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  • 1
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Heart ; Ultrastructure ; Capillaries ; Endothelium ; Stereology ; Cardioplegic solutions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In open heart surgery and transplantation, sufficient structural preservation of the myocardium immediately following cardioplegic arrest is a precondition for overcoming ischemia and for resumption of postischemic function. Therefore, we compared the protective effect of three clinically applied cardioplegic solutions with fibrillating and beating hearts using structural criteria. Left ventricular samples were taken from (1) beating, or (2) fibrillating or arrested hearts following coronary perfu-sion with (3) St. Thomas' Hospital solution, (4) histidine tryptophane ketoglutalate (HTK) (Custodiol), or (5) University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and fixed by immersion. Ultrastructural differences in the swelling of capillary endothelial cells and myocytes were quantitatively evaluated using stereological methods. Endothelial cells were somewhat more swollen after St. Thomas perfusion than those in beating and fibrillating hearts. HTK-arrested hearts showed significantly lower values for cellular edema than beating hearts. UW perfusion resulted in the (significantly) lowest degree of endothelial cell edema. Edematous changes in myocytes were significantly greater in St. Thomas-arrested hearts than in UW- or HTK-arrested hearts. Cardiomyocyte edema in beating and fibrillating hearts was comparable to that in St. Thomas-perfused hearts. Thus, the stereol-ogical analysis revealed significant differences between cardioplegic solutions in structural preservation of myocardial ultrastructure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Secretory carcinoma ; Breast ; Intracytoplasmic lumina ; Immnohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a rare case of secretory carcinoma of the breast in a 50-year-old Japanese woman. The patient had been aware of a right breast tumor for 8 years, but had left it untreated. The tumor enlarged in size and became painful, and she visited our hospital. Breast carcinoma was diagnosed, and mastectomy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed features of a secretory carcinoma characterized by prominent secretory activity in the glandular and microcystic spaces, with some areas showing a follicular pattern resembling the thyroid gland. The secretory material was PAS-positive and immunohistochemically α-lactalbumin-positive. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cell contained many secretory vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In addition, extracellular and intracytoplasmic lumina were conspicuous; these were lined by microvilli projection and contained secretory material. By flow cytometric analysis, the DNA index was 1.14, which was diploid, showing relatively low proliferative activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words KSHV ; HHV-8 ; TPA ; Ultrastructure ; Primary effusion lymphoma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The ultrastructure of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) has not yet been fully elucidated, although some findings have been reported using primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines, KS-1, harboring no Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) coinfection. In the present study, detailed fine structural examination of KSHV/HHV-8 was performed after stimulation of the PEL-derived cell line KS-1 with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in vitro. While unstimulated KS-1 cells contained a small number of intranuclear virus particles associated with no extracellular mature particles, KS-1 cells stimulated with TPA produced many extracellular mature particles as well as intranuclear particles, in addition to interesting tubulo-reticular structures and aggregated tubular structures in vesicles. The induced intranuclear particles were empty, doughnut shaped, and dense cored, with outer and inner diameters of 100–110 nm and 60–70 nm, respectively. Dense-cored extracellular mature particles were 150–160 nm in diameter, and some contained doughnut-shaped cores, together with a few megaloviruses, 260 nm in outer diameter. These findings indicate that KS-1 cells treated with TPA can produce extracellular mature particles as well as intranuclear particles, which were proven to be KSHV/HHV-8.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words pHGF ; HGF ; Acute liver injury ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The protective effect of hepatocyte growth-promoting factor (pHGF) against CCl4-induced acute hepatitis in rats was examined by light and electron microscopy. Hepatocyte growth-promoting factor, purified from infant pig liver in an active form, has been used clinically in patients with hepatitis in China. Four hours after administration of CCl4, a single dose of pHGF was administered intraperitoneally. Six hours after administration of CCl4, inhibition of CCl4-induced hepatic necrosis and hepatocytes with severely dilated endoplasmic reticula were evident in rats treated with pHGF. At 48 h post administration, most hepatocytes had recovered, and not only mitotic hepatocytes (10–13 mitotic cells/100) but also mitotic Kupffer cells were observed. At 72 h, it was evident that the differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (Ito cell) into myofibroblast-like cells and the development of fibrosis around the central veins was prevented by pHGF. These results suggested that (1) pHGF may stabilize cell membranes, (2) pHGF acts as a mitogen not only for hepatocytes but also for Kupffer cells, and (3) pHGF prevents fibrogenesis in the case of CCl4-induced liver injury by preventing the differentiation of hepatic stellate cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Medical electron microscopy 32 (1999), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cerebral blood flow ; Blood–brain barrier ; Repeated brief cerebral ischemia ; Hippocampal CA1 ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Neuronal damage and changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) following repeated brief periods of ischemia were studied in Mongolian gerbils. The cerebral ischemia was produced by three repeated occlusions of bilateral common carotid arteries for 3 min at 1-h intervals. CBF and permeability of the BBB were examined with tracers (China ink and silver nitrate) at 1, 3, and 7 days post ischemia using light and electron microscopy. Three days after the reperfusion, significant extravasation of tracers, consequential reduction of CBF, extensive neuronal destruction, and intravascular platelet aggregation were observed. Such vascular changes in the CA1 region were more severe than those in the frontal cortex. These findings strongly support the view that microcirculatory disturbance may be a mechanism responsible for delayed neuronal death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 435 (1999), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Inflammation of the lung ; Biopsy ; Ultrastructure ; Laser therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Examination of 127 biopsy specimens from 45 patients with inflammatory lung diseases showed changes consistent with increased permeability of the capillary endothelial cells as an initial stage in the development of the inflammatory reaction. Associated interstitial oedema, deformation of the interalveolar septa, and structural disorganization of alveolar epithelium cells occur, and local microcirculatory problems result in tissue hypoxia and fibrosis. The ultimate morphological picture is determined largely by the intensity of repair. Laser biostimulation minimizes the inflammation and stabilizes fibroplastic process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 435 (1999), S. 58-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Capillary basement membrane ; Inflammatory myopathy ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The capillary basement membranes from 16 skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with a clinical and histological diagnosis of inflammatory myopathy and from six controls were analysed ultrastructurally and morphometrically. Resin sections from 244 endomysial capillaries were examined by light microscope, and the results were correlated with findings seen in electron micrographs of these capillaries. The ultrastructural morphometric measurements and the statistical analysis showed that the capillary basement membrane was thick and multilaminated in 87% specimens affected by inflammatory myopathy. No thick or multilaminated basement membrane was observed in controls. In inflammatory myopathy the endomysial space next to the capillaries contained an increased amount of collagen fibrils and showed signs of a chronic reparative process. It is suggested that the thick multilaminated basement membrane in inflammatory myopathy represents an advanced stage of vascular regeneration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Urological research 27 (1999), S. 454-461 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cold-restraint stress ; Urinary bladder ; Interstitial cystitis ; Mast cell ; Urothelium ; Ultrastructure ; Ruthenium red ; Flow cytometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Stress is associated with many diseases of unknown aetiology. This study demonstrates the effects of cold-restraint stress on the morphology of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it compares the results obtained with the morphology of the interstitial cystitis. The animals were subjected to three hours of cold-restraint stress and then starved for 48 h. The morphology and histochemistry of the urinary bladder was investigated with light and electron microscopy. The proliferative activity was analysed via flow cytometry. Increased and degranulated mast cells in the mucosa, leucocyte infiltration in the lamina propria, vacuole formation in the urothelial cells, loose tight junction, dilated intercellular spaces and altered proliferative activity were observed in the stress group when compared with the control. The increase in the number of mast cells and especially degranulated mast cells and vacuole formation and the loose tight junction of the urothelium correlated with the histopathological findings of interstitial cystitis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Bunina body ; Guam ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract An investigation of Bunina bodies is important when studying the pathoetiology and pathomechanisms involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It may serve as a clue essential for the study of the pathogenesis of Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS-G), and it may provide a means of answering the question of whether ALS-G is the same disease as classical ALS or a different entity. In ALS-G, however, no precise histochemical, immunohistochemical, or detailed ultrastructural examination has been published to date. To elucidate the pathological differences/similarities of Bunina bodies between classical ALS and ALS-G, we performed histochemical, immunohistochemical, topographic and ultrastructural examinations. Histochemically, hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, methylgreen-pyronin, phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin, Klüver-Barrera, Bodian and periodic acid-Schiff staining were utilized. Immunohistochemical examination was performed using antibodies for cystatin C, ubiquitin, Tau-2, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, phosphorylated neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Histochemical findings were consistent with those previously described for classical ALS. The immunohistochemical study showed that in ALS-G Bunina bodies were intensely labeled by an anti-cystatin C antibody. Topographic examination demonstrated that Bunina bodies were distributed in the spinal anterior horns and Clarke’s column in the spinal cord. Ultrastructurally, Bunina bodies were composed of electron-dense amorphous/ granular material accompanied by vesicular structures and neurofilaments. The results of the present study have revealed that the pathological features of Bunina bodies in ALS-G are identical to those seen in classical ALS. These findings strongly suggest that a similar degenerative process occurs in the spinal anterior horn cells in both ALS-G and classical ALS.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 97 (1999), S. 509-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Hereditary inclusion body myopathy ; Desmin storage myopathy ; Ultrastructure ; Immmunocytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report two adult familial cases of inclusion body myopathy (IBM) with desmin storage in skeletal muscle. Clinically, both patients presented late-onset, progressive, symmetrical, both proximal and distal muscle weakness. Muscle biopsy findings were identical in both cases and consisted of marked variability in fiber size, increased number of central nuclei and vacuolation involving 10% of fibers. Single or multiple vacuoles were located subsarcolemmally or in the center, and were rimmed by basophilic material. At the ultrastructural level, tubulofilamentous nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions of 16–21 nm in diameter were frequently observed. In addition, large subsarcolemmal and central deposits composed of electron-dense granular material were present in many fibers. Immunocytochemistry revealed staining for desmin, vimentin and ubiquitin within both inclusions and vacuolated fibers. Possible structural and functional associations between these two types of muscle changes remain unclear. They may either represent two coexistent disease processes or merely reflect an abnormal form of muscle fiber degradation, with unidentifiable specificity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Elastic fibre system ; Microfibrils ; Collagen type IV ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  This study deals with the examination of the elastic fibre system as well as collagen fibrils and collagen type IV in the amnion of the human chorionic plate of uncomplicated pregnancies at term. In organs other than placenta, the elastic fibre system comprises elastic fibres, elaunin and oxytalan microfibrils. The investigation was performed by light and electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Abundant oxytalan fibres were present in all amnionic layers, while no elastic fibres were found. Oxytalan microfibrils formed a broad subepithelial layer and were intermingled with collagen fibrils in the subjacent compact layer and in the amnionic mesoderm. Light microscopically, bunches containing orcein-stained oxytalan and collagen-type-IV-immunostained microfibrils were seen rising from the amnionic mesoderm perpendicularly towards the epithelial layer, where they obviously inserted. It can be assumed that the subepithelial microfibrillar layer and the following compact layer form an anchoring zone between the amnionic mesoderm and the epithelium that may contribute to the maintenance of strength. The ultrastructure of the bunches clearly showed collagen fibrils mixed with oxytalan microfibrils. No collagen type I-immunostaining was found in the bunches. After pretreatment of cryostat sections with elastase, oxytalan-orcein-staining was absent, but collagen type IV-immunoreactivity was not altered. Furthermore, after oxytalan-orcein-staining resp. anti-collagen type IV incubation, all positive fibres revealed an identical morphological pattern. We propose that oxytalan and collagen type IV may represent further members of the microfibril complex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ischemia ; Protein synthesis ; Translation ; Ultrastructure ; Hippocampus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract During post-ischemic brain reperfusion there is a substantial reduction of protein synthesis in selectively vulnerable neurons. Normal protein synthesis requires a functional translation initiation complex, a key element of which is eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), which in a complex with GTP introduces the met-tRNAi. Phosphorylation of Ser51 on the α subunit of eIF2 [eIF2α(P)] generates a competitive inhibitor of eIF2B, thereby preventing the replenishment of GTP onto eIF2, thus blocking translation initiation. It has been shown that the conditional expression of an eIF2α mutant (Asp substituted for Ser51) imitating the negative charge of Ser51 (P) induces apoptosis. During the first 10 min of post-ischemic reperfusion, there is an approximately 20-fold increase in eIF2α(P) seen in the cytoplasm of CA1 hippocampal neurons, and, by 1 h, there is also accumulation of eIF2α(P) in the nucleus. We utilized post-embedding electron microscopical immunogold methods to examine the localization of eIF2α(P) during reperfusion. Immunogold particles (10 nm) were concentrated chiefly along the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in association with the membranes of the nuclear envelope in CA1 neurons. Aggregations of gold particles in the nucleus were concentrated: (1) within and around the nucleolus, (2) associated to strands of heterochromatin, and (3) along putative nuclear filaments. The presence of eIF2α(P) in the nucleolus probably reflects its association with nascent ribosomal subunits. The β-subunit of eIF2 has a zinc finger and polylysine blocks analogous to those on other proteins that affect transcription. The association of eIF2α(P) with chromatin may have important implications for transcription.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 199 (1999), S. 407-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Placenta ; Vascular wall ; Smooth muscle cell ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The vascular wall structure in the human full-term placental villi of normal pregnancy was studied by means of light and electron microscopy with an improved technique of perfusion fixation and tissue preparation. We observed 81 sections of stem villi that showed cross-sectional profiles of paired vessels in their center. Both vascular walls contained a large amount of extracellular matrix and no elastic lamina between smooth muscle cells of the media, making identification of the artery and the vein quite difficult at first sight. We then noted that the density of the smooth muscle cell population was always considerably higher in one than the other, and identified the former as artery and the latter as vein on the basis of their connection with larger arteries and veins running on the chorionic plate. Between the paired vessels, the artery had a smaller caliber than the vein, and the ratio of venous to arterial caliber was distributed from 1.0 to 2.5. The thickness of media was usually thicker in the vein than in the artery. Clusters of elastic fibers were found occasionally in the media of arteries and veins, and basement membrane-like materials were associated frequently with the elastic fibers and were distributed widely in the media as well as in the adventitia. In the veins, the smooth muscle cells of the most superficial part of the media contained well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, indicating differentiation to secrete extracellular matrices. The present study revealed the difference of wall structure between arteries and veins in the placental stem villi for the first time at the ultrastructural level, and suggested differentiation of venous smooth muscle cells, possibly by some influence from the luminal side.