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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die dielektrischen Relaxationsprozesse in Sulfobetain-Polyurethanionomeren mit Polyethersegmenten (Co2+ -komplexierte und H,S-behandelte Formen) wurden mit der TSDC-Methode untersucht und mit denen nichtionischer Polyurethane und verwandter Verbindungen verglichen. Vier mit c, βs, β′ und βh bezeichnete Relaxationsprozesse wurden in Polyurethanionomeren im Temperaturbereich von 110 bis 370 K beobachtet und mit möglichen molekularen Bewegungsprozessen korreliert. Die Einflüsse des Gehalts an Hartsegmenten, der Komplexierung sowie der H2S-Behandlung auf die Relaxationsprozesse wurden unter Berücksichtigung der strukturellen Modifikationen der harten und der weichen Mikrophasen erklärt.
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation processes in sulfobetaine polyurethane ionomers based on polyether, were studied comparatively to nonionic polyurethane and related compounds with Co2+ (complexed and H2S-treated forms) by using thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC).Four relaxation processes denoted as γ, βs, β′ and βh in polyurethane ionomers over the 110-370 K range were observed. Molecular origin of these processes was suggested. The effects of the hard segments content, complexation and H2S treatment on the relaxation processes were explained in terms of the structural modifications of the hard and soft microphases.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Komplexierung von Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) und Hg(II) in Amin-funktionalisierten, mit N-(Acrylamidomethyl)acrylamid (NNMBA) vernetzten Polyacrylamiden wurde untersucht. Die Metallionenaufnahme hängt vom Vernetzungsgrad ab und nimmt in der Reihenfolge Hg(II) ≫ Cu(II) 〉 Zn(II) 〉 Ni(II) 〉 Co(II) ab. Die Kinetik der Komplexierung ist erster Ordnung. Die Metallkomplexe wurden mittels IR- und EPR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die Harze können ohne Kapazitätsverlust nach Dekomplexierung mehrmals verwendet werden; die desorbierten Harze komplexieren bevorzugt das vorher gebundene Metallion. Das Quellvermögen der komplexierten ist geringer als das der nichtkomplexierten Harze und hängt vom Vernetzungsgrad ab.
    Notes: The complexation of amino functions supported on poly(acrylamides) with 2-20 mol-% of N-(acrylamidomethyl)acrylamide (NNMBA) crosslinks towards Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Hg(II) ions was investigated. The metal ion uptake was found to be dependent on the extent of the NNMBA crosslinking. The observed trend in complexation is Hg(II) ≫ Cu(II) 〉 Zn(II) 〉 Ni(II) 〉 Co(II). The kinetics of complexation was found to be of first order. The derived metal complexes were characterised by IR and EPR. The complexed resins can be recycled several times without capacity loss. The metal-desorbed resins showed specificity to the metal ion which was initially present. The extent of swelling of the complexed resins is lower than that of the uncomplexed resins and it varies with the extent of crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (1993), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die elektrische Leitung von mit verschiedenen Übergangsmetallen (Fe, Co, Cu, Cr) dotiertem Polycarbonat (PC) wurde im Temperaturbereich von 293 bis 493 K untersucht. Die Leitfähigkeit von PC mit FeCl, war siebenmal höher als jene der anderen Proben. Die effektive Potentialschwelle Φ wurde zu 0,2 eV berechnet. Weiterhin wurde die Dielektrizitätskonstante bei verschiedenen Temperaturen untersucht.
    Notes: The electrical conduction of polycarbonate (PC) doped with different transition metals was studied in the temperature range of 293-493 K. The conductivity of PC doped with FeCl3 is 7 orders higher in comparison with the other samples. The effective potential barrier (Φ) for pure PC was calculated (0.2 eV). Also, the dielectric constant at different temperatures was studied.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (1993), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Wirkung von Lichtstabilisatoren im ersten Stadium der Alterung von Polyethylen niedriger Dichte (LDPE) wurde mit elektrischen Methoden untersucht. Drei verschiedene UV-Stabilisatoren wurden verwendet: ein Phosphit-Derivat (3,9-Bis[(2,4-di-tert-butyl)phenoxy]-2,4,8,l0-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane), ein Benzophenon-Derivat (2-Hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenon) und ein Chelat [2,2′-Thiobis(4-tert-octylphenolato)(n-butylamino)nickel(II)]. Diese Stabilisatoren, speziell das Chelat, verbesserten die UV-Stabilität von LDPE für elektrische Anwendungen.
    Notes: The efficiency of light stabilizers is investigated by electric methods in the initial stage of photooxidative ageing of low density polyethylene (LDPE). Three types of UV light stabilizers are tried to improve the UV stability of LDPE: a phosphite type (3,9-bis-[(2,4-di-tert-butyl)phenoxy]-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane) a benzophenone type [2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy-benzophenone] and a stabilizer based on chelate salt [2,2′-thiobis(4-tert-octyl phenolato) (n-butylamine) nickel (II)]. LDPE is very susceptible to ultraviolet light. UV light stabilizers improve the stability of low density polyethylene for electrical applications, especially the UV stabilizer based on chelate salt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (1993), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein Poly(vinylalkohol)-Film (PVA) wurde nach Erhitzen in siedendem Wasser gequollen und durch Bestrahlen mit Elektronen vernetzt. Das so erhaltene PVA-Hydrogel weist eine höhere Elastizität und bessere mechanische Eigenschaften auf, obwohl es noch quellbar ist. Das Volumen des vernetzten Hydrogels reagiert sehr empfindlich auf einen Wechsel des Quellungsmittels und eine Temperaturänderung. Nach Kontraktion durch Eintauchen in Aceton nimmt die Zugfestigkeit zu. Durch wiederholtes Erhitzen des Hydrogels in siedendem Wasser und anschließendes Abkühlen wurden Kontraktions-Quellungs-Zyklen durchlaufen. Bei Temperaturen oberhalb 40°C nimmt das Quellungsverhältnis stark ab.
    Notes: Responsive poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA hydrogels obtained by electron irradiation after heating of a water-swollen film show higher elasticity and tougher properties even after boiling in water, although some swelling did occur. The volume of the hydrogel after boiling was very sensitive to solvent (acetone) and temperature. The crosslinked hydrogels show higher tensile strength after rapid contraction by immersion in acetone. The crosslinked PVA was boiled and cooled to induce contraction and swelling cycles. The swelling ratio of hydrogel decreased remarkably at temperatures higher than 40°C.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (1993), S. 65-77 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Umsetzung von 2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabrombisphenol A (TBBPA) mit Phosgen in einer mit Trialkylamin katalysierten Grenzflächenpolykondensation liefert nur Polymere mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht. Die geringe Reaktivität von TBBPA wird auf dessen sterisch anspruchsvolle Struktur und den elektronenziehenden Charakter der o-Bromsubstituenten zurückgeführt. Aus der Bildung von Carbamaten bei der Reaktion einer Modellverbindung (2,4,6-Tribromophenylchlorformat, TBPC) mit Trialkylaminen geht hervor, daß durch Zerfall des Katalysator-TBPC-Komplexes die Polymerisation abgebrochen wird. Das Carbamat wird durch Zersetzung des Acylammoniumsalzes gebildet, wobei eine nucleophile Substitution durch das Chloridion an dem an das positiv geladene Stickstoffatom gebundenen Kohlenstoffatom stattfindet.
    Notes: 2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), a sterically hindered bisphenol, is known to give only low-molecular-weight polymers using the interfacial phosgenation process. The low reactivity is attributed to the bulkiness and electron-withdrawing character of bromine substituents at the ortho positions. From the formation of carbamate products in model compound (2,4,6-tribromophenyl chloroformate, TBPC) reactions with trialkylamines, the trialkylamine catalyst was found to act as a terminator by the degradation of the chloroformate-trialkylamine complex. The generation of carbamate occurs through the decomposition of the acyl ammonium salt proceeding via nucleophilic displacement by Cl- at the carbon attached to the positive nitrogen center. The relative catalytic abilities of trialkylamines and pyridine derivatives were determined in the homogeneous (dichloromethane) and interfacial (dichloromethane/water) systems. From the results of model reactions with TBPC and sodium tribromophenolate, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was found to be the best catalyst.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (1993), S. 47-64 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die thermische Alterung von extrudierten Proben von mit Elektronenstrahlen vernetztem linearem Polyethylen wurde im Temperaturbereich von 110-170°C untersucht. Kurz- und langfristige Veränderungen der mechanischen (Dehnungs-)Eigenschaften wurden beobachtet; die entsprechenden Alterungsmechanismen werden auf der Basis ergänzender Sol-Gel-, Dichte-, FTIR- sowie gravimetrischer Messungen und Zugversuche an Mikrotomschnitten diskutiert.Zwei Mechanismen führen zu kurzfristigen Eigenschaftsänderungen: eine Nachvernetzung und eine Änderung der Kristallstruktur (bei Proben oberhalb ihrer Schmelztemperatur). Im vorliegenden Fall wurden die Polymeren im festen Zustand vernetzt, so daß die Änderung der Kristallstruktur zu einer erkennbaren Abnahme der Streckspannung (ca. 5 MPa) führte.Die langfristigen Veränderungen treten nach dem Ende der Oxidationsinduktionsperiode auf. Sie können als Übergang vom zähen in den spröden Zustand interpretiert werden, der durch Strukturänderungen sowohl auf molekularer (durch Kettenspaltung) als auch makroskopischer Ebene (durch diffusionskontrollierte Kinetik der Oxidation verursachte Kern-Schale-Struktur) hervorgerufen wird. Durch IR- und DSC-Analysen wurde festgestellt, daß wahrnehmbare Änderungen in der Dehnung erst kurz vor dem Ende der Induktionsperiode auftreten.
    Notes: The thermal aging of extruded samples of electron beam-crosslinked linear polyethylene has been studied in the 110-170°C temperature range. Short and long term changes of mechanical (tensile) properties were observed, and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed on the basis of complementary sol-gel and gravimetric measurements on whole samples, and density, FTIR and tensile testing on microtome sections.Two mechanisms are involved in short term changes: a post-crosslinking and a change of the crystalline morphology (for samples exposed above the melting point). The latter effect is especially important in the case under study where the polymer was crosslinked in the solid state and leads to a noticeable decrease (∼5 MPa) of the yield stress.The long term changes take place after the end of the induction period of oxidation. They can be interpreted in terms of ductile-brittle transition induced by structural changes occurring on the macromolecular level (chain scission) as well as macroscopically (core-shell structure resulting of the diffusion control of oxidation kinetics). It appears that noticeable changes of ultimate elongation occur just before the end of the induction period as detected by IR or DSC method.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 209 (1993), S. 95-109 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly(epichlorhydrin) wurde durch nukleophile Substitution mit aliphatischen Kaliumcarboxylaten mit endstandigen Doppelbindungen (10-Undecenoat, 4-Pentenoat und 3-Butenoat) modifiziert. Die Reaktionsbedingungen wurden variiert, um ihren Einfluß auf den erreichten Substitutionsgrad zu untersuchen. Die hergestellten Polyether wurden mittels Elementaranalyse, spektroskopischen und thermischen Methoden sowie Viskositäts- und osmometrischen Messungen charakterisiert. Es wurde sowohl eine geringe Vernetzung als auch die bereits bekannte Hauptkettenspaltung beobachtet. Während der Substitutionsreaktion isomerisierte das Vinylacetat zum Crotonsäureester.
    Notes: Poly(epichlorohydrin) was modified by nucleophilic substitution with some aliphatic potassium carboxylates containing terminal double bonds (10-undecenoate, 4-pentenoate and 3-butenoate). In order to monitor the degree of substitution achieved, different reaction conditions were tested. The polyethers obtained were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, thermal methods, viscosity determinations and osmometric measurements. A slight crosslinking and the reported main chain cleavage were both detected. Finally, it must be pointed out that, during the substitution reaction with the vinylacetate, isomerization to crotonic ester took place.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 210 (1993), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polypropylen wurde mittels Gasentladung unter niedrigem Druck behandelt. Die Oberflaäachenmodifizierung wurde durch ESCA-Analysen, Messungen der Benetzbarkeit und Adhäasionsunterschungen in Abhäangigkeit von der Behandlungszeit und der Art des verwendeten Gases (Luft oder Argon) charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse von “advancing”- und “receding” -Kontaktwinkelmessungen mit Wasser (sehr polar) und Diiodmethan (unpoler) in einem automatischen dynamischen Tensiometer ziegen eine Zunahme der Benetzbarkeit nach der Oberfläachenbehandlung. Dier wird auf die entstehung hochenergetisch polarer Stellen auf der Oberfläache zuräuckgefäuhrt. Die ESCA-Analyse belegt, daß die modifizierte Oberfläahe aud niedermolekularem Material besteht; sie ist in Methanol läolich.Die Adhäsion von Aluminium an der Polypropylen-Oberfläche wird bereits durch eine wenige Sekunden dauernde Gasentladungsbehandlung verbessert. Sie hängt von der polaren Komponente der Oberflächenenergie des Polymeren ab.
    Notes: Low-pressure discharge treatments were applied to the surface of polypropylene. ESCA analyses, wettability measurements and adhesion tests were carried out to characterize surface modifications as a function of treatment time and nature of gas (air or argon). Advancing and receding contact angles were measured with an automatic dynamical tensiometer. The liquids used were water (very polar liquid) and methylene iodide (apolar liquid). The results show an increase in wettability by the surface treatment. This is due to the creation of high-energy polar sites. ESCA analysis also shows that the modified surface layer is soluble in methanol and is made up of low-molecular-weight material.Adhesion of polypropylene/aluminium is also increased by the low pressure discharge treatment from the few first seconds of the treatment. This adhesion increase is a function of the polar component of the polymer surface energy.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Blends aus Poly-ε-caprolacton (PCL) und Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) wurden durch Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in Gegenwart von PCL hergestellt. Die thermeischen, morphologischen, dynamisch-mechanischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Blends wurden ermittelt. Zum Vergleich wurden Blends durch mechanisches Mischen von PCL-und PMMA-Homopolymerschmelzen hergestellt und charakterisiert. Die nach beidenMethoden hergestellten Blends unterscheiden sich wesentlich in der phasenstrukturund den mechanischen eigenschafte, was wahrscheinlich auf die bildung von gepfropften Anteilen bei der erstgenannten Methode zuräuckgefäuhrt werden kann.
    Notes: Blends of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared by a reactive method and characterized by thermal, morphological, dynamic mechanical and mechanical analyses. For comparison, “mechanical” blends, obtained by melt-mixing of preformed polymers, have been prepared and characterized. The two series of blends are different in phase structure and in mechanical tensile properties, probably due to the formation of grafted species during reactive blending.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 210 (1993), S. 33-46 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß der Oberfläachenbehandlung von Säagemehl auf die physikalisch mechanischen Eigenschaften von mit Säagemehl gefäulltem Polypropylen wurde untersucht. Wäahrend mit Elastomerem beschichtetes Säagemehl die Festigkeit der Compostie veschlechtert, fäuhrt diein-situ-Addition von Oberfläachenmodifikatoren (mit Maleinsäaureanhydrid oder N-(3-Maleimidophenyl) maleimid modifiziertes Polypropylen) wäahrend des Knetens des Polypropylens mit unbehandeltem odermit Elastomerem vorbehandeltem Säagemehl zu einer Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften bei nurgeringer Beeinträachtigung der Schlagzäahigkeit. Die chemische Natur des Oberfläachenmodifikators ist dabei von besonderer Bedeutung, d.h. mit Maleinsäaurenhydrid modifiziertes Polypropylen erwies sich als der effektivste der untersuchten Modifikatoren. Halogenierte Elastomere und mit einem Phenolharz modifiziertes Polypropylen verbessern das Brandverhalten der Composite. Außerdem häangen die Eigenschaften von der Größe der Holzfasern ab. Die morphologische Untersuchung von Bruchfläachen der Composite zeigte, daß die Grenzfläachenadhäasion durch das mit Maleinsäaureanhydrid modifizierte Polypropylen verbessert wird.
