activation and phosphocholine inhibition in all cases. The differences were considered as physical properties, whereas the similarities were considered as substrate-binding and catalytic properties. The three enzymes were regarded as different phosphatases.
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  • 28
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 80-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Cells ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le contenu moyen en calcium d'une population mixte de cellules osseuses viables, fraichement séparées de la matrice osseuse calcifiée, est de 194,5±7,3 mmoles/kg de poids sec chez le porc et 176,6±8,7 mmoles/kg chez le rat. Le calcium semble intracellulaire. La majorité (90% ou plus) sédimente avec des particules intracellulaires au cours de la centrifugation et le reste se situe dans le liquide cellulaire. Des études cinétiques à l'aide de45Ca indiquent un passage rapide du calcium, en rapport avec la température, à la fois dans les réserves solubles et les particules de calcium d'homogénats de cellules osseuses. Ils indiquent aussi un échange direct entre la phase liquide et les particules, d'une part, et le milieu extracellulaire, d'autre part. Ces échanges se font à une vitesse différente et, probablement, selon des mécanismes différents, la portion comportant les particules étant la plus rapide. Les résultats indiquent que ces dernières pourraient correspondre aux petites granules denses identifiées récemment en microscopie électronique et l'acquisition, le stockage et la libération de calcium de ces compartiments pourraient être importants pour le métabolisme squelettique du calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der mittlere Calciumgehalt einer gemischten Population von lebensfähigen, frisch aus der verkalkten Matrix gewonnenen Knochenzellen betrug beim schwein 194,5±7,3 mmol/kg Naßgewicht und bei der Ratte 176,6±8,7 mmol/kg. Das Calcium scheint intracellulär zu liegen, wobei der größte Teil (90% oder mehr) in einem Zentrifugalfeld leicht mit intracellulären Partikeln sedimentiert, während die Zellflüssigkeit im Gleichgewicht bleibt. Kinetische Studien mittels45Ca zeigen einen raschen, temperaturabhängigen Umbau von Calcium sowohl im löslichen als auch im unlöslichen Calcium-Pool von Knochenzellhomogenaten, ferner einen direkten Austausch zwischen jedem Pool und dem extracellulären Medium, wobei jeder mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten und wahrscheinlich durch verschiedene Mechanismen abläuft, wobei der unlösliche Pool der raschere ist. Diese Resultate lassen vermuten, daß der unlösliche Pool den kleinen dichten Granula entsprechen könnte, welche kürzlich durch Elektronnmikroskopie in Knochenzellen identifiziert wurden, und daß die Aufnahme, Lagerung und Abgabe des Calciums aus diesen Speichern für den Skelet-Calcium-Metabolismus wichtig sein könnte.
    Notes: Abstract The mean calcium content of a mixed population of viable bone cells freshly separated from the calcified bone matrix has been found to be 194.5±7.3 mmoles/kg wet weight in pigs and 176.6±8.7mmoles/kg in rats. The calcium appears to be intracellular, the major portion (90% or more) sedimenting readily with intracellular particles in a centrifugal field and the balance being largely in the cell sap. Kinetic studies using45Ca indicate rapid temperature-dependent turnover of the calcium in both soluble and particulate calcium pools of bone cell homogenates and a direct exchange between each pool and the extracellular medium, each occurring at a different rate and possibly by different mechanisms, the particulate pool being the more rapid. These data suggest that the particulate pool may correspond to the small dense granules recently identified in bone cells by electron microscopy and that the uptake, storage and release of calcium from these stores may be important in skeletal calcium metabolism.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Somatotrophin ; Bone ; Hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des chiens adultes, des deux sexes, l'injection d'hormone de croissance induit une augmentation marquée d'os nouvellment formé. L'effet sur la résorption n'a pu être définie quantitativement, mais la résorption au niveaude de l'endoste est augmentée. Il en est de même de la résorption intracorticale, mais la porosité intracorticale n'augmente que légèrement. En plus de la décroissance de la résorption de l'endoste, on observe du même côté une nette augmentation de la formation osseuse. Cette apposition osseuse ajoutée à la formation d'os périosté donne uneaugmentation de la masse squelettique. L'os formé est histologiquement et microradiographiquement normal. Malgré une nette augmentation de la formation osseuse, les valeurs de la phosphatase alcaline restent inchangées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Exogenes Wachstumshormon rief bei intakten ausgewachsenen Hunden beiden Geschlechts eine starke Zunahme der Knochenbildung hervor. Die resultierende Wirkung auf die Resorption konnte quantitativ nicht festgestellt werden, jedoch war die endostale Resorption vermindert. Die intracorticale Resorption war erhöht, aber die intracorticale Porosität stieg nur wenig an. Neben der Verminderung der endostalen Resorption war reichliche endostale Knochenneubildung festzustellen. Dieser Anstieg der endostalen Knochenneubildung plus die starke Anregung der periostalen Knochenneubildung führten zu einertatsächlichen Zunahme der Skelettmasse. Der gebildete Knochen war histologisch und mikroradiographisch normal. Trotz der starken Zunahme der Knochenneubildung blieben die Werte der alkalischen Phosphatase unverändert.
    Notes: Abstract In intact adult dogs of both sexes exogenous growth hormone induced a marked increase in new bone formation. The net effect on resorption could not be defined quantitatively but endosteal resorption was decreased. Intracortical resorption was increased but intracortical porosity rose only slightly. In addition to the decrease in endosteal resorption, there was abundant endosteal new bone formation. This rise in endosteal new bone formation plus the marked stimulus to periosteal new bone formation led to anet increase in skeletal mass. The bone formed was normal histologically and microradiographically. Despite a marked rise in new bone formation, alkaline phosphatase values remained unchanged.
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  • 30
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 14-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Somatotrophin ; Bone ; Hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Des chiens sont traités pendant trois mois avec de l'hormone de croissance dans des conditions définies; l'efficacité de l'absorption du calcium alimentaire est mesurée par administration de47Ca et45Ca. L'ampleur du réservoir de calcium. l'ensemble des échanges, l'apposition du minéral osseux et l'excrétion fécale calcique endogène sont mesurés à l'aide du45Ca I.V. Des examens identiques sont réalisés pour chaque animal après une période de mise en équilibre de cinq mosi, ainsi qu'après une période de trois mois d'administration d'hormone de croissance. 2. L'efficacité de l'absorption du calcium alimentaire augmente, alors que l'excrétion fécale du calcium endogène diminue après administration d'hormone de croissance. Le calcium urinaire décroit légèrement. Bien que des bilans précis n'aient pas été effectués, ces changements indiquent que la balance du calcium, sous l'effet du traitement, devient positive. 3. L'hormone de croissance n'as pas d'effet sur le réservoir de calcium échangeable, mais elle augmente l'incorporation minérale dans l'os de 21–41%. Le retour du calcium osseux est réduit, en rapport avec l'équilibre positif, mais dans des proportions non mesurables. 4. Des mesures parallèles, cinétiques et morphométriques des échanges squelettiques, réalisées sur des coupes adjacentes d'os longs, révèlent une corrélation positive nette entre les résultats obtenus selon les deux méthodes, avec des estimations cinétiques, tendant à être légèrement supérieures aux résultats morphométriques, principalement en cas de remaniements osseux modérés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Hunde wurden unter kontrollierten Bedingungen während drei Monaten mit Wachstumshormon behandelt. Die Aufnahmefähigkeit von Calcium aus der Nahrung wurde mittels Verabreichung von47Ca und45Ca gemessen. Die Calciumpool-Größe, der Pool-Umsatz, die Zunahme an knochenmineral und die endogene fäkale Calciumausscheidung wurden mit intravenösem45Ca-Tracer gemessen. Am Ende einer fünfmonatigen Equilibrierungsperiode und am Ende der dreimonatigen Periode der Wachstumshormon-Verabreichung wurden in jedem Tier dieselben Untersuchungen ausgeführt. 2. Die Aufnahmefähigkeit von Calcium aus der Nahrung stieg nach der Wachstumshormonverabreichung an, die endogene fäkale Calciumausscheidung sank. Das Urincalcium verminderte sich leicht. Obwohl keine direkten Bilanzen bestimmt wurden, deuten diese Veränderungen auf eine positive Calciumbilanz-Verschiebung im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung hin. 3. Das Wachstumshormon hatte keine Wirkung auf die Größe des austauschbaren Calciumpools, erhöhte jedoch die Mineraleinlagerung in den Knochen um 21–41%. Die Calciumresorption aus dem Knochen war erniedrigt, was mit der positiven Bilanzverschiebung vereinbar ist. Die Verminderung läßt sich jedoch nicht messen. 4. Parallele kinetische und morphometrische Messungen des Skeletumsatzes, welche an angrenzenden Röhrenknochenschnitten gemacht wurden, deuteten auf eine bestehende positive Korrelation zwischen Bewertungen, welche aus beiden Methoden abgeleitet wurden. Die kinetischen Bewertungen waren eher etwas höher als die morphometrischen, besonders in Fällen von niedriger Skeletneubildung.
    Notes: Abstract 1. Dogs were treated with growth hormone for three months under controlled conditions, dietary calcium absorption efficiency was measured by administration of47Ca and45Ca, and calcium pool size, pool turnover, bone mineral accretion, and endogenous fecal calcium excretion were measured using the I.V.45Ca tracer. Identical studies were performed in each animal, at the end of a five-month equilibration period, and at the end of the three-month period of growth hormone administration. 2. Dietary calcium absorption efficiency increased and endogenous fecal calcium excretion decreased as a result of growth hormone administration. Urine calcium fell slightly. Although direct balances were not determined, these changes indicate a positive calcium balance shift in association with treatment. 3. Growth hormone had no effect on the size of the miscible calcium pool, but increased mineral incorporation into bone by 21–41%. Return of calcium from bone was reduced, consistent with the positive balance shift, but to an unmeasured extent. 4. Parallel kinetic and morphometric measurement of skeletal turnover performed on adjacent long bone sections indicated a consistent positive correlation between estimates derived by the two methods, with kinetic estimates tending to be slightly higher than the morphometric, particularly at low levels of skeletal remodeling.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 128-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Embryo ; Calcification ; Phosphate ; Pyrophosphate ; Carbonate ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La maturation chimique et physique du sel osseux est étudiée par l'obervation des caractéristiques stoichiométriques et aux infra-rouges d'os embryonnaire d'oiseaux, du début jusqu'à la fin de la croissance adulte après éclosion. La succession des transformations chimiques de l'os en voie de développement montre surtout un rapport inverse entre le phosphate acide et le carbonate, ainsi que la formation de CO3-apatite. Ces résultats semblent indiquer que le CO 3 2− est substitué au HPO 4 2− au cours de la synthèse du CO3-apatite de l'os.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die chemischen und physikalischen Umwandlungen zum stabilen Knochensalz in Hühnerknochen wurden anhand serienmäßiger Beobachtungen seiner stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung und seiner infraroten Charakteristika untersucht; diese Beobachtungen erstreckten sich über die Zeit der frühen embryonalen Mineralablagerung bis zur vollständigen Reife nach dem Ausbrüten. Die Sequenz der chemischen Umwandlungen im sich entwickelnden Knochen zeigte hauptsächlich ein entgegengesetztes Verhältnis zwischen saurem Phosphat und Carbonat, das mit der Bildung von Carbonatapatit zusammenfällt. Diese Resultate weisen darauf hin, daß HPO 4 2− bei der Synthese von Carbonatapatit im Knochen durch CO 3 2− substituiert wird.
    Notes: Abstract The chemical and physical maturation of the bone salt was studied by serial observations on its stoichiometric and infrared characteristics in avian bone from early embryonic mineral deposition to full maturity after hatching. The sequence of chemical transformations in the developing bone showed most predominantly an inverse relationship between acid phosphate and carbonate, coincident with the formation of CO3-apatite. The data are consistent with the view that CO 3 2− is substituted for HPO 4 2− in the synthesis of CO3-apatite in bone.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Density ; Gastrectomy ; Alcoholism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La masse minérale osseuse de l'extrémité distale du fémur est évaluée chez 121 hommes dont la moitié est alcoolique. Il apparait que chez l'alcoolique, la masse osseuse est nettement diminuée, mais uniquement chez les gastrectomisés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Dicke des Knochenminerals im distalen Ende des Femur wurde bei 121 Männern bestimmt, von welchen die Hälfte Alkoholiker waren. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß bei Alkoholikern die Knochenmenge signifikant vermindert ist, jedoch nur in Verbindung mit vorheriger Gastrektomie.
    Notes: Abstract The bone mineral mass in the distal end of the femur was evaluated in 121 men, half of which were alcoholics. It was demonstrated that in alcoholics the bone mass was significantly decreased but only in combination with previous gastrectomy.