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Polyglucosan body ; Periodic ; acid-Schiff-positive granules ; Mouse brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules (PGs) appear in the mouse brains in relation to advancing age. The exact location and pathophysiological significance of PGs, however, are not fully understood. The incidence, staining properties, and topographical distributions of PGs in the brains of 17 AKR mice ranging in age from 7 to 18 months were examined histochemically and immunohistochemically using antibody KM279 raised against a polyglucosan. In addition, to define the precise site of PG formation, we investigated the brains of 4 AKR mice of 24 months of age using conventional and immunoelectron microscopy. PGs were seen in all mice examined and the levels were increased with age. The PGs were located predominantly in the hippocampus and, to a lesser extent, in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb. Immunohistochemically, PGs in the hippocampus and cerebellum were labeled uniformly with KM279. On immunoelectron microscopy with this monoclonal antibody, the fibrillar or membranous structures corresponding to PGs seen using light microscopy were labeled specifically with gold particles. With conventional electron microscopy, fibrillar or membranous structures were seen along with synaptic vesicles and dense-core granules. Moreover, around the cells containing PGs, a few synaptic junctions with neighboring cells were observed, indicating that the cells contributing to formation of PGs were neuronal cells. The positive immunoreactivity of AKR mouse PGs for the antibody KM279 suggests that the PGs and similar structures in other species may share a common antigenicity. Thus, it is assumed that PGs in AKR mice might result from some abnormalities in glucose metabolism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyloid precursor protein ; immunoreactivity ; Axonal injury ; Microwave antigen retrieval ; Traumatic brain injury ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Antibodies to the amyloid precursor proteins (APP) have become routine markers for detecting traumatically induced axonal injury (AI) in animals and man. Unfortunately, the techniques used to visualize these proteins are not compatible with routine electron microscopic (EM) analysis. In the current communication, we describe a method for the ultrastructural visualization of antibodies to APP and, using this method, we identify a previously unrecognized population of traumatically injured axons. Rats were subjected to an impact acceleration traumatic brain injury and allowed to survive 30 min to 3 h postinjury. The animals were then perfused, their brains sectioned on a vibratome and the sections prepared for immunocytochemistry using a computer-controlled microwave capable of temperature regulation. The use of temperature-controlled microwave energy unmasked APP antigenic epitopes without sacrificing ultrastructural detail. The APP antibody was found in two distinct populations of reactive axons that differed in size, morphology, location, and temporal progression. Comparable to previous descriptions, one population showed traumatically related reactive changes that led to swelling and disconnection. The other population, however, revealed unanticipated changes reflected in nodal and paranodal swelling of small continuous fibers that showed no evidence of disconnection during the time periods assessed. These studies provide new insight into the complexity of the pathobiology of AI, while describing a novel approach for enhancing APP immunoreactivity at the EM level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Intrinsic laryngeal motoneurons ; Cholera toxin HRP ; Ultrastructure ; Swallowing ; Respiration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The laryngeal motoneurons innervating the cricothyroid muscle (CT) are located in the semicompact formation just ventral to the rostral part of the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus. The motoneurons innervating the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) are located in the loose formation. We retrogradely labeled the CT and the PCA motoneurons using cholera toxin subunit B-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, and determined the ultrastructure and synaptic organization of these neurons. The CT and the PCA motoneurons had the appearance of α-motoneurons, i.e., large, oval or polygonal cells containing well-developed organelles and a prominent spherical nucleus. Two kinds of neurons were recognized among the PCA motoneurons. The one (PCA-A) was significantly smaller than the other (PCA-B). The average number of axosomatic terminals in a section was significantly largest in the PCA-B (56.6), smaller in the PCA-A (36.0), and smallest in the CT (32.3) neurons. Most of the axosomatic terminals (64.7%) contained pleomorphic vesicles and made symmetric synaptic contacts (Gray’s type II) with the PCA-A neurons, while more than 60% contained round vesicles with asymmetric synaptic contacts (Gray’s type I) in the CT (69.5%) and the PCA-B (60.6%) neurons. A few terminals associated with subsurface cisterns were present on all laryngeal motoneurons. These results indicated that the CT motoneurons may receive mostly excitatory terminals, whereas the PCA muscle may be regulated by neurons having many inhibitory terminals, and neurons having many excitatory terminals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words p75 nerve growth factor receptor ; (p75 NGFr) ; Immunoreactivity ; Ultrastructure ; Prurigo nodularis ; Nerve fiber
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Prurigo nodularis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by neurohyperplasia. Neurotrophins and their receptors play a critical role in nerve growth, differentiation, maturation and maintenance, including cutaneous nerve fiber growth and innervation. They may also be responsible for events related to the growth and differentiation control of keratinocytes. To explore the exact distribution of the p75 low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75 NGFr) in the cutaneous nerve components, p75 NGFr immunofluorescence as well as ultrastructural immunohistochemical studies were performed on prurigo nodularis lesional skin and normal human skin samples. The immunofluorescence results revealed that nerve fibers and bundles were increased in number and size in lesional upper dermis with stronger p75 NGFr immunoreactivity than in the corresponding normal tissue. At the ultrastructural level, a lot of nerve fibers clustered together in the prurigo nodularis dermal tissue. The axons were enlarged and branched, but the axons themselves seldom showed any NGFr immunoreactivity. The Schwann cell bodies were extended and irregularly shaped, and tended to separate into many branches enveloping the axons. The Schwann cell membrane showed strong p75 NGFr immunoreactivity. The perineurium cells also revealed strong p75 NGFr immunoreactivity. The Schwann cells inside the perineurium were less p75 NGFr-immunoreactive than those outside the perineurium. The membrane of certain basal keratinocytes showed NGFr immunoreactivity as well. The present results indicate that overexpression of p75 NGFr in Schwann cells and perineurium cells could contribute to the neurohyperplasia in prurigo nodularis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Imaginal disc ; Axonal trajectories ; Ultrastructure ; Chaoborus (Insecta ; Diptera)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  In one of his classical studies on insect metamorphosis, Weismann compared the imaginal anlagen of the ancestral phantom midge, Chaoborus, with those of advanced brachycerans. We have expanded his findings on the relationships between larval and imaginal organs using electron microscopy and cobalt backfilling of the antenna and leg anlagen and the axonal trajectories of corresponding larval sensilla. We show that both primordia are confluent with the larval antennae and ”leg” sensilla (an ancestral Keilin organ), respectively. These fully developed larval organs represent the distal tips of the imaginal anlagen rather than separate cell clusters. The axons of the larval antenna and leg sensilla project across the corresponding anlagen to their target neuromeres within the central nervous system (CNS). Within the discs, nerves composed of these larval axons, developing afferent fibres and efferences ascending from the CNS are found. Both the structure of the primordia and the axonal trajectories thus relate the situation found in advanced brachycerans with that seen in more ancestral insects. In addition, the larval antennae, legs, wings and even the eyes possess very similar afferent pioneer trajectories supporting the idea that the described pattern is generally used in the ontogeny of sensory systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 12 (1999), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Arabidopsis thaliana ; Megasporogenesis ; Meiosis ; Ultrastructure ; Cellular polarity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  In this study, megasporogenesis of the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated by electron microscopy for the first time. The data described here could constitute a reference for future investigations of Arabidopsis mutants. During the beginning of meiosis the megaspore mother cell shows a polarity created by unequal distribution of organelles in the cytoplasm. Plastids accumulate in the chalazal region and long parallel saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, small vacuoles and some dictyosomes are found in the micropylar region. Plasmodesmata are abundant in the chalazal cell wall. The nucleus is almost centrally localized and contains a prominent excentric nucleolus and numerous typical synaptonemal complexes. After the second division of meiosis the four megaspores are separated by thin cell walls crossed by numerous plasmodesmata and do not show significant cellular organization. The young functional megaspore is characterized by a large nucleus and a large granular nucleolus. The cytoplasm is very electron dense due to the abundance of free ribosomes and contains the following randomly distributed organelles: mitochondria, a few short saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and undifferentiated plastids. However, there is no apparent polarity, except for the distribution of some small vacuoles which are more abundant in the micropylar region of the cell. The degenerating megaspores are extremely electron dense and do not show any substructure.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 124 (1999), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Microglial culture ; Brain macrophages ; Isolectin ; Ultrastructure ; Intracellular pathway
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The present study examined the lectin labeling of diverse morphological forms of microglia in culture. Similar to amoeboid microglial cells in vivo, polymorphic microglia showed lectin labeling at their plasma membranes, as well as in a few cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles. This labeling pattern was observed in cultured microglia incubated with isolectin at 4°C for 30 min. Five minutes after the temperature was raised to 37°C, the surface lectin receptors appeared to be internalized, as shown by the occurrence of many subsurface lectin-labeled vesicles, vacuoles and tubule-like structures. With longer incubation (up to 1–2 h at 37°C), many lysosomes and a few trans-Golgi saccules and associated lysosome-like structures became labeled. Concomitant with these changes was a reduction of lectin labeling at the plasma, with labeling having vanished in most of the cells after 1–2 h of incubation. By 24 h, only a few cells retained surface lectin labeling. It appears, therefore, that irrespective of morphology, lectin labeling (including its intracellular pathway) of microglia in culture parallels that of amoeboid microglia in vivo. This would offer a useful model for the study of lectin turnover in microglia and help to explain the roles of such receptors in microglial differentiation and function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsClostridium xylanolyticum ; Cinnamic acid ; Esterase ; Lignocellulose ; Sporogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Cell envelope
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Microorganisms that hydrolyse the ester linkages between phenolic acids and polysaccharides in plant cell walls are potential sources of enzymes for the degradation of lignocellulosic waste. An anaerobic, mesophilic, spore-forming, xylanolytic bacterium with high hydroxy cinnamic acid esterase activity was isolated from the gut of the grass-eating termite Tumilitermes pastinator. The bacterium was motile and rod-shaped, stained gram-positive, had an eight-layered cell envelope, and formed endospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA indicated that the bacterium is closely related to Clostridium xylanolyticum and is grouped with polysaccharolytic strains of clostridia. A wide range of carbohydrates were fermented, and growth was stimulated by either xylan or cellobiose as substrates. The bacterium hydrolysed and then hydrogenated the hydroxy cinnamic acids (ferulic and p-coumaric acids), which are esterified to arabinoxylan in plant cell walls. Three cytoplasmic enzymes with hydroxy cinnamic acid esterase activity were identified using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. This bacterium possesses an unusual multilayered cell envelope in which both leaflets of the cytoplasmic membrane, the peptidoglycan layer and the S layer are clearly discernible. The fate of all these components was easily followed throughout the endospore formation process. The peptidoglycan component persisted during the entire morphogenesis. It was seen to enter the septum and to pass with the engulfing membranes to surround the prespore. It eventually expanded to form the cortex, verification for the peptidoglycan origin of the cortex. Sporogenic vesicles, which are derived from the cell wall peptidoglycan, were associated with the engulfment process. Spore coat fragments appeared early, in stage II, though spore coat formation was not complete until after cortex formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Chondrocyte ; Synoviocyte ; Co-culture ; Proliferation ; Lipid peroxidation ; Cytotoxicity ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Objective: A new co-culture system of rat articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes (HIG-82; cell line) was incubated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), H2O2 or a combination of Fe2+ and ascorbic acid to simulate inflammation-like radical attacks in articular joints. Methods: Chondrocytes were characterized by immunocytochemistry against collagen type II, transmission electron (TEM) and light microscopy. Lipid peroxidation was investigated by measuring thiobarbituric-acid-reactive material in the supernatants, cytotoxicity by determining release of lactate dehydrogenase and proliferation by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation, culture protein and DNA. Results: PMA or Fe2+ and ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in chondrocytes and synoviocytes that was decreased significantly in co-cultures. PMA and H2O2 dose dependently induced release of lactate dehydrogenase in chondrocytes, which was lowered in co-cultures or in previously co-cultured chondrocytes to a nearly basal level. In contrast, conditioned media of synoviocyte cultures showed no lowering effect on the radical-induced toxicity. Protection against H2O2-induced damage of cellular membranes by co-culturing was also shown by TEM. Synoviocytes released chondrocyte-stimulating growth factors spontaneously without previous interaction. Conclusion: Chondrocytes establish protective mechanisms against reactive oxygen species via an interaction with synoviocytes. Our co-culture model presents a possible way to study mechanisms of inflammation in articular joints under defined conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Chloride cells (mitochondria-rich cells) ; Teleost larvae ; Osmoregulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantification ; Ultrastructure ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Integumental and branchial chloride cells of tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. Total numbers and distribution of chloride cells were quantified after immunostaining of cross sections of the entire larvae with an antibody against the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. The majority (66%) of Na+/K+-ATPase-immunoreactive (ir) cells, i.e. chloride cells, of freshwater tilapia larvae were located extrabranchially up to 48 h after hatching. Five days after hatching, the majority (80%) of chloride cells were found in the buccal cavity. Transfer of 24-h-old larvae to 20% sea water speeded up this process; 24 h after transfer (i.e. 48 h after hatching), the majority (59%) of chloride cells were located in the buccal cavity. The branchial chloride cell population of 24-h- and 120-h-old larvae consisted of immature, mature, apoptotic and necrotic chloride cells. However, relatively more immature chloride cells were observed in freshwater larvae (42–63%) than in (previously studied) freshwater adults (21%), illustrating the developmental state of the gills. After transfer to sea water, the incidence of degenerative chloride cells did not change. Furthermore, the incidence of immature cells had decreased and a new subtype of chloride cells, the ”mitochondria-poor” cells, appeared more frequently. These mitochondria-poor chloride cells were characterised by an abundant tubular system and relatively few mitochondria, which were aligned at the border or concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm. Most of these cells did not contact the water. The function of their enhanced appearance after seawater transfer is unknown.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Mechanoreceptors ; Synaptic proteins ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Slit sensilla ; Hair sensilla ; Cupiennius salei (Chelicerata)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Indirect immunocytochemical tests were used at the light- and electron-microscopic levels to investigate peripheral chemical synapses in identified sensory neurons of two types of cuticular mechanosensors in the spider Cupiennius salei Keys.: (1) in the lyriform slit-sense organ VS-3 (comprising 7–8 cuticular slits, each innervated by 2 bipolar sensory neurons) and (2) in tactile hair sensilla (each supplied with 3 bipolar sensory cells). All these neurons are mechanosensitive. Application of a monoclonal antibody against Drosophila synapsin revealed clear punctate immunofluorescence in whole-mount preparations of both mechanoreceptor types. The size and overall distribution of immunoreactive puncta suggested that these were labeled presynaptic sites. Immunofluorescent puncta were 0.5–6.8 μm long and located 0.5–6.6 μm apart from each other. They were concentrated at the initial axon segments of the sensory neurons, while the somata and the dendritic regions showed fewer puncta. Western blot analysis with the same synapsin antibody against samples of spider sensory hypodermis and against samples from the central nervous system revealed a characteristic doublet band at 72 kDa and 75 kDa, corresponding to the apparent molecular mass of synapsin in Drosophila and in mammals. Conventional transmissionelectron-microscopic staining demonstrated that numerous chemical synapses (with at least 2 vesicle types) were present at these mechanosensory neurons and their surrounding glial sheath. The distribution of these synapses corresponded to our immunofluorescence results.Ultrastructural examination of anti-synapsin-stained neurons confirmed that reaction product was associated with synaptic vesicles. We assume that the peripheral synaptic contacts originate from efferents that could exert a complex modulatory influence on mechanosensory activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Teleost fish ; Puberty ; Testes ; Sex steroids ; Ultrastructure ; Steroidogenesis ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The present report focuses on the mechanism(s) involved in the steroid-induced decrease of androgen production in immature African catfish testes that was observed in previous studies. Juvenile animals were implanted with Silastic pellets containing different 11-oxygenated androgens (11-ketotestosterone, KT; 11β- hydroxyandrostenedione, OHA; 11-ketoandrostenedione, KA), testosterone (T) or estradiol-17β (E2). Control groups received steroid-free pellets. Two weeks later, testis tissue fragments were either incubated with increasing concentrations of catfish luteinizing hormone (LH), or incubated with [3H]-pregnenolone ([3H]-P5) or [3H]-androstenedione ([3H]-A). Tissue fragments were also prepared for the quantitative assessment of Leydig cell morphology. Most of the parameters studied were not affected significantly by implantation of E2. Implantation of all androgens inhibited both the basal and the LH-stimulated androgen secretory capacity in vitro. This was associated with a reduced size of the Leydig cells and loss of half of their mitochondria. The studies on the metabolism of tritiated steroid hormones indicated that steroidogenic steps prior to 11β-hydroxylation, probably C17–20 lyase activity, were affected by all androgens. Although the effects of 11-oxygenated androgens and T on Leydig cells were mostly similar, previous work showed that only the 11-oxygenated androgens stimulated spermatogenesis, suggesting that distinct mechanisms of action are used by 11-oxygenated androgens and T. These mechanisms, however, seem to merge on the same target(s) to impair Leydig cell androgen production. Such a negative feedback mechanism may be of relevance in the context of the decline in androgen secretion per milligram testis tissue that accompanies the first wave of spermatogenesis in pubertal African catfish.