    Notes: The effect of surface treatment of saw dust on the physico-mechanical properties of saw dust-filled polypropylene composites was studied. Whereas the elastomer-pretreated saw dust decreases the strength of composites, in-situ addition of interface modifiers, such as maleated polypropylene, m-phenylene bismaleimideSystematic name: N-(3-maleimidophenyl)maleimide.-modified polypropylene, during kneading of polypropylene with untreated or elastomer-pretreated saw dust improved the mechanical properties with a marginal sacrifice of impact strength. The chemical nature of interphase modifiers played an important role on the mechanical properties of the composites, e.g., maleated polypropylene was most effective among the modifiers used in this study. Halogenated elastomers and phenolic modified polypropylene improved the flame resistant properties of the composites. More over, properties varied with the particle size of wood fiber. The morphological study of the fracture surfaces of composites revealed that interfacial adhesion is improved by adding maleated polypropylene.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to induce a β-turn conformation into the chemotactic linear tripeptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), the new analogue N-formyl-L-methionyl-ΔZleucyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester [ ΔZLeu]2f MLP-OMe (1) has been synthesized. The conformational and biochemical consequences of this chemical modification have been determined. Analogue 1 has been synthesized by using N-carboxy-(Z)-α,β-didehydroleucine anhydride as key compound to introduce the unsaturated residue at the central position of the tripeptide 1. The x-ray analysis shows that 1 adopts in the crystal a type II β-turn conformation in which the new residue occupies the (i + 2) position, and an intramolecular H bond is formed between the formylic oxygen and the Phe NH. 1H-nmr analysis based on nuclear Overhauser effect measurements suggests that the same folded conformation is preferred in CDCl3 solution; this finding is also supported by molecular dynamics simulation. The biological activity of 1 has been determined on human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and compared to that shown by f MLP-OMe. Chemotactic activity, granule enzyme release, and superoxide anion production have been determined. Analogue 1 is practically inactive as chemoattractant, highly active in the superoxide generation, and similar to the parent in the lysozyme release. The conformational restriction imposed on the backbone by the presence of the unsaturated residue is discussed in relation with the observed bioselectivity. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 33 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 521-533 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peptide GVKGDKGNPGWPGAPY from the triple-helix domain of type IV collagen aggregates in solution at a critical aggregation concentration of 18 mM. This molecular self association process is investigated by 1H- and 13C-nmr spectroscopy. As a function of increasing peptide concentration, selective 1H resonances are cooperatively chemically shifted by up to 0.04 ppm to apparently saturable values at high concentration. Pulsed field gradient nmr was used to derive translation diffusion constants that, as the peptide concentration is increased, also cooperatively and monotonically decrease to an apparent limiting value. An average number of 6 monomer units per aggregate have been estimated from diffusion constant and 13C relaxation data. Comparative 1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectra accumulated at high and low peptide concentrations suggest that average internuclear distances are decreased as a result of peptide association. 13C-nmr multiplet spin-lattice relaxation and 13C- {1H} NOE effects on 13C-enriched glycine methylene positions in the peptide demonstrate that overall molecular tumbling and backbone internal motions are attenuated in the aggregate state. Lowering the solution pD from pD 6 to pD 2 disrupts the aggregate state, suggesting a role for electrostatic interactions in the association process. Based on thermodynamic considerations, hydrophobic interactions also probably act to stabilize the aggregate state. These data are discussed in terms of an nmr/NOE constrained computer-modeled structure of the peptide. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The secondary structure transformation of β-lactoglobulin from a predominantly β-structure into a predominantly α-helical one, under the influence of solvent polarity changes is reversible. Independent of the alcohol used  -  methanol, ethanol, or 2-propanol  -  the midpoints of the observed structural transformation occur around dielectric constant ε ≈ 60. The structural change destroying the hydrophobic core formed by the β-barrel structure leads, at room temperature, to the dissociation of the retinol/β-lactoglobulin complex in the neighborhood of dielectric constant ε ≈ 50. However, when the dielectric constant of the medium is raised back to ε ≈ 70 by the decrease of the temperature, both the refolding of BLG into a β-structure and the reassociation of the retinol/β-lactoglobulin complex are observed. The esterification of β-lactoglobulin carboxyl groups has two effects: on the one hand it accelerates the β-strand → α-helix transition induced by alcohols. On the other hand, the esterification of β-lactoglobulin strengthens its interaction with retinol as it may be deduced from the smaller apparent dissociation constant of retinol/methylated β-lactoglobulin complex. The binding of retinol to modified or unmodified β-lactoglobulin has no influence (stabilizing or destabilizing) on the folding changes induced by alcohol. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highly specific peptide structures can be designed by inserting dehydro residues into peptide sequences. The peptide N-Boc-L-Phe-dehydro-Phe-L-Val-L-Phe-dehydro-Phe-L-Val-OCH3, synthesized by conventional procedures, crystallizes from methanol--water mixtures at 4°C in the tetragonal space group P43 with cell parameters a = b = 13.829 ± 0.003 Å, c = 27.587 ± 0.008 Å, V = 5275.5 ± 0.2 Å3, Z = 4, dm = 1.152 ± 0.005 g cm-3, dcal = 1.150 ± 0.005 g cm-3. The overall residual factor R = 0.084 for 2342 reflections, with 2θmax = 140° using CuKα radiation. The backbone torsion angles are θ1 = -171(1)°, ω0 = 168 (1)°, φ1 = 77 (2)°, ψ1 = 41 (2)°, ωl = 169 (1)°, φ2 = -46 (2)°, ψ2 = -24 (2)°, ω2 = 179 (1)°, φ3 = -63 (2)°, φ3 = -19 (2)°, ω3 = 171 (1)°, φ4 = -67 (2)°, ψ4 = -8 (1)°, ω4 = 169 (1)°, ψ5 = -61 (1)°, φ5 = -26(1)°, ω5 = 177(1)°, ψ6 = -122 (1)°, φ6T = 26 (2)°. The peptide adopts a 310-helical conformation with three intramolecular hydrogen bonds (i + 3 → i) involving carbonyl oxygen atoms of Phe1, dehydro-Phe2, Val3, and the NH groups of Phe4, dehydro-Phe5, and Val6 with distances of 3.01 (1), 2.82 (1), and 3.09 (2) Å, respectively. The structure determination revealed that a hexapeptide with two dehydro-Phe residues at (i + 2) and (i + 5) positions generates a 310-helical conformation. The helical peptide molecules are arranged in a major helical arrangement about the 43axis. These helices are packed parallel to the c axis and form several interdigitating hydrogen bonds. The interhelix hydrogen-bonding regions are separated by van der Waals interactions involving the side chains of Phe, dehydro-Phe, and Val residues. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 117
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 687-692 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The salt bridge probe cyanogen (ethanedinitrile, C2N2; N≡C--C≡N) inhibits the bovine carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1.) hydrolase activity toward various types of esters without significant effect on its hydrolyase activity. Two sets of pyridine derivatives that were isosteric substrates for the two activities were differentially affected. Acetazolamide and salamide are reversible inhibitors of the enzyme; only salamide affords protection of the hydrolase activity against the action of C2N2. Since each is known to bind in different positions within the active site, the selective effect of salamide may arise from its position covering one CO2 site as well as a site important for hydrolase activity. The C2N2 concentration dependence of the time course of hydrolase inhibition is consistent with the existence of a high C2N2 affinity site with slow covalent change and a second site with lower C2N2 affinity, but higher rate of covalent modification of the enzyme. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 118
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 119
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 735-742 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out for 62.5 ps on crystal structures of deoxy sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) and normal deoxy hemoglobin (HbA) using the CHARMM MD algorithm, with a time step of 0.001 ps. In the trajectory analysis of the 12.5-62.5 (50 ps) simulation, oscillations of the radius of gyration and solvent-accessible surface area were calculated. HbS exhibited a general contraction during the simulation, while HbA exhibited a nearly constant size. The average deviations of simulated structures from the starting structures were found to be 1.8 Å for HbA and 2.3 Å for HbS. The average rms amplitudes of atomic motions (atomic flexibility) were about 0.7 Å for HbA and about 1.0 Å for HbS. The amplitudes of backbone motion correlate well with temperature factors derived from x-ray crystallography. A comparison of flexibility between the α- and β-chains in both HbA and HbS indicates that the β-chains generally exhibited greater flexibility than the α-chains, and that the HbS β-chains exhibit greater flexibility in the N-terminal and D- and F-helix regions than do those of HbA. The average amplitude of backbone torsional oscillations was about 9°, a value comparable with that of other simulations, with enhanced torsional oscillation occurring primarily at the ends of helices or in loop regions between helices. Comparison of atomic flexibility and torsional oscillation results suggests that the increased β-chain flexibility results from relatively concerted motions of secondary structure elements. The increased flexibility may play an important role in HbS polymerization. Time course analysis of conformational energy of association, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bonding (as calculated from solvent accessibility) shows that all three of these factors contribute to the stability of subunit association for both hemoglobins. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 120
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 409-436 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The diffusional motions of flexible macromolecules are analyzed with an increasingly realistic Rouse-Zimm model, i.e., by modeling the molecule as an arbitrary set of spheres connected by nearly harmonic springs. New features include (1) nearly arbitrary arrangements of spheres, (2) arbitrary arrangements of translational and torsional springs, (3) significant anharmonic corrections to the elastic potential surface, and (4) inclusion of torsional damping and various hydrodynamic cross-coupling effects (including two types of translational-rotational coupling) with no additional fitted parameters.The hydrodynamic interactions [R. F. Goldstein (1985) Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 83, pp. 2390-2397] contain no adjustable parameters other than temperature, viscosity, and the radii and positions of the spheres. These hydrodynamic interactions allow accurate calculations of rigid body diffusion as well as flexible motions.Given the positions, radii, and spring constant matrix, one can calculate a full set of three-dimensional diffusional modes. Because one uses an off-diagonal hydrodynamic resistance matrix instead of a diagonal mass matrix, the diffusional modes are different in structure from vacuum normal modes, and give rise to different rms motions in the laboratory frame. These hydrodynamic modes include the effects of vibrational-translational cross-coupling (i.e., motion along a vibrational coordinate may give rise to a translational force, and vice versa).The diffusional modes are used to simulate dynamic light scattering (DLS). I examine various molecules with different shapes, flexibilities, and with different scattering vectors. Radial and angular motions influence DLS decays differently. These effects are dependent upon the molecular shape (straight, bent, or curved) and type of flexibility (stretching or bending). Furthermore, small cubic corrections to the potential surface can be significant for DLS of certain geometries such as straight rods and semicircles. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 121
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 475-477 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Laminin is the most abundant noncollagenous protein in basement membranes. Its selfassembly has been studied in solution, and it has been established that calcium ions induce partially reversible aggregation. The behavior at a lipid membrane surface is of greater biological significance, but it is difficult to study quantitatively binding kinetics at a surface. The present work uses a powerful new integrated optics technique to measure the absorption and aggregation of the laminin-nidogen at a bilayer lipid membrane surface. It is found that the binding of a single layer of laminin at the lipid membrane is independent of the presence of calcium, but that the building up of multilayer laminin membranes requires calcium, and that these may not be destroyed by a calcium-complexing agent. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 122
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 511-511 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 123
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances of FKBP when bound to the immunosuppressant, ascomycin, were assigned using a computer-aided analysis of heteronuclear double and triple resonance three-dimensional nmr spectra of [U-15N] FKBP/ascomycin and [U-15N, 13C] FKBP/ascomycin. In addition, from a preliminary analysis of two heteronuclear four-dimensional data sets, 3JHN,Hα coupling constants, amide exchange data, and the differences between the Cα and Cβ chemical shifts of FKBP to random coil values, the secondary structure of FKBP when bound to ascomycin was determined. The secondary structure of FKBP when bound to ascomycin in solution closely resembled the x-ray structure of the FKBP/FK506 complex but differed in some aspects from the structure of uncomplexed FKBP in solution. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 124
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The physical dimensions of several (1 → 6) branched (1 → 3) -β-D-glucan samples obtained from different organisms and their derivatives have been studied by electron microscopy, light scattering measurements, viscometry, and gel permeation chromatography. The electron micrographs indicate that in most samples these biopolymers are adequately described as linear worm-like coils. A sample reconstituted from alkaline media appeared as a blend of the linear, circular, and aggregated polymer morphologies. The average mass per unit length, ML = Mw/Lw for the macroscopically linear samples, was estimated to be 2100 ± 200 g mol-1 nm-1. The parameter mL was determined from the contour lengths obtained by electron microscopy and the molecular weight by light scattering measurements. The observed ML was consistent with the triple-helical structure reported from x-ray diffraction studies and observed degree of side-chain substitution. From the molecular snapshots shown in the electron micrographs, the persistence lengths of these β-D-glucans were determined to be 140 ± 30 nm. The experimentally determined intrinsic viscosities were consistent with these estimates of ML and persistence length. Comparison of the molecular weight distributions obtained from gel permeation chromatography and those deduced from the electron micrographs indicates that number and weight average contour lengths are more reliable than z and z + 1 averages. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 125
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 633-638 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rayleigh scattering of Mössbauer radiation has been measured on oriented hydrated fibres of A-NaDNA. The elastic and inelastic scattering intensities have been determined at different temperatures from 275 to 310 K in the Q range 0.7-3.3 Å-1. The elastic intensity has a main maximum at Q = 1.92 Å-1 due to an ordered structure of water along the DNA double helices. From the temperature dependence of the elastic intensity under the water peak maximum, the mean square displacement of water oxygens in the direction parallel to the DNA axis has been deduced. It varies from 0.110 Å2 at 275 K up to 0.345 Å2 at 310 K. The thermal diffuse scattering intensity is also peaked at the same Q value of the elastic intensity, indicating the presence of coherent vibrational excitations propagating along the ordered water filaments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 126
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An extensive and systematic search strategy to determine the conformational profile of 12 cyclic disulfide-bridged opioid peptides with varying affinities at the δ receptor has been carried out to identify the structure that is recognized by the δ receptor for each analogue. The methods and procedures used here for the conformational search have already been validated for [D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin (DPDPE), one member of this family. Use of these methods led to a low-energy solution conformation of DPDPE in excellent agreement with all the geometric properties deduced from its solution nmr spectra. Each of the analogue was subjected to the same procedure, involving a combination of molecular dynamics simulations at high and low temperature. The study was repeated in two environmental conditions, an apolar environment, simulated by using a distance-dependent dielectric constant, and a polar environment by embedding the peptides in a high constant dielectric ( ε = 80). An automated comparison of the different conformers based on their backbone rms and average distance between the key aromatic moieties was followed by graphic analysis using maximum structural overlap. The cross-comparison of the conformations for each analogue revealed a unique conformer that may be recognized by the δ receptor for each high-affinity analogue that permitted maintaining the critical elements required for recognition in a simple spatial orientation, while maximizing similarity in other regions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 127
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 723-723 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 128