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  • 33
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 272-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Des lipopolysaccharides hautement purifiés stimulent la résorption de l'os en culture de tissus, par examen morphologique et par libération de45Ca d'os prémarqués. De plus, on note une augmentation en a) lactate libéré dans le milieu de culture, b) nombre total de cellules des os c) nombre d'ostéoclastes et d) diminution de la matrice osseuse. 2. Les lipopolysaccharides préparés par extraction au phénol ou extraction par ether stimule la résorption osseuse. 3. Les lipopolysaccharides, dont la majorité des lipides est éliminée, perdent leur propriété de stimuler la résorption osseuse. 4. Il n'y a aucun rapport entre la propriété de stimulation de résorption osseuse des lipopolysaccharides et la pyrogénicité ou leur possibilité de neutraliser des anticorps. 5. L'effet d'une dose sub-maximale d'hormone parathyroidienne sur la résorption osseuse s'ajoute à celle des lipopolysaccharides. 6. L'héparine, qui n'a aucune action sur la résorption osseuse, régularise l'action du lipopolysaccharide. 7. La thyrocalcitonine inhibe de la même façon la résorption, stimulée par le lipopolysaccharide et l'hormone parathyroidienne.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. In der Gewebekultur stimulieren hochgereinigte Lipopolysaccharide die Knochenresorption, welche morphologisch oder anhand des freigesetzten45Ca aus vormarkierten Knochen bestimmt wird. Folgende Zunahmen sind mit diesem Effekt verbunden: a) Freisetzung von Laktat ins Kulturmedium; b) die Gesamtzahl der Zellen in den Knochen; c) das Vorkommen von Osteoklasten und d) eine Abnahme der Menge von Knochenmatrix. 2. Lipopolysaccharide, die entweder durch Phenol- oder Ätherextraktion gewonnen wurden, stimulieren die Knochenresorption. 3. Werden den Lipopolysacchariden die meisten Lipide entzogen, so verlieren sie ihre Eigenschaft, die Knochenresorption anzuregen. 4. Die Fähigkeit der Lipopolysaccharide, die Knochenresorption zu stimulieren und die pyrogenen Eigenschaften oder die Möglichkeit, Antikörper zu neutralisieren, gehen nicht parallel. 5. Wird eine submaximale Dosis von Parathormon verwendet, so addiert sich dessen Effekt auf die Knochenresorption zu jenem der Lipopolysaccharide. 6. Heparin, welches an sich keine Wirkung auf die Knochenresorption hat, potenziert den Lipopolysaccharideffekt. 7. Thyrocalcitonin hemmt in ähnlichem Maße die durch Lipopolysaccharide und Parathormonstimulierte Knochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract 1. Highly purified lipopolysaccharides stimulate the resorption of bone in tissue culture as assayed morphologically and by the release of45Ca from prelabelled bones. Associated with this effect are increases in: a) lactate released into the cultured medium, b) the total number of cells in the bones, c) the occurrence of osteoclasts and, d) a decrease in the amount of bone matrix. 2. Lipopolysaccharides prepared either by phenol extraction or by ether extraction stimulate bone resorption. 3. Lipopolysaccharide with most of the lipid removed loses its ability to stimulate bone resorption. 4. There is no relationship between the ability of lipopolysaccharides to stimulate the resorption of bone and pyrogenicity or their ability to neutralize antibody. 5. When using a submaximal dose of parathyroid hormone, its effect on bone resorption is additive to that of lipopolysaccharides. 6. Heparin which by itself has no effect on bone resorption potentiates the effect of lipopolysaccharide. 7. Thyrocalcitonin inhibits to a similar degree the resorption stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and parathyroid hormone.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phosphatase ; Development ; Bone ; Growth ; Rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude longitudinale, par séries, est effectuée pour déterminer les activités en phosphatases acide et alcaline dans les os longs et la mandibule. Le pH optimum des deux enzymes se situe respectivement à 10.2 et 5.4 pour les phosphatases alcaline et acide. Des portées synchronisées de rats sont sacrifiées, à raison d'une portée par jour, en commençant au premier jour jusqu'au 25ème jour post-partum. Les spécimens sont analysés en ce qui concerne leur concentration en protéine et leur activité en phosphatases. Une activité de types élevée et faible est observée au niveau du tissu osseux, ainsi qu'un type d'activité faible en phosphatase alcaline, au cours des pics d'activité en phosphatase acide, et vice-versa. Les pics observés suggèrent une concordance entre l'activité en phosphatase et les autres changements biochimiques de la croissance osseuse, au niveau de la matrice organique et la formation minérale. Une étude séparée, tenant compte de la possibilité d'une activité enzymatique rythmique, suggère l'existence d'un rythme diurne court chez les animaux jeunes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine serienmäßige Longitudinaluntersuchung wurde unternommen, um die Aktivitäten der alkalischen und sauren Phosphatase in den Röhrenknochen und den Mandibulae von Ratten zu bestimmen. Das pH-Optimum der beiden Enzyme wurde für die alkalische Phosphatase bei 10,2 und für die saure Phosphatase bei 5,4 ermittelt. Synchronisierte und randomisierte Würfe wurden getötet, 1 Wurf pro Tag vom 1.–25. Tag post partum. Die Proben wurden auf ihren Proteingehalt und ihre Phosphatasenaktivität untersucht. Ein Muster niedriger und hoher Aktivität konnte in beiden Knochengeweben beobachtet werden, sowie ein Muster von niedriger Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase bei Spitzenwerten der sauren Phosphatase und umgekehrt. Die beobachteten Spitzenwerte lassen einen Zusammenhang vermuten zwischen der Phosphatasenaktivität und den anderen biochemischen Veränderungen, die im wachsenden Knochen auftreten, d. h. Bildung der organischen Matrix und des Minerals. Eine getrennte Untersuchung, welche sich mit der Möglichkeit rhythmischer Merkmale der Enzymaktivität befaßte, läßt vermuten, daß in den ersten Tagen ein schwacher Tagersrhythmus bestehen könnte.
    Notes: Abstract A serial longitudinal study was undertaken to determine the activities of the alkaline and acid phosphatases in the long bones and mandibles. The optimum pH of the two enzymes was recorded at 10.2 and 5.4 for alkaline and acid phosphatase, respectively. Synchronized and randomized litters of rats were killed, 1 litter daily, starting at day 1 to day 25 post partum. Samples were analyzed for protein concentration and activity of the phosphatases. A pattern of low and high activity was observed in both bony tissues, as well as a pattern of low alkaline phosphatase activity during acid phosphatase activity peaks, and vice versa. The observed peaks suggest a correspondence between phosphatase activity and the other biochemical changes occurring in the growing bone, i.e., organic matrix and mineral formation. A separate study, considering the possibility of rhythmic features of the enzyme activity suggests that there may be a small diurnal rhythm at an early age.
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  • 35
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Formation ; Resorption ; Stress ; Parathyroid ; Hypocalcemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet d'une alimentation, riche en calcium, par rapport à un régime sans calcium, est déterminé au niveau de la diaphyse tibiale chez le rat. Le régime sans calcium provoque une augmentation de la région médullaire et l'administration consécutive d'un régime riche en calcium provoque une diminution de cette région. Cependant, la proportion d'endoste perdue en 10 jours de régime sans calcium n'est pas reconstituée après 78 jours de régime riche en calcium. La diminution de zone médullaire est en rapport avec la diminution de résorption de l'endoste et surtout avec une apposition augmentée de l'endoste. La formation osseuse périostée et épiphysaire est inchangée: ce qui indique que le régime, riche en calcium, ne provoque pas une augmentation généralisée de l'ostéogenèse. L'augmentation de la formation d'endoste est limitée aux régions d'endoste les plus résorbées, au cours de la période de manque en calcium. Ce fait indique qu'un facteur local est partiellement responsable de la stimulation de l'apposition osseuse de l'endoste pendant cette période. Un stress mécanique, qui stimule la formation osseuse, est augmenté chez les animaux privés de calcium et revient à la normale après administration de calcium. De plus, le stress mécanique est probablement le plus important dans les régions d'apposition osseuse et pourrait constituer le facteur local, responsable de l'augmentation de l'endoste, pendant l'administration de calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Ratten, die nach einer Calcium-freien eine Calcium-reiche Diät erhielten, wurden die hieraus resultierenden Veränderungen der Tibia-Diaphyse bestimmt. Das Calcium-freie Futter verursachte eine Zunahme des Markraumes und die anschließende Verfütterung einer Calcium-reichen Diät hatte eine Reduktion des Markraumes zur Folge. Die Menge des endostalen Knochens, die während der 10 tägigen Verfütterung der Calcium-freien Diät verloren ging, war jedoch nach 78 Tagen Calcium-reicher Diät nicht voll ersetzt. Die Abnahme des Markraumes wurde durch eine geringere endostale Knochenresorption und besonders durch eine erhöhte endostale Knochenbildung hervorgerufen. Die Knochenbildung am Periost und an den Epiphysen war unverändert, ein Zeichen dafür, daß die Calcium-reiche Diät keine generalisierte Zunahme der Knochenbildung zur Folge hatte. Die Zunahme der endostalen Knochenbildung beschränkte sich auf jene Bereiche entlang dem Endost, wo während der Calcium-Mangelperiode am meisten Knochensubstanz verloren gegangen war. Dies weist darauf hin, daß ein lokaler Faktor mindestens teilweise verantwortlich ist für die Stimulierung von endostaler Knochenbildung während der Calcium-Sättigungsperiode. Die mechanische Belastung, welche die Knochenbildung anregt, war bei Calcium-armen Tieren erhöht und kehrte während der Calcium-Sättigung wieder zur Norm zurück. Zusätzlich war die mechanische Belastung wohl dort am größten, wo die stärkste Knochenbildung stattfand, und diese Belastung könnte somit als der lokale Faktor angesprochen werden, welcher während der Calcium-Sättigungsperiode zur gesteigerten endostalen Knochenbildung beitrug.
    Notes: Abstract The changes in the tibial diaphysis as a result of feeding a high calcium diet to rats previously fed a calcium free diet were determined. The calcium free diet resulted in an increase in the medullary area, and the subsequent feeding of a high calcium diet caused a reduction in medullary area. However, the amount of endosteal bone lost during ten days of feeding a calcium free diet was not completely restored after 78 days of feeding a high calcium diet. The decrease in medullary area was brought about by decreased endosteal bone resorption and particularly by increased endosteal bone formation. Bone formation at the periosteum and at the epiphyses were unchanged, indicating that the high calcium diet did not cause a generalized increase in bone formation. The increase in endosteal bone formation was limited to those sites along endosteum where greatest loss of bone had occurred during the calcium depletion period. This indicates that a local factor is at least partially responsible for the stimulation of endosteal bone formation during calcium repletion. Mechanical stress, which stimulates bone formation, was increased in calcium deficient animals and returned to normal during calcium repletion. In addition, mechanical stress was probably greatest in those sites where the greatest amount of bone repletion occurred and may have been the factor which contributed to the increase in endosteal bone formation during calcium repletion.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 417-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Instestinal Absorption ; Tritiated Water-Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered solutions containing tritiated water. The blood flow, the disapperance rate (from the intestinal lumen), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished the appearance and disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results. The appearance rate was almost completely determined by the blood flow indicating that the intestinal absorption of tritiated water is blood flow limited. Therefore the absorption rate of tritiated water characterizes badly the diffusive water permeability of the intestinal epithelium. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood accelerated and towards the intestinal lumen retarded the intestinal absorption of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the absorption of tritiated water during the penetration through the epithelium by solvent drag (sieving coefficient 1-σ=1.54±0.19) as well as by changing the blood flow rate through capillaries near the epithelium.
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Forced Motility ; Motor Activity ; Brain Noradrenaline and 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain were measured after 1, 6, 24 and 36 h of forced motility in a treadwheel. The results showed that 5-HT metabolism had already increased in the forebrain after 1 h of exercise but later also increased in the brain stem, especially in the mesencephalon-pons-medulla regions. These changes had almost entirely disappeared after 50 min of rest. The NA levels with and without monoamine oxidase inhibitor were measured in animals after 36 h of forced motility. The results indicated an increase in NA metabolism in the brain stem.
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 317-320 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oxazepam ; Conflict Behavior ; Rat ; Maze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were tested in a Lashley III maze, the floor of which was heated. The animals had to learn to negotiate it in order to gain access to the unheated goal box. In the early period of training the animals were able to find the goal box rapidly and without error. Their performance then deteriorated, in a particular way which strongly evoked a conflict behavior. This deterioration in performance was progressively reduced by oxazepam administration (8 mg/kg/day).
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chronic Nicotine ; Attention Task ; Arousal ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male, Holtzman rats were trained extensively on an attention task which required them to respond with a single lever-press to a very short, variably presented stimulus for food reinforcement, but which also required them to inhibit inappropriate responses. After performance had stabilized, two groups were treated with either nicotine base (100 Μg/kg, s.c., t.i.d.) or saline for 4 weeks. The groups were crossed-over so that the first received saline and the second nicotine for an additional 4 weeks. A 3-week saline recovery period followed. Rats were tested on the attention task daily through all periods. Analysis of the data indicated that independent of the treatment-order, rats performed more efficiently under nicotine treatment than under saline conditions. The improvement in performance was most notable in the reduction of inappropriate responding during chronic nicotine treatment. The significance of the behavioral changes in relation to proposed nicotine-induced neurophysiological changes and the two-arousal hypothesis are discussed.