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Class II MHC-positive cells ; Human leukocyte antigen-DR ; Dental pulp ; Dendritic cells ; Macrophages ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The distribution and ultrastructure of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-positive cells were investigated in human dental pulp, employing immunohistochemistry using an anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-monoclonal antibody. HLA-DR-immunopositive cells, appearing spindle-like or dendritic in profile, were densely distributed throughout the dental pulp. Under the electron microscope, these cells exhibited various sizes of vesicles containing clear or opaque contents, multivesicular bodies and characteristic fine tubulovesicular structures in their cytoplasm. Some reactive cells possessed coated pits and vesicles including electron-dense materials, indicating an active endocytosis. At the periphery of the pulp tissue, the HLA-DR-immunopositive cells were predominantly situated in the subodontoblastic layer, with some located in the odontoblast layer and/or predentin and extending their cytoplasmic processes into the dentinal tubules. Cell processes of these cells occasionally made contact with several odontoblast processes in the same way as the nerve fibers in the predentin. These cells never contained the typical phagosomes frequently observed in the HLA-DR-immunoreactive macrophages in the subodontoblastic layer and the pulp core. The results suggest that the HLA-DR-immunopositive cells in the odontoblast layer and/or predentin have some regulatory function on the odontoblasts under physiological conditions, in addition to their involvement in the initial defense reaction after tooth injury.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Neuromelanin ; Neuron ; Peroxidase ; Oxygen metabolism ; High-definition light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Substantia nigra ; Lumbricusterrestris (Annelida)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Histochemical examination of 1-μm tissue sections from the dorsal nerve plexus of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, reveals multiple brown intraneuronal granules. These granules contain material morphologically and histochemically consistent with neuromelanin. When viewed with transmission electron microscopy, these were seen as single membrane-enclosed biphasic granules with diameters of 370–730 nm. Exposure of L. terrestris to high-level environmental oxygen resulted in an increase in the number of neuromelanin-like pigment granules within the neurons of the circular muscle layer. As measured by ortho-phenylenediamine hydrochloride, the endogenous peroxidase activity of extracts from worms incubated in high-level environmental oxygen was 51% more than controls. The endogenous peroxidase activity was localized in situ with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and was found to increase in and around the neuromelanin-like pigment-containing neurons within the circular muscle layer. These studies suggest that the nerve net of L. terrestris may serve as a model to study the role of neuromelanin production in oxidative stress and its relationship to endogenous peroxidases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons ; Lateral hypothalamic slice culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; In situ hybridization ; Competitive RT-PCR ; Leptin assay ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Hypothalamic slices containing the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were prepared from 6- to 8-day-old rats and maintained in stationary culture for up to 35 days in order to analyse how well the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons survived. As previously reported for other brain areas, this method yielded a long-term well-preserved organotypic organization. Light- and electron-microscopic investigations showed that differentiation continued and that synaptic contacts developed in vitro. After a period of elimination of damaged cells and fibres, most of the remaining neurons and glial cells retained a normal morphology throughout the culture period. MCH neurons, in particular, survived well as attested by the strong immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization signals still observed after several weeks. In a comparison with the day of explantation, competitive reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the remarkable stability of the level of MCH mRNA at least until the 20th day in culture; after 30 days, the clear decrease in this level seemed to be correlated with a loss of MCH neurons, rather than with a decrease in MCH expression. After 10 days of culture, the incubation of slices in the presence of the hormone leptin (50 ng/ml) resulted in a strong decrease of MCH gene expression, suggesting that MCH neurons retained their physiological properties. Thus, the LHA slice stationary culture, especially between one and three weeks (i.e. after tissue stabilization and before extensive cell loss), appears to be a suitable method for physiological and pharmacological studies of these neurons.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words ECL cells ; Gastrin ; Reserpine ; Organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The histamine-storing ECL cells in the stomach play a key role in the control of acid secretion. They contain granules, secretory vesicles and microvesicles, and sustained gastrin stimulation results in the additional formation of vacuoles and lipofuscin bodies. The cells are rich in the vesicle monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT-2), which can be inhibited by reserpine. The present study examines the effect of reserpine on ECL-cell ultrastructure and histamine compartmentalization. Rats received reserpine and/or gastrin. Reserpine was given twice by the intraperitoneal route (25 mg/kg once daily). Gastrin-17 was given by subcutaneous infusion (5 nmol/kg/h), starting at the time of the first reserpine injection and continuing for 4 days when the rats were killed. At this stage, histamine in the oxyntic mucosa was unaffected by reserpine but elevated by gastrin. Immunocytochemical analysis (confocal microscopy) showed ECL-cell histamine in control and gastrin-treated rats to be localized in cytoplasmic organelles (e.g., secretory vesicles). After treatment with reserpine alone or reserpine+gastrin, ECL-cell histamine occurred mainly in the cytosol. Planimetric analysis (electron microscopy) of ECL cells showed reserpine to increase the number, size and volume density of the granules and to reduce the size and volume density of the secretory vesicles. Gastrin reduced the number and volume density of granules and secretory vesicles, increased the number and volume density of microvesicles and caused vacuoles and lipofuscin bodies to appear. Reserpine+gastrin increased the number, volume density and size of the granules. Reserpine prevented the effects of gastrin on secretory vesicles, vacuoles and microvesicles, but did not prevent the development of lipofuscin. Our findings are in line with the views: (1) that preformed cytosolic histamine is taken up by granules/secretory vesicles via VMAT-2, that histamine is instrumental in the transformation of granules into secretory vesicles and in their consequent enlargement and (2) that vacuoles are formed by the fusion of large secretory vesicles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cumulus oophorus ; Ovarian follicle ; Fertilization ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the human cumulus oophorus has been reviewed on the basis of scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations as well as of immunofluorescence data. Tissues sampled from preovulatory ovarian follicles and cumulus-enclosed oocytes and fertilized eggs (collected from the oviduct or obtained during in vitro fertilization procedures) have been evaluated from a microtopographic and morphodynamic point of view in order to better clarify the possible role of this population of cells. In particular, the following aspects have been studied and discussed: the presence of multiple close contacts (modulated by the interposition of the zona pellucida) between the oocyte surface and the long microvillous evaginations projecting from the inner aspect of corona cells surface (through these structures the intraovarian cumulus oophorus may control oocyte growth and metabolism up until the time of ovulation); the occurrence of different subpopulations of cells (steroid-synthetic cells, cells producing adhesive proteins, leukocytes, macrophages) in the postovulatory, extraovarian cumulus oophorus surrounding oocytes, zygotes and early developing embryos. All these elements found in the cumulus mass may positively act, through their paracrine activities, on the chemical composition of the microenvironment in which fertilization occurs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Plasmalemmic cord ; Pollen grain ; Ultrastructure ; Magnolia ×soulangeana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary InMagnolia ×soulangeana pollen grains the generative cell (GC) does not become totally free within the vegetative cell (VC), at least until the pollen tube emergence. Due to a deviation in its detachment process from the sporoderm, the opposing ends of the VC plasmalemma do not fuse themselves when the GC moves away from the intine. Consequently, the interplasmalemmic space surrounding the GC does not become isolated but rather maintains continuity with the sporoderm through a complex formation that we have called plasmalemmic cord. The real existence of this formation was confirmed through serial sectioning showing the plasmalemmic cord to consist of the VC plasmalemma. In its initial portion it is occupied by a reasonably accentuated wall ingrowth of the inner layer of the intine (intine 3). In the remainder portion, neither of the cytochemical tests used in this work have revealed the presence of a significant amount of wall material. However, ultrathin sections of samples processed either chemically or by cryofixation showed the existence of an intricate system of tubules and vesicles, some of which are evaginations of the VC plasmalemma. The hypothesis that the plasmalemmic cord may have a role in the complex interactions between the two pollen cells is discussed.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 57-72 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Anatomy ; Floral nectary ; Modified stomata ; Phloem ; Pisum sativum ; Stereology ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The floral nectary ofPisum sativum L. is situated on the receptacle at the base of the gynoecium. The gland receives phloem alone which departed the vascular bundles supplying the staminal column. Throughout the nectary, only the companion cells of the phloem exhibited wall ingrowths typical of transfer cells. Modified stomata on the nectary surface served as exits for nectar, but stomatal pores developed well before the commencement of secretion. Furthermore, stomatal pores on the nectary usually closed by occlusion, not by guard-cell movements. Pore occlusion was detected most frequently in post-secretory and secretory glands, and less commonly in pre-secretory nectaries. A quantitative stereological study revealed few changes in nectary fine structure between buds, flowers secreting nectar, and post-secretory flowers. Dissolution of abundant starch grains in plastids of subepidermal secretory cells when secretion commenced suggests that starch is a precursor of nectar carbohydrate production. Throughout nectary development, mitochondria were consistently the most plentiful organelle in both epidermal and subepidermal cells, and in addition to the relative paucity of dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and their associated vesicles, the evidence suggests that floral nectar secretion inP. sativum is an energy-requiring (eccrine) process, rather that granulocrine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Schlagwort(e): Endomyocardial biopsy ; Dilated cardiomyopathy ; Children ; Ultrastructure ; Basal lamina layering of capillary
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We analyzed the electron-microscopic features of endomyocardial biopsy from pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The specimens examined were taken from the right ventricle of ten patients aged from 2 to 15 years (mean 9.7 years). Biopsy specimens from eight patients with congenital heart disease (tetralogy of Fallot), aged from 3 to 12 (mean 7.3 years), and ten adult patients with DCM, aged from 32 to 60 (mean 45 years), were also examined. Patients considered to have endocardial fibroelastosis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, specific cardiomyopathy, or coronary heart disease were excluded from this study. Specimens from pediatric patients with DCM showed various degrees of ultrastructural abnormalities of myocytes, including myofibrillar fragmentation, mitochondrial abnormalities, and intracellular edema. The ultrastructurally determined contractility failure index based on the severity of myocardial degeneration at the electronmicroscopic level was 4.9 ± 1.1. This value was significantly higher than that in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (0.9 ± 0.6,P 〈 0.001) but was not significantly different from that in adult patients with DCM (6.1 ± 2.6). The index of pediatric patients with DCM who died within 3 years was high (6.0 ± 0.8). Basal lamina layering of a capillary (BLL) in the myocardium was revealed in 1 of the 10 (10%) pediatric patients with DCM and in 6 of the 10 (60%) adult patients with DCM (P 〈 0.05). No BLL was noted in the patients with tetralogy of Fallot. These findings may be related to the pathogenesis of DCM in children and adults.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Endosymbiont ; Mycetocyte ; Mycetome ; Oocyte ; Transovarial transmission ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary All anoplurans live symbiotically with prokaryotic microorganisms hosted in specialized cells, termed mycetocytes. In nymphs and males mycetocytes are distributed between midgut epithelial cells. In females, besides the midgut, mycetocytes are found in the reproductive organs where they are located at the base of ovarioles in contact with lateral oviducts. The mycetocyte-associated symbionts are transmitted from one generation to the next transovarially. Here, the results of histological and ultrastructural studies on the distribution and transmission of symbiotic microorganisms within the ovaries of the anopluranHaematopinus suis are presented. Interestingly, during advanced oogenesis (i.e., choriogenesis) of this species all symbionts are localized extracellularly and form a tight mass located at the posterior pole of the oocyte just below the hydropyle. In insects studied so far, such localization of transovarially transmitted microorganisms has been reported only in the closely related speciesHaematopinus eurysternus.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1999), S. 351-359 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Freeze tolerance ; Sciatic nerve ; Cryoinjury ; Dehydration ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We investigated function and ultrastructure of sciatic nerves isolated from wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) endemic to the Northwest Territories, Canada, following freezing at −2.5 °C, −5.0 °C, or −7.5 °C. All frogs frozen at −2.5 °C, and most frogs (71%) frozen at −5.0 °C, recovered within 14 h after thawing began; however, frogs did not survive exposure to −7.5 °C. Sciatic nerves isolated from frogs frozen at −7.5 °C were refractory to electrical stimulation, whereas those obtained from frogs surviving exposure to −2.5 °C or −5.0 °C generally exhibited normal characteristics of compound action potentials. Frogs responded to freezing by mobilizing hepatic glycogen reserves to synthesize the cryoprotectant glucose, which increased 20-fold in the liver and 40-fold in the blood. Ultrastructural analyses of nerves harvested from frogs in each treatment group revealed that freezing at −2.5 °C or −5.0 °C had little or no effect on tissue and cellular organization, but that (lethal) exposure to −7.5 °C resulted in marked shrinkage of the axon, degeneration of mitochondria within the axoplasm, and extensive delamination of myelin sheaths of the surrounding Schwann cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Parasitology research 85 (1999), S. 999-1006 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsEchinococcus granulosus ; Praziquantel ; Metacestode ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The efficacy of praziquantel against the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus was studied by means of in vitro incubations or in vivo experiments. The results of in vitro incubations indicated that the effectiveness of praziquantel was higher when the parasite material comprised cysts from cyst masses than in the case of intact cysts that retained their adventitial layer. Ultrastructural alterations in the germinal layer of collapsed cysts incubated in vitro were detected. The results obtained in mice after 4 months of treatment demonstrated no significant difference between the control and treated groups with regard to the number and wet weight of developed cysts. However, ultrastructural alterations were detected in the cyst tissue that were similar to those described in the in vitro experiment. In contrast, the effect of chemoprophylaxis on the number and the wet weight of developed cysts was extremely significant as compared with the control value, the efficacy being 99.41% and 98.32%, respectively. Moreover, ultrastructural observations of the cyst tissue revealed loss of its integrity, and no intact cyton was observed in the germinal layer of the developed cyst.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Monogenea ; Capsalidae ; Benedenia rohdei ; B. lutjani ; Ectoparasites ; Lutjanus carponotatus ; Glands ; Ultrastructure ; Adhesion ; Attachment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The anterior adhesive areas of Benedenia rohdei from the gills and B. lutjani from the pelvic fins of Lutjanuscarponotatus at Heron Island, Australia, were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All specimens were fixed when detached from host tissue. Both monogenean species have two disc-like anteroventral attachment organs, each of which has an anterolateral adhesive area divided into three adjacent zones by tegument from the ventral surface of the attachment organ. A rod-shaped secretion and a smaller, roughly spherical secretion are associated with the anterior adhesive areas in both species; a third type of secretion occurs anteriorly but outside these adhesive areas. The electron-dense spherical secretory bodies released onto the anterior adhesive zones in these Benedenia spp. are of a single type and differ ultrastructurally from those previously reported in monogeneans living on teleost hosts. A correlation, therefore, between secretion morphology and host type is not supported. No relationship was found between parasite microhabitat and secretion morphology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Schlagwort(e): Meningioma ; Intranuclear inclusion ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Intermediate filament
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We describe a case of meningothelial meningioma with a large number of intranuclear inclusions. Morphologically, these are divided into cytoplasmic inclusions and nuclear vacuoles. The cytoplasmic inclusion has a limiting membrane with cell organelles and filaments. Inclusions of this type are generally eosinophilic, like the cytoplasm. However, there are many inclusions that are more eosinophilic than the cytoplasm or that have a ground-glass appearance. Some of them may contain fine or coarse granules. On the other hand, the nuclear vacuole lacks a limiting membrane and appears empty. In most of the inclusions of this type, there is a faintly basophilic substance in the margin. Generally, the cytoplasmic inclusions are as immunopositive as cytoplasm with vimentin, but some of these cytoplasmic inclusions are more reactive. Under the electron microscope, abnormal aggregation of intermediate filaments is recognized in the cytoplasmic inclusions. It is considered that a strong reaction of cytoplasmic inclusions with vimentin immunostaining is due to abnormal aggregation of intermediate filaments. The present study distinctly demonstrates abnormal localization of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasmic inclusions, and it is suggested that the cytoskeleton participates in the evolution of the cytoplasmic inclusions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 15 (1970), S. 34-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Necrosis of Muscle ; Dystrophy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturellen und histochemischen Merkmale von drei Muskelfaserveränderungen — Faserverzweigung, große Fasern und nekrotische Fasern — wurden an 129 dystrophischen Bar Harbor-Mäusen untersucht. Die Pathogenese dieser Veränderungen, die als Schädigungsfolgen aufgefaßt werden, wird diskutiert. Obwohl diese Veränderungen nicht als spezifisch angesehen werden, sind sie doch charackteristisch für die Histopathologie der Muskeldystrophie, so daß das Verständnis des Mechanismus, der diese abnormen Muskelfasern hervorbringt, zur Kenntnis des dystrophischen Prozesses beitragen dürfte.