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 725-733 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zwitterionic L-alanine forms crystals containing strong hydrogen-bonding and methyl-methyl interactions. Well-defined low-frequency lattice vibrations exist in the crystals involving correlated intermolecular motions on the picosecond timescale. A characterization of these vibrations is expected to provide useful information on the nature of nonbonded interactions in peptides and proteins. We examine some of the vibrations using coherent inelastic neutron scattering and computer simulation techniques. The neutron scattering measurements are used to determine phonon dispersion relations for the acoustic and some low-frequency optic modes in the crystal. There is evidence for interaction between the two lowest frequency optical phonons and the longitudinal acoustic mode. The velocity of sound is anisotropic and can be correlated with the hydrogen-bonding arrangement in the crystal. Corresponding phonon dispersion relations are derived from normal mode analyses of the crystal using the program CHARMM. Although some calculated vibrational frequencies are somewhat too high, the form of the calculated dispersion relations are in good agreement with experiment. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 129
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation of two agonist-antagonist pairs of bradykinin (Arg1-Pro2-Pro3-Gly4-Phe5-Ser6-Pro7-Phe8-Arg9) analogues were studied in CD3OH/H2O solution by 1H-nmr techniques. The first agonist peptide studied, D-Arg0-Arg1-Pro2-Hyp3-Gly4-Thi5-Ser6-Pro7-Thi8-Arg9, differs from the bradykinin sequence by the addition of D-Arg0, the replacement of the Phe moieties in positions 5 and 8 by Thi (Thi = β-(2-thienyl)-L-alanine), and Hyp3 (Hyp = L-4-hydroxy-L-proline) in position 3. In the corresponding antagonist sequence, Pro7 is replaced by D-Phe7. The second agonist-antagonist pair studied does not contain the D-Arg0 residue, which is present only to slow down the rate of metabolism. Based on complete resonance assignments from two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy and rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy spectra at 500 MHz, the peptides were analyzed in terms of intraresidue, sequential, and medium-range nuclear Overhauser effects, amide proton temperature coefficients, and vicinal coupling constants. Both agonist peptides show clear evidence for the existence of a type I β-turn comprising the C-terminal residues Ser6-Pro7-Thi8-Arg9 in fast conformational equilibrium with extended structures throughout. Although the conformational space is dominated by extended structures, the presence of the β-turn is spectroscopically clearly discernible. The two antagonist peptides, on the other hand, do not show evidence of turn formation but rather the presence of an extended conformation with some irregularities in the N-terminal region of the peptide. While the existence of a turn at the C-terminal end of bradykinin and its analogues with agonist activity has been predicted by empirical calculations and measurements in very apolar solvents, this study, for the first time, provides evidence based on physical data in a polar solvent environment that the turn is present, that it is type I and that it is essential for agonist activity. In the particular solvent used in these studies, the Pro7 to D-Phe7 substitution precluded the formation of the turn for the C-terminal residues of the antagonist. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 130
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1001-1001 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1003-1017 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this article a few methods or modifications proven to be useful in the conformational examination of peptides and related molecules by molecular dynamics are illustrated. The first is the explicit use of organic solvents in the simulations. For many cases such solvents are appropriate since the nmr measurements (or other experimental observations) were carried out in the same solvent. Here, the use of dimethylsulfoxide and chloroform in molecular dynamics is described, with some advantages of the use of these solvents highlighted.A constant allowing for the scaling of the nonbonded interactions of the force field, an idea previously employed in distance geometry and simulated annealing, has been implemented. The usefulness of this method is that when the nonbonded term is turned to zero, atoms can pass through each other, while the connectivity of the molecule is maintained. It will be shown that such simulations, if a sufficient driving force is present (i.e., nuclear Overhauser effects restraints), can produce the correct stereoconfiguration (i.e., chiral center) as well as configurational isomer (i.e., cis/trans isomers).Lastly, a penalty term for coupling constants directly related to the Karplus curve has been plemented into the potential energy force field. The advantages of this method over the commonly used dihedral angle restraining are discussed. In particular, it is shown that with more than one coupling constant about a dihedral angle a great reduction of the allowed conformational space is obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 132
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a sensitive birefringence instrument, the birefringence arising from the orientation of the DNA chain during electrophoretic transport has been recorded. This birefringence is shown to proceed both from the alignment (stretching) of the molecule in the direction of the electric field and from the extension of the length of its primitive path (overstretching). The contribution of these two processes can be separated in the decay of the birefringence after the end of the application of the electric field. The fast relaxation of the overstretching occurs first and is demonstrated to be the main contribution to the birefringence. The orientation factor of the remaining stretched state and its decay can be quantitatively understood using the biased reptation model. It provides, in addition, a high value for the tube diameter or gel pore size a (4500 ± 450 Å for a 0.7% agarose gel with a c-0.6g dependence in the agarose concentration cg) and a low value for the effective charge per base pair (0.2e as compared to 0.5e using the condensation hypothesis). The contribution of overstretching to the birefringence is also quantitatively interpreted in term of the change in the mean length l of DNA inside a pore size a. The dynamics of decay of this overstretching is well represented by a stretched exponential with a stretching exponent α = 0.44. The mean decay time decreases slightly with increasing fields and scales with the overall DNA length close to N20. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 133
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cyclic tetrapeptide cyclo(-Pro1-Ala2-D-Phe3-Leu4-) was modeled and synthesized to be used for molecular interactions and chiral discrimination studies in CDCl3. Total correlation spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy spectra of the cyclic tetrapeptide showed the presence of one dominant stereoisomer - 1 - and three minor ones -  2a, 2b, and 2c - in a relationship of 92:6:1:1. They formed three- to five-hydrogen bond complexes with Boc-D-Ser, Boc-L-Ser and Boc-L-Thr (Boc: t-butyloxylcarbonyl). These three Boc-amino acids interact more strongly with 2a, 2b, and 2c than with 1, altering their relative concentrations to 48:40:6:6. In the complex between the cyclic tetrapeptide and Boc-D-Ser, the stereoisomer 2a exchanged chemically with 1, 2b, and 2c, while 1 did not exchange with either 2b or 2c. This chemical exchange is due to cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bonds. The chiral discrimination of 2a, 2b, and 2c was stronger than that of 1. No complexation occurred with Boc-L-Ala or Boc-L-Trp. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 134
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1423-1429 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We analyze the implications of various choices for atomic friction coefficients on a recent theory of long-time peptide dynamics. One method for determining atomic friction coefficients is based on calculating effective hydrodynamic radii from the reduction of the atomic surface area accessible to solvent, while another employs an additive van der Waals radii model. These friction coefficients are used to evaluate the orientational correlation times of bonds in the peptide fragment ACTH(5-10), which contains a single tryptophan probe. Three models are considered; they choose as relevant slow variables (a) the positions of the α-carbons, (b) the positions of all backbone bonds, and (c) both positions in (b) and those along side chains. Comparisons are made between the three models and with experiment. While general variations are similar, large shifts in local correlation times emerge from using the different methods. The results indicate that the extra backbone bonds do not contribute much to the memory function for the virtual bond model, but the side-chain groups have a strong effect. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 135
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The type II and type III collagen α-1 chain N-telopeptides are a nonadecamer with the sequence pEMAGGFDEKAGGAQLGVMQ-NH2 and a tetradecamer with the sequence pEYEAYDVKSGVAGG-NH2, respectively. Their conformations have been studied in CD3OH/H2O (60/40) solution by means of two-dimensional proton nmr spectroscopy. Based on double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy, total correlation spectroscopy, rotating frame nuclear Overhauser enhancement (ROE) spectroscopy, and nuclear Over-hauser enhancement (NOE) spectroscopy experiments, all resonances were assigned and the conformational properties were analyzed in terms of vicinal NH-Hα coupling constants, sequential and medium-range NOEs (ROEs), and amide proton temperature coefficients. The NOE distance constraints as well as dihedral constraints based on the vicinal NH-Hα coupling constants were used as input parameters for restrained molecular mechanics, consisting of restrained molecular dynamics and restrained energy minimization calculations. The type II N-telopeptide's conformation is dominated by a fused βγ-turn between Phe6 and Ala10, stabilized by three hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge between the side-chain end groups of Glu8 and Lys9. The first 5 amino acids are extended with a much higher degree of conformational freedom. The 2 Gly residues following the turns were found to be highly flexible (hinge-like), leaving the spatial position of the second half of the molecule relative to the fused βγ-turn undefined. In the type III telopeptide, a series of sequential NH(i)-NH(i + 1) ROEs were observed between the amino acids Tyr2 and Ser9, indicating that a fraction of the conformational space is helical. However, the absence of medium-range ROEs and the lack of regularity of the effects associated with α-helices suggest the presence of a nascent rather than a complete helix. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 136
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The program AMBER 3.0 has been used to generate molecular dynamics trajectories of a poly (dA)·poly (dT) decamer. The simulations were performed using different methods to treat solvent effects. Results of a simulation including 18 counterions NH+4 and 4109 water molecules under (N, P, T) conditions were compared to simulation runs with implicit solvent representation in which solvent screening effects were represented by the use of a sigmoidal distance-dependent dielectric function. In the latter case, the system was simulated under microcanonical (N, V, E) and canonical (N, V, T) conditions. For the fully hydrated system simulation, a preequilibration protocol was developed since it was observed that long and progressive periods of heating and equilibration on the overall system were necessary in order to avoid energetic collisions between the solute and the solvent molecules, leading to severe irreversible deformation of the solute. A detailed analysis of DNA conformations, sugar puckers, and stability of the hydrogen bonds, Watson-Crick and three-center H bonds, is reported. The results show that DNA remains essentially in the B conformer with a tendency in the hydrated model to adopt a slightly distorted, unwound, and stretched conformation in comparison to standard B-DNA. Concerning sugar puckers, the mean pseudorotation phases of the adenine residues are systematically higher than those of the thymine residues, except in the case of the hydrated model for which a particular behavior is observed for the adenine strand. In this case, the terminal bases oscillate between C2′,-endo and O4′,-endo and the central ones stay in the C3′,-endo domain. The mean lifetimes of the internal Watson-Crick H-bond (A)HN6-O4(T) are also dependent on the base pairs included in the calculation, excepted for the implicit solvent simulation at constant temperature. The three-center H bonds have very small mean lifetimes in all three cases of MD simulation. In the minor groove of the hydrated model, a spine of hydration is found as observed by x-ray crystallography and other theoretical simulations. On the basis of the rms deviations, it appears that the fully hydrated simulation has not reached a plateau at the end of the run, while the implicit simulation at constant energy seems to have converged. At constant temperature, very large oscillations in rms deviations are observed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 137
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1591-1603 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The energetics of the χ12χ3χ22 portion of the disulfide bridge have been obtained from an ab initio study of diethyl disulfide. Calculations at the 3-21G* level were done on relaxed structures at every ∼ 30° in χ12 and χ22, and the additional energies for small Δχ3 were obtained. Complete E(χ12, χ22) and χ03(χ12, χ22) maps were computed from Fourier series expansions. These results have been used to calculate the energetics of 92 disulfide bridges in known protein structures, and to compare ab initio and molecular mechanics energies for some observed and predicted bridges. The differences found in relative energies and in χ03 values suggest that present energy functions give a limited description of the structural and energetic properties of the disulfide bridge. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 138
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1605-1616 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on Lifson-Roig's helix-coil transition theory, substitution of a single heteroresidue into a homopolymer host is studied. This study models recent experiments that substitute a single amino acid into a small peptide in water [A. Chakrabartty, J. A. Schellman, and R. L. Baldwin (1991), Nature, Vol. 351, pp. 586-688]. Our formalism, which is based on a perturbation method, differs from the existing theory for sequenced polymers and is naturally analogous, hence likely to be useful, to substitution experiments in the laboratory. It is shown that the intrinsic helix propensity w is directly proportional to the equilibrium constant for the helix-coil equilibrium of a single residue in a host peptide. This intuitive new result will simplify experimental data interpretations for measurements of the helical conformation on the single amino acid level. It is also shown that substitution affects the total helicity of the host peptide according to two considerations: the helicity of the replaced residue prior to the substitution, and the sensitivity of the site, a measure of neighboring interactions. The relationship between substitution stability and thermal stability is explored. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular and crystal structures of one derivative and three homopeptides (from the di-to the tetrapeptide level) of the chiral, Cα, α-disubstituted glycine Cα-methyl, Cα-benzylglycine [(αMe)Phe], have been determined by x-ray diffraction. The derivative is mClAc-D-(αMe)Phe-OH, and the peptides are pBrBz-[D-(αMe)Phe]2-NHMe, pBrBz-[D-(αMe)Phe]3-OH hemihydrate, and pBrBz-[D-(αMe)Phe]4-OtBu sesquihydrate. All (αMe)Phe residues prefer φ,ψ torsion angles in the helical region of the conformational map. The dipeptide methylamide and the tripeptide carboxylic acid adopt a β-turn conformation with a 1 ← 4 C=O…H—N intramolecular H bond. The structure of the tripeptide carboxylic acid is further stabilized by a 1 ← 4 C=O…H—O intramolecular H bond, forming an “oxy-analogue” of a β-turn. The tetrapeptide ester is folded in a regular (incipient) 310-helix. In general, the relationship between (αMe)Phe chirality and helix screw sense is opposite to that exhibited by protein amino acids. A comparison is made with the conclusions extracted from published work on homopeptides from other Cα-methylated α-amino acids. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aggregation properties of zinc-free insulin have been studied using static and dynamic light scattering. The aggregation has been investigated as a function of three parameters, the concentration of sodium chloride (in the range 10-100 mM), the pH value (in the range pH 7.5-10.5), and the insulin concentration (1.8-13.4 mg/mL). The measured homodyne autocorrelation function was used to determine the apparent mean hydrodynamic diameter as well as the apparent weight-averaged molar mass of the insulin species in solution. A method of data analysis was employed, which allows the separation of light scattering contributions from the insulin oligomers and from irrelevant macromolecules and possible impurities present in the sample solutions. Also, a simple phenomenological equilibrium model describing the association of oligomers of insulin is presented. One aspect of this model is that it makes it possible to determine weight average molar masses corrected for virial effects on the Rayleigh ratio. This was necessary because virial effects cannot be isolated and corrected for by dilution since this would change the equilibrium distribution of oligomers. The basis of the model is a positive contribution to Gibbs free energy from charge repulsion depending on the protein charge and the number of monomers in the oligomers, and an assumed constant negative contribution to Gibbs free energy arising from either an entropic gain or hydrogen bonding upon association. The equilibrium model gives a good description of both the apparent weight average molar masses and the apparent hydrodynamic diameters, when the effect of the insulin concentration is taken into account by including virial effects arising from charge-charge repulsion (Donnan effect). The result shows that the association of insulin as a function of pH and ionic strength can be described by an effective charge equal to the charge derived from proton titration reduced by the number of sodium ions binding to insulin. At the lowest pH and highest salt concentration (pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 12 mg/mL insulin), the weight average molar mass is close to that of the hexamer, and at the highest pH and lowest salt concentration (pH 10.5, 10 mM NaCl, 1.9 mg/mL), the weight average molar mass is close to that of the monomer. In all cases, however, a distribution of oligomers is present with a relative Gaussian width of about 30%. Neglecting the positive term in Gibbs free energy, an upper bound to the association constant for insulin can be calculated: The negative term in Gibbs free energy corresponds to an association constant of (0.8 ± 0.3)·105M-1, which is in agreement with published values for the monomer-to-monomer association. The satisfactory agreement between theory and experiments for the weight average molar mass suggests that it should be possible to predict the aggregational properties of mutant forms of insulin. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C proton-decoupled cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nmr spectra of bovine serum albumin are reported as a function of hydration. Increases in hydration level enhance the resolution of the peak centered at about 40 ppm but has little or no effect on the other spectral peaks. Hydration has little effect on either the rotating frame proton spin-lattice relaxation time or the cross-relaxation time for any of the peaks, suggesting that the efficiency of dipolar coupling is largely preserved on hydration of the protein. Resolution enhancement of the peak at 40 ppm is not understood, but possible sources of the behavior include a decrease in the line width of contributing resonances from lysine ε carbons due to increased motional averaging on hydration, reordering of disulfide bridges, and titration shifts induced by hydration. Hydration of bovine serum albumin appears to have little effect on the distribution of conformations sampled by the protein so that the broad distribution of conformations observed in the dry state is also observed in the fully hydrated state. This is in contrast to lysozyme where significant ordering of the conformation is seen on hydration. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 142