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    Psychopharmacology 24 (1972), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Avoidance and Acquisition ; Methamphetamine ; Discrimination Learning ; CNS Stimulants ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Avoidance responses, extra responses (on avoidance lever) and wrong lever responses were measured in naive rats acquiring a discriminated avoidance in a 2 lever Skinner box, 30 min after methamphetamine (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg). The smallest dose was ineffective; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg significantly increased the number of avoidance responses. This increase was not associated with a significant increase in the two other responses studied. The progressive increase (from the first to second part of the acquisition session) in avoidance responses was not accompanied by a parallel increase in the other responses. The position discrimination and the discrimination of the presence or absence of the conditioned stimulus was observed to be better in the drug groups.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Agressive Behaviour ; Apomorphine ; Testosterone ; Testes ; Hypophysis ; Adrenal Glands ; Thyroid ; Castration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The weights of testes, prostates, adrenals, thymus and the pituitary of rats with apomorphine induced aggressiveness did not differ from those without aggressiveness. Postpubertal castration, adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy did not reduce the apomorphine induced aggressive behaviour, but a considerable reduction was found after hypophysectomy. Prepubertal castration significantly reduced, but did not completely abolish the proportion of aggressive rats, especially when castration was performed on the 5th day. Prolonged treatment of male, female and castrated rats with high doses of testosterone from the time of weaning increased the proportion of aggressive animals. Less intensive treatment and treatment of adult rats were ineffective.
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    Psychopharmacology 25 (1972), S. 218-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fighting ; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Fixed-Interval ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency with which electric shock to the feet elicited fighting in five pairs of albino rats was not altered significantly by intraperitoneal injections of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in doses ranging from 0.064–6.4 mg/kg, although chlordiazepoxide reduced the frequency of such fighting in a dose-related manner. This finding held true despite manipulations of THC vehicle, injection-test interval, and the previous drug experience of the subjects. In contrast, doses of 4.0 mg/kg produced a striking reduction in lever-pressing maintained by an FI 60″ schedule of food reinforcement.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diphosphate ; Rat ; Vitamin D Metabolism ; Intestinal Calcium ; Absorption ; Bone Mineralization ; Renal Functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolism and the organ distribution of double labelled vitamin D3 (1,2-3H-4-14C-cholecalciferol) has been studied in rats in which the bone mineralization and the intestinal calcium absorption have been inhibited by a large pose (10 mg P/kg s.c. for 7–14 days) of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). The most striking difference found was a reduced accumulation of radioactive cholecalciferol and its metabolites in the kidney of EHDP-treated rats. It is unlikely that this effect was due to an unspecific alteration of the functional renal tissue since blood urea, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasm a flow remained unaltered by this dose of EHDP. The EHDP-treated rats were able to form the metabolite eluted with peak IV of the silicic acid chromatographic system, that is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. In these vitamin D repleted rats fed a high calcium diet, the tritium deficient metabolite eluted with peak V (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) was only found in the intestinal mucosa of both control and EHDP groups three days after the injection of radioactive cholecalciferol, and this in a very small amount. Therefore no definitive conclusion can be drawn as to a possible interference of EHDP treatment on the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. The change in the renal metabolism of vitamin D in rats treated with a rachitogenic dose of EHDP may be caused by the modifications of the calcium metabolism brought about by the diphosphonate. Its relation, if any, with the decreased calcium absorption remains to be established.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac Output ; Blood O2 Dissociation Curve ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m cardiac output measured at hypoxia by the direct Fick principle was significantly lower than in the control animals (mean values 54.3 ml/min and 69.8 ml/min, resp.). The decrease of cardiac output was accompanied by an increase of arterio-venous O2 difference and a decrease of stroke volume in the adapted rats. It is suggested that the decrease of cardiac output might be related to the increase of hematocrit. The adapted rats also showed higher arterial and mixed-venous O2 content (both at hypoxia) and increased O2 capacity. Arterial O2 saturation of the animals previously exposed to simulated high altitude hypoxia was significantly higher (67.3% as against 61.2% in the controls). The standard O2 dissociation curve showed lower oxygen affinity in the blood of the adapted animals but no physiological advantage concerning the transport of O2 to the tissues was found. In another group of animals the Bohr factor was estimated and no difference was found between rat and human blood.
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  • 45
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    Pflügers Archiv 335 (1972), S. 198-212 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Medium Chain Fatty Acids ; Kinetics ; Active Transport ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The transport of14C-octanoate by rat small intestine was determined in vitro by a modification of the method of Semenza and Mühlhaupt, and in vivo by using isolated segments or a perfusion technique in conscious rats (Haberichet al., 1968). 2. The absorption capacity of14C-octanoate in the distal ileum was significantly lower than in the proximal jejunum. 3. 14C-octanoate injected into a jejunal segment appeared rapidly in portal venous blood reaching its maximal concentration 4 min after the injection. 4. The transport of octanoate showed a saturation effect with increasing concentrations after an incubation of 4 min. However, with constant concentrations of octanoate in the medium, the transport rate was constant for 8–10 min. A similar saturation effect was also demonstrated in vivo. Values for maximal absorption rate (V max) and the half-saturation constant (K m), calculated from the Lineweaver-Burk plot, were 1.0 μMol/min and 17.7 mM, respectively. 5. Accumulation of octanoate in tissue water was demonstrated. For example, after incubation for 40 min in a medium concentration of 0.1 mM, the tissue/ medium ratio was 2.75:1. 6. Cyanide (2×10−4 M) markedly diminished the absorption rate of octanoate. 7. The absorption of octanoate was competitively inhibited by caproic acid (C6) in vitro. The inhibition constant (K i), calculated from the Dixon plot, was 47 mM. 8. Simultaneous administration of glucose and octanoate in vivo did not affect the absorption rate of the fatty acid. 9. These results suggest that the intestinal absorption of octanoate is an energy-dependant active process.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ; Alveolar-arterial O2 Pressure Difference ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO and alveolar-arterial O2 pressure differences were measured at hypoxia in growing rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m. The pulmonary diffusing capacity was significantly higher and the alveolar-arterial gradients were significantly lower in the adapted animals as compared with the controls exposed to hypoxia for the first time. The increased diffusing capacity could be explained entirely by the increase of blood O2 and CO capacity whereas the decrease of gradients might be explained by the increase of blood O2 capacity together with an increase of the arterio-venous O2 difference.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac Hypertrophy ; Diffusion Distance ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In growing rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m for about 4 weeks and in their controls the evolution of cardiac ventricular weight was followed. The increase of total ventricular weight found in the adapted animals can be attributed exclusively to the increase of right ventricular weight. In other adapted and control animals cardiac capillary densities, muscle fiber diameter and external capillary radius were estimated and fiber—capillary ratio and diffusion distance were calculated. There was an increase of capillary density together with a decrease of muscle fiber density, fiber-capillary ratio and diffusion distance in the right but not in the left ventricle of the adapted rats. The muscle fiber diameters, however, were larger in both heart ventricles of the rats exposed to a simulated high altitude, especially in the right ventricle. This indicates that true hypertrophy of the muscle fibers is mainly responsible for the increase of right ventricular weight. In the left ventricle, however, a hypertrophy of the muscle fibers together with a decrease of stroma components is demonstrated. The physiological importance of the shorter diffusion distance in the right ventricle of the high altitude adapted rats is discussed and it is suggested that the shorter diffusion distance may help to keep the tissue O2 partial pressure above the critical value, mainly also in extreme situations with high myocardial O2 consumption.
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  • 48
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    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventromedial hypothalamus ; Single units ; Spontaneous and stimulated activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between mean firing rate and activity pattern was studied in 177 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus of rats immobilized by Remyolan. Stationary epochs of spontaneous or stimulated activity containing at least 512 interspike intervals were analyzed with the LINC computer. The most frequently encountered interval histograms (IHs) were of the exponential (35%) or gamma 2 (25%) type. The IH shape remained unchanged even if the average firing rate was varied over a wide range (from 20/sec to 2/sec) by polarization through the recording microelectrode (2–5 nA, 1–10 min) or by intracarotid injection of glucose (0.1 ml, 10–25%). The coefficient of variation (CV = SD/ mean interval) was 1.03 for the spontaneous and 0.90 or 0.95 for the activity influenced by polarization or glucose, respectively. Since according to other studies sensory stimulation decreases CV by reorganization of the synaptic input, it is suggested that polarization and glucose affect predominantly the postsynaptic elements without significantly changing the presynaptic activity pattern.
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  • 49
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    Archives of toxicology 28 (1972), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ferrihexacyanoferrate (II) ; Rat ; Thallium ; Toxicity ; Metabolism ; Ferrihexacyanoferrat(II) ; Ratte ; Thllium ; Toxicität ; Stoffwechsel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verabfolgung einer 2% igen kolloidalen Lösung von Ferrihexacyanoferrat (II) (FHCF) als Trinkwasser erhöht bei der Ratte die Ausscheidungsrate von intravenös injiziertem Tl2SO4 (mit 204Tl markiert) aus Leber, Nieren und Muskulatur auf das 2,8fache. Dieser Effekt ist zeitunabhängig. Die LD 50/30 d von intravenös injiziertem Tl2SO4 wird durch FHCF-Behandlung um das 2,3fache erhöht. Für diesen Schutzeffekt ist allerdings nur das während der ersten 24 Std verabfolgte FHCF verantwortlich. Diese Befunde weisen darauf hin, daß die Schäden bei der akuten Tl-Intoxikation sehr schnell irreversibel werden.
    Notes: Abstract The administration of a 2% colloidal solution of ferrihexacyano ferrate (II) (FHCF) as drinking water increases in the rat the excretion of intravenously injected Tl2SO4 (labelled by 204Tl) from liver, kidneys and muscles by a factor of 2.8. This effect is independant of time. FHCF-treatment increases the LD 50/30 d of intravenously injected Tl2SO4 by a factor of 2.3. This protection, however, is provided by FHCF only if administered during the first 24 hours. These findings suggest that the damage resulting from acute Tl-intoxication quickly becomes irreversible.
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  • 50
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    Archives of toxicology 30 (1972), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dichlorvos ; Teratology ; Inhalation ; Rat ; Rabbit ; Dichlorvos ; Teratologie ; Inhalation ; Ratte ; Kaninchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Kaninchen und Ratten wurde die teratogene Wirkung von inhaliertem Dichlorvos untersucht. Im Versuch waren primipare Kaninchenweibchen der Rasse “Dutch” mit einem Anfangsgewicht von 2 bis 3 kg und primipare Rattenweibchen vom Stamm “Carworth Farm E“ mit einem Anfangsgewicht von 200 bis 300 g. Die Tiere wurden während der gesamten Trächtigkeit folgenden Konzentrationen in der Atemluft ausgesetzt: 0,25, 1,25 und 6,25 μg Dichlorvos pro Liter Luft. Ein zusätzliches Experiment am Kaninchen wurde mit 2 und 4 μg Dichlorvos pro Liter Luft durchgeführt. Die Behandlung wirkte weder beim Kaninchen noch bei der Ratte teratogen. Selbst Konzentrationen, die für die Kaninchen tödlich waren, und die eine deutliche Cholinesterasehemmung in Plasma, Erythrocyten und Gehirn der Ratten und Kaninchen hervorriefen, wurden ohne Schädigung für die Feten vertragen.
    Notes: Abstract The teratogenic potential of inhaled dichlorvos vapour for rabbits and rats was investigated on the offspring of primiparous female Dutch rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg and primiparous female Carworth E strain rats weighing 200 to 300 g. The animals were exposed throughout pregnancy at concentrations of 0.25, 1.25 and 6.25 μg dichlorvos per litre of air. In an additional experiment pregnant rabbits were exposed to concentrations of 2 and 4 μg dichlorvos per litre of air. The results gave no indication that dichlorvos vapour is teratogenic in rabbits or rats even at exposure concentrations resulting in maternal deaths in rabbits, and causing depression of plasma, erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activities in pregnant animals of both species.
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  • 51
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    Archives of toxicology 29 (1972), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mouse ; Rat ; Brain ; Light-Dark-Programming ; Circadian ; Toxicity Rhythms ; Acetylcholine ; Pilocarpine ; Oxotremorine ; Carbachol ; Physostigmine ; Neostigmine ; Atropine ; Scopolamine ; Atropine Methyl Nitrate ; Maus ; Ratten ; Gehirn ; Beleuchtungsprogramm ; Circadianer Toxicitätsrhythmus ; Acetylcholin ; Piloearpin ; Oxotremorin ; Carbachol ; Physostigmin ; Neostigmin ; Atropin ; Scopolamin ; Atropin-methylnitrat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Adaptation an ein Licht-Dunkelprogramm (8.00 bis 20.00 Licht, 20.00 bis 8.00 Dunkelheit) wurde der Acetylcholingehalt (ACh) im Mittelhirn und N. caudatus von Ratten sowie im Gesamthirn von Mäusen bestimmt. Die höchsten ACh-Konzentrationen wurden bei Ratten um 24.00 gefunden; die höchsten ACh-Werte bei der Maus waren nicht signifikant von den Konzentrationen um 24.00 und 12.00 verschieden. Signifikante ACh-Minima traten im Mittelhirn der Ratte um 12.00, im N. caudatus sowie im Mäusegehirn um 18.00 Uhr auf. Während der Dunkelperiode wurde die größte Toxicität gegenüber i.v. bzw. i.p. injiziertem ACh bei Mäusen gefunden. Ähnliche zeitliche Unterschiede ergaben sich für Neostigmin, Pilocarpin und Oxytremorin. Die Toxicität von Carbachol zeigte Maxima bei 12.00 und 24.00. Für Physostigmin, einen CholinesteraseHemmstoff mit einem tertiären Stickstoff, lagen sowohl die Toxicitätsmaxima als auch die Toxicitätsminima in der Dunkelperiode. Die rhythmische Schwankung der Toxicität von i.p. verabfolgtem Atropin verhielt sich umgekehrt wie die der Cholinomimetica (außer Carbachol). Auch nach i.v. Applikation von Scopolamin und N-Methylatropin war ein entsprechender rhythmischer Einfluß auf die Toxicität nachweisbar. Die Vorbehandlung mit N-Methylatropin schwächte die Toxicität zwar ab, der Toxicitätsrhythmus gegenüber ACh und Physostigmin war aber nicht verändert. Die Toxicität von Cholinomimetica zeigt ein Maximum während der höchsten ACh-Konzentrationen im Gehirn und der höchsten Stoffwechselaktivität. Bei den anticholinergen Substanzen zeigte sich ein umgekehrtes Verhältnis. Die Beziehungen zum zentralen ACh-Gehalt sind unklar.