    Notizen: Summary Ultrastructural and histochemical features of three muscle fiber changes — branched fibers, large fibers and necrotic fibers — have been studied in Bar Harbor strain 129 dystrophic mice. The pathogenesis of these changes, which are considered to be responses to injury, have been discussed. Although these changes are not regarded as specific, they are characteristic of the histopathology of muscular dystrophy, so that an understanding of the mechanisms which produce these abnormal muscle fibers should contribute to the knowledge of the dystrophic process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 16 (1970), S. 205-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Lipopigment, Neuronal and Glial ; Ultrastructure ; Fluorescence Microscopy ; Ageing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis der lipofuscinpigmenthaltigen Nervenzelleiber wurde in 20 relativen Tiefenniveaus der Großhirnrinde (Area 3) der Albinoratte mittels eines Integrationsoculars und der Chalkleyschen Treffermethode (1943) bestimmt. Der Anteil des von autofluorescierenden Granula eingenommenen Nervenzellvolumens wurde aus den obigen Daten errechnet. Die höchsten (Spitzen)-Werte wurden in Lamina Vb beobachtet (23% bei alten, 13% bei mittelalten und 6% bei jungen erwachsenen Ratten). Die Mittelwerte für die gesamte Rindentiefe erhöhen sich von 3% bei 100 Tage alten Ratten auf 6% bei 400 Tage alten bis auf 13% bei 630–700 Tage alten Ratten. Der anteilsmäßige Zuwachs im Relativvolumen des von Lipofuscinpigment eingenommenen Zelleibes vom jungen Erwachsenen-Alter bis zu hohem Alter war in Lamina III am größten, knapp gefolgt von Lamina II. Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen der Nervenzellen in Lamina V der Area 3 der Großhirnrinde bei jungen erwachsenen Tieren (150 Tage) und sehr alten (1200 Tage) Albinoratten ergaben, daß die elektronendichten Pigmentkörperchen in den Nervenzelleibern an Zahl und Größe mit dem Alterszuwachs der Tiere zunahmen. Diese Veränderungen waren von solchen der äußeren Konfiguration und inneren Struktur der Pigmentkörperchen sowie der Tendenz zur Gruppenbildung innerhalb der Perikarya begleitet. Ähnliche, wenn auch mehr variable Veränderungen wurden bei der Pigmentanhäufung innerhalb der perineuronalen Gliazellen festgestellt.
    Notizen: Summary The proportion of neuron somata occupied by lipofuscin pigments was determined at 20 relative depth levels throughout the depth of cerebral cortex (area 3) through the use of an integrating ocular and application of the Chalkley (1943) „hit” method. The proportion of the neuron soma volume occupied by autofluorescent granules was calculated from the above data. The highest (peak) values were observed in lamina Vb (23%-aged, 13%-middle age, and 6%-young adult). Mean values for the entire depth of cortex increased from 3% in 100 day rats to 6% in 400 days and 13% at 630–700 days. Theproportional increase in the relative volume of cell soma occupied by lipofuscin pigment from young adulthood to old age was greatest in lamina III, followed closely by lamina II. Ultrastructural studies of neurons in lamina V of cerebral cortical area 3 of young adult (150 day) and very aged (1200 day) albino rats revealed that electron-dense pigment bodies in neuron somata tended to increase in amount and size with increase in age of the animals. These changes were accompanied by changes in gross configurations and internal structure of the pigment bodies and a tendency to congregate in groups within the perikarya. Similar changes, although more variable, were observed in pigment accumulation within perineuronal glial cells.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Periostracum ; Gastropod ; Shell ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des glandes dorsales et ventrales, composées de larges cellules piriformes, situées à la périphérie de la paroi deLittorina, donnent respectivement naissance aux couches interne et externe du periostracum. Le matériel composant ce dernier provient de granules de sécrétion, élaborées au niveau de l'appareil de Golgi. Lorsque les granules golgiennes de la glande ventrale, contenant une substance, présentant une périodicité, déversent leur sécrétion en surface, en contact avec l'eau de mer, ce produit se disperse en particules, incluses dans un substrat. La formation du periostracum externe s'accompagne d'une réagrégation des particules sécrétoires golgiennes en une couche mince, présentant une structure périodique de 300 Å. En coupe transversale, le périostracum présente une structure régulièrement agencée, suggérant une nature cristalline. La couche externe atteint une épaisseur de 4–5 microns. La couche interne provient de granules de sécrétion de la glande dorsale. La formation de cette couche est identique à celle de la couche externe; cependant aucune périodicité n'y est visible. A l'état adulte, elle atteint une épaisseur de 0.4–0.5 micron. Outre son rôle de protection, le périostracum constitue une barrière entre l'eau de mer et l'espace pallial. Il est responsable, en outre, du dépôt et de l'orientation de cristaux inorganiques au niveau de la zone de développement de la carapace.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Eine dorsale und eine ventrale Drüse, die aus großen, kolbenförmigen Zellen bestehen und am Rande des Mantels vonLittorina gelagert sind, bewirken die Bildung der inneren und äußeren Schicht des Periostracums. Das entstandene Material, Periostracum inbegriffen, stammt von sekretorischen Granula, die vom Golgi-Apparat gebildet werden. Die Golgi-Granula bestehen aus einer Substanz, welche eine bestimmte Periodizität aufweist. Wenn nun die Golgi-Granula der ventralen Drüse an der Drüsenoberfläche erscheinen und mit Meerwasser in Kontakt kommen, sind sie weit verteilt und setzen sich aus Partikeln, die in ein Substrat eingebettet sind, zusammen. Die Bildung des äußeren Periostracums hat eine erneute Aggregation der sekretorischen Golgi-Partikeln zu einem dichten Blatt zur Folge, welches eine Periodizität von 300 Å zeigt. Betrachtet man das Periostracum in einem transversalen Schnitt, so findet man eine Gitterstruktur, die an eine kristalline Substanz denken läßt. Die äußere Schicht erreicht schließlich eine Dicke von 4–5 μ. Die innere Schicht entsteht durch die sekretorischen Granula der dorsalen Drüse. Die Bildung der inneren Schicht findet in ähnlicher Weise wie jene der äußeren statt, zeigt jedoch keine Periodizität. Im reifen Zustand erreicht sie eine Dicke von 0,4–0,5 μ. Zusätzlich zur Schutzfunktion bildet das Periostracum eine Schranke zwischen dem Meerwasser und dem Pallialraum; es reguliert zudem die Lage und die Anordnung der anorganischen Kristallbildung am Wachstumsrand der Muschel.
    Notizen: Abstract A dorsal and ventral gland composed of large, flask-shaped cells located in the margin of the mantle ofLittorina give rise to the inner and outer layers of the periostracum respectively. The material comprising the periostracum is derived from secretory granules elaborated by the Golgi apparatus. When the Golgi granules of the ventral gland which consist of a substance exhibiting a definite periodicity, are discharged at the surface in contact with sea water, they are widely dispersed and consist of particles embedded in a substrate. Formation of the outer periostracum involves the re-aggregation of the Golgi secretory particles into a dense sheet which exhibits a periodicity of 300 Å. Viewed in transverse section the periostracum exhibits a lattice pattern suggestive of a crystalline substance. The outer layer eventually reaches a thickness of 4–5 μ. The inner layer is derived from the secretory granules of the dorsal gland. The formation of the inner layer occurs in a manner similar to that of the outer layer. It does not, however, exhibit a periodicity. In the mature state it attains a thickness of 0.4–0.5 μ. In addition to a protective function the periostracum provides a barrier between the sea water and the pallial space and also regulates the site and arrangement of mineral crystal formation at the growing margin of the shell.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une solution de sulfate de chrome est utilisée à la fois comme fixateur, colorant et agent de déminéralisation pour l'étude ultrastructurale de cartilage, en voie de minéralisation. Cette technique permet de mettre en évidence un “fantôme cristallin” organique, en rapport avec chaque cristal. L'intérêt du sulfate de chrome comme agent de déminéralisation est souligné.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Bei Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen von mineralisierendem Knorpel wurde eine Chromsulfatlösung als Agens zur kombinierten Fixation, Färbung und Demineralisierung verwendet. Diese Technik zeigte das Vorhandensein eines organischen “Kristallschattens”, der jedem Kriställchen zugehört. Die Tauglichkeit von Chromsulfat als demineralisierendes Agens wird besprochen.
    Notizen: Abstract A solution of chromium sulphate was used as a combined fixative, stain and demineralizing agent for the ultrastructural study of mineralizing cartilage. This technique revealed the presence of an organic ‘crystal ghost’ associated with each crystallite. The effectiveness of chromium sulphate as a demineralizing agent is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Substantia nigra ; Cat ; Normal ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A light and electron microscopical investigation has been undertaken of the substantia nigra in the normal cat. The pars reticulata partly contains the arborization of dendrites whose cell bodies are located in the so-called pars compacta. There is a considerable overlap of the dendritic fields in the rostrocaudal direction, while the dendritic fields are very restricted in the mediolateral extension of the substantia nigra. The secondary and all subsequent branches of the dendrites of nigral cells are for considerable distances completely covered by boutons. Only few boutons contact the cell bodies. Three types of boutons are distinguished in the substantia nigra in the cat. Type I, about 90 % of the total, is of the terminal type, contains pleomorphic vesicles and establishes symmetrical synapses with nigral cell soma, dendritic trunks and spines. The type II bouton (about 10 % of the total number) is most commonly of the terminal type, contains spherical vesicles and establishes asymmetrical synapses with cell bodies and dendritic trunks of nigral cells. The type III bouton (about 2 % of the boutons) is always of the en passage type, contains pleomorphic vesicles and establishes symmetrical contacts with dendrites. All boutons in the cat's substantia nigra contain several large (700–1200 Å) dense core vesicles. Occasional axo-axonic contacts between type I and type III boutons are observed. Type I bouton is invariably presynaptic to the other. The findings are discussed in relation to some relevant problems.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 360-372 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Brain slices ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic potential ; Metabolism ; Olfactory cortex
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure and electrical activity were studied in thin brain sections prepared from the olfactory cortex of the guinea pig and incubated in vitro in standard and modified conditions. In the standard medium, the potential response was maintained with no marked changes for 4–5 hours and thereafter gradually decreased. The ultrastructure of the tissue was well preserved for the initial 2 hours of incubation. After incubation for 5 hours, many empty spaces were noted. Some dendritic stumps lost fine internal structure, but most of the synapses were apparently normal. Cyanide suppressed the potential response, and caused swelling of the nerve terminals and a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles. The recovery of the response in the standard medium was not accompanied by a full restoration in the fine structure. If slices were incubated in the absence of glucose and oxygen, with cyanide in glucose-free medium, or at a low temperature, the potential response was irreversibly depressed. In these slices, numerous wide spaces of low electron density were noted which were concluded to have been derived, at least partly, from the swollen dendrites.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): A-cell ; α-granules ; Cytochemistry ; Cytology ; Enteroglucagon ; Glucagon ; Glucagonsecreting cells ; Pancreatic islets ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les principales méthodes morphologiques pour la détection des cellules A ont été examinées et leur sélectivité a été amplement discutée. Une attention particulière a été dédiée aux méthodes pour les indoles et aux observations immunoistochimiques et ultrastructurelles. Les Auteurs rapportent les données immunoistochimiques concernant les cellules A telles que cellules dotées d'activité glucagono-sécrétive, ainsi que les observations ultrastructurelles qui font penser à une éterogénéité des granules α. Actuellement il n'existe pas des preuves morphologiques définitives de l'existence de cellules A gastro-intestinales.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Se examinan las metódicas morfológicas para la evidenciación de las células A y se discute ampliamente la selectividad. Se da particular importancia a los métodos al indol y a las observaciones inmunohistoquímicas y de microscopia electrónica. Se refieren los datos inmunohistoquímicos relativos a las células A tales como células secretoras de glucagon y las observaciones electrónmicroscopicas que hacen pensar en una heterogeneidad de los gránulos α. Actualmente no tenemos pruebas morfológicas sobre la existencia de células A gastrointestinales.
    Notizen: Riassunto Vengono prese in esame le principali metodiche morfologiche per la evidenziazione delle cellule A e ne viene ampiamente discussa la selettività. Particolare rilievo viene dato ai metodi per gli indoli e alle osservazioni immunoistochimiche e di microscopia elettronica. Vengono riferiti i dati immunoistochimici relativi alle cellule A quali cellule secernenti il glucagone, nonché le osservazioni ultrastrutturali che fanno pensare ad una eterogeneità dei granuli α. Attualmente non possediamo prove morfologiche definitive dell'esistenza di cellule A gastro-intestinali.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 104-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thyroid ; Peroxidase ; Localization ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structural localization of a peroxidase activity in the rat thyroid follicular epithelial cell was studied by histochemistry at electron microscopic level. The reaction product is recognized chiefly in the cisternae of the elements of granular endoplasmic reticulum and of nuclear envelope. Golgi vesicles or apical small vesicles, mitochondria, and dense granules are sometimes positive for this reaction. The relationship between the fine structural localization of peroxidase and the site of the iodination of thyroglobulin is discussed.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Eye-Rat ; Zonular fibers ; Ciliary body ; Lens ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The three-dimensional arrangement of the zonular fibers of Zinn and their ultrastructure was studied with the aid of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the thicker zonular fibers are arranged in straight bundles between the ciliary body and the lens, while the thinner fibers form a complex three-dimensional network interconnecting all the zonular fibers. These do originate from the limiting membrane covering the ciliary body. The zonular fibers are subdivided close to lens and form a complicated network on the surface of the lens capsule, i. e. the zonular lamella. The latter consists of a dense network of fibers and is from a structural point of view closely related to the zonular fibers and not to the lens capsule. The zonular fibers are continuous with those in the vitreous body close to the ciliary body but never in the lenticular two thirds of the zonular fibers or in the retrolental area. The ground substance is possible to demonstrate in freeze-dried specimens by scanning electron microscopy. It appeared granular or amorphous and coated the zonular fibers. It does not form membranes or fill all available space in contrast to its properties in the vitreous body. The many structural similarities between the zonular fibers and the vitreous body indicate perhaps a common origin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 508-521 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Synapses ; Axo-axonal ; Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The relations between adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were studied in rat iris and rat heart with the electron microscope. Adrenergic terminals were identified by treating the animals with 5-hydroxydopamine, which produces dense-cored synaptic vesicles in adrenergic terminals in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium. The specificity of this observation was verified. It was found that adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often come in close contact with one another, the distance between the adjoining membranes being about 250 Å. At times, faint membrane thickenings could be observed in these places. The available pharmacological, physiological, and morphological evidence leaves little room for doubt that cholinergic terminal fibres can influence the adrenergic fibres. From mainly morphological evidence, it is also postulated that adrenergic terminals influence cholinergic ones.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 105-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endothelium ; Specific organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Rana temporaria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Endothelzellen der Wirbeltiere enthalten spezifische Organellen, deren Funktion unbekannt ist. Diese Organellen werden beim Frosch (Rana temporaria) nach unterschiedlichen Fixierungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Organellen sind walzenförmig mit mannigfachen Abweichungen, bis zu 2μ lang und 0,1 bis 0,5μ dick. Ihre oft unterbrochene Außenmembran ist dicker als zytoplasmatische Membranen. Das Innere der Organellen besteht aus Tubuli, die in eine elektronendichte Matrix eingebettet sind. Die Dichte dieser Matrix zeigt deutliche Abstufungen. Die Tubuli sind möglicherweise aus einer spiralförmigen Molekülkette aufgebaut. Das Verteilungsmuster der Organellen wird mit stereologischen Methoden untersucht. Die größte Volumendichte weisen die Aortae thoracicae mit 8% auf. Die Volumendichte der Organellen im Zytoplasma der Endothelzellen scheint mehr von der Entfernung der betreffenden Gefäßstrecke zum Herzen abzuhängen als von der Gefäßgröße. Es werden Verbindungen der Organellen zu zytoplasmatischen Membransystemen aufgezeigt. Auf Besonderheiten des Endothels, darunter Aggregationen von Ribosomen, wird hingewiesen.