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1901-1908 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-resolution proton spectra at 500 MHz of two tachykinin peptides, substance P methyl ester (SPOMe) and [Nle10]-neurokinin A (4-10), have been obtained in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and for SPOMe, also in 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol (TFE)/water mixtures. Complete chemical shift assignments for these peptides were made based on two-dimensional (2D) nmr techniques, correlated spectroscopy and total COSY. J coupling measurement and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) were then used to determine the conformation of these peptides in the various solvents. Based on the J coupling, NOE correlations, and temperature coefficients of the NH resonances, it is concluded that these two peptides exist in DMSO at room temperature as a mixture of conformers that are primarily extended. For SPOMe in TFE/water with high TFE content, however, helical structures are found to be present, and they become quite clear at temperatures between 270 and 280 K. The variation of the 13C chemical shifts of the Cα (the secondary shift) with TFE contents corroborates this conclusion. The NOE and Cα shifts show that the main helical region for SPOMe lies between 4P and 9G. The C-terminus segment L—M—NH2 is found to be quite flexible, which appears to be quite common for neurokinin-1 selective peptides. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The peptides Ac-ΔPhe-Ala-ΔPhe-NH—Me (1), Ac-ΔPhe-Val-ΔPhe-NH—Me (2), Ac-ΔPhe-Gly-ΔPhe-Ala-OMe (3), and Boc-Ala-ΔtPhe-Gly-ΔPhe-Ala-OMe (4), containing two dehydro-phenylalanine (ΔPhe) residues, were synthesized and the solution structure investigated in various solvents. The nmr and CD measurements indicate that all the dehydropeptides examined adopt 310-helical conformations in solution. The tripeptides 1 and 2 exibited an intense negative CD exciton couplet, which was assigned to the right-handed screw sense, while the tetrapeptide 3 displayed a CD couplet having opposite sign, which was assigned to the left-handed helical sense. In the pentapeptide 4 the sense of the helix was found to vary with solvent and temperature, as demonstrated by the sign reversal of the CD spectrum. The right-handed sense dominates in hexafluoro-2-propanol, whereas a left-handed helix prevails in chloroform, acetonitrile and methanol. A crucial role for this behavior is likely to be played by the two alanine residues positioned respectively at the head and tail of the sequence, which favor conformations having opposite screw senses. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 144
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of sugar ring flexibility in DNA on the mechanism of the B ⇄ A conformational transition is studied. The dipole moment of the deoxyribose as a function of its puckered states is calculated by the quantum-mechanical method using the MINDO/3 approximation. The interaction of the sugar dipole with the neighbor molecular groups in polynucleotide chains is estimated. The sugar dipole interaction with phosphate groups and counterions is shown to be strong and capable to deform the pseudorotation potential of deoxyribose. The effective pseudorotation potential of sugar ring in the B and A helices is obtained. The results are used to explain the behavior of Raman bands in the region of sugar-phosphate vibrations. The mechanism of the effect of electrostatic forces on the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation, which is essential for the B ⇄ A and other structure transitions, is offered. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 145
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Assignment of the hydrogen spectrum is the first step in the conventional procedure for the determination of molecular structure by 1H-nmr. In this paper, we explore the possibility of directly exploiting the distances derived from nuclear Overhauser effect experiments to generate a three-dimensional structure that is then assigned based on knowledge of the connectivity or primary sequence. This effort is analogous to that of the protein crystallographers in tracing electron density of the peptide chain. In particular, we compare structures produced by distance geometry to known peptide secondary structures to see what level of information is required to “trace” the backbone α-carbon and amide hydrogens and the β-carbon hydrogens. We conclude that this approach is only useful with excellent quality stereo-resolved data. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 146
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the hydrodynamic volume change associated with the unfolding and refolding of a globular protein can be observed using high performance size exclusion chromatography. Chromatographic profiles that evidence such dynamics can be simulated using equations in which Chromatographic partitioning and the conformational transition are described in terms of a finite difference algorithm incorporating an apparent binding model to generate broad and asymmetric peaks. Application of these equations to the simple two-state unfolding transition of ribonuclease A in guanidine hydrochloride indicates that reliable kinetic parameters can be obtained using these equations. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 148
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dynamic light scattering measurements were performed on dilute aqueous solutions of native ovalbumin (OA) and on those of linear OA aggregates induced by thermal denaturation at low ionic strength and neutral pH. The weight-average molecular weight Mw of four aggregates tested ranged from 1,700,000 to 5,500,000. The translational diffusion coefficient D0 of native OA at infinite dilution was estimated as 8.70 × 10 -7 cm2/s, which gave 56.0 Å as the diameter of the rigid spherical particle. The intensity autocorrelation function of linear OA polymers was analyzed with the cumulant method to obtain the first cumulant Λe. The dependence of Λe on the scattering vector q at very low polymer concentration was found intermediate between those of a flexible chain and a rigid rod. The translational diffusion coefficient Dtr [≡ (Te/q2)q → 0] was in proportion to Mw-0.55, and the magnitude was in good agreement with a value calculated from the wormlike cylinder model with values of three parameters determined in an earlier study, ML = 1600 Å-1, d = 120 Å, and Q = 230 Å, where ML, d, and Q are the molecular weight per unit length, diameter, and persistence length, respectively. Based on these results, a new model, to be called as the dimer model, was proposed to interpret the formation mechanism of linear OA polymers induced by thermal denaturation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 150
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 210 (1993), S. 173-196 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch radikalische Kettenübertragung ausgelöste Pfropfcopolymerisationen von Polyestern rnit Styrol wurden untersucht. Als Rückgratkette diente ein Modellpolyester aus trans- 1,4-Cyclohexandiol und Sebacinsäuredichlorid. Ferner wurden flüssigkristalline Polyester rnit 1,4 : 3,6-Dianhydrosorbit und 1,4-Anhydroerythrit als Diolkomponenten hergestellt und zur Pfropfcopolymerisation mit Styrol eingesetzt. Polymerblends aus Tetramethylbisphenol A-Polycarbonat und den ungepfropften sowie mit Styrol gepfropften flüssigkristallinen Polyestern wurden durch gemeinsame Fällung von Polymerlösungen erhalten; ihr Verhalten wurde mit Torsionspendelmessungen, dynamisch-mechanischer Thermoanalyse und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Der gepfropfte Polyester erwies sich dabei als wirksamer Phasenvermittler.
    Notes: Graft copolymerizations of polyesters with styrene by free-radical chain transfer reactions were investigated. A model polyester of trans-l,4-cyclohexanediol and sebacoy1 dichloride was used as backbone chain. The graft products were characterized. Furthermore, liquid crystalline polyesters with 1,4 : 3,6-dianhydrosorbitol and 1,4-anhydroerythritol as diol components were synthesized and used in graft copolymerizations with styrene. Polymer blends of tetramethylbisphenol A polycarbonate and the LC-polyester with and without polystyrene grafts were prepared by common precipitation of polymer solutions and their behaviour was examined by torsion pendulum, dynamic-mechanical thermoanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. The grafted polyester turned out to be an efficient phase compatibilizer.
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  • 151
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue synthetische, unvernetzte Anionenaustauscher-Membranen wurden aus Lösungen von quanternisierten Chlormethylstyrol-Methylmethacrylat-Copolymeren mit 64.0, 42.9, 19.7, 12.9 und 11.0 mol-% Chlormethylstyrol hergestellt.Ionenaustauschkapazität, Wasseraufnahme und physikochemische Eigenschaften (Membranpotential und Überführungszahlen) der Membranen wurden ermittelt. Die Membranen können nach Behandlung der Copolymeren mit tertiären Aminen hergestellt werden, wobei die Membranen aus Copolymeren mit 12, 9 bzw. 11,0 mol-% Chlormethylstyrol eine ausgezeichnete Dimensionsstabilität und mechanische Festigkeit gegen verdünnte Säuren, verdünnte Laugen und Salzlösungen besitzen und in einer Reihe organischer Lösemittel wie Aceton, Methylethylketon und Methanol löslich sind. Ihre Anionen-Überführungszahlen in 0,01 N und 0,03 N KC1-Lösungen betrugen 0,96 bzw. 0,97, ermittelt aus Membranpotentialmessungen.
    Notes: New synthetic noncross-linked anion exchange membranes have been prepared by casting a solution of quaternized chloromethylstyrene-methyl methacrylate copolymers containing 64.0, 42.9, 19.7, 12.9 and 11.0 mol-% chloromethylstyrene. The ion exchange capacity, water content and physicochemical properties (membrane potential and transport number) of these membranes were studied. The results showed that the copolymers can be fabricated in membrane form after treatment with tertiary amine, of which the membranes produced from the 12.9 and 11.0 mol-% copolymer exhibited excellent dimensional stability and mechanical strength towards dilute alkali solution, dilute acid solution and salt solution, and were soluble in a variety of organic solvents, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methanol. Their anion transport numbers determined from the membrane potential measurements in 0.01 N and 0.3 N KCI solution were 0.96 and 0.97, respectively.
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  • 152
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: (Polystyrol-block-polyisopren-block-polystyrol)-graft-poly(1-vinylimidazol) (SISg-VIm) wurde durch strahlungsinduzierte Pfropfcopolymerisatio von1-Vinylimidazol auf (Polystyrol-block-polyisopren-block-polystyrol)hergestellt und mit kobalthaltigen Schiffschen Basen (CoS) komplexiert. Aus Lösungen dieser Produkte wurden Memberanen hergestellt und untersucht. Die Koordinationszahlen und Gleichgewichtskonstanten der Komplexbildungsreaktionen sowie die thermodynamischen Parameter der Sauerstoffadorption und -desorption der Membranen wurden durch UV-VisSpektroskopie ermittelt. Die Sauerstoffdurchlässigkeiten und O2/N2-Permselektivitäten der Membranen wurden bei verschiedenen Gegenstrom-Gasdrücken und Temperaturen gemessen. Die erhöhte Sauerstoffdurchlässigkeit kann durch eine dual-modeTheorie beschrieben werden.
    Notes: Membranes of (polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene)-graft-poly(1-vinyl-imidazole) (SIS-g-VIm) reacted with three cobalt-containing Schiff bases (CoS) were prepared and studied. SIS-g-VIm was obtained by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of 1-vinylimidazole onto poly(styrene-block-isoprene-block-styrene) triblock copolymer. Membranes of SIS-g-VIm reacted with three cobalt-containing Schiff bases (SIS-g-VIm-CoS) were prepared by the solution casting method. The co-ordination numbers and formation constants of these reactions were determined. Equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters of SIS-g-VIm-CoS membranes for binding and dissociation of oxygen were determined by UV/VIS spectroscopy. The permeability and O2/N2 permselectivity of the SIS-g-VIM-CoS membranes were measured at various upstream gas pressures and temperatures. Oxygen permeation through the SIS-g-VIm-CoS membranes can be explained by dual-mode-facilitated transport theory.
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  • 153
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kohlefaserverstärkte Composites von konventionellem Bisphenol A-Diglycidylether (DGEBA) oder flüssigem Bisphenol C-Diglycidylehter (GGEBC) mit 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethan (DDM) oder 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylsulfon (DDS) als Härter wurden hergestellt. Physikalische (Dichte, Leervolumina) und mechanischen Eigenschaften (Biegefestigkeit, Scherfestigkeit) wurden ermittelt. Dicke Filme der reinen Harze wurden ebenfalls hergestellt und deren Biegefestigkeit gemessen. Die Eigenschaften der DGEBC-Laminate übertreffen die der DGEBA-Laminate.
    Notes: Carbon fibre-reinforced composites of conventional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and liquid diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-C (DGEBC) were prepared, using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) curing agent and evaluated for their physical properties (density, void content) and mechanical properties (flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength). Thick films of the neat resin were also prepared and their flexural strength has been studied. It is observed that DGEBC-curing agent system shows improved properties compared to DGEBA-curing agent system.
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  • 154
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe neuer Polyimide mit Phenylchinoxalin-Einheiten wurde durch Lösungspolykondensation von 2,2-Bis(1,3-dioxo-1H,3h-isobenzofuran-5-yl) hexafluoropropan (Hexafluorisopropyliden-diphthalsäure-anhydrid) mit Phynylchinoxalin-Einheiten enthaltenden aromatischen Diaminen synthetisiert. Aus diesen, in polaren Amiden löslichen Polymeren lassen sich transparente, flexible Filme mit niedriger Dielektrizitätskonstante und hoher thermischer Stabiltät (Zersetzungstemperaturen oberhalb 400°C) herstellen.
    Notes: A series of new polyimides with phenylquinoxaline units have been synthesized by solution polycondensation of 2,2-bis(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-isobenzofuran-5-yl)hexafluoropropane (hexafloroisopropylidene-diphthalic anhydride) with aromatic diamines containing preformed phenylquinoxaline units. These polymers are soluble in polar amidic solvents and can be processed into transparent, flexible films, having low dielectric constants and high thermal stability with decomposition temperatures above 400°C.
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  • 155
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 165-194 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: For the application as immobilized antioxidants in ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDM), 2-mercapto-N-[4-phenylamino)phenyl]-acetamide (MADA) and 2,2′-dithiobis[N-(4-phenylamino)phenyl]-acetamide (DAPA) were synthesized and characterized. The reactions of these antioxidants with EPDM rubbers were simulated with the model compounds trans-4-decene, 2-ethylidene norbornane, and tricyclo-[5.2.1.02,6]-3-decene. The reaction products were separated by chromatography and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The effect of azo initiators on the immobilization reaction was studied.The reaction of EPDM with the above-mentioned stabilizers was studied in a Brabender Plastograph in the mass temperature range 140 to 180°C. The content of immobilized stabilizer was determined by thermoanalysis and UV spectroscopy. The highest degrees of immobilization (73%) were achieved with MADA at 180°C. DAPA could be immobilized up to maximum 69%. The applicability of immobilization of the stabilizers on EPDM rubber was confirmed with cable sheathing compounds crosslinked by electron irradiation.
    Notes: Als immobilisierbare Antioxidantien für Ethylen-Propylen-Dien-Terpolymere (EPDM) wuren 4-(Mercaptoacetamido)-diphenylaminSystematischer Name: 2-Mercapto-N-[4-phenylamino phenyl]-acetamid. (MADA) und Dithiodiglycolsäure-bis-[N-(4-anilinophenyl-amid]Systematischer Name: 2,2′-Dithiobis[N-(4-phenylamino)phenyl]-acetamid. (DAPA) hergestellt und charakterisert. Zur Simulation der Reaktionen bei der Umsetzung dieser Antioxidantien mit EPDM-Kautschuken wurden Modellreaktionen mit trans-4-Decen, 2-Ethylidennorbornan und 2,3-DihydrodicyclopentadienSystematischer Name: Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]-3-decen. durchgeführt. Die Reaktionsprodukte wurden chromatorgraphisch aufgetrennt und durch IR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Dabei wurde auch der Einfluß von Azoinitiatoren auf die Additionsreaktion untersucht.Die Umsetzung von EPDM mit den genannten Stabilisatoren wurde im BrabenderPlastographen bei 140 bis 180°C Massetemperatur untesucht. Der Gehalt an immobilisiertem Stabilisator wurde mit Hilfe der Thermoanalyse und UV-spektroskopisch bestimmt. Die höchsten Gehalte an immobilisiertem Stabilisator (73%) wurden mit MADA bei 180°C Massetemperatur erzielt. DAPA ist ebenfalls bis maximal 69%immobilisierbar. Die praktische Baruchbarkeit der Immobilisierung von Mercaptostabilisatoren an EPDM-Kautschuk wurde am Beispiel von strahlenvernetzten Kabelisoliermassen bestätigt.