    Notes: Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh) levels were determined in rat midbrain and caudate nucleus and mouse whole brain in mature animals adapted 3 weeks to a programmed lighting schedule (08:00 to 20:00 h light; 20:00 to 08:00 dark). Peak ACh levels in the rat occurred at 24:00 h; in the mouse the peak at 06:00 h did not differ significantly from values obtained at 24:00 and 12:00 h. Significant trough values occurred at 12:00 h in rat midbrain and at 18:00h in rat caudate nucleus and mouse brain. In mice toxicity of I.V. and I.P. administered ACh is maximal during the dark. Neostigmine, pilocarpine and oxotremorine have toxicity patterns similar to ACh. Carbachol toxicity peaked at 12:00 and 24:00 h. With physostigmine, a tertiary anticholinesterase, peak and trough occurred during the dark. The atropine (I.P.) toxicity rhythm is a mirror image of the cholinomimetic rhythm (except for carbachol). I.V. scopolamine and atropine methyl nitrate patterns resemble atropine's but are less clear-cut. Atropine methyl nitrate pretreatment reduced ACh and physostigmine toxicity but did not alter the overall pattern. Cholinomimetic toxicity and brain ACh patterns are similar, peaking when metabolic activity is maximal. An inverse relationship holds for the anticholinergic drugs. The relationship to central ACh is uncertain.
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  • 52
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    Archives of toxicology 30 (1972), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 2,2-Dichlorvinyl Dimethyl Phosphate ; Dichlorvos ; Vapona ; Metabolism ; Man ; Rat ; Mouse ; Hamster ; 2,2-Dichlorvinyl-dimethylphosphat ; Dichlorvos ; Vapona® ; Stoffwechsel ; Mensch ; Ratte ; Maus ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Mäusen und Hamstern wurde die Exkretion und Retention der Radioaktivität nach Fütterung mit [1-14C-Vinyl]-Dichlorvos bestimmt. Außerdem wurde beim Menschen die Exkretion und Exhalation gemessen und die erhaltenen Werte mit den tierexperimentellen Daten von Rattenversuchen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen schnellen Stoffwechsel von Dichlorvos bei allen vier untersuchten Species. Die Dealkylierung zu Desmethyldichlorvos spielt bei der Biotransformation eine untergeordnete Rolle. Eine gewisse Ausnahme zeigen die Mäuse, bei denen 18,5 % der zugeführten Radioaktivität als Desmethyldichlorvos aufgefunden werden konnte. Bei allen Species kam es zu einer hydrolytischen Spaltung zu Dichloracetaldehyd, der weiter zu Dichloraetbanol reduziert wird. Der weitere Weg führt über die Ausscheidung als Glucuronid mit dem Harn. Ein Teil wird dechloriert und das14C-Atom als14CO2 oder14C-Hippursäure im Harn ausgeschieden. Im menschlichen Harn konnte Dichloraethanol nach Inkubation mitβ-Glucuronidase nachgewiesen werden, wenn hohe Dichlorvoskonzentrationen (38 μg/l) eingeatmet wurden. Auf dieser Basis könnte eine Überwachungsmethode gegen die Inhalation von zu hohen Dichlorvoskonzentrationen ausgearbeitet werden.
    Notes: Abstract The routes of excretion and retention of radioactivity following the ingestion of [1-14C-vinyl]dichlorvos by mice and hamsters have been determined. The excretion of radioactivity in urine and exhaled air of man has also been measured. The data have been compared with those for rats. The results indicate that metabolism is rapid in the four species. Dealkylation to desmethyldichlorvos is a minor route of biotransformation, except in the mouse, where desmethyldichlorvos constitutes at least 18.5 % of the administered radioactivity. Hydrolytic metabolism of dichlorvos occurs in all species and leads presumably to dichloroacetaldehyde which is further metabolized by (i) reduction to dichloroethanol and excretion in the urine as the glucuronide and (ii) dechlorination followed by incorporation of the carbon atoms into endogenous biosyntheses and excretion as [14C]carbon dioxide and [14C]hippuric acid in the urine. Dichloroethanol can be detected inβ-glucuronidase-treated urine after exposure of a human subject to high air concentrations (38 μg/l) of non-radioactive dichlorvos. This may form the basis of a method of monitoring the exposure of humans to high concentrations of dichlorvos.
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  • 53
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    Pflügers Archiv 331 (1972), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Thoracic Aorta ; Complex Dynamic Young's Modulus ; Age ; Serum Lipids ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 2 groups of male albino rats (wistar-strain), 6 months and 18 months of age, dynamic Young's moduli in longitudinal direction were measured, at 5 different frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz. Each group consisted of 10 animals. Measurements were made at the natural length and at 1.2 times this length. From each animal several serum lipids were determined. It was found that: 1. measured at the natural length and 1.2 times this length, no significant difference of dynamic Young's moduli between both age groups could be demonstrated 2. concerning the dynamic Young's moduli there is significant interaction between stretch level and age 3. retraction was significantly smaller in the old rats than in the young ones 4. the old animals had a significantly higher serum lipid content than the young rats 5. no correlation between serum lipids and Young's moduli could be demonstrated.
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  • 54
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    Pflügers Archiv 337 (1972), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypothalamus ; Prolactin ; LH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels of prolactin and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPO) or the arcuate nucleus (Arc.N.) in pentobarbital anesthetized proestrous rats. Differences in the secretion pattern of prolactin and LH were observed when stimulated by means of acutely or chronically implanted electrodes. Acute implantation and stimulation of the MPO resulted in no change in serum prolactin levels, whereas stimulation by means of chronically implanted electrodes evoked a marked increase in serum prolactin. The general observation was that electrostimulation in the acute experiments causes a less sharp but more prolonged prolactin and LH release from pituitary than stimulation through chronically implanted electrodes.
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  • 55
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    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lactate Turnover ; l-Lactate14C (U) ; Hypoxaemia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Lactate turnover was measured in 24 anesthetized rats using14C-U-(l) Lactate with the priming dose-infusion technique. 2. 14C Lactate in blood was determined with a specific radio-enzymatic micromethod. 3. Lactate turnover increases with blood lactate concentration in the range 0.5 to 3 mM. In a steady state system this relationship means that a new equilibrium may be achieved at a higher pool level, between lactate production and utilization. 4. Comparing available data in four mammalian species lactate turnover at normal lactate levels was found to be approximately constant when computed on a body surface unit basis.
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  • 56
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    Psychopharmacology 23 (1972), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Reserpine ; Neonatal Treatment ; Sexual Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate whether reserpine given in the critical period of sexual differentiation of the rat brain affects adult sexual behaviour, female and male rats were given a single injection of reserpine on the fourth day after birth, and their sexual behaviour was tested at maturity. In the 11 consecutive daily tests for spontaneous sexual behaviour the reserpine treated female animals showed fewer regular behavioural and vaginal oestrous cycles than the control animals. 19 % of the reserpinized and none of the control animals had prolonged oestrous behaviour without a coincident prolonged vaginal cycle. The reseptivity quotients of the reserpine treated animals were reduced. In the tests for hormone induced sexual behaviour after ovariectomy no statistically significant differences between the number of animals responding or between the receptivity quotients occurred. The tests for spontaneous sexual behaviour in males showed that the reserpinized animals needed fewer intromissions to ejaculate than the controls. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Trimethoprim ; Placental Transfer ; Distribution ; Elimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After a single i.v. administration of 50 mg/kg of Trimethoprim (TM) to rats in late pregnancy, a diffusion equilibrium of the folic acid inhibitor in the foetal organs is reached after 30–60 min. The TM levels in maternal as well as in foetal organs can have an inhibitory effect on folic acid reductase activity. The elimination of TM is lower in pregnant than in non-pregnant animals. The TM elimination of the foeti is dependent on the elimination capacity of the mother. Three-days-old rats eliminate TM some four times slower than mature animals owing to their reduced kidney development.
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  • 58
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 352-365 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Calcium Transport ; Small Intestine ; Rat ; in vitro ; in vivo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intestinal calcium (Ca) transport was studied in the rat jejunum by the in vitro perfusion technique of Fisher and Parsons and in the tied loop in vivo. Mucosal uptake and absorption of Ca was examined under the following conditions: rising intraluminal Ca-concentrations (0.5–128 meq/l); inhibition of energy dependent metabolism (2,4-dinitrophenol, N2, low temperature); net water flow, out of or into the intestinal lumen; addition of strontium (Sr); pretreatment with low Ca-diet and with 6-methyl-prednisolone. The concentration-dependent Ca absorption curve rose steeply at low Ca-concentrations but changed to a slowly rising straight line above 16 meq/l Ca++. In contrast, Ca uptake into the intestinal wall was directly related to Ca concentration, was linear from the beginning and paralleled the straight part of the absorption curve. Ca absorption was decreased by inhibition of energy dependent metabolism, addition of Sr and pretreatment with prednisolone. Pretreatment with low Ca diet increased Ca absorption and direction of net water flow (“solvent drag”) had no effect on it. Mucosal uptake of Ca was similar to Ca absorption except that metabolic inhibition increased Ca uptake but decreased Ca absorption. These results are compatible with the concept of a passive mucosal uptake and of an active absorption of Ca at low intraluminal Ca concentrations with additional passive component at high Ca concentrations.
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  • 59
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 91-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Choline ; Blood-Brain-Barrier ; Brain ; Rat ; Lecithin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat brain the concentration of choline increases with a velocity of 20.5 nMol/g×min immediately after decapitation. This is not due to postmortal disintegration of the tissue but to persisting biochemical reactions in the absence of blood flow. This rise of choline must be considered if the concentration of choline in the living animal is to be established. Taking this fact into account one arrives at a value of 27.5±1.7 nMol Choline/g wet weight. From the arterio-venous difference of choline concentrations it has been postulated that there is an efflux of 7.2±1.5 nMol/g×min from the brain into the blood. After i.v. injection of labelled choline the peak of the specific radioactivity of choline in the brain is reached in less than 1 min but amounts to only one tenth of the specific activity of choline in blood-plasma. The specific activities in both compartments decline in parallel. Thus it can be concluded a) that choline penetrates easily through the blood-brain barrier, but the concentration gradient is directed from brain to blood; and b) that choline is continuously formed in the brain, which process permanently dilutes the quantity of labelled choline and prevents the specific activities in blood and brain from becoming equal. The calculations of turnover-rates in the different reactions leading to the choline containing glycerophosphatides are based on the data obtained. On the basis of these findings it is proposed that in the brain phosphorylated derivatives of ethanolamine (phosphorylethanolamine, cytidinediphosphate-ethanolamine) can be methylated to form the respective choline derivatives.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 261-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Rat ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Influence of fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nebennierenmark der Ratte wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixationsmethoden untersucht. Nach Immersionsfixation mit Glutaraldehyd oder Osmiumtetroxyd finden sich in der Nebenniere sog. Mischzellen, helle Zellen, syncytiale oder plasmodiale Zellen, die von den Untersuchern als Artefaktbildungen angesehen werden. In allen Proben nach Perfusionsfixation wurden solche Artefaktbildungen niemals beobachtet. Bei Immersionsfixation wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen Sekretgranula und Cytoplasmamembran beobachtet, was bei Perfusionsfixation selten der Fall war. Die heutigen Theorien über den Sekretionsmechanismus bei Nebennierenmarkzellen werden aufgrund der vorgelegten Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Arbeit zeigt die wesentlichen Vorteile der Anwendung der Perfusionsfixation für die Untersuchung der Nebenniere.