    Notizen: Summary Endothelial cells of vertebrates contain specific organelles of unknown function. These organelles are studied by electron microscopy with different fixations. The organelles are rod-shaped with many variations, up to 2μ in length and 0.1 to 0.5 μ in thickness. Their outer membrane, which is often discontinuous, is thicker than cytoplasmic membranes. The density of the matrix shows distinct gradations. The organelles contain tubules, possibly built up by a spiral molecular chain. The distribution of the organelles is investigated with stereological methods. Their volume density in endothelial cell cytoplasm appears to depend more on the distance from the heart than on vessel size, the thoracic aortae showing the highest organellae content of 8%. Connections between organelles and cytoplasmic membranes are demonstrated. Particularities of endothelium, among them aggregations of ribosomes, are pointed out.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Vagal Paraganglia ; Catecholamines ; Ultrastructure ; Radioautography ; Cytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Typical vagal paraganglia of Syrian hamsters are encapsulated in connective tissue and consist of groups of epithelial cells. Ganglion cells, a few fenestrated capillaries, and bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers are intermingled among the parenchymal cells. The parenchymal cells are of two types: chief or paraganglion and sustentacular or supporting cells. The processes of the supporting cells partly or completely surround the paraganglion cells. In addition to the nucleus, Golgi complex, mitochondria, parallel-arrayed granular endoplasmic reticulum, and lipofuscin pigment, the chief cells are characterized by the presence of numerous membrane-bound, electron opaque granules. After an injection of 3H-dopa, labelings were concentrated over the chief cells and were associated predominantly with the granules. Following glutaraldehyde-dichromate treatment the granules gave a positive reaction for unsubstituted amines. These results suggest that the chief cells contain catecholamines in the electron opaque granules.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 339-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oogenesis ; Insecta-Isoptera ; Germarium ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Endstück der Kalotermes-Ovariole (Terminalfilament und A-Phase der Oogenese) wurde licht- und elektronenoptisch untersucht. Folgende Regionen sind zu unterscheiden: Terminalfilament, Germarium (A1), Prämeiotische Wachstumsregion (A2) und Prophaseregion (A3), an die sich unmittelbar die Wachstumsregion der Oocyten anschließt. Die 7 Ovariolen eines Ovars liegen getrennt in Kammern der äußeren Ovariolhüllen und werden von „Zwischenzellen“ begleitet. Die Tunica des Terminalfilaments ist charakteristisch verschieden von derjenigen des Germariums. Während sie auf der Höhe des Terminalfilaments von Kanälen durchzogen ist, erscheint sie auf der Höhe der Stadien A1, A2 und A3 kompakt. Die Zellen des Anfangsteils des Terminalfilaments gleichen denjenigen des A1-Stadiums. Im Gegensatz zu jenen besitzen die Zellen des A1-Stadiums zum Teil basophile Grana noch unbekannter Funktion, welche vom A2-Stadium ab auf die Follikelzellen beschränkt sind. Im A1- Stadium liegen alle Zellen der Tunica an. Zwischen Oogonien und Präfollikelzellen zu unterscheiden war nicht möglich. Die Oocyten sind vom A2-Stadium ab stets durch Follikelzellausläufer von der Tunica getrennt. Den Follikelzellen muß daher bereits von diesem Stadium ab eine besondere Bedeutung beigemessen werden. Der Transport von Substanzen in die Oocyte muß durch die Follikelzellen hindurch oder aber interzellulär durch ihre Vermittlung erfolgen. Die Oocyten besitzen in diesem Stadium des prämeiotischen Wachstums im Gegensatz zu den Follikelzellen große Golgifelder und zahlreiche große Vesikel. Vielleicht im Zusammenhang mit dem Verschwinden dieser Vesikel kommt es ausschließlich in den Oocyten zu einer starken Vergrößerung einzelner Mitochondrien, während andere ihre „normale“ Größe behalten. Das A3-Stadium beginnt mit dem Einsetzen der meiotischen Prophase und endet mit dem frühen Diplotän. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt sind diese Vesikel und großen Mitochondrien verschwunden. Die Meiosekerne verlieren ihre glatte Oberfläche und zeichnen sich durch lokale Vorwölbungen aus; extranukleär findet man „annulate lamellae“. Am Ende dieses Stadiums kommt es in den Oocyten zu einer zunehmenden Konzentration der Mitochondrien und Membranelemente, während die Oberfläche des Oocytenkerns wieder ihr glattes Aussehen erlangt.
    Notizen: Summary The final part of the Kalotermes ovariole (terminal filament and A-phase of the oogenesis) was investigated light and electron microscopically. The following regions must be distinguished: Terminal filament, germarium (A1), pre-meiotic growth region (A2), prophase region (A3). The middle growth region of the oöcytes follows immediately. The seven ovarioles of an ovary are separately in chambers of the outer ovariole sheaths and are accompanied by “interstitial cell”. The tunica propria of the terminal filament differs characteristically from the tunica of the A1-, A2- and A3-region. The tunica of the terminal filament is passed by channels, the tunica of the A1-, A2- and A3-region is compact. The cells of the initial part of the terminal filament are similar to the cells of stage A1. Contrary to the terminal filament cells they contain partially basophile grana of still unknown function which are limited to the stage A2 to the follieular cells. A distinction between oogonia and pre-follicular cells was not possible. All cells of the stage A1 border on the tunica. From stage A2 onwards the oöcytes are always separated from the tunica by appendices of the follieular cells. Therefore a special significance has to be attributed to the follieular cells from this stage onwards. The transport of substances into the oöcytes has to occur through the follicular cells or on an intercellular way mediated by the follicular cells. In this stage or pre-meiotic growth the oöcytes contain—contrary to the follieular cells—big golgi fields and numerous vesicles. Probably in the connection with disappearance of these vesicles strong increase of the size of some of the mitochondria occurs in the oöcytes exclusively. The A3-stage covers the beginning of the meiotic prophase and ends with early diplotene. At this stage the vesicles and giant mitochondria are disappeared. Meiotic nuclei are marked by local protuberances; extranuclear “annulate lamellae” are found. At the end of this stage mitochondria and membraneous elements accumulate in a part of the oöcyte.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 20-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Haemoglobin ; Chlorocruorin ; Synthesis ; Polychaeta ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the haematopoietic cells in the polychaetes Neoamphitrite figulus Dalyell, Lanice conchilega (Pallas), Arenicola marina (L.), Myxicola infundibulum Renier, Megalomma vesiculusom (Montagu), Sabella penicillus L., are compared: all show similarities in having well developed Golgi, granular endoplasmic reticulum and haemoglobin or chlorocruorin in vesicles, and numerous mitochondria. The porphyrin byproducts of synthesis are combined with iron as haematins within electrondense granules built up from multi-lamellar organelles. The structure of the basal lamina which alone separates the cells from the lumen of the vessels is described and evidence is presented for the method of release of the haem into the plasma by “reverse pinocytosis”. The cycle of synthesis within the cell is discussed and the process of haem synthesis in annelids is reviewed. The structure of the haemoglobin-containing coelomocytes of Neoamphitrite figulus is briefly described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sense organs ; Eyes ; Nudibranchs ; Trinchesia aurantia ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The larval eye of the aeolid nudibranch Trinchesia aurantia has been investigated at three different stages; in all, the eyes remain closely attached to, and in cellular contact with, the central ganglia. The larval eye is a simplified version of the adult eye in that, the eye and the constituent cells, nuclei, lens, microvilli and pigment granules are all smaller, and the interdigitation between the retinal cells is not developed. The absence of the small cells of the cornea and of the spherical vesicles in the cytoplasm of the sensory cells, is further evidence of the incomplete formation of the eye. The possible origin of the eye of Trinchesia is discussed and compared with that of other gastropods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Glandula bulbourethralis ; Goat ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Mehrzahl der sezernierenden Zylinderzellen in den tubulösen Endstücken der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege sind Schleimzellen. Ihre großen, aufgehellten Sekretgranula, die fast den gesamten Zelleib ausfällen, liegen so dicht, daß sie sich gegenseitig abplatten. Einzelne von ihnen haben ihre Hüllmembran verloren und neigen zur Konfluenz. Alle Schleimkörnchen sind PAS-positiv, viele von ihnen zeigen eine neuraminidaselabile Alcianophilie bei pH 2,5. Neben den Schleimzellen findet man in der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege einen zweiten Zelltyp, der durch helle, blasenförmige Kerne, ein stark entfaltetes granuläres endoplasmatisches Retikulum mit dilatierten Zisternen sowie ein ausgedehntes supranukleares Golgi-Feld gekennzeichnet ist. Dieser zweite Zelltyp enthält sehr elektronendichte, isoliert liegende Sekretkugeln, welche lichtmikroskopisch eine Proteinreaktion geben. Zwischen beiden Zelltypen kommen morphologische Übergangsformen vor. Dies macht es wahrscheinlich, daß es sich bei den beiden Typen lediglich um Funktionsstadien einer einzigen Drüsenzelle handelt. Die sezernierende Oberfläche beider Zelltypen ist durch die Ausbildung interzellulärer Sekretkapillaren vergrößert. Diese sind bereits lichtmikroskopisch aufgrund ihrer kräftigen ATPase- und 5′-Nucleotidaseaktivität zu identifizieren. Das gesamte Drüsenparenchym reagiert sehr stark auf unspezifische Esterase und deutlich positiv auf β-D-Galactosidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, Leucinaminopeptidase, Cytochromoxydase und Succinatdehydrogenase. Die letzten 5 Enzyme sind in den Schleimzellen in geringerer Konzentration festzustellen als in den Zellen mit Eiweißgranula.
    Notizen: Summary The majority of the secretory cells in the tubular endpieces of the caprine bulbourethral gland are mucous cells. Their closely packed, relatively large secretory granules exhibit a low electron density. Some granules have lost their limiting membrane, this results in the accumulation of irregularly outlined masses of secretory material. All mucous secretory granules are PAS-positive, many of them are characterized by an alcianophilia at pH 2.5 which is extinguished by pre-treatment with a neuraminidase solution. The second type of secretory bulbourethral cell exhibits light, spherical nuclei, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisterns and a large supranuclear Golgi-Complex. The cytoplasm contains smaller, highly electron dense granules which are — according to histochemical tests — of protein nature. The existence of transitional forms between both described cell types permits the conclusion that they must be regarded as functional stages of one common gland cell. The secretory surface of both cell types is increased by intercellular canaliculi which can be identified in the light microscope by their strong ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase activities. The entire parenchyma of the gland is site of an exceptionally high esterase concentration. Furthermore, the gland cells contain considerable amounts of β-D-galactosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cytochrome oxydase and succinic dehydrogenase. These last five enzymes are histochemically more active in the protein secreting than in the mucus producing cell type.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 530-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Eye ; Retina ; Honey bee ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'oeil composé du faux-bourdon est formé d'environ 8000 unités photoréceptrices ou ommatidies. Chaque ommatidie, surmontée d'un appareil diotrique constitué d'une lentille cornéenne et d'un cône cristallinien, comporte 9 cellules visuelles dont les parties proximales (axones) pénètrent dans le lobe optique. Le lobe optique est séparé de la rétine sensorielle par une membrane basale. Les cellules visuelles formant l'ommatidie sont de taille inégale: six sont grandes et trois petites. Au centre de l'ommatidie, les grandes cellules visuelles forment de nombreuses microvillosités dont l'ensemble constitue le rhabdome. Celui-ci est du type fermé. La membrane des microvillosités contient probablement le photopigment. Le cytoplasme des cellules visuelles est riche en organites parmi lesquels des vacuoles allongées de réticulum endoplasmique lisse appelées citernes périrhabdominales. Les citernes changent de volume lors de l'adaptation à la lumière et à l'obscurité et apparaissent fréquemment en contact avec des complexes de Golgi ou des profiles de réticulum endoplasmique granulaire. Trois types de cellules pigmentaires sont associés à l'ommatidie: les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin, les cellules pigmentaires externes, et la cellule pigmentaire basale. Les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin sont au nombre de deux et enveloppent le cône cristallinien. 27 à 30 cellules pigmentaires externes entourent l'ommatidie depuis la base de la cornée jusqu'à la membrane basale. La cellule pigmentaire basale occupe le centre de l'ommatidie lorsque les cellules visuelles se transforment en axones. Les divers types cellulaires de la rétine sont séparés les uns des autres par de minces espaces extracellulaires. Dans l'ommatidie, des jonctions serrées ne sont trouvées qu'entre les microvillosités rhabdomériques. Ces résultats sont discutés du point de vue de leur implication fonctionelle et de leur signification vis-à-vis de la morphologie comparée.