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  • 156
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The determination of dyestuff concentration in dark and saturated dyed textiles poses great problems to conventional analytical methods. In this work the use of photoacoustic spectroscopy as analytical tool is systematically investigated by comparing measurements of samples with different dyestuff concentrations. The experimental data can be fitted to a modified Kubelka-Munk function which shows a linear relationship to the dyestuff concentration in a wider range than the reflection spectroscopy. The influence of the surface structure to the photoacoustic signal is investigated.
    Notes: Im Bereich der textilen Analytik bereitet die Bestimmung der Farbstoffkonzentration dunkler und gesättigter Fäbungen große Schwierigkeiten. Deshalb wird die Einsatzmöglichkeit der photoakustischen Spektroskopie zur Charakterisierung von Fäbungen zn Konzentrationseichreihen systematisch untersucht. Die Meßergebnisse wurden mit einer modifizierten Kubelka-Munk-Funktion angepaßt, die über einen größeren Konzentrationsbereich linear verläft als bei der Reflexionsspektroskopie. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluß der Oberflächenstruktur auf das photoakustische Signal untersucht.
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  • 157
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 141-155 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die after-glow Plasmapolymerisation wird als neues Verfahren zur Herstellung polymerer Schichten aus ungesättigten Monomeren vorgestellt. Als Monomeres wird ein optisch aktiver Acrylsäureester verwendet. Die Abscheidekinetik wird durch Variation von Monomerfluß, Fluß und Art des Hilfsgases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr) Abstand zwischen Plasma und Substrat, Druck und nomineller Plasmaleistung untersucht. Die erhaltenen Polymeren sind optisch aktiv und lassen sich mittels IR_Spektroskopie nicht von den in Masse polymerisierten Analoga unterscheiden. Die Polymeren sind meist vernetzt und damit unlöslich. NMR-Spektren von Löslichen Proben zeigen, daß es sich um atktische Polymere handelt. Die after-glow Plasmapolymerisation verläuft über einen radikalischen Kettenwachstumsmechanismus. Membranchichten aus den erhaltenen Polymeren sind in der Lage, Racemate zu trennen.
    Notes: After-glow plasma polymerization is described as a new method to prepare polymeric layers from unsaturated monomers. An optically active acrylic monomer is used in this investigation. The deposition rates are given as functions of plasma power, pressure, distance between plasma and deposition zone, flux and kind of auxiliary gas (He, Ne, Ar, Kr) and of monomer flux. The polymers prepared are optically active, the IR spectra comply with those of polymers synthesized in bulk. Mostly the polymers prepared by after-glow plasma polymerization are cross-linked and therefore insoluble. NMR spectra of soluble samples show that the polymers are atactic. After-glow plasma polymerization occurs by a radical chain growth mechanism. Membranes made from these polymers are able to separate racemates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 158
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In dieser Arbeit wurde die Terpolymerisation unter Hochdruck am Beispiel des Systems Ethylen-Methylacrylate-Vinylacetat untersucht. Die Polymerisationsversuche wurden in einer kontinuierlich betriebenen Hochdruckpolymerisationsanlage durchgeführt. Zur Beurteilung der Druck- und Temperatureinflüsse auf die Reaktion wurde die Polymerisation bei zwei verschiedenen Drücken von 1900 und 1100 bar sowie Temperaturen von 180 und 230°C durchgeführt. Durch Variation der Konzentrationen der Monomeren Ethylen, Methylacrylat und Vinylacetat im Ansatz wurden Polymerisate mit unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung erhalten. Das Konzentrationsverhältnis der Monomeren im Reaktor wurde aus der Auswaage und dem Comonomergehalt des Polymerisats sowie der Feedzusammensetzung unter Anwendung der Massenbilanz für den idealen Rührkessel berechnet. Daraus wurden die Copolymerisationsparameter der drei möglichen binären Copolymerisationen Ethylen/Methylacrylat, Ethylen/ Vinylacetat und Methylacrylat/Vinylacetat Bestimmt. Mit diesen Daten kann die Zusammensetzung eines Produkts aus der kontinuierlichen Polymerisation in einem Rührautoklaven vorausberechnet werden.
    Notes: In this study, the terpolymerisation, under high pressure, has been examined for the ethylene-methyl acrylate-vinyl acetate system. The polymerisations were carried out in a high pressure polymerisation facility designed for continuous operation. To assess the effect of pressure and temperature on the reaction, polymerisation was carried out at two different pressures of 1 900 and 1 100 bar and at temperatures of 180 and 230°C. By varying the concentration of the ethylene, methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate monomers in the feed, polymers of different composition were obtained. The ratio of the monomer concentrations in the reactor was calculated from the amount of polymer weighed out and its comonomer content as well as the composition of the feed, using the mass balance for the ideal stirred tank reactor. The result was used to determine the reactivity ratios of the three possible binary copolymerisation systems ethylene/methyl acrylate, ethylene/vinyl acetate and methyl acrylate/ vinyl acetate. This made it possible to predetermine, by calculation, the composition of a product obtained by continuous polymerisation in a stirred autoclave.
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  • 159
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 213-214 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 160
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Synthese von Poly(3,3-phthalidyliden-4,4′-biphenylylen) (PPB) durch eine Friedel-Crafts-Fällungspolykondensation von 3-(Biphenyl-4-yl)-3-chlorphthalid wurde untersucht. Der aus der ursprünglich homogenen Reaktionsmischung ausgefällte Polymer-Katalysator-Komplex erwies sich als aktiv und förderte das Wachstum der Polymerketten. Die in Form von glatten, tranparenten, glasartigen Partikeln erhaltenen Polymeren zeigen, abhängig von den Reaktionsparametern, entweder uni- oder bimodale Molekulargewichtsverteilung. Die Polymereigenschaften sind unabhängig von der Partikelgröße. Verglichen mit aus der Lösungspolymerisation erhaltenem PPB zeigt das mittels Fällungspolykondensation hergestellte PPB verbesserte Eigenschaften und höhere Kristallinität.
    Notes: The synthesis of poly(3,3-phthalidylidene-4,4′ -biphenylylene) (PPB) by precipitative Friedel-Crafts homopolycondensation of 3-(4-biphenylyl)-3-chlorophthalide was studied. The polymer-catalyst complex precipitated from the initially homogeneous reaction mixture was shown to be active and providing the growth of macromolecular chains. The polymer obtained in the form of smooth, transparent glass-like particles, depending on the reaction parameters, may have either uni- or bimodal molecular weight distribution. Molecular characteristics were not found to depend on the size of the polymer particles. “Precipitative” PPB shows improved properties and higher crystallinity in comparison with “solution” PPB.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 161
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 212 (1993), S. 53-65 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neuartige photovernetzbare Polymethacrylate mit verbesserter thermischer Stabilität und Lösungsmittelbeständigkeit wurden hergestellt. In Copolymere aus Methylmethacrylat (MMA) oder Butylacrylat (BuA) mit p-Maleimidobenzoesäure (MBA) wurden photovernetzbare Methacrylfunktionen über die endständigen COOH-Gruppen eingebaut. Photofunktionelle Gruppen wurden über die Säurechloridroute und die Epoxy-Carboxy-Reaktion eingeführt. Die Photovernetzung wurde mittels UV-Strahlung bei 350 nm in Gegenwart eines Photoinitiators durchgeführt. Die Kinetik der Photohärtung wurde an einem Multiacrylat untersucht. Das Imid-modifizierte gehärtete Polyacrylat wies gegenüber dem nicht modifizierten Polymeren verbesserte thermische Stabilität und Lösungsmittelbeständigkeit auf.
    Notes: Novel photocrosslinkable polymethacrylate systems with enhanced thermal stability and solvent resistance were synthesized. Copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) or butyl acrylate (BuA) with 4-maleimido benzoic acid (MBA) were synthesized and photocrosslinkable methacrylic functions were incorporated through the pendent COOH groups. Photofunctional groups were introduced by the acid chloride route and by the epoxy-carboxy reaction. Photocrosslinking was performed using UV radiation of 350 nm in the presence of a photo-initiator. The kinetics of photocuring was studied with a model multiacrylate. The imide-modified photocured acrylate polymer exhibited enhanced solvent resistance and thermal stability, compared with the unmodified polymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 162
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 212 (1993), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Härtungseigenschaften des Bismethacrylat-Derivates von Bisphenol-A-diglycidylether (VE-Harz) mit Styrol und α-Methylstyrol (MS) als Reaktivverdünner wurden untersucht. Ein zunehmender Gehalt an MS verzögerte die Härtung. Mit Glasfasermatten, die teilweise mit γ-Methacryloyloxyropyl-trimethoxysilan (MTS) behandelt waren, wurden Composites hergestellt, deren Grenzflächen-Scherspannung mit der Ein-Faser-Methode gemessen wurde. Die Beschichtung mit MTS verbesserte die Grenzflächen-Scherspannung der Composites um ca. 30-50%. Ein MS-Gehalt von bis zu 5 Gew.-% MS hatte keinen Einfluß auf die interlaminare Scherfestigkeit (ILSS), weder bei den glasfaserverstärkten Composites noch bei den Ein-Faser-Proben. Eine Erhöhung des MS-Anteils auf 15 Gew.-% verbesserte sowohl die ILSS als auch die Biegesteifigkeit und die Biegefestigkeit.
    Notes: The curing behaviour of bismethacryloyl derivative of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (vinyl ester VE resin) containing styrene and α-methyl styrene (MS) as reactive diluents was studied. Delayed curing was observed in samples containing increasing proportions of MS. Interfacial shear stress of untreated as well as γ-methacryloyloxy-propyl trimethoxy silane (MTS) treated, glass fibre-reinforced VE resin composites were measured by single fibre technique. In comparison to untreated glass fibres, a 30 - 50% increase in interfacial shear stress was observed in composites based on MTS treated glass fibres. Addition of up to 5 wt.-% MS to VE resin did not affect the interfacial shear strength (ILSS). This behaviour was observed by using ILSS measurement of both glass fabric-reinforced composites as well as single fibre specimens. Further increase in MS to 15 wt.-% resulted in an increase in ILSS and bending stiffness as well as flexural strength.
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  • 163
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 212 (1993), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polybenzopinacols were obtained by photopolymerization of 4,4′-dibenzyldiphenylmethane and 4,4′-bis(α-hydroxybenzyl)-diphenylmethane with UV-light in benzene. The polymers were fractionated by precipitation, yielding a high-molecular weight fraction with a molecular weight of about 20000. Polybenzopinacols decompose similar to benzopinacol by thermal cleavage into diarylhydroxymethyl radicals. These free radicals are able to initiate the polymerization of styrene between 60 and 100° C directly and partly also by hydrogen transfer from the initiator radicals to the monomer. With increasing temperature the hydrogen transfer decreases, which can be concluded from the reaction order with respect to the monomer concentration. As far as the polymerization of styrene is directly initiated by diarylhydroxymethyl-radicals, the obtained polystyrene chains contain thermally instable oligo-benzopinacol fragments, which is demonstrated by decreasing molecular weights during heating in toluene solutions.
    Notes: Durch Photopolymerisation von 4,4′-Dibenzoyldiphenylmethan und 4,4′-Bis(aαhydroxybenzy1)-diphenylmethan mit UV-Licht in benzolischer Löisung lassen sich Polybenzpinakole herstellen. Die Polymeren können durch Fällungsfraktionierung in Fraktionen mit Molekulargewichten bis etwa 20000 aufgetrennt werden. Polybenzpinakole zerfallen ebenso wie Benzpinakol thermisch in Diarylhydroxymethyl-Radikale. Diese initiieren bei 60 bis 100°C die radikalische Polymerisation von Styrol direkt und teilweise auch durch Wasserstoffübertragung von den Initiatorradikalen auf das Monomere. Mit steigender Temperatur nimmt dabei der Anteil der Wasserstoffübertragung an der Initiierung ab, was aus den Reaktionsordnungen bezüglich der Monomerkonzentration geschlossen werden kann. Soweit die Polymerisation von Styrol mit Oligo-Benzpinakol direkt durch Diarylhydroxymethyl-Radikale ausgelöst wird, entstehen Polystyrolketten mit eingebauten Oligo-Benzpinakol-Segmenten, die thermisch spaltbar sind, was durch die Abnahme der Molekulargewichte beim Erhitzen in toluolischen Lösungen bestätigt wird.
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  • 164
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es werden Aspekte der Reaktion von Dextran mit Ethyl-chlorformiat und Triethylamin als Katalysator behandelt. Mittels 1H- und 13C NMR-Spektroskopie wurden in den gebildeten modifizierten Dextranen cyclische und acyclische Carbonatgruppen nachgewiesen. Vorversuche zeigten, daß die Reaktion cyclischer Carbonatgrupen mit verschiedenen Amin-Modellverbindungen stark vom Basencharakter des Amins abhängt. Phenethylamin und Tyramin wurden quantitativ an aktiviertes Dextran mit cyclischen Carbonatgruppen gebunden. Die Dextran-Phenethylamin- und Dextran-Tyramin-Addukte werden unter den angewendeten Bedingungen (pH 1,0 oder 9,1 bei 37°C) nicht heterogen hydrolysiert.
    Notes: This work deals with some features of the reaction of dextran with ethyl chloroformate using triethylamine as catalyst. The presence of cyclic and acyclic carbonate groups in the resulting modified dextrans was demonstrated by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Preliminary experiments have shown that the reaction of cyclic carbonate groups with several model amines is greatly dependent on the basic character of the amine. Model amino type drugs (Phenethylamine and tyramine) were quantitatively bound to activated dextran with cyclic carbonate groups. The heterogeneous hydrolysis of dextran-phenethylamine or dextran-tyramine adducts showed that no hydrolysis takes place under the applied conditions.
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  • 165
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 213 (1993), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die radikalische Copolymerisation von Styrol mit (2-Oxo-1,3-dioxolan -4-yl) methylmethacrylat (cryclisches Carbonat von Glycidylmethacrylat; GMACC) in N,N-Dimethylformamid und Toluol wurde bei 60°C untersucht. In Toluol fällt dabei das Copolymere aus. Die Zusammensetzung der Copolymeren wurde mittels 1H-NMR-und IR-Spektroskopie sowie Elementaranalyse ermittelt. Die Copolymerisationsparameter wurden aus der Copolymerzusammensetzung nach verschiedenen Methoden berechnet und stimmten gut überein.
    Notes: The free-radical copolymerization of styrene with (2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl methacrylate (cyclic carbonate of glycidyl methacrylat; GMACC) was carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide and toluene solution under batch conditions. In toluene, a precipitate was formed during polymerization. The composition of the copolymers was determined by 1H-NMR, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios were calculated by different methods from the copolymer composition data. The values obtained for the different techniques were compared and showed a good agreement.