    Notes: Summary The adrenal medulla of the rat was studied utilizing various methods of fixation. In adrenal medulla specimens after immersion fixation either with glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, elements such as mixed, clear, syncytial, or plasmodial cells, believed to be of artifactual origin, are observed in all of this material examined. These elements are absent in the specimens prepared by perfusion fixation. In specimens prepared by immersion fixation, secretory granules are found in close proximity to the plasma membrane; this localization is infrequent after perfusion fixation. Current theories of the mechanism of secretion of adrenal medullary hormones are discussed on the basis of our results. This investigation demonstrates the advantage and necessity of perfusion fixation in the study of the adrenal medulla.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory tubercle ; Rat ; Degeneration ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory tubercle of the rat was studied by electron microscopy both in the normal and after ipsilateral olfactory bulb ablation at survival times of from 14 hours to seven days. Particular emphasis was placed on synaptic structures and their changes following the lesion. Normal synapses are similar to those described in previous studies and presynaptic profiles are of at least three types. Types-A and -B contain round vesicles and form asymmetrical contacts and type-C profiles contain flattened vesicles and form symmetrical contacts. There appear to be two major types of degenerative changes. The electron-lucent type predominates at early survival times and is seen first at 14 hours. These profiles show an early reduction in numbers of vesicles with mitochondrial swelling followed by shrinkage of the profile. These profiles become increasingly electron-dense at later survival times. The second major type of degenerating profile is initially electron-dense. The earliest changes in these profiles are an increased axoplasmic density and increased microtubular density and clumping without apparent loss of vesicles. These profiles also become progressively more electron-dense at longer survival times. The observations are discussed in relation to previous reports.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Rat ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between rat spermatogonia and between spermatocytes is illustrated from electron microscopy of serial sections. Clones, or syncytia, containing as many as 22 connected spermatogonia and as many as 74 connected spermatocytes were observed. The absence of closed rings of cells agrees with the observation that intercellular bridges are the result of incomplete cell division, rather than cell fusion. The bridges thus are a record of spermatogonial divisions within a clone. In early spermatogonial generations there is a predominantly linear arrangement. The groups of spermatocytes have more side branches. From the presence of synaptonemal complexes it is concluded that the connected spermatocytes of a given clone are in about the same developmental stage. The pattern of intercellular bridges indicates, however, that not all nuclei in a clone undergo mitosis in the same cycle. The connected cells of a clone are therefore not all of the same generation. From unconnected bridges it is assumed that new clones originate from single cells or groups of spermatogonia which separate from an existing clone.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 171-179 
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    Keywords: Tubuli seminiferi ; Rat ; Structure ; Contractility ; Organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated pieces of seminiferous tubules of adult rats were grown in organ culture for up to 8 weeks in Petri dishes on the surface of nutrient agar. The medium consisted of newborn calf serum, Eagle's minimum essential medium, glutamate and antibiotics. This method allowed observation of the contractions of the seminiferous tubules in the culture. Contractility, light and electron microscopic structure and histochemically demonstrable activities of alkaline phosphatase and ATPase of the tubule walls were studied at 1-week intervals. The contractility and alkaline phosphatase activity were maintained in the tubule wall for 3 weeks, and the activity of ATPase was maintained for 5 weeks. The thin filaments of the myoid cells, which are responsible for the contractility, were seen with the electron microscope in tubules cultured for 5 weeks. The organ culture method described in the present paper seems to be valuable for studies concerning the functioning of the myoid cells of the seminiferous tubules and the possibility that this is regulated by hormones.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteolysis ; PTH ; Bone ; Matrix ; E.M.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young chicks were treated with 25 U.S.P. units of Parathormone (PTH, Eli Lilly and Co.) each day for three days. Osteocytes in the tibial mid-diaphyses were studied. As early as two hours after the treatment, there was an evident increase in the amount of affected matrix. However, it was only partially broken down (modified). Based on the relative number of osteocytes in the formative, resorptive, and degenerative phase and of dead osteocytes (empty lacunae), the effects of PTH on the osteocyte population have been quantitatively evaluated. At two hours after the treatment, there was a decrease in the number of formative osteocytes and an increase in the number of resorptive osteocytes. The number of formative cells continued to decrease. The resorptive osteocytes were maximal (76±4.5% of the population) at one day after the treatment. Later this number decreased with a somewhat corresponding increase in the degenerative osteocytes. It seems that PTH treatment promotes the maturation of osteocytes and decreases the formative but enhances the resorptive phase of the osteocytes.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Releasing factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exocytosis has been demonstrated by electron microscopy in the external zone of the median eminence of the rat. Exocytotic profiles have been observed in nerve fibres characterized by the presence of granular vesicles with median diameters of 90–103 nm and agranular vesicles of about 50 nm. In addition to the small agranular vesicles, coated vesicles of the same size have been found in many nerve fibres, suggesting that at least part of the agranular vesicles in the median eminence originate by micro-pinocytosis. The nature of the fibres showing exocytosis is discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility of identifying types of fibres in the median eminence by the occurrence of exocytosis.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 553-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Brain ventricles ; Rat ; Subependymal labyrinths ; Light- and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Färbung (Specht) lassen sich am ganzen Ventrikelsystem des Rattengehirns sub- und interependymale Strukturen lichtmikroskopisch nachweisen, die elektronenmikroskopisch als Basalmembranlabyrinthe (BML) identifiziert werden können. Verschiedene Formen dieser BML lassen sich unterscheiden. Sie stehen in Verbindung mit subependymalen Kapillaren. Die Verteilung der BML wird in Ventrikelkarten dokumentiert.
    Notes: Summary Sub- und interependymal structures, being demonstrable by a period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydthionine-method (Specht), occur in the whole ventricular system by light microscopy. They can be identified electron microscopically as basement membrane labyrinths (BML). Different shapes of these BML can be distinguished. They are in communication with the basement membrane of subependymal capillaries. The distribution of BML is documented in “ventricular maps”.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 205-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diabetes insipidus ; Rat ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Synthesis of hormones ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The general ultrastructural features of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI-rats, Brattleboro strain) are described. There is no decisively distinguishing difference between the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurons of both nuclei show signs of active protein synthesis. The perikarya of the neurons are markedly hypertrophic, the nuclei are large and the nucleoli prominent. In the cytoplasm there are numerous ribosomes, abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. However, very few neurosecretory granules are to be seen. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract are likewise enlarged and the paucity of neurosecretory granules is a striking feature also in the area of the tract. The majority of nerve endings in the posterior pituitary of DI-rats are devoid of neurosecretory granules. Microvesicles are abundant in the nerve endings and there are findings which suggest that microvesicles are involved either in endoor exocytosis. The signs of active protein synthesis and the concomitant paucity of neurosecretory granules are interpreted to imply transportation of the secretory proteins in an extragranular phase. The possible mode of release of the secretory proteins from the nerve endings and the role of microvesicles therein are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Perivascular cells ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultrastructural features of perivascular cells as found in the neural lobe of the hypophysis. In particular, an inquiry was made into the nature of the relationship of such cells to neurosecretory fibers and endings. The latter, in fact, are often invaginated within the perivascular cells and enveloped by their processes; furthermore, they often reveal a certain number of empty granules as well as characteristics of degenerative nature. In the course of this study the localization of the perivascular cells has been investigated as well as that of their processes within the extensive interlobular network typical of the hypophysial neural lobe of rodents. Based on the data gathered, the hypothesis is put forward that the perivascular cells play an important role in the turnover of neurosecretory endings, both under physiological and experimental conditions, contributing thereby to the release of post-hypophysial hormones.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 277-288 
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    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of rats subjected to severe acute haemorrhage under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia were examined electron microscopically and the ultrastructure compared with that in anaesthetised and unanaesthetised controls. Changes in the localisation and numerical distribution of elementary granules and small vesicles in the neurohypophysial nerve endings of bled rats were consistent with the occurrence of exocytosis. The occurrence of “exocytotic profiles” was observed more frequently in freeze-etched tissue samples as compared with the material fixed for conventional electron microscopy. The ratio of small vesicles: elementary granules was shown to be significantly increased (P〈0.005) in the nerve endings of neural lobes from bled rats. Equally, the numbers of exocytotic profiles related to 1000 μm2 of neurohypophysial tissue area were significantly greater (P〈0.005) in bled rats.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 289-294 
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    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rat ; Blood vessels ; Extracellular space ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of capillaries were found in the medial terminal nucleus of the rat accessory optic system. Type one capillaries are surrounded by glial processes and lack a perivascular space, whereas the type two capillaries and arterioles show a distinct extracellular perivascular space often filled with collagen fibrils. An internal as well as an external basal lamina lines these spaces. No fenestration of the endothelium was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic junctions in intact rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining. In the presynaptic ending the network has a hexagonal arrangement, while the dense projections are regularly placed along the presynaptic membrane. Cleft densities occupy the intracleft region. The postsynaptic thickening extends uninterrupted along the length of the junction. Qualitatively, the majority of junctions fall into the ‘discontinuous-continuous’ category, in which the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane together with its associated dense projections is discontinuous along the length of the junction, whereas the postsynaptic thickening is continuous. By contrast, a small number of junctions are ‘continuous-continuous’. In an attempt to analyze the junctions quantitatively, nine indices were measured. Histograms of the size distributions of seven of these appear to be bimodal, and from this it is concluded that two junction populations may be distinguishable on quantitative grounds. It is also shown that the distance separating dense projections at the presynaptic membrane is of the order of 10–15 nm. This surprisingly low value has consequences for current ideas on the relationship between synaptic vesicles and dense projections, and these are discussed at length.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 404-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal medulla ; Rat ; Interstitial ground substance ; Fixation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Interstitium des inneren Nierenmarkes von Ratten wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Neben Bindegewebszellen und kollagenen Fibrillen enthält der interstitielle Raum bandförmige, basalmembranartige Strukturen, in deren weiträumigen Maschen zwei weitere Komponenten, nämlich ein feingranuläres und feinfilamentäres Material sowie kontrastreiche, globuläre Partikel liegen. Diese beiden Formelemente stellen sich bei den verschiedenen Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen unterschiedlich dar. Bei der feingranulären und feinfilamentären Komponente handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um interstitielles Blutplasma. Diese Deutung wird gestützt durch die morphologische Ähnlichkeit mit dem Blutplasma der Blutgefäße, die unterschiedliche Darstellbarkeit nach Glutardialdehyd-und Formalinfixierung sowie durch die Befunde nach Gefäßperfusion und Nierenvenenstauung. Das Verhalten der globulären Partikel nach OsO4-Einwirkung steht in Einklang mit der schon früher gegebenen Interpretation als präzipitierte saure Mukopolysaccharide. Ihr elektronenoptisches Bild wird im Vergleich zur bekannten makromolekularen Struktur der Mukopolysaccharid-Protein-Moleküle diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial ground substance in the inner medulla of the rat kidney is examined electron microscopically after fixation with various fixation agents and under different experimental conditions. The papillary interstitium contains besides interstitial cells and few collagen fibrils basement membrane like material and two other components, fine granular-fibrillar elements and globular particles with heavy contrast. The appearance of the two latter interstitial components varies according to the different fixation agents used and to the experimental conditions. The fine granular and fine fibrillar material surrounds the globular particles numerously after glutardialdehyde-fixation but scarcely after formaldehyde-fixation. It increases after renal vein occlusion, but is diminished or absent, if the kidney is rinsed bloodfree. These results allow to conclude that this material represents interstitial bloodplasma. The behaviour of the globular particles after OsO4-fixation agrees well with the earlier interpretation according to which they represent precipitated acid mucopolysaccharides. Their electron microscopic appearance is discussed in comparison with the known macromolecular structure of the acid mucopolysaccharides.