    Notizen: Summary The eye of the honey bee drone is composed of approximately 8,000 photoreceptive units or ommatidia, each topped by a crystalline cone and a corneal facet. An ommatidium contains 9 visual or retinula cells whose processes or axons pierce a basement membrane and enter the optic lobe underlying the sensory retina. The visual cells of the ommatidium are of unequal size: six are large and three, small. In the center of the ommatidium, the visual cells bear a brush of microvilli called rhabdomere. The rhabdome is a closed-type one and formed mainly by the rhabdomeres of the six large retinula cells. The rhabdomeric microvilli probably contain the photopigment (rhodopsin), whose modification by light lead to the receptor potential in the retinula cells. The cytoplasm of the retinula cells contains various organelles including pigment granules (ommochromes), and peculiar structures called the subrhabdomeric cisternae. The cisternae, probably composed of agranular endoplasmic reticulum undergo swelling during dark adaptation and appear in frequent connection with Golgi cisternae. Three types of pigment cells are associated with each ommatidium. The crystalline cone is entirely surrounded by two corneal pigment cells. The ommatidium, including its dioptric apparatus and corneal pigment cells, is surrounded by a sleeve of about 30 elongated cells called the outer pigment cells. These extend from the base of the corneal facet to the basement membrane. Near the basement membrane the center of the ommatidium is occupied by a basal pigment cell. Open extracellular channels are present between pigment cells as well as between retinula cells. Tight junctions within the ommatidium are restricted to the contact points between the rhabdomeric microvilli. These results are discussed in view of their functional implications in the drone vision, as well as in view of the data of comparative morphology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Seminal vesicle ; Prostate ; Fetal rat ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The development of the seminal vesicle from the Wolffian duct and of the prostate from the urogenital sinus has been studied in rat fetuses from day 14 of gestation to birth with the use of the electron microscope. Prior to the onset of androgen secretion, the cells of the urogenital sinus and the caudal part of the Wolffian duct have a simple undifferentiated appearance. After the onset of androgen secretion by the fetal testes at day 15, “intracytoplasmic confronting cisternae” of the granular reticulum appear in both urogenital sinus and Wolffian duct. Portions of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of the urogenital sinus become distended with a finely granular, moderately dense material. In the urogenital sinus, many hemidesmosomes are formed at the basal surface of the epithelium. Specializations of the extracellular materials are present opposite the hemidesmosomes. The formation of the seminal vesicles and the prostate begins at day 18–19 of gestation. The cells of the seminal vesicle are taller than the Wolffian duct cells from which they arise, the granular endoplasmic reticulum increases moderately in amount, and a patent lumen is formed. The cells of the fetal prostate do not differ greatly from those of the urogenital sinus from which they arise except that the prostatic cells initially lack hemidesmosomes. The fine structural changes are discussed in relation to the onset of fetal androgen secretion, the formation of the organs, and the functions of the cells in adult life.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 9-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Gillichthys ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) system of the teleost fish Gillichthys mirabilis was studied with respect to the anatomical organization and distribution of the neurosecretory neurons and the nature of their secretory material. NLT neurons occur in several different areas in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus, located immediately above the pituitary gland. Only the lateral and rostral NLT neurons show definite secretory activity. These neurons, generally of large size, contain numerous large granulated vesicles (LGV), 900–1,000 Å in diameter; on the other hand, the medial and ventrolateral neurons, forming a single layer of cells, are of small size and do not appear to be secretory. LGV are positive after ethanol-phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) and zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) impregnations. Lateral and rostral neurosecretory neurons also show strong yellow-to-green specific fluorescence after the Falck-Hillarp technique, a strong indication that LGV are the site of catecholamine storage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 40-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Corpus allatum ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Ultrastructure ; Hormone Production ; Release
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An electron microscopical study of the corpus allatum (CA) of the adult female Calliphora was undertaken. The cells have a very irregular shape. Light and dark cells are found. Mitochondria occur in great numbers. Microtubules are frequently observed. Free ribosomes are plenty, but rough-surfaced reticulum is scarce. Golgi complexes are not very conspicuous. Axons, mostly containing neurosecretory granules, are frequently found between the cells. The active corpus allatum is remarkable by the numerous lipid droplets and the abundance of tubular agranular reticulum. The reticulum sometimes forms aggregates from which vacuoles are budded off. The vacuoles lose their membrane, at the same time becoming slightly electron opaque, thus being transformed into lipid droplets. It is tentatively postulated that the hormone (or a precursor) is synthesized in the tubules of the agranular reticulum, collected in the vacuoles, and, when the membrane disintegrates, it is dissolved in lipid. The lipid droplets are thought to be released into the haemolymph through the surface of the gland or via intercellular channels. The inactive corpus allatum of the six days old sugar fed flies is small and more or less shrunken. The agranular reticulum is poorly developed, vacuoles are small, and lipid droplets few. The reticulum tends to form whorls, which eventually may possibly be transformed into myelin figures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sea-Urchin ; Accessory-Cell ; Oocyte ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopic observations on ripening ovaries of Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis, have revealed evidence for micropinocytotic activity of the oocyte surface during early vitellogenesis stages. The microvilli that cover the surface of the oocyte, have been shown to engulf glycogen particles, derived from the accessory-cells. At these early vitellogenesis stages massive globulated accessory-cells are in close contact with the oocyte. Later during the development of the oocyte, the accessory cells retract from the oocyte surface and become considerably shrunken into thin cytoplasmic sheets. Evidence presented here also throws some light on the dynamics of glycogen transfer, from the accessory cell to the oocyte. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the accessory-cell has been clarified with special reference to the formation and disintegration of globules. Although glycogen in the accessory-cells is organised in the form of alpha particles, during and after transfer into the oocyte, it is only visualised in the beta and gamma forms. This investigation demonstrates clearly the nutritive role of the accessory-cells during oocyte differentiation in sea urchins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 293-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Herring bodies ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Neurosecretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The Herring bodies in the posterior lobe of the bovine hypophysis are very large (2–600 μ) and can be classified into three types. The type I Herring body contains an accumulation of neurosecretory granules. These Herring bodies are very scarce and should not be confused with the numerous, but small, axonal swellings which also contain neurosecretory granules. The type II Herring body is characterized by the presence of a varying number of normal, moderately electron dense and “empty” vesicles, autophagic vacuoles, multilamellate bodies and occasional mitochondria. These Herring bodies are frequently observed. The type III Herring body is typified by the presence of dense vesicles connected to tubular formations which contain material of variable electron density, of filaments, and of long slender and very numerous mitochondria. The presence of multilamellate bodies and autophagic vacuoles suggests that the type II Herring body is in a degenerating phase. This concept is further substantiated by the similarity between this type of Herring body and transected neurosecretory axons in which degeneration is occurring. A similar comparison suggests that the type III Herring body is undergoing a regenerative process. Our current concept of the structure and function of Herring bodies is revised in the discussion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Corpora cardiaca ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude infrastructurale des corpora cardiaca de Locusta révèle l'existence de 3 types de fibres neurosécrétrices (portion neurohémale) et d'un seul type de cellules glandulaires (portion endocrine intrinsèque). Elle permet également d'envisager les modalités du rejet des sécrétions exogènes et endogènes.
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of the corpora cardiaca of Locusta migratoria migratorioides shows three neurosecretory fiber types in the neurohaemal part of these organs; only one cellular type constitutes the intrinsic glandular part of the corpora cardiaca. This study also shows sites of release of stored extrinsic neurosecretory material and of products elaborated by intrinsic glandular cells of the corpora cardiaca.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretory Pathways ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude infrastructurale des nerfs cardiaques afférents et des nerfs allato-cardiaques qui entrent dans la constitution du système neurosécréteur rétrocérébral de Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. et F.) révèle l'existence des trois types de fibres neurosécrétrices définis dans les corpora cardiaca. Une quatrième catégorie de fibres caractérisées par la présence de vésicules claires existe dans les nerfs allato-cardiaques et dans les corpora allata. L'origine des fibres et l'évolution des grains de neurosécrétion au cours de leur transit sont envisagées.
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of the nervi corporis cardiaci and nervi corporis allati, which are part of the retrocerebral neurosecretory system of Locusta migratoria migratorioides, reveals the existence of three neurosecretory fiber types. A fourth neurosecretory fibertype with electron lucent vesicles is also present in the nervi corporis allati and in the corpora allata. The fibers are characterized by differences in the size and electron opacity of the neurosecretory granules. The origin of the various neurosecretory fiber types and the evolution of the neurosecretory granules are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 79-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sense organs ; Eyes ; Opisthobranchs ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The retina of nudibranch eyes contains two types of large cells; pigment cells which comprise about two-thirds of the total, with unpigmented sensory cells making up the remainder. Both pigment and receptor cells carry microvilli on their distal borders, but no traces of cilia were observed among them. The cornea of the eyes of aeolid and dendronotid nudibranchs is composed of a single layer of small cells, unlike the dorids where the cornea is made up of one of more large cells. The latter contain nuclei comparable in size with those of the pigment cells in the retina, but are themselves unpigmented. The elliptical eyes ofAplysia contain three types of retinal cell; the pigment cells and two kinds of receptor cells. The “ciliary” receptor cells bear equal numbers of cilia (9+2) and microvilli, while the “microvillous” receptor cells carry long tufts of microvilli with only an occasional cilium among them. The proximal cytoplasm of the receptor cells inAplysia and the nudibranchs contains large quantities of the small spherical vesicles (averaging 660 Å in diameter) which appear to be characteristic of gastropod eyes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 348-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ovary ; Insect ; Chironomus ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im Ovar von Chironomus sind in Phase 1 des 4. Larvenstadiums polygonal abgeflachte „Innenzellen“ von kleineren „Außenzellen“ umgeben, die Bakteroide und Phagosomen enthalten; zwischen den Innenzellen liegen unregelmäßige Zelltrümmer („keimbahnbegleitende Substanzen“). Zu Beginn der Ovariolenbildung werden in Phase 3 durch Spalträume zwei Schichten der Außenzellen voneinander getrennt, von denen die innere (Follikel- und Eikanalepithel) regelmäßige Buchten bildet. In diese Buchten wandern von innen Zellpaare ein, die an „synaptischen Komplexen“ bzw. multiplen Chromatinstrukturen als Ei- und Nährzellen kenntlich sind. Zwischen beiden Zellen sind „Fusome“ häufig, die später in eigentümlicher Weise geschlossen werden. Zwischen den Eikanalzellen entsteht in Phase 5 durch Spaltbildung der Eikanal; in Phase 7 sind die Eikanalzellen auffallend glykogenreich. Kurz vor der Vitellogenese treten im Bereich der Oocyte Membransysteme und „annulated lamellae“ auf; akzessorische Kerne werden als Ausstülpungen des Oocytenkernes gebildet und später abgeschnürt. In Phase 9 sind an der Peripherie der Eizelle Mikrovillisäume und Pinocytosebläschen sichtbar. Die distalen Zellen der Ovariole haben Eioder Nährzellcharakter, sind aber bei Ch. melanotus nicht von Follikelzellen umgeben und werden beim weiteren Ovariolenwachstum reduziert. Trotz extrem geringer Nährzellzahl der Follikel scheint das Chironomus-Ovar funktionell nicht von anderen polytroph meroistischen Insektenovarien unterschieden.
    Notizen: Summary In the ovary of Chironomus during phase 1 of the fourth larval instar, polygonally flattened “inner cells” are surrounded by smaller “outer cells” which contain bacteroids and phagosomes. Irregular cell remnants (“germ line accompanying substances”) lie among the inner cells. At the beginning of ovariole formation in phase 3, two layers of outer cells are separated by the formation of fissures. The inner layer of these cells (follicle- and egg-passage epithelium) forms regular invaginations. Cell pairs, identified as oocytes and nurse cells by “synaptic complexes” or multiple chromatin structures, wander from inside into the invaginations. Frequently between the two cells are fusomes, which later close in a characteristic manner. During phase 5, an egg passage is formed as a fissure among the egg-passage cells. During phase 7, the egg passage cells are conspicuously full of glycogen. Shortly before vitellogenesis membrane systems and annulated lamellae appear in the region of the oocyte. Accessory nuclei are formed by a “tieing-off” of projections of the the oocyte nucleus. During phase 9, microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles can be seen at the periphery of the oocyte. The distal cells of the ovariole are of oocyte or nurse cell nature, but in Ch. melanotus they are not surrounded by follicle cells and are reduced during further ovariole growth. In spite of the extremely small number of nurse cells in the follicle, the Chironomus ovary apparently does not differ functionally from other polytrophic meroistic insect ovaries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Retina ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve cells ; Synaptic bodies ; Extracellular material
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Fixed and unfixed, freeze-dried pieces of isolated retina and the posterior part of the eye bulb from adult rats were examined in a scanning electron microscope. The inner limiting membrane shows distinct cell borders, protrusions, and scattered microvilli-like structures. Different types of nerve cells are observed in the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. They all lack synaptic boutons on the surface of their perikarya. There is an intercellular space between the processes in the nerve fiber layer. The inner and outer segments are surrounded by a space with extracellular material. Their surface is smooth or slightly undulated. There is no evidence indicating the existence of basal infoldings continuous with the membraneous structures inside the rod outer segments. The connecting piece between the inner and outer segments resemble a symmetrically shaped hour-glass. The surface of the epithelial cells is covered by microvilli forming a honeycomb-like structure and each outer segment is surrounded by several microvilli. The results obtained are discussed in relation to those obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The probable existence of a significant extracellular space and the distribution of extracellular material between the segments and the microvilli are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 174-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hair follicle growth ; Catagen ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary During catagen, the transition period between growth and quiescence, the growing (anagen) hair follicle is reorganized to form the resting (telogen) follicle. The last portion of the hair shaft produced at the onset of catagen consists only of cortex. Surrounding the cortex and attached tightly to it are the club cells, which resemble the cortex in structure and development except that the filaments of the club are oriented randomly and do not exhibit the “keratin pattern” seen in the cortex. The club cells in turn are attached to a capsule of germ cells which are formed by progressive transformation of the outer root sheath cells at the middle of the growing follicle. When the capsule of germ cells is formed, the follicle below it undergoes resorption, presumbaly mediated by hydrolytic enzymes. As the follicle disintegrates, the surrounding basal lamina undergoes extensive pleating and is eventually resorbed. Collagen fibers around the basal lamina are engulfed and degraded by the large number of macrophages that surround the hair follicle at this time. The dermal papilla remains as a compact ball of cells just below the capsule of germ cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 243-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cardiac muscle fibers ; Poikilothermic vertebrates (frog, trout, goldfish) ; Osmiophilic granules ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Herzen niederer Vertebraten (Frosch, Forelle, Goldfisch) und am Lymphherzen des Frosches zeigen, daß osmiophile intrazelluläre Granula (800–1300 Å) als Ausdruck sekretorischer Funktionen der Herzmuskelzellen bei verschiedenen poikilothermen Vertebraten vorkommen. — Innerhalb der Granulaansammlungen in Muskelzellen des Froschventrikels werden neben Dictyosomen, Vesikeln und Multivesikulärkörpern besondere Multivesikulärkörper mit Dichtekern gefunden. Übereinstimmende vesikuläre Substruktur dieses Dichtekerns und der spezifischen Granula sowie der Übergangsformen ergeben eine morphogenetische Reihe: Golgiapparat → Multivesikulärkörper → Multivesikulärkörper mit Dichtekern → spezifisches Granulum. — Zwischen den Muskelzellen des Rana-Herzens wird wie bei Cyclostomen ein Zelltyp mit osmiophilen Granula gefunden, die in Größe und Struktur auch den Granula in den terminalen adrenergen Nervenfasern des Froschherzens entsprechen. Vieltägige Isolation des Froschherzens unter physiologischen Bedingungen sowie Inkubierung oder längere Behandlung isolierter Forschherzen mit Reserpin führt zum Abbau der spezifischen Granula. Oxypertin und Acetylcholin haben nur geringen Einfluß auf deren Größe, Struktur und Zahl. L-Dopa und Adrenalin wirken einer isolationsbedingten Reduktion der Granula entgegen. — Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch kann am Rana-Herzen intramuskulär eine auf Catecholamine hindeutende punktartige Gelbgrün-Fluoreszenz nachgewiesen werden. Nach Rückgang des Granulagehaltes durch Reserpin zeigt das isolierte Froschherz eine Sensibilisierung für Acetylcholin und Adrenalin. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß die spezifischen Granula in den Herzorganen der untersuchten Arten (wie die entsprechenden Strukturen im Cyclostomenherzen) Catecholamine speichern, die für eine gleichbleibende Erregbarkeit der Muskelfasern von Bedeutung sein könnten.