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  • 166
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 213 (1993), S. 81-92 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Abtrennung und Wiedergewinnung von In3+ aus Lösungen wurde mit wasserunlöslichen, amphoteren Stärken untersucht, die sowohl anionische Phosphat-als auch quaternäre Ammonium- oder tertiäre Aminogruppen enthalten. Die Adsorptionskapazität von tertiäre Aminphosphat-Stärke (TAP) beträgt 0,54 meq/g, die von quaternärer Aminphosphat-Stärke (OAP) 0,48 meq/g. Die Adsorption verläuf konzentrationsabhängig und exotherm und folgt der Langmuirschen Adsorptionsiotherme. Die Adsorptionsenthalpie beträgt -90,44 kJ/mol für TAP und -5,86kJ/mol für QAP. Bei Zusatz von anorganischen Säuren wie HCI oder H3SO4 oder deren Natriumsalzen nimmt die adsorbierte In3 -Menge ab. Die Desorption gelingt mit 1 M oder 3 M Salzsäure, wobei mit 1 M HCl eine maximale Desorption von etwa 80% erreicht wird.
    Notes: The removal and recovery of indium ion (In3+) from solutions with water-insoluble amphoteric starches containing the phosphate anionic group and the quaternary ammonium or tertiary amine cationic group was investigated. The adsorption capacity of tertiary amine phosphate starch (TAP) and quaternary ammonium phosphate starch (QAP) is 0.54 meq/g and 0.48 meq/g, respectively. The adsorption process has been found to be concentration-dependent and exothermic, and follows the Langmuir isothermal adsorption. The heat of adsorption (ΔH) is equal to -5.86 kJ/mol for QAP, and equal to -90.44 kJ/mol for TAP. The amount of adsorbed In3+ ion on the adsorbents decreases when inorganic acids (HCl or H2SO4) or sodium salts (NaCl or Na2SO4) are added to the solution. The adsorbed In3+ ion can be desorbed by treating with a HCl solution (1 and 3 M); the maximum percentage of desorption reaches about 80% when 1 N HCl solution is used.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die mechanischen und dielektrischen Relaxationseigenschaften von Sulfobetain-Polyurethanionomeren auf Polyesterbasis wurden mit Zug-Dehnungs-Versuchen und thermisch stimulierten Depolarisationsstrom-Methoden (TSDC) untersucht und mit den Eigenschaften von nichtionischen Polyurethanen sowie Derivaten mit Pb2+ bzw. Co2+ verglichen. Die Einführung ionischer Zentren in die Polyurethankette verbessert die Zugfestigkeiten und verändert die TSDC-Spektren. Diese Effekte werden auf eine Verbesserung der Mikrophasensegregation zurückgeführt. Eine Komplexierung mit Pb2+ bzw. Co2+ vermindert die Zugfestigkeiten, was darauf hindeutet, daß durch eine teilweise Neutralisierung ionischer Zentren eine homogenere Phasenmischung erreicht wird. Die Behandlung mit H2S führt durch Clusterbildung der Metallsulfide PbS bzw. CoS zur Entstehung halbleitender Mikrophasen, wodurch die Zugfestigkeiten leicht erhöht und die TSDC-Spektren verändert werden.
    Notes: Tensile and dielectric relaxation properties of sulfobetaine polyurethane ionomers based on polyesters were studied comparatively to the non-ionic polyurethane and derived compounds with Pb2+ and Co2+, using stress-strain and thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) methods. Introduction of ionic centers into polyurethane chain improves the tensile properties and modifies the TSDC spectra. These effects are assigned to an enhancement of the microphase segregation. Complexation with Pb2+ and Co2+ diminishes the tensile properties, suggesting that an increase of phase mixing occurs determined by a partial neutralization of ionic centers. Treatment with H2S slightly increases tensile properties and changes TSDC spectra owing to the presence of the semiconducting microphases formed by clustering of the metal sulfides PbS and CoS, respectively.
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  • 168
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 213 (1993), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abietinsäure und Paraformaldehyd wurden säurekatalysiert (p-Toluolsulfonsäure) in Toluol als Lösungs - und Schleppmittel kondensiert. Die erhaltenen Polymeren (Harze) wurden bezüglich Säurezahl, Schmelzpunkt, Molekulargewicht und Viskosität sowie mittels IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie charaketerisiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Abietinsäure gegenüber Formaldehyd mindestens trifunktionell ist. Es wurden auch Kondensationsprodukte mit dreidiemensionaler Struktur und niedrigem Molekulargewicht erhalten. Der mittlere Polymerisationsgrad beträgt 3, obwohl auch Fraktionen mit einem mittleren Poloymerisationsgrad von 6 erhalten wurden. Zwischen den Struktureinheiten bilden sich, abhängig vom molaren Verhältnis, sowohl Methylen- als auch Dimethylnetherbrücken.
    Notes: Abietic acid and paraformaldehyde, taken in various molar ratios, were condensed in acid catalysis (p-toluenesulfonic acid). Toluene was used both as reaction medium and carrier for aqueous condensate. The obtained polymeric products (resins) were characterized by determination of acid number, melting point, molecular weight and viscosity. Spectral methods, e.g. I. R. and 1H-NMR, were also used in the same scope. The experimental data evidence the fact that abietic acid is a substance with a functionality of minimum 3 as against formaldehyde. There have been obtained some condensation products with three-dimensional structure and low molecular weight. The polymerization average degree of the resins was found to be 3, although some fractions with polymerization average degree of 6 have been observed. The chemical bonds established between the structural units can be of both methylenic and dimethylene ether type, depending on the molar ratio of reacting substances.
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  • 169
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 213 (1993), S. 227-227 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 170
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die radikalische Fällungspolymerisation von Acrylsäure in Toluol, die in einem isothermen Reaktionskalorimeter untersucht wurde, zeigt den für Fällungspolymerisationen typischen autokatalytischen Verlauf der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit. Diese läßt sich in Abhängigkeit vom Volumenanteil des gebildeten Polymeren beschreiben.Die Viskosität der Reaktionsmasse steigt mit zunehmendem Volumenanteil des gebildeten Polymeren an und durchläuft bei hohen Umsätzen ein Maximum. Es wird ein Modell diskutiert, welches den Anstieg und den Rückgang der Viskosität beschreibt.Der reaktionsseitige Wärmeübergangskoeffizient läßt sich während der Polymerisation im Reaktionskalorimeter bestimmen. Durch Vergleich der mit einem Modell des Reaktionskalorimeters berechneten Temperaturverläfe mit den experimentell bestimmten wurde festgesßelt, daß sich die Wärmeübergangscharakteristik in einem kleinen Umsatzintervall zu Beginn der Polymerisation stark ändert.
    Notes: The free-radical precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in toluene was studied in an isothermal reaction calorimeter. The polymerization shows an autocatalytic behaviour of the rate of polymerization typical for precipitation polymerizations. The rate of polymerization with respect to conversion can be modeled by taking the volume fraction of the precipitated polymer into consideration.The viscosity of the reaction mixture increases with increasing volume fraction of precipitated polymer. The viscosity runs through a maximum at high conversion. The final viscosity decrease is probably due to shear stress caused aggregation phenomena of the polymer particles. A model is discussed which can describe the increase and decrease of viscosity of the system.By means of reaction calorimetry it is possible to determine the reaction-sided heat transfer coefficient during polymerization. The comparison of the experimentally determined temperature course of the reaction mixture and the temperature course calculated with a coupled model of the polymerization and the calorimeter shows that the heat-transfer characteristic changes instantaneously during a small conversion interval at the very beginning of the polymerization.
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  • 171
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Eignung von Membranen aus Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenoxid) für die Trennung von Wasser-Ethanol-Gemischen mittels Pervaporation wurde untersucht. Asymmetrische Membranen entstanden durch Phaseninversion, wobei Chloroform als Lösungsmittel und 1-Butanol als Nichtlöser zur Anwendung kamen. Homogene, dichte Membranen wurden aus Lösungen des Polymeren in Chloroform durch Abdunstung des Lösungsmittels erhalten. Nichtporöse Membranen, die bevorzugt permeabel für Wasser sind, entstanden entweder durch Abdunstung oder durch Fällung aus Lösungen mit geringem Nichtlöseranteil. Mikroporöse, aus Lösungen mit hohem Nichtlöseranteil hergestellte Membranen lassen bevorzugt Ethanol permeieren, vorausgesetzt, daß die Feedlösung die Membran nicht benetzt.
    Notes: The ability of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) membranes to separate water-ethanol mixtures by pervaporation was examined. Asymmetric membranes were prepared from solutions containing chloroform as a solvent and 1-butanol as a nonsolvent by the phase-inversion process. Homogeneous, dense membranes were prepared from chloroform solutions by evaporation. Nonporous membranes (membranes precipitated from solutions with a low amount of the nonsolvent or prepared by evaporation) were preferentially permeable to water. Microporous membranes (precipitated from solutions with a high amount of the nonsolvent) were preferentially permeable to ethanol, provided the membrane is not wetted by the feed solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 172
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 171-191 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The photo-induced, free-radical network formation of silicone acrylates has been investigated in the presence of several photoinitiators containing benzoyl groups. The crosslinking process can be described by means of a free-radical chain process. From calorimetrical measurements it is inferred that oxygen inhibits and terminates the chain propagation process. Both the reaction rate and the inhibition time of the crosslinking are proportional to the air pressure, to the intensity of the incident light, and to the quantum yield of the initiator photolysis.The reaction starts when all oxygen is consumed in the silicone layer. Using Fick's 1st diffusion law it can be show that only oxygen, which diffused into the system, determines the final conversion.Contrary, O2 influences the reaction rate, the inhibition time, and the final conversion. The network density does not depend on the oxygen concentration.The negative influence of oxygen on the reaction rate, on the inhibition time, and on the final conversion can be reduced by means of a high rate of the start reaction which depends on the incident light intensity, light absorption, and the quantum yield of the initiator photolysis.By means of two kinetical methods it is possible to show that any initiator used exhibits a different initiating efficienty; their relative order has been estimated.
    Notes: Die photoinduzierte radikalische Vernetzung von Siliconacrylaten wurde mit verschiedenen Photoinitiatoren vom Benzoyltyp untersucht. Die Photovernetzung derartiger Produkte kann mit Hilfe eines radikalischen Kettenprozesses beschrieben werden. Aus kalorimetrischen Messungen folgt, daß Sauerstoff den Kettenprozeß inhibiert und terminiert, wobei dei Vernetzungsgeschwindigkeit und die Inhibierungszeit Funktionen des Luftdrucks, der Lichtintensität und der Quantenausbeute der Initiatrophotolyse sind.Der Vernetzungsprozeß kann nur beginnen, wenn der Sauerstoff in der Schicht verbraucht ist. Mit Hilfe des 1. Fickschen Diffusionsgesetzes kann gezeigt werden, daß der in das System eindiffundierende Sauerstoff auch den Grenzumsatz bestimmt.Obwohl Sauerstoff in der Schicht die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, die Inhibierungszeit und den Grenzumsatz bestimmt, wurde jedoch überraschenderweise festgestellt, daß Sauerstoff auf die Netzwerkdiche keinen Einfluß besitzt.Der negative Effekt des Sauerstoffs auf den Vernetzungsprozeß kann durch eine hohe Startgeschwindigkeit (Funktion der Lichtintensität, der Absorption und der Quantenausbeute der Initiatorphotolyse) reduziert werden.Mit Hilfe von zwei kinetischen Methoden wurde ermittelt, daß die Initiierungseffizienzen der verwendeten Initiatoren verschieden sind, wobei relative Abstufungen bestimmt werden konnten.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 217-218 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 174
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 6-Etoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydrochinolin (Ethoxyquin, I) reagiert nicht mit dem Model-Alkylradikal 1-Cyan-1-methylethyl in inerter Atmosphäre. Sein Aminylderivat (II) reagiert dagegen leicht mit dem Modellalkyl; dabei wurden 6-Ethoxy-8-(1-cyan-1-methylethyl)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydrochinolin (V) als Hauptprodukt und 6-Ethoxy-1-(1-cyan-1-methylethyl)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydrochinolin (VI) als Nebenprodukt erhalten. Auch 6-Ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydrochinolin-N-oxyl (III) desaktiviert wirksam die Modellradikale unter Bildung von 6-Ethoxy-8- (1-cyan-1-methyl-ethoxy)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydrochinolin (X).In Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff ist I als Antidegradant unwirksam. Jedoch schon eine sehr niedrige Konzentration von Sauerstoff befähigt I, Alkylradikale zu desaktivieren. Seine hohe alterungsschützende Aktivität ist also durch die Fähigkeit erklärt, sowohl Alkyl- als auch Alkylperoxyradikale zu desaktivieren.V cyclisiert leeicht auf Kieselgel unter Bildung von 8-Ethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-imino-1,1,4,4,6-pentamethylpyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]-chinolin (VIII). VI spaltet sich bei höherer Temperatur in seine Komponenten - Aminyl II und das Modellradikal. X spaltet sich unter Lichtwirkung auf Kieselgel unter Entstehung von 6-Ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-8-chinolon (XIII).
    Notes: 6-Ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (ethoxyquin, I) does not react with the model alkyl radical, 1-cyano-1-methylethyl, in an inert atmosphere. On the other hand, its aminyl derivative (II) reacts readily with the model alkyl radical; the main product of this reaction is 6-ethoxy-8-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (V), while 6-ethoxy-1-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (VI) is formed as a by-product. 6-Ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-N-oxyl (III) also effectively deactivates the model alkyl radical to form 6-ethoxy- 8-(1-cyano-1-methylethoxy)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (X).It follows from these results that I is an ineffective antidegradant in oxygen-free atmosphere. However, at very low oxygen concentrations, I becomes capable of deactivating alkyl radicals. Together with its ability to deactivate alkylperoxide radicals, this explains the high antifatigue activity of I.In the presence of silica gel, V is readily cyclized to 8-ethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-imino-1,1,4,4,6-pentamethylpyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline (VIII). VI undergoes thermal decomposition into its components, i.e., aminyl II and the model radical. Photodecomposition of X on silica gel yields 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-8-quinolone (XIII).
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  • 175
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die magnetischen Eigenschaften von durch Reduktion metallsalzhaltiger Polymerer abgeschiedenen Metallschichten wurden untersucht. Durch Variation des Verhältnises von Kobaltionen zu Nickelionen in den Polymeren wurden Koerzivität sowie maximale und remanente Flußdichte der abgeschiedenen Metallschichten zwischen 100 und 600 Oe und zwischen 1000 und 12600 bzw. 500 und 7600 G verändert. Das Röntgenbeugungsmuster der Metallschicht mit hervorragenden magnetischen Eigenschaften zeigt scharfe Peaks, die den (101)- und (100)-Ebenen der Kobalt-α-Modifikation entsprechen. Das deutet darauf hin, daß solche abgeschiedenen Metallschichten hochkristalline Strukturen besitzen.
    Notes: Magnetic properties of metal layer deposited by reduction of polymer containing metal ions were investigated.Varying the ratio of the cobalt ion to the nickel ion in the polymer, the coercivity, the maximum flux density and the remanent flux density of the deposited metal layer were changed from 100 to 600 Oe, from 1 000 to 12 600 G and from 500 to 7 600 G, respectively. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the metal layer with excellent magnetic properties gives distinct peaks corresponding to the (101) and (100) planes of the crystal of α-Co.This suggests that such a deposited metal layer has the structure of highly crystalline metal layer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 176
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Chitosan [(1,4)-2-Amino-2-desoxy-β-D-glucan] wurde nacheinander mit Epichlorhydrin und Thioharnstoff umgesetzt. Durch nachfolgende Hydrolyse des Isothiuroniumsalzes wurde das Mercaptoderivat des Chitosans erhalten, welches Quecksilberionen aus Lösungen in Gegenwart erheblicher Mengen von Chloridionen adsorbiert. Der Schwefelgehalt hängt von den Reaktionsbedingungen ab und erreicht bis zu 7,3%. Das Derivat ist unlöslich, da das Chitosan während der Reaktion mit Epichlorhydrin teilweise vernetzt. Es wurde mittels IR- und Festphasen-13C-NMR-Spektroskopie, thermischer Analyse und Pyrolyse-Massenspektroskopie charakterisiert.