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 432-447 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Working with glutaraldehyde fixed, PTA stained rat cerebral cortex, the authors compared the ultrastructural features of synaptosomes with those of intact synaptic junctions. In general there is close correspondence between the two, although the cleft densities and postsynaptic focal densities of synaptosomes show a greater degree of focalization than their counterparts in synaptic junctions. The dense projections have similar profiles in both preparations, but are more difficult to distinguish clearly in synaptosomes on account of the closer packing of the presynaptic network around their apices. The limiting membrane of the presynaptic terminal is usually visible in synaptosomes, but not in synaptic junctions. Comparing the preparations quantitatively reinforces the qualitative findings, and points to their overall similarity. However a number of the indices in synaptosomes are significantly smaller than the corresponding ones in synaptic junctions, and this points to the operation of a shrinkage factor during fractionation procedures. This is confined to the pre- and post-synaptic components and does not affect the intervening contact region. Histograms of the size distributions of the indices are similar to those obtained for intact synaptic junctions, the majority displaying two peaks. It is concluded that synaptosomes accurately reproduce the major ultrastructural features of synaptic junctions.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 480-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Normal ; Hypophysectomy ; Structural alteration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal cortex of normal and hypophysectomized rats was observed by electron microscopy 5–90 days after the operation and, chiefly, the degeneration mechanism of the cortical tissue was discussed. In normal rats mitochondrial inner structures are generally tubular in shape in glomerulosa cells, vesicular (and tubulo-vesicular) in fasciculate cells and tubulo-vesicular (and vesicular) in reticularis cells. Some mitochondria in a few glomerulosa cells show long straight tubular crests in normal as well as hypophysectomized rats. Usually lipid droplets in normal glomerulosa, fasciculate and reticularis cells are surrounded by elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which are very closely associated with mitochondria. About 10–25 days after hypophysectomy, most mitochondria in fasciculate and reticularis cells show tubular crests, and numerous electron lucent lipid droplets are accumulated in these cells. These droplets occupy most parts of the cytoplasm and are sometimes in contact with one another or with mitochondria. The elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are markedly reduced in number and size. About 10–90 days after the hypophysectomy, the degenerative cortical cells containing irregularly shaped nuclei, heterogeneously dense bodies in various sizes, and a large number of electron lucent lipid droplets are seen. The author speculates that most fasciculate and reticularis cells degenerate because of a disorder in the lipid metabolism, since ACTH release, which is necessary for synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol, is absent in hypophysectomy. The fatty degeneration of the fasciculate and reticularis cells is considered to be a main cause for attenuation of the cortical tissue. Sometimes atrophied cortical cells without lipid droplets are also found 60–90 days after hypophysectomy.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Neurovascular contacts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the median eminence of the rat axons of the supraoptic-paraventricular-hypophyseal tract with elementary neurosecretory granules (150–200 mμ) traverse the internal zone. Terminals containing dense core vesicles 60–120 mμ in diameter end on the portal capillaries of the median eminence. A unique organisation of the primary portal capillaries is shown. Endothelial cells have many fenestrae. The pericapillary space has numerous extensions all of which represent a special zone around the endothelial tube. The fine structural organisation and function of the neurovascular contacts in the median eminence are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rat ; Oestradiol influence ; STH-cells ; Leucine incorporation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitaries of male and female rats neonatally treated with oestradiol dipropionate were examined with light and electron microscopy, disc electrophoresis and in vitro C14-leucine incorporation. Single dose of oestradiol administered shortly after birth to male rats has an prolonged stimulative effect on LTH synthesis and release. This is expressed in the cell hypertrophy, proliferation of ER, increase of corresponding band density and higher rate of 14C-leucine incorporation. In females this effect was less pronounced. STH cell in the treated male pituitaries were degranulated, corresponding hormone band density significantly lowered and incorporation of 14C-leucine was reduced. This could be considered as an inhibitory effect of oestradiol on STH synthesis and release. Such effect was more expressed two than four months after treatment and is more pronounced in male than in female rats.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 421-430 
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    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Growth ; Sex-dimorphism ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand des Verlaufs des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate in Anhängigkeit vom Lebensalter wurde die Proliferationsaktivität in den Zonen der Nebennierenrinde untersucht. 84 SPF-Ratten erhielten 2 μCi/g 3H-Thymidin i.p.; der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 18. Trächtigkeitstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche. Alle Zonen zeigten in der Rangfolge Glomerulosa — Fasciculata — Reticularis eine Abnahme DNS-synthetisierender Zellkerne. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede im Ausmaß der Proliferationsaktivität konnten zu keiner Zeit nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Dissoziation der Kurven des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate bei vergleichbaren DNS-Syntheseraten wird auf eine Änderung der G2-Phase des Generationszyklus der NNR-Zellen in der teilexponentiellen Wachstumsphase geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary In 84 SPF-rats the poliferative activity of the adrenal cortical cells was studied from the 18th day of pregnancy up to 12 weeks post partum. Rats were given 2 μC/g tritiated thymidine and killed 1 hour thereafter. It was shown that there was no sex-related difference in the degree of proliferation that could explain the sexual dimorphism in adrenal weights. In all cortical zones a decrease in the number of labeled cells was seen during the obvservation period. The highest percentage of labeled cells was found in the glomerulosa. There exists no parallelism of the mitotic and labeling index, which gives evidence for a change in length of the G2-phase of the cell generation cycle.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 483-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and the lateral preoptic area from the brains of aldehyde-perfused male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. In the lateral preoptic area, three neuronal types are described: a small light neuron, a larger light one, and a dark neuron resembling the larger light one in size and nuclear shape. Many myelinated axons are interposed among single neurons or neuronal pairs. The relationship of structures to each other is discussed. Several observations not previously reported are illustrated from tissue of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 12-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Construction principle ; Human femur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Bestimmung der Bruchfestigkeit des menschlichen Femur ergibt, daß diese in verschiedenen Regionen dieses Knochens eine verschiedene Größe hat. Eine Verminderung der Bruchspannung zeigt besonders der spongiöse Leichtbau im Caput-Collum-Bereich sowie der kortikale Hartbau im dorsalen Abschnitt der Diaphyse. 2. Die Verminderung der Bruchspannung beruht auf einer Zunahme der Porosität des Knochens in diesen Bezirken (Abnahme des Raumgewichtes). 3. Die Erhöhung der Porosität ist eine Folge davon, daß der Druckkraft der Körperlast eine Zugkraft von Muskeln entgegenwirkt, d.h. die Beanspruchungsgröße des Knochens (=Deformationswiderstand) in den genannten Regionen vermindert ist. Nach dem Roux'schen Maximum-Minimumgesetz ist in jedem Knochenquerschnitt aber nur so viel anorganische Knochensubstanz vorhanden, wie für die Gewährleistung einer auch bei maximaler Belastung vorhandenen zulässigen Spannung einschließlich eines Sicherheitsfaktors nötig ist. 4. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt kann der Oberschenkelknochen als Ganzes betrachtet trotz verschiedener Bruchfestigkeit in einzelnen Regionen als ein Körper gleicher Festigkeit definiert werden. 5. Die Havers'schen Kanäle, im mittleren Lebensalter von etwa gleichem Querschnitt, zeigen beim alternden Menschen auffallende Größenunterschiede der Lumina: sowohl starke Einengung als auch beträchtliche Erweiterung. Dieser Befund wird mit teils osteosklerotischen, teils osteoporotischen Prozeßen in Zusammenhang gebracht, die osteoporotische Lumenerweiterung als ein Kompensationsvorgang zur Erhaltung der ossären Blutversorgung aufgefaßt. 6. Außerdem kommt es im Alter zu einer Abnahme der Elastizität und in weiterer Folge der Bruchfestigkeit; ursächlich werden diese Erscheinungen auf eine Änderung im Gefüge und Chemismus des Knochens zurückgeführt: Auftreten der erwähnten osteosklerotischen und osteoporotischen Vorgänge sowie Herabsetzung der interlamellären Federung infolge einer Anreicherung des Kristallitmantels der Kollagenfasern mit Ca, Mg und P. Diese Vorgänge erklären die Zunahme der Frakturhäufigkeit des Femur im Alter. 7. In der Kopfregion des Femur zeigt das Trajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) — im Gegensatz zu den einfachen Spongiosabälkchen — durch das Auftreten von Osteonen die typischen Strukturmerkmale der Corticalis. Auch die Mineralzusammensetzung (Ca, P) des Trajectoriums entspricht derjenigen der diaphysären Corticalis, während die Konzentration der beiden Elemente im Spongiosabereich bedeutend geringer ist. Diese Feststellungen erklären, warum die Bruchspannung im Bereich des trajectoriellen Bündels etwa 3,6 mal höher ist als im Bereich der einfachen Spongiosastruktur. 8. Auf Grund der titrimetrischen, röntgenographischen (Mikrosonde) und diffraktometrischen Untersuchungen ist das im Knochen des 71 jährigen Mannes vorhandene Mineral als ein Hydroxylapatit von der Formel (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/PO4)3] zu definieren. 9. Die Konzentration des Mg liegt in der Knochenrinde des Neugeborenen etwas höher als im späteren Leben. Die Konzentration von Ca, Mg und P steigt mit zunehmendem Alter geringfügig an. Diese 3 Elemente sind im Knochen nicht ganz gleichmäßig verteilt, die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden besprochen. 10. Im Blut des gesunden Säuglings, im mineralischen Apatit und in der Mineralsubstanz des Knochens beträgt das Verhältnis Ca∶P übereinstimmend 2∶1. 11. Die epitaxischen und enzymatischen Vorgänge, die bei dem Aufbau des Apatits im Knochen eine Rolle spielen können sowie ihre möglichen Störungen werden besprochen. 12. Die Entstehung der als Linea alba bezeichneten Knochenleiste wird auf die von der Adduktorenmuskulatur ausgeübten Zugkräfte zurückgeführt.
    Notes: Summary 1. An investigation on the compressive strength of the human femur has shown that this varies considerably in different parts of the bone. Low compressive strengths are determined for the spongy bone in the caput-collum region, and for the cortical hard-bone in the dorsal section of the diaphysis. 2. The decreased compressive strength is due to a higher porosity of the bone in these regions. 3. Increased porosity is the result of the balance of body weight by the tensile strength of the muscles, i.e. the resultant loading (=resistance to deformation) of the bone is reduced in these regions. According to Roux's Maximum—minimum Law, there is only sufficient inorganic bone material present in the cross-section of a bone, necessary to withstand the stress due to maximum loading, plus a certain safety factor. 4. From this point of view, the femoral bone as a whole can be defined as a body of certain overall strength, in spite of having variable compressive strength in definite regions. 5. The Havers canals, which have nearly constant cross-section in middle-age, show an obvious size variation, considerable narrowing as well as widening of the lumina, in elderly people. These variations are controlled partly by osteosclerotic and partly by osteoporotic processes. The osteoporotic lumina-widening is interpreted as a compensation process for the control of ossary blood supply. 6. In addition, in old age there is a reduction in elasticity and then in compressive strength: These two factors are due to a change in bone fabric and chemistry: the occurrence of the above osteosclerotic and osteoporotic processes, as well as reduction of interlamellar elasticity by an enrichment in the crystallite-cover to the collagen-fibres of Ca, Mg and P. These processes explain the increase in the frequency of fractures of the femur in old age. 7. In the head-region of the femur, the Trajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) shows the characteristic structure of the corticalis, the presence of osteones, in contrast to simple spongy rods. Also, the mineral composition (Ca, P) of the trajectorium is very similar to that of the diaphysal corticalis, whereas the concentration of these two elements in the spongy region is considerably less. These results explain why the compressive strength of the trajectory bundles is about 3.6 times higher than in the region of simple spongy structure. 8. On the basis of titrative, X-ray (micro-probe), and diffraction studies, the mineral present in bone of a 71 year old man is definable as hydroxyl-apatite, with a formula: (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/(PO4)3] 9. The concentration of Mg in the surface layer of bone in a newly-born is somewhat higher than in later life. The concentrations of Ca, Mg and P rise slightly with increasing age. These three elements are not evenly distributed throughout bone, and possible explanations are discussed. 10. In the blood of a healthy baby, in the mineral apatite and in the mineral-matter of the bones, the ratio Ca∶P is constant 2∶1. 11. Epitaxial and enzymatic processes which may play a part in the growth of apatite in bone are discussed, as are deviations. 12. Tensile stress from the adductor muscles is held to be responsible for the formation of the bone-blade described as linea alba.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 354-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region ; Rat ; Monoamine oxidase ; Chemoarchitectonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the hippocampal region of the rat has been studied in cryostat sections with the tryptamine-tetrazolium method of Glenner et al. 2. The staining pattern was rather diffuse as compared with the distribution of MAO in the guinea pig and of other enzymes in the rat hippocampal region. 3. However, there were differences in enzyme activity between different areas and layers which could be correlated to some degree with results obtained with other methods, e.g., silver impregnation, catecholamines, and acetylcholinesterase.