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopic studies of the hearts of lower vertebrates (frog, trout, goldfish) and of the lymph-heart (frog) show that osmiophilic intracellular granules probably are related to secretory functions of cardiac muscle cells in poikilothermic vertebrates. — Beside dictyosomes, vesicles, and usual multivesicular bodies, a special type of multivesicular body with a dense core is found among the granules in the muscle cells of the frog's ventricle. The vesicular substructure of this dense core, and the specific granules as well as the intermediate forms suggest the following morphogenetic process: Golgisystem → multivesicular body → multivesicular body with a dense core → specific granule. Between the muscle cells of the heart of Rana, as well as with Cyclostomata, a cell type with osmiophilic granules can be found corresponding in size and structure to the adrenergic terminals of the frog's heart. Many days' isolation of the frog's heart under physiological conditions, as well as incubation, or longer treatment of isolated hearts of frogs with reserpine leads to the dissolution of the specific granules. Oxypertin and acetylcholine have only little influence on the size, structure, and number of granules. L-Dopa and adrenalin appose a reduction of granules caused by isolation. Fluorescence microscopic results show a point-like yellow-green fluorescence in the heart of Rana, pointing to an accumulation of catecholamines intramuscularly. — After reduction of the content of granules by reserpine, the isolated frog's heart shows a higher sensitivity to acetylcholine and adrenalin. It is, therefore, probable that the specific granules store catecholamines in the heart organs of the investigated species in the same way as corresponding structures do in the hearts of Cyclostomata. These catecholamines are possibly important for a continual irritability of the cardiac muscle fibres in poikilothermic vertebrates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 357-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Vasopressin release ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse a été examiné sur coupes ultrafines chez 45 rats (24 normaux, 17 déshydratés respectivement 1, 2 et 4 jours, et 4 anesthésiés à l'éther), après fixation au glutaraldéhyde ou selon la méthode de Karnovsky, post-fixation osmiée et double contraste à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb. Des fibres neurosécrétoires sombres et claires sont reconnaissables, mais les données manquent encore pour interpréter cette différence. Des densifications juxta-membranaires sont observées dans les terminaisons neurosécrétoires là où se trouvent des amas de microvésicules. Des fibres neurosécrétoires traversent parfois des pituicytes; il est aussi souvent observé des fibres, chargées de granules, libres dans un espace péricapillaire. Les espaces péricapillaires, ramifiés en tous sens loin des vaisseaux, développent une large surface de contact avec les extrémités nerveuses et les prolongements de pituicytes. Dans des conditions techniques bien contrôlées, la déshydratation n'entraîne pas de modifications appréciables des granules de neurosécrétat après 24 h. Ensuite les granules sont diminués en nombre, de façon très considérable le 4e jour; mais les granules restants ont un contenu dense normal; jamais il n'a été observé d'aspects de ≪granules vides ≫. Après anesthésie prolongée à l'éther, il n'y a aucune modification visible ni du nombre, ni de la densité des granules. Ces observations sont discutées quant au mécanisme de l'excrétion de vasopressine; elles sont en faveur de l'existence de deux pools hormonaux, l'un libre et rapidement disponible, l'autre plus fortement lié et certainement contenu dans les granules jouant le rôle de réserve. Toutefois un mécanisme d'exocytose granulaire ne peut être formellement exclu.
    Notizen: Summary Hypophysial neural lobes of 45 rats (24 controls, 17 dehydrated resp. 1, 2 and 4 days, and 4 ether anesthetized) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or according to Karnovsky and post-fixed in osmium tetroxyde; ultrathin sections were stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Dark and clear neurosecretory fibres were observed, but sufficient data are still lacking for a valuable interpretation of these aspects. Juxta-membraneous densifications are visible in limited areas of neurosecretory terminals where clusters of microvesicles are present. Neurosecretory fibres happen to be completely encircled by pituioyte cytoplasm; fibres loaded with elementary granules are frequently encountered running free in a pericapillary space. Pericapillary spaces stretch out branching far away from vessels, resulting in a widespread contact with nerve terminals and pituicyte processes. In accurately controlled technical conditions, dehydratation does not result in any noticeable change of neurosecretory granules after 24 h. A decrease of the number of granules follows and is extremely conspicuous after 4 days; though, remaining granules keep a normal dense content, and aspects of “empty granules” have never been observed. After prolonged ether anesthesia, no visible change either in number or electron density of granules was observed. These findings are discussed in consideration of the mechanism of vasopressin release; they support the hypothesis of two hormonal pools, one of which would be free and rapidly available for release, the other being more tightly bound and certainly located in granules representing a storage site. Though granular exocytosis cannot be absolutely excluded.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 138-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Insect muscles ; Development ; Microtubuli ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In der indirekten Flugmuskulatur von Phormia terrae-novae kann die Entwicklung der Myofibrillen deutlich in eine Anlage- und eine Wachstums-Phase unterteilt werden. Zu Beginn der Wachstumsphase wurde Puppen eine Lösung von Colchicin in die rechte Metathoraxhälfte injiziert. Als Folge dieser Behandlung lösten sich zunächst die Mikrotubuli in der Flugmuskulatur auf. In späteren Entwicklungsstadien bildeten sich atypische Verzweigungen der Myofibrillen, die zu einer partiellen Desorientierung der kontraktilen Strukturen führten. Ein Mechanismus, der solche Störungen des Orientierungmusters in der Normalentwicklung möglicherweise verhindert, wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary In the blowfly Phormia terrae-novae the development of myofibrils of indirect flight muscles can be divided into periods of predisposition (anlage) and of growth. At the beginning of the growth period microtubules are disrupted by injection of colchicine. This disruption is followed by the formation of atypical ramifications of myofibrils at Z-discs leading to numerous disoriented myofibrils in late developmental stages. A possible mechanism preventing these alterations during normal development is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 245-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endometrium ; Stroma cells ; Pericytes ; Blood vessels ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude du chorion cytogène de 15 endomètres humains normaux prélevés à divers moments du cycle menstruel a précisé d'importantes variations des vaisseaux et des cellules. Les vaisseaux subissent une maturation progressive: en phase proliferative moyenne, des pointes d'accroissement se forment à partir du réseau vasculaire profond activé; au milieu du cycle, elles se transforment en capillaires typiques; en phases sécrétoires moyenne et avancée, des péricytes migrent dans le chorion cytogène et se différencient en cellules choriales. Ces cellules choriales, dites fixes, ont une évolution biphasique au cours du cycle menstruel. Au milieu de chacune des phases, proliférative et surtout sécrétoire, les cellules choriales fixes, dites alors fibroblastoïdes, montrent une intense activité de synthèse. A ces périodes de synthèse succède une involution cellulaire, peu marquée en fin de phase proliferative, intense en phase sécrétoire avancée. Les cellules dites prédéciduales sont des cellules choriales fixes involuées et hyperhydratées; elles vont, en phase menstruelle, évoluer de plusieurs façons: la plupart d'entre elles régénèrent, certaines se nécrosent focalement ou totalement, d'autres font preuve d'activité macrophagique, en particulier collagénolytique.
    Notizen: Summary 15 human endometria during the normal menstrual cycle have been investigated. Important alterations of the vessels and the stroma cells occur. The vessels are the site of gradual maturation. In the mid proliferative phase, growing capillaries rise from the deep-seated vascular system. In the middle of the cycle, they change into typical capillaries. In the mid and late secretory phases, pericytes leave the walls of the capillaries and differentiate into stroma cells. These stroma cells undergo a biphasic cyclic evolution. The middle of the proliferative and particularly of the secretory phase is marked by an intensive synthetic activity of the stroma cells which are called, at this time, “fibroblastoïd” stroma cells. These two periods of synthesis are followed by cellular involution, mild in the proliferative, intense in the secretory phase. The so-called predecidual cells are hyperhydrated involuted stroma cells. In the menstrual phase they behave very differently of: the majority regenerates, some predecidual cells are the site of focal or total necrosis, others show a macrophagic activity which is conspicuous in some cells having a collagenolytic activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 356-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Gingivo-Dental junction ; Human ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de la jonction gingivo-dentaire humaine a permis de montrer que les membranes cytoplasmiques des cellules épithéliales superficielles, revêtues de nombreux hémi-desmosomes, sont en rapport avec les cristaux d'apatite de l'émail par l'intermédiaire d'un espace intercellulaire, de 400 à 1200 Å d'épaisseur, rempli d'un matériel finement granulaire, soit directement soit par interposition d'une cuticule discontinue, d'épaisseur variable, qui est appliquée à la surface de l'émail uniquement sur des dents, ayant effectué leur éruption. Cette cuticule, dont l'origine salivaire peut être exclue, subit une apposition de la surface de l'émail vers la périphérie. L'attache épithéliale n'est pas kératinisée, mais des faisceaux de tonofibrilles sont visibles dans les cellules. Une certaine tendance à la kératinisation a été parfois notée au niveau du sillon gingivo-dentaire. De nombreux polynucléaires éosinophiles et neutrophiles et des lymphocytes migrent à travers la jonction et le sillon gingivo-dentaires cliniquement normaux. Un élargissement des espaces intercellulaires, des ruptures de la membrane basale et des desmosomes, une accumulation parfois importante de glycogène, des noyaux polylobés et des oedèmes intracellulaires y ont également été notés. Enfin une rupture en ≪atimbre poste≫ entre les cellules épithéliales de la jonction, ainsi qu'une rupture entre l'émail et les cellules épithéliales superficielles contribuent à l'approfondissement du sillon gingivo-dentaire.
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural investigation of the human gingivo-dental junction shows that the plasmalemmata of the superficial epithelial cells, coated by numerous hemi-desmosomes, are related to the enamel apatite crystals through a finely granular intercellular space, 400 to 1200 Å in thickness, either directly or through a discontinuous dense cuticle, of irregular thickness, which is attached to the enamel surface of erupted teeth. This cuticle, of none salivary origin, is deposited from the enamel surface to the outside. The epithelial junction is not keratinized, but numerous tonofibrils bundles occur in the cells. A certain tendency toward keratinization was sometimes observed in the crevicular epithelium. Numerous eosinophilic and neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and lymphocytes migrate through the clinically normal crevicular and junctionnal epithelium. Intercellular space dilatations, basement membrane and desmosomes ruptures, important intracellular accumulations of glycogen, multilobulated nuclei and intracellular edemas are also sometimes observed. A serrated rupture between epithelial cells of the junction as well as a rupture between enamel and the most superficial epithelial cells contributes to the deepening of the gingival sulcus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oogenesis ; Drosophila ; Ultrastructure ; Nurse cells ; Follicle cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary During stages 11 and 12, follicle cells surrounding the nurse cells produce lysosomes which presumably aid in the breakdown of the nurse cells. Accompanying a DNA reduction in nurse cell nuclei are several characteristic morphological changes including the appearance of intranuclear rod-like structures and nuclear granules about 300 Å in diameter. Similarities between structures seen in Drosophila nurse cell nuclei and those seen in other organisms are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus ; Nucleosphaeridies ; Ultrastructure ; Embryo ; Pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Spherical fibrillogranular nuclear structures, here called nucleosphaeridies, were observed in pig embryos ranging between the two-cell-stage and the early blastocyststage. Up to four nucleosphaeridies, averaging 2 to 4 μm in diameter and different from the common nucleoplasmic structures, were found in a single thin section. As a rule the nucleosphaeridies are situated at random in the nucleoplasm, sometimes in contiguity with the nuclear envelope. Occasionally, they are located within the nucleolus. There is morphological similarity between the nucleosphaeridies situated within the nucleolus and those situated in the nucleoplasm. Based on these morphological observations, considerations are given as to whether these nucleosphaeridies are synthesized by the nucleoli, or inversely, these structures are precursors in the development and maturation of the nucleoli.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 72-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lung cells ; Chick embryo ; Lamellar inclusions ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les pneumocytes granuleux, qui constituent l'un des principaux types cellulaires de l'épithélium pulmonaire, sont caractérisés par la présence de volumineuses inclusions osmiophiles lamellaires. Nous avons étudié l'apparition et l'origine de ces inclusions dans l'épithélium du poumon embryonnaire de Poulet, en l'examinant à différents stades du développement. Les premières inclusions lamellaires apparaissent dans le poumon de l'embryon de 16 jours. A ce stade, quelques lamelles concentriques entourent une zône centrale amorphe étendue; la périphérie des inclusions contient toujours de petites structures granulaires. Les jours suivants le nombre de cellules contenant des inclusions lamellaires augmente rapidement; en même temps, les lamelles deviennent plus nombreuses. A 19 jours, les inclusions lamellaires ont un aspect semblable à celui qu'elles ont dans les poumons d'animaux adultes. Dès l'apparition des ébauches pulmonaires, à 2 1/2 jours d'incubation, les cellules épithéliales contiennent des inclusions typiques: les inclusions granulaires. Ces organites sont caractérisés par un centre granulaire, qu'entouré un système membranaire. Ce système, simple chez le jeune embryon, évolue ensuite en se compliquant; chez l'embryon de 16 jours, il s'enroule en plusieurs couches autour de la masse centrale. Au moment où les premières inclusions lamellaires apparaissent, le nombre des inclusions granulaires augmente rapidement; on les trouve souvent étroitement associées à des vacuoles lipidiques. L'analyse des relations entre inclusions lamellaires, inclusions granulaires et vacuoles lipidiques suggère que l'inclusion lamellaire résulte de la collaboration entre une vacuole lipidique et plusieurs inclusions granulaires.
    Notizen: Summary The granular pneumocytes, one of the main cellular types of the lung epithelium, are characterized by the presence of large osmiophilic lamellar inclusions. The appearance and origin of these inclusions has been studied in the epithelium of chick embryonic lung at different developmental stages. Lamellar inclusions are first seen in the lung of 16 day old embryos. At this stage, few concentric lamellae surround a large amorphous center; the periphery of the inclusions always contains small granular structures. In the following days, the number of cells containing these lamellar inclusions increases rapidly, while their lamellae progressively become more numerous. In 19 day old embryos, the lamellar inclusions are similar to those in the lungs of adult animals. From the earliest formation of the bronchial primordia, their epithelial cells contain a number of typical “granular” inclusions. These organelles are characterized by a granular center, enclosed in a membranous system. This structure becomes more complex as the embryo develops; in the 16 day old embryo, the multilayered membranous system coils around the granular center. At the time when lamellar inclusions first appear, granular inclusions increase rapidly in number and are often found in close association with lipidic vacuoles. The relationships between lamellar inclusions, granular inclusions and lipidic vacuoles are discussed. The evidence suggests that a lamellar inclusion arises from the cooperation of several granular inclusions and a lipidic vacuole.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 517-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Crayfish ; Cuticle ; Epidermis ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Cuticula an der Innen- und Außenseite der Branchiostegite des Flußkrebses besteht wie für Arthropoden üblich aus Epi- und Procuticula. Sowohl die Epicuticula als auch die Procuticula von „Innen- und „Außenseite“ unterscheiden sich im Feinbau wesentlich voneinander. An der „Innenseite“ ist die Epicuticula einfach gebaut; Die Procuticula ist lamelliert und zeigt meist die bogenförmigen Muster von Mikrofibrillen. Die Epicuticula an der Außenseite weist in den in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Entwicklungsstadien einen sehr viel komplizierteren Feinbau auf, der in der Entwicklung gewissen Änderungen unterliegt. In der wiederum lamellierten Procuticula an der „Außenseite“ sind die Mikrofibrillen zu Balken gebündelt. Die Ausrichtung der Mikrofibrillen dreht sich innerhalb einer Lamelle um 180°. Durch die Procuticula ziehen Fortsätze der Epidermiszellen, außerdem Stäbe der sog. Verbindungsstrukturen. Die Bildung der Cuticula an der „Innenseite“ konnte weitgehend vollständig verfolgt werden; sie ist gut mit der Bildung der Cuticula bei verschiedenen Insekten vergleichbar. Die Bildung der Cuticula an der „Außenseite“ konnte dagegen nur von Beginn der Abscheidung der Proouticula bis zur Häutung verfolgt werden. Kurz vor Beginn der Cuticulaabscheidung kommt es in den Epidermiszellen zu einer stärkeren Entwicklung des rauhen ER. Während der gesamten von uns verfolgten Bildungsstadien sieht man Vesikel mit dichtem Inhalt besonders in der Nähe des Zellapex. Sie geben anscheinend hier ihren Inhalt, Cuticulamaterial, nach außen ab. Sie stammen wohl aus Golgibereichen. Auch Stachelsaumbläschen (coated vesicles) kommen regelmäßig vor, deren genetischer Zusammenhang mit multivesikulären Körpern diskutiert wird. Bei der Abscheidung der fibrillären Cuticulasubstanzen spielen besondere Differenzierungen der Zell oberfläche, — kappenartige Verdichtungen der Zelloberfläche, meist an der Spitze kleiner Mikrovilli — eine wesentliche Rolle.