    Notes: Chitosan, [(1,4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan], was reacted consecutively with epichlorohydrin and thiourea. Subsequent hydrolysis of the isothiouronium salt yielded the mercaptan derivative of chitosan, which scavenges mercury ions from solution in the presence of a considerably high concentration of chloride ions.Sulfur contents varied with reacting conditions and reached values up to 7.3%. The derivative is insoluble due to partial crosslinking of chitosan during the reaction with epichlorohydrin and was characterized by IR spectroscopy, solid-state 13C NMR, thermal analysis and pyrolysis-mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 177
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird ein phänomenologisches Modell vorgestellt, mit dem sich das Entstehen starker Anisotropien der physikalischen Eigenschaften semikristalliner Polymerer nach einachsigem Verstrecken beschreiben 1äßt. Dieses Modell führt die Temperatur als expliziten Parameter in die Orientierungsfunktion ein. Es enthält zwei frei wählbare Parameter, die für jedes Polymere durch Anpassen der experimentellen Daten der Doppelbrechung als Funktion des Verstreckverhältnisses bei einer bestimmten Temperatur ermittelt werden konnen. Die berechneten Werte für Elastizitätsmodul, thermische Leitfähigkeit und Expansibilität parallel und senkrecht zur Streckrichtung stimmen in einem wäiten Bereich des Verstreckverhältnisses und der Temperatur mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen gut überein.
    Notes: A phenomenological model has been proposed to understand the development of strong anisotropy in physical properties of semicrystalline polymers on uniaxial drawing. The proposed model introduces temperature as an explicit parameter in the orientation function. The model contains two free parameters for each polymer which can be evaluated by fitting the experimental data on birefringence versus draw ratio at a particular temperature. The calculated values of elastic moduli, thermal conductivity and expansibility along and perpendicular to the drawing direction over the entire range of draw ratio and a wide range of temperature are in good agreement with experimental values.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 178
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 23-29 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fibres made from poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylacrylate-co-itaconic acid) were stretched under different conditions. The overall degree of orientation as well as the degree of orientation and amount of the paracrystalline regions were evaluated; mechanical properties were investigated. The correlation between the values obtained and the so-called compensation tension of the fibres leads to the conclusion that the latter is a measure for the inner tension of the fibres and renders possible improvements in preparation and processing of the fibres.
    Notes: Fasern aus Poly(acrylnitril-co-methylacrylat-co-itaconsäure) wurden unter unterschiedlichen Bedingungen verstreckt. Die verstreckten Fasern wurden bezüglich des allgemeinen Orientierungsgrads und des Orientierungsgrads und Anteils der parakristallinen Gebiete charakterisiert; mechanische Kennwerte der Fasern wurden gemessen. Aus der Korrelation der erhaltenen Werte mit der sogenannten Kompensationsspannung der Fasern wird geschlossen, daß letztere ein Maß für die Eigenspannungen in den Fasern darstellt und eine Optimierung der Herstellung und Weiterverarbeitung der Fasern ermöglicht.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 179
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Grenzflächenpolykondensation wurden photosensitive, thermostabile Mikrokapseln hergestellt, wobei eine der Kondensationskomponenten eine Azo-Funktion enthält.Das Hüllwandpolymere der erhaltenen Mikrokapseln wurde durch Reaktion eines die Azogruppe tragenden Dicarbonsäurechlorids mit einem aliphatischen Triamin gebildet.Die Größe der erhaltenen photolabilen Mikrokapseln wurde bestimmt sowie ihre photolytische Öffnung durch Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Photosensitive microcapsules, which are thermally quite stable, are formed via interfacial polycondensation in which one of the shell-forming reactants contains an azo function.An azo monomer, containing α,ω-carboxylic diacid dichloride was reacted with a trifunctional aliphatic amine on the oil-water interface resulting in a shell-forming crosslinked polyamide. The size of the resulting photosensitive microcapsules was determined. It could be shown that these microcapsules can be opened by means of UV-light.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 180
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxim-blockierte Toluylendiisocyanate wurden hergestellt und mittels IR- und NMR-Spektroskopie sowie Elementaranalyse und Thermogravimetrie charakterisiert. Ihre Löslichkeit in verschiedenen Polyolen wurde untersucht. Die Bildung von Isocyanat beim Erhitzen der blockierten Isocyanate wurde gaschromatographisch nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Oxime-blocked toluene diisocyanates were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, elemental analysis etc. Thermal analyses of blocked isocyanates were done by thermogravimetry. Solubility of blocked isocyanates in various polyols was tested. Formation of isocyanate on heating the blocked isocyanate was identified by gas chromatographic analysis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 181
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Urease wurde in Hydrogelen immobilisiert, die durch Bestrahlen ternärer Mischungen von N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon/Wasser/Vernetzer mit y-Strahlen hergestellt wurden. Als Vernetzer wurden Ethylenglycoldimethacrylat und Trimethylolpropan-triacrylat verwendet, wobei Hydrogele mit Unterschieden in Quellungsvermögen und Netzwerkdichte erhalten wurden. Die Aktivität der immobilisierten Urease wurde zeitlich im optimalen Temperatur- und pH-Bereich verfolgt. Während bei Hydrogelen mit einem mittleren Molekulargewicht zwischen den Netzpunkten Mc 〉 2000 die Urease ausgewaschen wird, sind solche mit Mc 〈 2000 über einen längeren Zeitraum aktiv.
    Notes: Urease enzyme was immobilized in hydrogels prepared from vinyl pyrrolidone/water/crosslinking agent ternary mixtures by γ-irradiation of the solutions at room temperature. Two types of crosslinking agents used, namely ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and trimethylol propane triacrylate, yielded hydrogels with different swelling and crosslink density properties. The activity of immobilized urease was measured at the optimum conditions of temperature and pH over a period of time. It has been determined that for hydrogels with average molecular weights between crosslinks, Mc, above 2000, urease leakage is a serious problem. When Mc is around and below this value, immobilized systems showed a long time activity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Ätzen von Styrol-Divinylbenzol-Copolymeren von Ionenaustauschermembranen des Typs KESD-2 fiihrte, wie gezeigt werden konnte, zu porösen Membranen. Durch geeignete Modifizierung konnten sowohl saure als auch basische Gruppen auf die Porenoberfläche aufgebracht werden. Die Ultrafiltration von Rinderserumalbumin durch diese Membranen wird hauptsächlich durch Coulomb-Wechselwirkungen beeinflußt. Die Proteinbelegung der Membran wird sowohl durch die Ladungen als auch durch die hydrophilen Eigenschaften der Membranen kontrolliert. Weiterhin wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vernetzungsgrad von Polystyrol und der Blendmorphologie erklärt. Die Struktur des Polystyrol-Copolymeren unterschritt die qualitative Schwelle, sobald die Konzentration des Vernetzers unter 2 Gew.-% sank.
    Notes: It was shown that the etching of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer from KESD-2 type ion-exchange membranes resulted in porous membranes. Modification of such membranes introduced both acidic or basic groups onto the pore surface. The ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin through these membranes was mostly affected by coulombic interaction. Protein deposition on/in membrane was controlled by charge as well as hydrophilic properties of membranes. In addition, the effect of polystyrene crosslinking degree on the blend morphology was explained. The structure of polystyrene copolymer underwent the qualitative threshold when the crosslinking agent concentration reached the level of 2 wt.-%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 183
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 137-143 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Methode zur Bestimmung von RUB in Peroxid- und Schwefelvulkanisaten von Naturkautschuk (NR, cis-1,4-Polyisopren) durch Metathese-Abbau mit 1-Octen unter Verwendung des Katalysators WCl6—C2H5Al2Cl3, wurde entwickelt. Der Ruß wurde von der Reaktionsmischung durch Zentrifugieren abgetrennt und durch Wägen bestimmt.Im Zusammenhang damit wurden auch Untersuchungen mit dem Katalysator WCl6—(C2H5)3Al2Cl3, durchgefuhrt, der weniger zur Fiillstoffbestimmung geeignet war. Die Geschwindigkeit des Abbaus von vernetztem NR mit (E)-4-Octen wurde gemessen. Metathese-Reaktionen von 2-Methyl-2-penten (niedermolekulare Modellverbindung für NR) mit 7-Tetradecen zeigten die Bedeutung der Doppelbindungsverschiebung für den Abbau von NR.
    Notes: A method for the determination of carbon black fillers in peroxide vulcanizates or sulfur vulcanizates of natural rubber (NR, cis-1,4-polyisoprene) by metathesis degradation with 1-octene was developed using the catalyst WCl6—(C2H5)3Al2Cl3. The carbon black was separated from the reaction mixture by centrifuging and determined by weighing.In this connection, investigations were also performed with the catalyst WCl6—C2H5Al2Cl3 which was less suitable for filler determination. The rate of degradation of crosslinked NR with (E)-4-octene was measured. Metathesis reactions of 2-methyl-2-pentene (low-molecular-weight model compound of NR) with 7-tetradecene showed the importance of double bond shift for the degradation of NR.
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  • 184
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Polykondensation aliphatischer Dicarbonsäuren wie Bernsteinsäure, Iminodiessigsäure und Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure (die als difunktionelles Monomeres reagierte) mit Diaminen wie Diethylentriamin, l, 2-Bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethan und den beiden löslichkeitsverbesserenden Polyethylenoxid-Derivaten α,ω-Bis(2-aminopropyl)polyethylenglykol800 (Jeffamine ED-900) und α,ω-Bis-(2-aminopropyl)- poly-ethylenglykol 1900 (Jeffamine ED-2001) wurden hydrophile Polyamide mit Aminooder Carboxygruppen in ihren Wiederholungseinheiten hergestellt, die zur Ankopplung physiologisch aktiver Substanzen geeignet sind. Die Reaktionen wurden in Polyphosphorsäure im optimalen Temperaturbereich von 150- 165°C durchgefuhrt. Die Produktpolymeren wurden durch Dialyse wäßriger Lösungen fraktioniert und durch Gefriertrocknung isoliert. Die Ausbeuten, die von 1% bis nahe 40% reichten, zeigen für das fluchtige Diethylentriamin unter diesen Bedingungen eine geringe Tendenz zur Polykondensation und eine mittelmanige Reaktionsneigung fur die thermolabilen Jeffamine-Reaktanden, während für das Bis(aminopropylamino)ethan eine zufriedenstellende Polykondensationsbereitschaft gefunden wurde. Die mikroanalytisch und spektroskopisch charakterisierten Polyamide verfügen über eine  -  für biomedizinische Anwendungen wichtige  -  ausreichende Wasserlöslichkeit. Die inhärenten Viskositäten in diesem Medium liegen im Bereich von 5 - 15 ml g-1. Die Nutzung dieser Polymeren zur Verankerung von Medikamenten wird Gegenstand weiterer Veröffentlichungen sein.
    Notes: Hydrophilic polyamides containing amino or carboxyl groups in the repeat units suitable for drug binding are synthesized by polycondensation of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, including succinic acid, iminodiacetic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (reacting as a difunctional monomer in these polymerizations), with diamines, such as diethylenetriamine, 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane, and the two hydrosolubilizing poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives, α,ω-bis(2-aminopropyl)poly(ethylene glycol) 800 (Jeffamine ED-900) and α,ω-bis(2-aminopropyl)poly(ethylene glycol) 1900 (Jeffamine ED-2001). The reactions are conducted in polyphosphoric acid medium at the optimal temperature range of 150-165°C. The product polymers, fractionated by aqueous-phase dialysis in 12000-14000 molecular-mass cut-off membrane tubing, are isolated by freeze-drying. Yield data, ranging from 1% to nearly 40% for the material so fractionated, indicate low propensity for polycondensation under these conditions for the volatile diethylenetriamine monomer, and only moderately better performance for the thermally labile Jeffamines, yet satisfactory polymerization behaviour for the bis(aminopropylamino)ethane. The microanalytically and spectroscopically characterized polyamides fulfil the biomedically important requirement of solubility in water; inherent viscosities in this medium are in the approximate range of 5-15 ml · g-1. The drug-anchoring capabilities of these polymers will be the subject of forthcoming publications.
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  • 185
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 207 (1993), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um den Einflulß der Reaktionsbedingungen Druck und Temperatur sowie der Comonomeren Acrylsäuremethylester und Vinylacetat auf das entstandene Ethylen-Acrylsäuremethylester-Vinylacetat-Terpolymerisat aufzuzeigen, wurden Polymerisationsversuche in einem kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührautoklaven durchgeführt. Der Druck wurde zwischen 1 100 und 1900 bar variiert. Die Temperatur lag bei 180 bzw. 230°C. Die mittlere Verweilzeit betrug 40 Sekunden. Als Initiator wurden t-Butylperpivalat und t-Butylperethylhexanoat in Konzentrationen von 50 bis 180 mol-ppm im Ethylenzulauf gewählt. Die erhaltenen Polymeren wurden durch Bestimmung ihrer Zusammensetzung, ihrer Dichte, der Kristallinität, des Schmelzpunktes, der Glasßbergangstemperatur, des Schmelzindexes, des mittleren Molekulargewichtes sowie der Zugfestigkeit und Reindehnung charakterisiert.
    Notes: Polymerization tests were carried out in a stirred autoclave designed for continuous operation in order to determine the influence of the reaction pressure and temperature and of the acrylic acid methyl ester and vinyl acetate comonomers on the ethylene-acrylic acid methyl ester-vinyl acetate terpolymer formed. Pressures between 1100 and 1900 bar and temperatures of 180 and 230°C were used. The average residence time was 40 seconds. Tertiary butyl perpivalate and tertiary butyl perethyl hexanoate in concentrations of 50 to 180 mol-ppm in the ethylene feed were used as initiators. The characteristic properties of the polymers obtained were assessed by determining their composition, density, crystallinity, melting point, glass transition temperature, melt index, the average molecular weight, tensile strength and elongation at break.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 186
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 209 (1993), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch radikalische Copolymerisation wurde ein neues Copolymeres mit hohem Silikongehalt, Poly(maleimid-alt-trimethylvinylsilan) (PMVS), hergestellt. PMVS wurde für einen positiven Photoresist entwickelt, der Diazonaphthochinonsulfonat als ätjsungsinhibitor enthält. PMVS zeigt eine große Ätzselektivitat von 1 : 16 verglichen mit einem kommerziellen, gehärteten Photoresist (HPR-204). Außerdem bewirkt die starre cyclische Maleimideinheit eine hohe thermische Stabilität.