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 406-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parafollicular Cells ; Rat ; Normalcalcemia ; Vitamin D2 ; Electronmicroscopy ; Histochemical fluorescence method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroid parafollicular cells of normocalcemic and vitamin D2-treated rats were investigated by electron microscopy and with the histochemical fluorescence technique of Hillarp and Falck. Administration of high doses of vitamin D2 caused hypercalcemia and an extensive degranulation of the parafollicular cells. The formation and storage of monoamines in granulated and degranulated parafollicular cells was investigated by fluorescence microscopy after injection of monoamine precursors (DOPA, 5-HTP), alone or in combination with Ro 4-4602, nialamide or reserpine. No fluorescence was observed in parafollicular cells of untreated rats. l-DOPA and l-5-HTP (but not the corresponding D-amino acids) were taken up by a process closely linked to the decarboxylation of the amino acids to the corresponding amines (dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine). Treatment with vitamin D2 did not seem to affect the formation of amines in the parafollicular cells or the formation and storage of amines in other cell systems investigated. The amine itself (dopamine) was not taken up by the parafollicular cells. In normocalcemic rats, the amine formed was retained in the cytoplasm of the parafollicular cells by a partially reserpine-resistant mechanism. The storage of amines is concluded to occur in association with the calcitonin-containing granules. In parafollicular cells of vitamin D2-treated rats, a certain amount of amine was bound in the cytoplasm in the absence of typical granules. As a considerable amount of calcitonin is known to remain in the thyroid of vitamin D2-treated rats, the present observations may indicate an association between the amine and the polypeptide hormone calcitonin, whether the latter is confined to typical granules or not.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 471-499 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Rat ; Mitotic division ; Myofibril changes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the myocyte at all phases of mitosis as well as of early postmitotic cells has been studied in the myocardia of 14- and 18-day rat embryos and 5- and 7-day old rats. The myofibrils remain unchanged up to the late prophase. In prometaphase the majority of Z-disks in embryo myocyte myofibrils and considerable part of these disks in myofibrils of suckling rats are drastically disintegrated. This is followed by a progressive isolation and scattering of the myofilament bundles and of the whole sarcomeres during the subsequent phases of mitosis. Thick myofilaments seem to be unchanged but thin ones become frequently poorly outlined (mainly in embryos). The sarcoplasmic reticulum, including its typically differentiated subsarcolemmal cisternae, exhibits relatively few changes during mitosis. In the early postmitotic period there is a gradual restoration of contrast-rich Z-bands, interconnecting the previously isolated sarcomeres. Patterns of this process have much in common with early stages of myofibrillogenesis (appearance of subsarcolemmal “Z-bodies”, formation of skeins of thin filaments etc.). The cleavage furrow formation is either absent or considerably retarded up to the postmitotic period. Behaviour of some other organelles during myocyte mitosis has been described. Possible mechanisms and significance of the observed phenomena are discussed.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 58-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Ependymal and glial cells ; Inclusions ; Neuroglial synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche Ependymzellen des Recessus infundibularis und Gliazellen der Zona externa besitzen Fortsätze, die bis an den perivaskulären Raum der Kapillarschlingen des Portalplexus heranreichen. Die Ultrastruktur dieser Gefäßfortsätze wird beschrieben. Sie können verschiedenartige Einschlüsse enthalten: 1. große, runde osmiophile Einschlüsse (0,5–2 μ im Durchmesser), die als „lipid inclusions“ bezeichnet werden; 2. unregelmäßig geformte, granuläre Einschlüsse mit gleichmäßiger Elektronendichte (500 bis 2000 Å im Durchmesser); 3. rundliche Granula mit einem hellen Zentrum und ringartig um dieses Zentrum gelagerten elektronendichten Körnchen (1200–1600 Å im Durchmesser). Der letztgenannte Granulatyp scheint ein charakteristisches Merkmal der Gefäßfortsätze in der Zona externa der Wistar-Ratte zu sein. Meist häufen sich die Körnchen gemeinsam mit den anderen beschriebenen Einschlüssen in den kolbenförmigen Endigungen der Gefäßfortsätze. Exocytosevorgänge an der dem perivaskulären Raum zugewandten Oberflächenmembran der Fortsätze weisen auf eine Abgabe von Substanzen an die Blutbahn hin. Neurogliöse Synapsen finden sich im Infundibulum vorwiegend zwischen Nervenfasern des Tractus tuberohypophyseus und Gefäßfortsätzen der Ependym- und Gliazellen. Der synaptische Spalt enthält häufig fädige oder körnige Strukturen. Solche Partikel finden sich zusammen mit tubulären oder vesikulären Membranprofilen auch im synapsennahen Bereich des Glia- oder Ependymfortsatzes. Die funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Synapsen insbesondere für die Abgabe neuronaler Substanzen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Many ependymal cells of the infundibular recess and many glial cells of the external layer send their processes to the perivascular space of capillary loops of the portal plexus. The ultrastructure of these vascular processes is described. They may contain various inclusions: (1) large, osmiophilic globules (0,5–2 μ in diameter), mostly termed “lipid inclusions”; (2) irregularly formed, granular inclusions with an evenly distributed content (500–2000 Å in diameter); (3) circular granules comprising an electron-lucent centre surrounded by an annular wall of electron-dense particles (1200–1600 Å in diameter). This type of granule seems to be characteristic for the vascular processes in the external layer of the Wistar rat. Frequently accumulations of these granules are found together with other inclusions in the widened end-feet of the vascular processes. The occurrence of exocytosis at the perivascular surface membrane of the vascular processes indicates a release of substances into the blood. Neuro-glial synapses in the infundibulum are mainly found between nerve fibres of the tuberohypophyseal tract and the vascular end-feet of ependymal and glial cells. The synaptic cleft often contains filamentous or granular material. Together with tubular and vesicular membrane profiles such particles are also found in the postsynaptic area of the ependymal and glial processes. The functional significance of these contacts is discussed particularly with respect to the release of neuronal substances.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 92-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretory granule ; Rat ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurosecretory granules (NSG) of rat posterior pituitary glands were prepared by differential centrifugation techniques mainly according to the procedure as described by Barer, Heller and Lederis (1963). As revealed by electron microscopy, the recovery of neurophysin and the contents of enzymes, purified NSG were obtained in a pellet at 30 000 g/60 min (0.44 M sucrose). Eighteen h after injection of (35S) cysteine into the supraoptic nucleus 60% of the recovered radioactivity in the neural lobe was found in the NSG, whereas 20% was found in the final supernatant (100 000 g/120 min). Sixteen days after injection the NSG and the final supernatant fraction contained fairly equal amount of (35S) cysteine (approximately 40%). It is suggested that after a period of intragranular maturation neurophysin is extruded into an extragranular pool of neurosecretory material. With the use of conventional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it was shown that the predominating proportion of radioactivity in the NSG after a hypothalamic injection of (35S) cysteine was located within the neurophysin fraction A and in fraction B. Fraction B is suggested to be partly bound to the NSG membranes. When the NSG soluble and NSG insoluble proteins, obtained after lysis of NSG, were separated on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, the highly radioactive soluble protein was shown to consist of two components with average molecular weights of 12 300 and 14 600. Most of the proteins in the lysate were found in the NSG membranes, though less radioactive. A component with a mol.wt. of 37 000 was enriched in the membrane fraction. At longer times after isotope injection the high mol.wt. proteins, particularly those of the NSG membranes, contained increased amounts of radioactivity.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Actin- and myosin-like filaments ; Tubule and interstitial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy, the prominent bundles of filaments occurring in the basal part of proximal and distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells of rat kidney cortex were studied in cells fixed by vascular perfusion, in glycerol-extracted cells and in glycerol-extracted cells treated with heavy meromyosin (HMM). The studies of perfusion-fixed tissue showed that the proximal tubule cells contained in their most basal part filamentous bundles oriented transversely around the tubule. The bundles consisted of trightly packed thin filaments (50–80 Å in diameter). Similar but less prominent bundles were found in distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells. The dimension of these filaments was similar to that of actin filaments and their insertion in the basal cell membrane of the tubule epithelial cells resembled the insertion of actin filaments in the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells. The studies on glycerol-extracted cells revealed that some tubule cells contained two types of filaments (60–80 Å and 130–170 Å in diameter) located side by side in the basal filamentous bundles. The dimension of the thick filaments corresponds well to the values for myosin filaments in glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscle. The studies on HMM-reacted renal tissue revealed that the thin filaments (60–80 Å) described in tubule and interstitial cells are probably actin filaments, as they formed characteristic arrowhead complexes morphologically indistinguishable from the complexes of HMM with actin filaments in smooth and striated muscle cells. Our results provide strong evidence that a two-filament contractile system, based on interaction of actin and myosin filaments, exists in renal tubule and interstitial cells. As a hypothesis it is proposed that it is changes in tonus of the basal filamentous system in the proximal tubule cells which stabilize the intratubular pressure, possibly via angiotensin.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory axons ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Rat ; Ribosomes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the dorsal root ganglia of the rat, ribosomes were found not only in the initial segment, but they were also observed in the axoplasm of intraganglionar myelinated fibres and in the sensory portion of spinal nerves. Axons of seven-days-old rats contained more ribosomes than those of adult animals. The amount of particles decreased gradually from the initial segment trough intraganglionar internodes to the axons of spinal nerves. No ribosomes were found in axons of dorsal roots. In intraganglionar fibres, ribosomal particles were usually observed near the nodes of Ranvier, in the vicinity of Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and in axons near the Schwann cell nuclei. They were arranged in tetrads, pentads or in larger polysomes, and they were often observed adjacent to a group of mitochondria. The particles had invariably a stable size, their average diameters measuring 234 ± 2 × 197 ± 3 Å, which is practically equal to the diameters of 232 ± 2 × 203 ± 3 Å of ribosomes in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. These values fall within the range of diameters of ribosomes isolated from various cells of eukaryotic organisms as given in the literature. Since no other granular component of the cytoplasm has similarly stable dimensions, the measurements are considered to prove that the axonal particles described here are ribosomes.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 356-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Brain ; Rat ; Glycogen-rich cells ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of the rat brain was investigated at different ages from 20 days to adulthood. A particular cell type occurs in the external wall of the ventricle, where the proliferative subependymal layer is present. These cells found at all ages studied, are characterized by a high content of glycogen, and a structure different of typical ependymal cells. A large number of nerve endings is situated in close vicinity of these cells, either free in the ventricle lumen, or sometimes ensheathed in the cells. No synapse was found between these endings an the glycogen-rich cells. These glycogen-rich cells undergo several modifications with age: their glycogen content is reduced in the adult, and they acquire a few cilia and gliofilaments. It is suggested that they represent a transitory differentiation of the ependyma, functionally linked with the proliferative subependymal layer.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 12-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Construction principle ; Human femur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Bestimmung derBruchfestigkeit des menschlichen Femur ergibt, daß diese in verschiedenen Regionen dieses Knochens eine verschiedene Größe hat. Eine Verminderung der Bruchspannung zeigt besonders der spongiöse Leichtbau im Caput-Collum-Bereich sowie der kortikale Hartbau im dorsalen Abschnitt der Diaphyse. 2. DieVerminderung der Bruchspannung beruht auf einer Zunahme der Porosität des Knochens in diesen Bezirken (Abnahme des Raumgewichtes). 3. Die Erhöhung der Porosität ist eine Folge davon, daß der Druckkraft der Körperlast eine Zugkraft von Muskeln entgegenwirkt, d.h. dieBeanspruchungsgröße des Knochens (=Deformationswiderstand) in den genannten Regionenvermindert ist. Nach dem Roux'schen Maximum-Minimumgesetz ist in jedem Knochenquerschnitt aber nur so viel anorganische Knochensubstanz vorhanden, wie für die Gewährleistung einer auch bei maximaler Belastung vorhandenen zulässigen Spannung einschließlich eines Sicherheitsfaktors nötig ist. 4. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt kann der Oberschenkelknochen als Ganzes betrachtet trotz verschiedener Bruchfestigkeit in einzelnen Regionen als einKörper gleicher Festigkeit definiert werden. 5. Die Havers'schen Kanäle, im mittleren Lebensalter von etwa gleichem Querschnitt, zeigen beim alternden Menschenauffallende Größenunterschiede der Lumina: sowohl starke Einengung als auch beträchtliche Erweiterung. Dieser Befund wird mit teils osteosklerotischen, teils osteoporotischen Prozeßen in Zusammenhang gebracht, die osteoporotische Lumenerweiterung als ein Kompensationsvorgang zur Erhaltung der ossären Blutversorgung aufgefaßt. 6. Außerdem kommt es im Alter zu einerAbnahme der Elastizität und in weiterer Folge derBruchfestigkeit; ursächlich werden diese Erscheinungen auf eine Änderung im Gefüge und Chemismus des Knochens zurückgeführt: Auftreten der erwähnten osteosklerotischen und osteoporotischen Vorgänge sowie Herabsetzung der interlamellären Federung infolge einer Anreicherung des Kristallitmantels der Kollagenfasern mit Ca, Mg und P. Diese Vorgänge erklären die Zunahme der Frakturhäufigkeit des Femur im Alter. 7. In der Kopfregion des Femur zeigt dasTrajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) — im Gegensatz zu den einfachen Spongiosabälkchen — durch das Auftreten von Osteonen die typischen Strukturmerkmale der Corticalis. Auch die Mineralzusammensetzung (Ca, P) des Trajectoriums entspricht derjenigen der diaphysären Corticalis, während die Konzentration der beiden Elemente im Spongiosabereich bedeutend geringer ist. Diese Feststellungen erklären, warum die Bruchspannung im Bereich des trajectoriellen Bündels etwa 3,6 mal höher ist als im Bereich der einfachen Spongiosastruktur. 8. Auf Grund der titrimetrischen, röntgenographischen (Mikrosonde) und diffraktometrischen Untersuchungen ist das im Knochen des 71 jährigen Mannes vorhandene Mineral als einHydroxylapatit von der Formel (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/PO4)3] zu definieren. 9. Die Konzentration des Mg liegt in der Knochenrinde des Neugeborenen etwas höher als im späteren Leben. Die Konzentration von Ca, Mg und P steigt mit zunehmendem Alter geringfügig an. Diese 3 Elemente sind im Knochen nicht ganz gleichmäßig verteilt, die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden besprochen. 10. Im Blut des gesunden Säuglings, im mineralischen Apatit und in der Mineralsubstanz des Knochens beträgt dasVerhältnis Ca∶P übereinstimmend 2∶1. 11. Dieepitaxischen undenzymatischen Vorgänge, die bei dem Aufbau des Apatits im Knochen eine Rolle spielen können sowie ihre möglichen Störungen werden besprochen. 12. Die Entstehung der als Linea alba bezeichneten Knochenleiste wird auf die von der Adduktorenmuskulatur ausgeübten Zugkräfte zurückgeführt.