    Notes: A new copolymer, poly(maleimide-alt-trimethylvinylsilane) (PMVS), with a high silicon content was synthesized by free-radical copolymerization, in order to obtain a positive photoresist containing diazonaphthoquinone sulfonate as a dissolution inhibitor. PMVS shows a high etching selectivity of 1 : 16 compared to a commercially available, hard-baked photoresist (HPR-204). In addition, the rigid cyclic maleimide group is responsible for high temperature stability.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 209 (1993), S. 197-212 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe von Benzylthiolaniumsalzen wurde präpariert, charakterisiert und mittels DSC-Messungen und Verfolgung des Viskositätsanstiegs hinsichtlich der Brauchbarkeit fur die thermische Härtung von Epoxidharzsystemen evaluiert. Es ergab sich uber einen weiten Bereich der Hammett-Konstanten eine Korrelation zwischen Startaktivität, Lagerstabilität und elektronischen Substituenteneinflüssen an der Benzylgruppe. Durch Kombination mit Arylsulfoniumsalzen erhält man in Einzelfällen Dual Cure Systeme mit attraktiven Eigenschaften sowohl für die thermische als auch für die UV-induzierte Härtung. Auch eine Sensibilisierung von Benzylthiolaniumsalzen erwies sich als gangbarer Weg zu Dual Cure Systemen. Somit eröffnen sich neue Einsatzmöglichkeiten für UV-härtbare Epoxidharzsysteme in der Elektronik, bei denen eine zusätzliche Härtung in abgeschatteten Bereichen unabdingbar ist.
    Notes: A number of benzylthiolanium salts have been synthesized, analysed and evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and viscosity measurements with respect to their potential use as thermal curing agents for epoxy resins. Over a wide range of Hammett constants a correlation exists between initial reactivity, shelf life and the electronic substituent effects of the benzyl group. A combination with arylsulfonium salts leads in singular cases to dual cure systems with attractive properties of thermal and UV induced curing. The sensitization of benzylthiolanium salts also leads to dual cure systems. This opens up new possibilities for UV curable epoxy resins in electronic applications requiring additional curing in shaded areas.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 209 (1993), S. 213-213 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 189
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 210 (1993), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acrylnitril (AN), Methylacrylat (MA), Ethylacrylat (EA), Methylmethacrylat (MMA), Butylacrylat (BA) und Vinylacetat (VAc) wurden radikalisch unter Verwendung von Cerammoniumnitrat als Initiator auf das Natriumsalz von partiell carboxy-methylierter Cellulose gepfropft. Dabei wurde folgende Reihenfolge der Reaktivitäat gefunden: AN 〉 MA 〉 EA 〉 MMA 〉 BA 〉 VAc.
    Notes: In order to study the reactivity of different vinyl monomers, the grafting of different vinyl monomers such as acrylonitrile (AN), methylacrylate (MA), ethylacrylate (EA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butylacrylate (BA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) onto the sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated amylose (DS = 0.313) has been carried out using ceric ammonium nitrate as an initiator. The following reactivity order of monomers has been found: AN 〉 MA 〉 EA 〉 MMA 〉 BA 〉 VAc.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden Kationienaustauscher-Harze hergestellt, bestehend aus Poly (vinylalkohol) als Geräustsubstanz, Zitronensavure als Katalysator und reaktivem Additiv zur Einfäuhrung von Carboxygruppen in die Harze, sowie einem Melamin-Fromaldehyd-Prekondensat, welches einerseits eine Vernetzung und damit mechanische Stabilitäat und Unläoslichkeit bewirken und andererseits die funktionellen Säauregruppen an das Harzgeräust binden sollte. Das Molverhäaltnis der Reaktanden, Reaktionsziet und -temperatur wurden variiert, um die für die Synthiese eines Harzes auf der Basis von Zitronensäaure optimalen Reaktionsbedingungen zu ermitteln. Unter den gleichen Bedingungen wurden swei Harze auf der Basis von Weinsäaure bzw. Glykolsäaure hergestellt. Diese drie Harze wurden mittels potentiometrischer Tirtration, bezäuglich ihrer Wasserläoslichkeit und -quellbarkeit sowie der Gebrauchsbestäandigkeit charakterisiert.
    Notes: The synthesis of cation exchange resins via the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) as a carrier, citric acid as a catalyst and reactive additive to produce resin structures with grafted carboxy groups, along with a melamine-formaldehyde precondensate, responsible for crosslinking-reinforcing and insolubilizing the resin structure as well as for fixing and binding the acidic functional groups onto the resin structure, has been investigated using varied molar ratios of reactants and varied time as well as temperature. Reaction conditions were selected to prepare a cation exchange resin based on citric acid. Two other cation exchange resins based on tartaric acid and glycolic acid, were also prepared under the same selected reaction conditions. These three resins were characterized by potentiometric titration, water solubility and swellability, as well as durability to use.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) is a spherical plant virus. It possesses an intrinsic (structural) anisotropy due to the orientation of valence bonds of the amino acid and/or nucleic acid residues. According to the light scattering theory of Rayleigh and Gans for optically anisotropic spheres, the degree of linear polarization of the scattered light depends on the intrinsic anisotropy, the relative refractive index of the sphere to the solvent, the scattering angle, and the inclination angle of linearly polarized incident light to the scattering plane. By using the theoretical expression of the degree of linear polarization, the intrinsic anisotropy parameter of southern bean mosaic virus in the compact spherical state was calculated with the appropriate experimental values. This novel method should be useful in elucidating the internal structure of spherical viruses and other spherical complexes of macromolecules. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dipole moments of small protein molecules were determined experimentally in order to validate the calculated dipole moments by previous investigators. We found that the agreements are satisfactory for some proteins. There are, however, many proteins for which the agreement is less than satisfactory. In order to find the cause of the disagreement, the dipole moments of these proteins were recalculated using the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank. We calculated the dipole moment due to fixed surface charges and the bond moments of all the carbonyl groups in main chain and side chains. The calculation consists of the mean moments and their mean square fluctuations. In addition, we investigated the effect of electrostatic interactions between charged sites for several proteins. These results show that incorporation of the interactions does not affect substantially the calculated dipole moments. The rms fluctuation of the dipole moment is found to be small but not negligible. In conclusion, recalculated dipole moments are in good agreement with the observed values. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 75-105 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Monte Carlo method has been developed for generating the conformations of short single-stranded DNAs from arbitrary starting states. The chain conformers are constructed from energetically favorable arrangements of the constituent mononucleotides. Minimum energy states of individual dinucleotide monophosphate molecules are identified using a torsion angle minimizer. The glycosyl and acyclic backbone torsions of the dimers are allowed to vary, while the sugar rings are held fixed in one of the two preferred puckered forms. A total of 108 conformationally distinct states per dimer are considered in this first stage of minimization. The torsion angles within 5 kcal/mole of the global minimum in the resulting optimized states are then allowed to vary by ±10° in an effort to estimate the breadth of the different local minima. The energies of a total of 2187 (37) angle combinations are examined per local conformational minimum. Finally, the energies of all dinucleotide conformers are scaled so that the populations of differently puckered sugar rings in the theoretical sample match those found in nmr solution studies. This last step is necessitated by limitations in the theoretical methods to predict DNA sugar puckering accurately. The conformer populations of the individual acyclic torsion angles in the composite dimer ensembles are found to be in good agreement with the distributions of backbone conformations deduced from nmr coupling constants and the frequencies of glycosyl conformations in x-ray crystal structures, suggesting that the low energy states are reasonable. The low energy dimer forms (consisting of 150-325 conformational states per dimer step) are next used as variables in a Monte Carlo algorithm, which generates the conformations of single-stranded d(CXnG) chains, where X = A, T and n = 3, 4, 5. The oligonucleotides are built sequentially from the 5′ end of the chain using random numbers to select the conformations of overlapping dimer units. The simulations are very fast, involving a total of 106 conformations per chain sequence. The potential errors in the buildup procedure are minimized by taking advantage of known rotational interdependences in the sugar-phosphate backbone. The distributions of oligonucleotide conformations are examined in terms of the magnitudes, positions, and orientations of the end-to-end vectors of the chains. The differences in overall flexibility and extension of the oligomers are discussed in terms of the conformations of the constituent dinucleotide steps, while the general methodology is discussed and compared with other nucleic acid model building techniques. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 194
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One-dimensional and two-dimensional (2D) nmr experiments were carried out on an oligonucleotide duplex that contains an unpaired cytosine, d(GCGAACAAGCG)·d(CGCTTTTCGC), which will be referred to as the C-bulge decamer. Evidence from one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments on the exchangeable protons indicates that the unpaired cytosine is extrahelical. This conclusion is also supported by numerous cross-peaks in the 2D NOE spectroscopy (NOESY) spectrum of the nonexchangeable protons. The assignments for all of the resonances, with the exception of the H5′ and H5″ resonances, have been made through the use of 2D NOESY, correlated spectroscopy (COSY), and relayed COSY experiments. The temperature dependence of the C(H6) resonance chemical shifts indicates that the unpaired cytosine shows unusual behavior compared to other cytosines in the duplex. A comparison of chemical shifts for all, the assigned resonances of the duplexes with and without the unpaired cytosine suggests that the majority of the structural perturbation is localized in the A·T tract surrounding the unpaired base. The behavior of the imino resonances as a function of temperature also indicates that the perturbation to the duplex is localized and destabilizes the A·T base pairs adjacent to the unpaired base. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theory describing the shapes of polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery (PFPR) curves for a population of fluorophores undergoing restricted rotational diffusion in two-dimensional systems such as planar membranes has been developed. In this model, restricted rotational diffusion of the fluorophores is described by using reflective boundary conditions, in which the fluorophores are assumed to diffuse freely but only within an angular space of width 2ω. The magnitude and apparent rate of the PFPR postbleach fluorescence curves are a function of both ω and the angle between the bleaching and observation beam polarizations ψ. It is shown that estimates of the degree of rotational restriction ω may be obtained from changes in the ψ-dependent postbleach fluorescence intensities.Using angle-dependent PFPR, slow rotational reorientations of the fluorescent lipid analogue 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine in distearoylphosphatidylcholine Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers deposited on octadecyltrichlorosilane-treated fused quartz were measured. As theoretically predicted for a rotationally restricted fluorophore population, both the initial Fψ(0) and final Fψ(∞) postbleach fluorescence intensities varied as a function of ψ, and no measurable change in the postbleach fluorescence intensities was observed for ψ = 45°. Using the theory for restricted rotational motion, the ψ-dependent variations of the final fluorescence intensities Fψ(∞) obtained at two bleaching intensities gave an average apparent ω ≍ 52°. However, to adequately fit the Fψ(0) data, inclusion of the theoretical effects of rapid (faster than the duration of the photobleaching pulse) fluorophore dynamics was also required. Best fits of the Fψ(0) and Fψ(∞) data were obtained when the fluorophores were assumed to rapidly wobble within a cone of semiangle δ ≍ 30°-50° while slowly rotating within an angular space defined by semiangle ω ≍ 35°-60°. Subsequent analysis of the time- and ψ-dependent changes in the postbleach fluorescence curves Fψ(t) gave apparent diffusion coefficients ranging from D ≍ 10-3 s-1 to 4 × 10-2 s-1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A highly potent and selective agonist to the tachykinin NK-3 receptor, [pGlu6, N-MePhe8, Aib9] substance P (6-11) (I), was synthesized via the solid phase method. The ED50 of I was 4n M in the guinea pig ileum in the absence of atropine (NK-1 + NK-3 receptors) and this agonist was 5000-fold less potent in the presence of atropine (NK-1 receptor). The analogue was virtually inactive in the rat vas deferens (NK-2 receptor). A detailed analysis of the solution conformation of this analogue in DMSO-d6 and in a DMSO-d6 H2O cryornixture was carried out by a combination of 1H-nmr 2D techniques (DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and ROESY) and model building based on empirical energy calculations. Peptide I exists as a mixture of isomers containing cis and trans Phe-N-MePhe peptide bonds. The main isomer, containing a cis Phe-N-MePhe peptide bond, shows a preferred folded conformation characterized by a type VI β-turn with Phe and N-MePhe in the i + 1 and i + 2 positions. The turn is followed by a helical segment extending to the C-terminal. This conformation is compared to previously reported conformations of other selective tachykinin agonists and may be a promising lead for the design of novel NK-3 agonists with additional conformational constraints. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The disulphide bridged heptapeptide has been synthesized by classical solution methods. An ion binding study showed the peptide's ability to complex calcium ions with definite stoichiometry. The solution conformation of the peptide in its free and calcium-complexed form has been investigated by CD and nmr. The model structure derived from nmr data has been energy minimized and the resulting structure investigated by molecular dynamics simulation in water.The structure of the equimolar peptide/Ca2- complex in acetonitrile at room temperature shows the presence of two transannular hydrogen bonds, with the formation of two ring structures of the C10 (type VIa) and C14 type. One peptide unit (Pro-Pro) is cis, all others are trans. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 198
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational properties of two [D-A70, A76] and [Aib70, A76] analogues of the α67-76 Torpedo acetylcholine receptor fragment, with low binding capacity for the anti main immunogenic region (MIR) antibodies, were studied in DMSO by two-dimensional nmr techniques and molecular dynamics simulations. The results were compared to the free and bound conformations of the [A76] analogue, which has twice more affinity for the anti-MIR monoclonal antibody 6 (mAb6), than the natural Torpedo sequence. It appeared that a single substitution of the A70, at a crucial position, by the D-A70 or Aib70, could modify completely the conformational behavior of the peptide and reduced its recognition by the anti-MIR antibody. The WNPADY rigid structure at the N-terminal part was essential for antibody recognition. The adjacent more flexible C-terminal sequence (GGIK) gives additional stability to the monoclonal antibody-peptide complex probably due to an adequate orientation of the peptide side chains in the complex, by setting them in close contact with the antibody. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 199
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1101-1110 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solid state conformations of cyclo[Gly-Proψ[CH2S]Gly-D-Phe-Pro] and cyclo[Gly-Proψ[CH2-(S)-SO]Gly-D-Phe-Pro] have been characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of the sulfide trihydrate are orthorhombic, P212121, with a = 10.156(3) Å, b = 11.704(3) Å, c = 21.913(4) Å, and Z = 4. Crystals of the sulfoxide are monoclinic, P21, with a = 10.662(1) Å, b = 8.552(3) Å, c = 12.947(2) Å, β = 94.28(2), and Z = 2. Unlike their all-amide parent, which adopts an all-trans backbone conformation and a type II β-turn encompassing Gly-Pro-Gly-D-Phe, both of these peptides contain a cis Gly1-Pro2 bond and form a novel turn structure, i.e., a type II′ β-turn consisting of Gly-D-Phe-Pro-Gly. The turn structure in each of these peptides is stabilized by an intramolecular H bond between the carbonyl oxygen of Gly1 and the amide proton of D-Phe4. In the cyclic sulfoxide, the sulfinyl group is not involved in H bonding despite its strong potential as a hydrogen-bond acceptor. The crystal structure made it possible to establish the absolute configuration of the sulfinyl group in this peptide. The two crystal structures also helped identify a type II′ β-turn in the DMSO-d6 solution conformers of these peptides. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 200
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    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 1167-1172 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular dynamics algorithm (MD), which simulates intramolecular motions on the subnanosecond timescale, has been modified to allow the investigation of slow conformational transitions that do not necessarily occur spontaneously in MD simulations. The method is designated CONTRA MD (CONformational TRAnsitions by Molecular Dynamics with minimum biasing). The method requires the prior definition of a single conformational variable that is required to vary monotonically from an initial conformation to a final target conformation. The simulation is broken up into a series of short free MD segments, and we determine, after each segment of MD, whether or not the system has evolved toward the final conformation. Those segments that do not move the system in that direction are deleted. Those that do move it toward the final conformation are patched together sequentially to generate a single representative trajectory along the transition pathway. The CONTRA MD method is demonstrated first by application to the simultaneous C2′-endo to C3′-endo repucker and anti to syn N-glycosidic torsion transitions in 2′-deoxyadenosine and then to the large-scale bending in phenylalanine transfer RNA. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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