    Notes: Summary 1. An investigation on thecompressive strength of the human femur has shown that this varies considerably in different parts of the bone. Low compressive strengths are determined for the spongy bone in the caput-collum region, and for the cortical hard-bone in the dorsal section of the diaphysis. 2. Thedecreased compressive strength is due to a higher porosity of the bone in these regions. 3. Increased porosity is the result of the balance of body weight by the tensile strength of the muscles, i.e.the resultant loading (=resistance to deformation) of the bone is reduced in these regions. According to Roux's Maximum—minimum Law, there is only sufficient inorganic bone material present in the cross-section of a bone, necessary to withstand the stress due to maximum loading, plus a certain safety factor. 4. From this point of view, the femoral bone as a whole can be defined as a body ofcertain overall strength, in spite of having variable compressive strength in definite regions. 5. The Havers canals, which have nearly constant cross-section in middle-age, show anobvious size variation, considerable narrowing as well as widening of the lumina, in elderly people. These variations are controlled partly by osteosclerotic and partly by osteoporotic processes. The osteoporotic lumina-widening is interpreted as a compensation process for the control of ossary blood supply. 6. In addition, in old age there is areduction in elasticity and then in compressive strength: These two factors are due to a change in bone fabric and chemistry: the occurrence of the above osteosclerotic and osteoporotic processes, as well as reduction of interlamellar elasticity by an enrichment in the crystallite-cover to the collagen-fibres of Ca, Mg and P. These processes explain the increase in the frequency of fractures of the femur in old age. 7. In the head-region of the femur, theTrajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) shows the characteristic structure of the corticalis, the presence of osteones, in contrast to simple spongy rods. Also, the mineral composition (Ca, P) of the trajectorium is very similar to that of the diaphysal corticalis, whereas the concentration of these two elements in the spongy region is considerably less. These results explain why the compressive strength of the trajectory bundles is about 3.6 times higher than in the region of simple spongy structure. 8. On the basis of titrative, X-ray (micro-probe), and diffraction studies, the mineral present in bone of a 71 year old man is definable as hydroxyl-apatite, with a formula: (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/(PO4)3] 9. The concentration of Mg in the surface layer of bone in a newly-born is somewhat higher than in later life. The concentrations of Ca, Mg and P rise slightly with increasing age. These three elements are not evenly distributed throughout bone, and possible explanations are discussed. 10. In the blood of a healthy baby, in the mineral apatite and in the mineral-matter of the bones, theratio Ca∶P is constant 2∶1. 11. Epitaxial andenzymatic processes which may play a part in the growth of apatite in bone are discussed, as are deviations. 12. Tensile stress from the adductor muscles is held to be responsible for the formation of the bone-blade described as linea alba.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 570-579 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Rat ; 5-HT-cells ; Habenular region (Lamina intercalaris ; Medial habenular nucleus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal gland of the rat is located near the brain surface and is via a slender stalk connected to lamina intercalaris which constitutes a cell formation between the habenular and posterior commissures, continuing to the subcommissural organ. The stalk and lamina intercalaris, like the pineal proper, exhibited a yellow, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence which showed the histochemical and pharmacological properties of 5-HT. All these structures were richly supplied with catecholamine-fluorescent nerves which could be further followed rostrally from lamina intercalaris, mixing with the non-fluorescent commissural fibres and stria terminalis, into the medial habenular nucleus in which they extensively supplied both blood vessels and non-fluorescent nerve cells. Cytospectrofluorometric and chemical analysis suggested that the fluorescent nerves stored noradrenaline. This was supported by the finding that they disappeared after bilateral cervical sympathectomy (as did the fluorescent nerves in the pineal complex). In the medial habenular nucleus also catecholamine-containing and 5-HT-containing nerves of central origin were present. The occurrence of a rich, peripheral sympathetic innervation in the medial habenular nucleus of the brain offers possibilities for a previously not observed sympathetic influence on this nucleus. Also the arrangement, and the apparent continuity of the sympathetic innervation in the pineal gland, the lamina intercalaris, and the medial habenular nucleus, suggests some functional interconnection or coordination between these structures.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 114-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Neurophysin ; Vasopressin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The release of neurophysin from neural lobe tissue slices and isolated neurosecretory granules of the rat was studied at various time intervals after injection of (35S) cysteine into the supraoptic nucleus. For hours after isotope injection the release of radioactive neurophysin from neural lobe tissue was increased by depolarizing concentration of potassium in the presence of calcium ions. Fourteen and 30 days after isotope injection the release of radioactive neurophysin was relatively decreased in a medium of high potassium concentration which might be explained by the heterogeneity of the pool of neurophysin within the neural lobe. Four h after isotope injection the “spontaneous” release of neurophysin from neural lobe tissue was higher in dehydrated rats than in controls, and the neural lobes of these animals did not respond with an increased release of radioactive neurophysin when exposed to high potassium concentration. Eighteen h after isotope injection the predominating proportion of neurophysin-bound radioactivity was found in the neurosecretory granule fraction, whereas 14 days after injection a fairly equal amount of radioactivity was found in this fraction and in the “soluble” protein fraction. This indicates that with time an increasing amount of radioactive neurophysin passes from an intragranular to an extragranular pool. The spontaneous release of radioactive neurophysin from isolated neurosecretory granules was higher, and the increase of release upon exposure to an ATP-regenerating system was higher 14 days after isotope injection than 18 h after injection. This may imply that the neurosecretory material undergoes an intragranular “maturation” process to become more easily releasable. The release of radioactive neurophysin was inhibited in the presence of AMP and EDTA, which demonstrates the dependence of the release process of an ATPase and, probably, of calcium ions. Neurosecretory granules from dehydrated rats possessed a higher spontaneous release than those of control rats 18 h after injection, which may indicate an enhanced intragranular “maturation” process of the neurosecretory material due to osmotic stimulation.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Rat ; Fat droplets ; Fat resorption ; Quantitative electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopisch nachweisbare Neutralfettpartikel kommen im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte vorwiegend in den mitochondrienreichen Fasern vom Typ C in der Nachbarschaft von Mitochondrien vor. Nach Glutaraldehyd-Osmium-Fixierung und Epon-Einbettung sind diese Partikel meist dielektronisch, seltener teilweise oder ganz adielektronisch. Auf 100 μm2 Schnittfläche durch C-Fasern findet man 3–4 Anschnitte von Fettpartikeln. Der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte (d) ist 0,69 μm, der mit der graphischen Methode von Hennig bestimmte mittlere Durchmesser der Fettpartikel (d′) 0,80 μm. 2 h Narkose mit Pentobarbital beeinflussen weder Anzahl noch Durchmesser der Anschnitte. Nach 2 h Resorption von Maiskeimöl ist die Zahl der Anschnitte unverändert, der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte bzw. der Partikel hat um etwa 20 % zugenommen (d=0,83 μm; d′=0,95 μm). Das entspricht einer Zunahme des morphologisch nachweisbaren Neutralfettes um 70 %. Da keine Pinocytose von Chylomikronen zu beobachten ist, wird angenommen, daß freie Fettsäuren durch das Plasmalemm in die Muskelfaser eindiffundieren und im Bereich vorhandener Fettpartikel als Triglyceride gespeichert werden.
    Notes: Summary In the anterior tibial muscle of rats triglyceride droplets predominantly appear within fibres rich in mitochondria (type C). In electron micrographs 3–4 of such droplets are present per 100 μm2 sectional area of C-fibres. The mean diameter of sections through fat droplets (d) is 0.69 μm, the mean diameter of the droplets (d′) as determined by Hennig's graphical method is 0.80 μm. Anaesthesia with pentobarbital (2 h) does affect neither number nor size of the particles. 2 h after application of corn oil into the stomach the number of fat droplets is unaltered, but the mean diameter has increased by 20 % (d=0.83 μm; d′=0.95 μm), corresponding to an increase of the volume of about 70 %. Pinocytosis of chylomicrones by muscle fibres has never been observed. Therefore it is supposed, that free fatty acids have passed the plasmalemma by diffusion and are incorporated into triglycerides and stored within pre-existing fat droplets.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 439-461 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prechiasmatic gland (Organon vasculosum laminae terminalis) ; Rat ; Nerve endings ; Dense-cored vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the present electron microscopic study of the rat median vascular prechiasmatic gland, the unmyelinated nerve fibers containing dense-cored vesicles may be classified in three categories. (1) Nerve endings containing isomorphic rounded dense-cored vesicles, 800–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 1100 and 1300 Å. These vesicles are synthesized in the nerve cell perikarya which are localized principally in the lamina profunda of the outer subpial layer and also in the neuropil of the inner glial covering layer. One or more “cholinergic” axon terminals are in contact with the surface of these nerve cell perikarya. The dense-cored vesicles travel in the axonal process which branches into an extensive terminal network characterized by the presence of small varicosities. They abut on the pericapillary spaces but never against another neuron or effector cell. A few nerve processes course between the ependymal cells and terminate in the preoptic recess of the third ventricle. The dense-cored vesicles may contain one of the primary monoamines. (2) Nerve endings containing pleomorphic dense-cored vesicles, 500–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 800 and 1100 Å. The latter granular vesicles are associated with small, clear-centered vesicles, 260–550 Å in diameter, which are often aggregated in the vicinity of thickenings of the plasma membrane and of cytoplasmic dense projections. The intercellular space and the cell plasma membrane, however, do not display any modification facing these structures. Synapse-like contacts are observed between these nerve endings and cells containing a great amount of microfilaments and glycogen particles in their cytoplasm. The latter cells possibly represent processes of ependymal cells. (3) Nerve endings containing a few large dense-cored vesicles in addition to a majority of synaptic vesicles.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rat ; Pars intermedia ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was localized in the intermediate lobes of normal rat pituitaries with unlabeled antibody and the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex at the electron microscopic level. All of the intermediate lobe cells (light and dark cells) stained positively for ACTH. Stain of varying intensity was found on secretory granules and vesicles. Structures which resembled rough endoplasmic reticulum stained where the secretory granules and vesicles were most numerous. No stain was on mitochondria, in nuclei, in cisternae and granules of Golgi complexes, or in rough endoplasmic reticulum where there were few secretory granules. There were distinct immunohistochemical differences between the pars intermedia and anterior lobe ACTH cells. In the ACTH cells of the anterior lobe, the Golgi complex and its granules stained strongly, but not at all in the pars intermedia cells. This suggests that ACTH may not be packaged or condensed in the Golgi region of the latter.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane labyrinths ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Rat ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wand des Zentralkanals im Rückenmark der weißen Ratte enthält zahlreiche Basalmembranlabyrinthe; ihre Zahl nimmt in caudaler Richtung deutlich zu. Die Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Färbung (Specht) gestattet ihren lichtmikroskopischen Nachweis. Die Labyrinthe stehen in Verbindung mit den Basalmembranen der kanalnahen Kapillaren. Sie können auch elektronenmikroskopisch identifiziert werden; ihre Struktur gleicht der der Basalmembranen der Gefäße. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Basalmembranlabyrinthe wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The wall of the central canal of the spinal cord of the white rat contains numerous basement membrane labyrinths, their number increasing towards the end of the canal. The period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydethionine-method (Specht) permits their light microscopic finding. They are in connection with the basement membranes of the capillaries situated near the canal. The basement membrane labyrinths can be identified by electron microscopy; their structure is similar to that of basement membranes of the capillaries. The functional significance of these structures is discussed.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Surface multivesicular structures ; Erythrocyte maturation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface multivesicular structures associated with the plasmalemma of erythrocytes were observed in the peripheral blood of rats which have a significant number of circulating reticulocytes. These surface structures appear as ovoid evaginations (0.2 to 0.7 μ in diameter) of the plasma membrane and contain numerous small vesicles ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μ in diameter. The structures were present during the final stages of maturation of erythrocytes, after nuclei and mitochondria had been extruded and only a few polysomes and small vesicles remained. They appear quite distinct from the autophagic vacuoles which have been described in association with degeneration and extrusion of mitochondria from erythrocytes. The exact origin of the small internal vesicles of these surface multivesicular structures is unknown; however, similar vesicles have been observed in the cytoplasm of the maturing erythrocyte especially in the vicinity of the Golgi body. These structures suggest a process by which Golgi elements and other small cytoplasmic vesicles are extruded during the late stages of maturation of rat erythrocytes.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Thyroid C-cells ; Ultrastructure ; Tocopherol and Ubiquinone deficiency ; Substitution (d,1-α-Tocopherol, α-Tocopherolquinone)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Schilddrüse von Wistar-Ratten wurde der Einfluß der Kost (Laborstandardkost, halbsynthetische-tocopherolhaltige und halbsynthetische-tocopherol-freie Kost) und der subkutanen Injektion von Tocopherol und Tocopherolchinon auf die Ultrastruktur der C-Zellen untersucht. Während nach Standardfütterung die Aktivität der C-Zellen der Norm entspricht, werden Syntheseleistung und Sekretabgabe dieser Zellelemente durch die halbsynthetische-tocopherolhaltige Kost gesteigert und im alimentären Tocopherol-Ubichinonmangel wieder gedämpft. Der elektronenmikroskopisch erkennbare Gehalt der C-Zellen an Sekretgranula entspricht der in vitro ermittelten Calcitoninaktivität. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Funktionskreisen von Thyreozyten und Calcitoninzellen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The influence of different diets (standard laboratory diet, semisynthetic tocopherol-containing and semisynthetic tocopherol-free diet) and the influence of subcutaneous injections of tocopherol and tocopherolquinone upon the ultrastructure of the C-cells in the thyroid gland of Wistar rats were investigated. While the activity of the C-cells is quite normal after feeding a standard diet, the synthetic and secretory activities of these cells show an increase with a semisynthetic diet containing tocopherol, but a decrease during alimentary lack of tocopherol and tocopherolquinone. The amount of secretory granules in the C-cells as seen with the electron microscope corresponds with the in vitro-activity of extracted calcitonin. The relations between the functional system of the thyrocytes and that of the C-cells are discussed.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Musculus levator ani ; Rat ; Androgen sensitivity ; Foreign innervation ; Histochemical Muscle fibre pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cross-union of the tibial with the pudendal nerve innervating the androgen-sensitive levator ani (LA) muscle of male rats, results in reversal of the histochemical muscle fibre pattern concerning myofibrillar ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase and phosphorylase enzyme activities. The homogeneous muscle fibre pattern of the LA muscle is changed to a mosaic pattern of muscles normally innervated by the tibial nerve. The success of the hetero-reinnervation is shown by practically full recovery of muscle weight and of isometric twitch-contraction properties of the LA muscle. Castration of 2-months duration, i. e. lack of the male sex hormone, leads to marked atrophy but no change in histochemical muscle fibre pattern. Hetero-reinnervation of the LA muscle results in change of histochemical enzyme pattern even if the cross-union of nerves is performed after long periods of castration leading to very marked decrease of muscle fibre size. However, testosterone application alone after castration increases markedly muscle fibre size but does not lead to reversal of muscle fibre pattern. The myotropic hormonal influence on the target (LA) muscle is therefore primarily of myogenic origin and specificity of hormonal action is maintained even with a foreign nerve innervating the muscle. The experiments, thus, provide evidence for the differentiation of specific neural influences affecting muscle fibre pattern and hormonal influences in respect to the myotropic action of the sex hormone on the androgen-sensitive LA muscle.
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