    Notizen: Summary The cuticle of the “inside” and “outside” of the branchiostegites of the crayfish consists of an epicuticle and a procuticle — as common in arthropods. Concerning their ultrastructure epicuticle and procuticle differ essentially from each other on both the “inside” as well as the “outside”. On the “inside” the epicuticle is built plainly; the procuticle is laminated, and, mostly it shows the arched patterns of microfibrils. In those developmental stages investigated in this project the epicuticle of the “outside” shows a much more intricated ultrastructure, since during formation it is subject to certain changes. On the “outside” the procuticle is also laminated; the microfibrils are bundled up to bars. The alignment of those microfibrils within one lamella is twisted for 180°. The procuticle is penetrated by processes of epidermal cells and by rods of the so-called connecting structures. The formation of the cuticle on the “inside” was observed completely; it is comparable to the forming of the cuticle in several insects. However, the formation of the cuticle on the “outside” was only observed from the beginning of the procuticular development up to the moulting. Shortly before formation of the cuticle the development of rough ER in the epidermal cells seems to be intensified. In all of developmental stages observed there appear vesicles with dense contents mainly situated nearby the cell apex. At this site they evidently deliver their contents — cuticular materials — to the outside of the cell; they probably originate in the Golgi areas. There occur coated vesicles regularity, too; their genetic relation to multivesicular bodies is discussed. Special differentiation on the cell surface i.e. dome-like consolidations of the cell surface mainly placed at the tip of small microvilli are of great importance for the secretion of the cuticle substances.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 160-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Central nervous tissue ; Blood supply ; Helix pomatia ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Each paired ganglion of Helix pomatia is supplied by symmetrically arranged branches from the anterior aorta. Capillaries from these branches open into a blood space which is adjacent to, and continuous over the surface of the nervous tissue. Blood passes from this space through the epineural sheath into the body cavity sinuses. 2. With the electron microscope three tissue layers are seen separating the blood spaces from the neurons of each ganglion. These are (i) a luminal endothelium, (ii) a fibrous connective tissue layer which is mainly collagen and (iii) glial cells. 3. Both the luminal endothelium and connective tissue are freely permeable to uncharged particles of 100 Å or less.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 209-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Isopod hindgut ; Histology ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Osmo-regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The tubular hindgut of the intertidal herbivorous isopod, Dynamene bidentata, consists of a long dorso-ventrally flattened anterior region, surrounded by a network of muscles, and a short muscular sphincter which grades into a pair of anal flaps. The monolayer of epithelial cells forming the wall of the hindgut appears to take no part in the production of digestive enzymes, food absorption, or glycogen and lipid storage. One function of the hindgut is to propel undigested food material, enclosed within a peritrophic membrane, to the sphincter and anal flaps where faecal pellets are formed and ejected. At the fine structural level lateral plasma membranes, often partially obliterated by microtubules, are visible. The basal plasma membrane of a typical epithelial cell is deeply infolded, associated with mitochondria, and pinocytotic. The apical plasma membrane is irregularly folded, engaged in pinocytosis, and often encloses subcuticular spaces containing an acid mucopolysaccharide substance. An intima, composed of a thin double-layered epicuticle, and a thick acid mucopolysaccharide-positive endocuticle, overlies the cells. The endocuticle may selectively bind substances to the apical plasma membrane before they are engulfed by pinocytosis. The cells resemble those of osmoregulatory organs and may help counterbalance changes in the haemolymph concentration resulting from the intertidal existence of this isopod.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 379-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Subcommissural organ ; Rana temporaria ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Cyto-enzymology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Most of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells are in contact with the ventricle of the brain as well as with the limiting membranes: the ependymal cells. They are able to release their aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) positive secretory substance directly into the ventricle. A small number of cells, which also contains AF positive material, is not in contact with the ventricle: the hypendymal cells. The secretory substance in the cells is a mucopolysaccharide-protein complex, not containing strong acidic groups. It is released into the brain ventricle and condenses to a well-developed Reissner's fibre. Energy production in the cells mainly takes place by means of anaerobic glycolysis. The metabolism is characteristic of synthesis and secretion of a mucopolysaccharide-protein complex. These functions can be accomplished in rather anaerobic conditions. The cells contain two distinct compartments of endoplasmic reticulum, one regularly studded with ribosomes, situated perinuclearly and supranuclearly with the primary function of synthesizing and another, very irregularly studded with ribosomes, located mainly subnuclearly, with the primary function of storing secretory substance. No signs of release of secretory material into blood vessels or at the outer limiting membrane have been observed. Synaptic endings may be observed on the basal parts of the cells. Biogenic monoamines could not be demonstrated in the area of the SCO.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 471-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Epiplexus (Kolmer) cells ; Choroid plexus ; Cat ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A light and electron microscopic study was made of the epiplexus (Kolmer) cells of the cat choroid plexus. These polymorphic, motile cells were typically found juxtaposed to the ventricular surface of the choroidal epithelium. They have many ultrastructural features in common with free macrophages of other systems, namely, an indented nucleus with condensed chromatin, sparse mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, multiple Golgi elements, microtubules, coated surface invaginations and microvesicles, and numerous membrane-limited vacuoles and lysosomal dense bodies. A unique feature of epiplexus cells is the manner in which they are anchored to the choroidal epithelium by the invagination of their surfaces by epithelial cell microvilli and cilia. Electron dense tracer particles (biological India ink, Thorotrast, ferritin) injected into the cerebral ventricles were ingested rapidly by epiplexus cells. Uptake of the particles was by way of coated surface invaginations which produced coated cytoplasmic microvesicles. Particle-containing microvesicles subsequently fused with each other and presumably also with pre-existent cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomal dense bodies to form storage vacuoles (phagosomes phagolysosomes and residual bodies). Present evidence suggests that epiplexus cells are of hematogenous origin. Under certain conditions these cells may detach from the surface of the choroid plexus to become free-floating cells in the various cerebrospinal fluid compartments of the brain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 588-599 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sense organ ; Trichobothrium ; Myriapoda ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Am Präanalsegment von Scutigerella befindet sich ein Paar Trichobothrien, das komplizierter gebaut ist als entsprechende Sinnesorgane anderer Arthropoden. Die distalen Fortsätze von sechzehn Sinneszellen stehen mit der Gelenkmembran des nach allen Seiten beweglichen Sinneshaares in Verbindung. Aus ihrer Anordnung kann geschlossen werden, daß Scutigerella mit Hilfe des Trichobothriums mindestens acht verschiedene Richtungen unterscheiden kann. Der adäquate Reiz für die Trichobothrien dürften Luftbewegungen sein.
    Notizen: Summary One pair of trichobothria is situated on the lateral portions of the preanal segment of Scutigerella. They are rather complicated compared to similar organs of other Arthroods. The distal portions of 16 sense cells are connected to the elastic membrane of the sense hair which can be turned in every direction. From the arrangement of the distal parts of the sense cells it may be concluded that Scutigerella can distinguish at least eight different directions. Probably movements of the air are the adequate stimulus for the trichobothrium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 119-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Regio olfactoria ; Nervus olfactorius ; Birds ; Larus argentatus ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Nach Perfusionsfixierung mit Glutaraldehyd und anschließender Nachfixierung mit OsO4 erscheint die Regio olfactoria vom Vogel (Larus argentatus) in Alkohol bei schräg einfallendem Licht in einer goldbraunen Interferenzfarbe. Sie ist von der blaugrünen Regio respiratoria scharf abgegrenzt und bedeckt in einer Nasenhälfte 71 mm2. Unter der Stereolupe ist ein fellartiges Faserwerk der oberflächlich ausgerichteten Riechgeißelbündel erkennbar. Der olfaktorische Saum ist in zwei funktionell-morphologische Zonen unterteilt. 1. In eine Innenzone, die die Riechkolben und die Mikrozotten der Stützzellen beherbergt und von der intervillösen Schleimschicht erfüllt wird. 2. In eine Außenzone, die aus der Schicht der oberflächlich ausgebreiteten Riechgeißeln und dem sie bedeckenden Terminalfilm gebildet wird. Als Produkt der Bowmanschen Drüsen ist der Terminalfilm mit osmiophilen Sekrettropfen versehen, die sich in ihm auflösen oder zu einem 500 Å feinen, osmiophilen Oberflächenfilm zerfließen. Durch positive PAS-Reaktionen konnte der Mucopolysaccharidgehalt beider Schleimschichten nachgewiesen werden. Die Riechkolben der Vögel erfahren durch etwa 200 Mikrovilli eine Oberflächenvergrößerung um rund 800% und sind mit 7–13 Riechgeißeln versehen, deren Länge 90–130 μ. beträgt. Das 9+2-Fibrillenmuster der 20–30 μ langen proximalen Geißelabschnitte geht in den 60–100 μ langen distalen Segmenten in eine regellose Formation von 8–16 Tubuli über, die in einer kurzen Endzuspitzung auf 2–6 abnehmen. Die von den Riechkolben zentralwärts ziehenden Mikrotubuli nehmen von anfänglich 270−210 im Sinnesfortsatz kontinuierlich an Zahl ab, um sich im apikal vom Kern gelegenen Golgiapparat zu verlieren. Außer durch Schleimpakete ist das Stützzellplasma durch knäuelförmige Endoplasmaformationen mit konzentrisch geschichteten Endoplasmaspalten charakterisiert. Der Axongehalt des rechten Riechnerven eines jungen Männchens vonLarus argentatus beträgt 3,7·106, der eines alten Weibchens 2,9·106; man kann auf eine Gesamtzahl der Riechrezeptoren von 7,4·106 und 5,8·106 schließen. Die Axone verlieren auf ihren Weg von der Lamina propria zum rostralen Riechnervendrittel etwa 2–3 Mikrotubuli. Neben Axonen mit 2–14 Mikrotubuli, die den Riechfaseranteil darstellen, enthält der Riechnerv noch einige Axone mit rund 20 und 40 Tubuli. Diese letztgenannte Gruppe tritt in synaptischen Kontakt mit Ganglienzellen im rostralen Riechnervenviertel. Die Ganglienzellen verkörpern das diffuse Ganglion terminale, dessen Bedeutung für eine nervöse Steuerung der Bowmanschen Drüsen diskutiert wird. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Rezeptorzotten, des osmiophilen Oberflächenfilmes und der intervillösen Schleimschicht wird erörtert. Der Gehalt der Regio olfactoria der Silbermöve an Riechrezeptoren wird mit bereits vorliegenden Untersuchungen an Makrosmatikern verglichen.
    Notizen: Summary After perfusion with glutaraldehyde and subsequent fixation with OsO4 the regio olfactoria of the gull (Larus argentatus) shows in alcohol with incident illumination a golden-brown interference colour. It is distinctly defined against the bluegreen regio respiratoria and covers in one side of the nasal cavity 71 mm2. The olfactory region demonstrates under a magnifier a “furlike” structure, produced by the superficial bundles of olfactory cilia. The olfactory border can be subdivided into two layers, namely: 1. An inner layer, which contains the olfactory vesicles and microvilli of supporting cells and is covered by the inner mucous layer. 2. An outer layer, which is composed by the zone of the superficially spread olfactory cilia and the covering terminal film. As a product of the Bowman glands the terminal film is supplied with osmiophilic secretion droplets, which dissolve or rise up and flow into a 500 Å thick superficial osmiophilic coating. The contents of mucopolysaccharids of both mucous layers were proved by positive PAS-reaction. The free surface of the avian olfactory vesicle is increased to 800% by about 200 microvilli and has 7–13 olfactory cilia, the length of which measures 90–130 μ. The 9+2 fibrillar pattern of the 20–30 μ long proximal segments of the olfactory cilia changes into an irregular formation of 8–16 tubules of the 60–100 μ long distal segments, which contain in their short endings only 2–6 tubules. The number of microtubules in the sensory processes decreases continuously on the way from the olfactory vesicle to the soma from initially 270–210 until they disappear in the Golgi apparatus, located apical from the nucleus. Apart from copious drops of mucous the supporting cells are characterized by voluminous convolutes of endoplasmatic membranes. Concluding from the contents of axons of the right n. olfactorius of a young male with 3,7·106 and an adult female with 2,9·106 the total number of receptor cells is estimated to amount to 7,4·106 and 5,8·106. From the lamina propria to the distal quarter of the n. olfactorius the axons loose about 2–3 microtubules. In addition to the axons with 2–14 microtubules representing the olfactory nerve fibers the n. olfactorius also consists of some axons with about 20 and 40 tubules. The latter fibers come into synaptic contact with scattered nerve-cells in the distal quarter of the n. olfactorius, apparently forming the ganglion terminale, which probably regulates secretory activities of the Bowman glands. The receptor microvilli, the osmiophilic superficial mucous coating, and the inner mucous layer are discussed in respect to their olfactory function. The quantity of olfactory receptor cells in the Herring Gull is compared with data on macrosmatic animals in earlier investigations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 333-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscles, Slow, Fast ; Denervation and Tenotomy ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Changes of muscle weights, fiber diameters and ultrastructure were studied in the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and in the fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) of the chick three weeks after denervation and tenotomy, and after combined denervation and tenotomy of the two muscles. The slow ALD muscle becomes hypertrophic after denervation (Feng, Jung and Wu, 1962). Three weeks after nerve section, wet weights of ALD muscles are increased by 60% and fiber diameters become by 30% larger than those of contralateral control muscles. In spite of this hypertrophy, degenerative changes are seen in the ultrastructure, similar to those described in denervated atrophic muscles. Areas of dedifferentiation with autophagic vacuoles and aggregates of tubules are found in superficial layers of some fibers. Disintegration of Z lines and filaments along one or two sarcomeres occurs in a number of myofibrils, especially in muscles of young animals. In contrast to denervation alone, simultaneous denervation and tenotomy of the ALD muscles results in atrophy. Decrease of muscle weights and reduction of fiber diameters are similar as after tenotomy; in both cases muscle fibers waste by degeneration and atrophy of myofibrils. The fast PLD muscles underwent extensive atrophy in all three series of experiments. Corresponding atrophic and degenerative changes of ultrastructure were found in all instances.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 6-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ferritin ; Visual cortex ; Cat ; Endocytosis ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural changes occurring in the feline visual cortex 3 hours after the injection of 0.02 mls of ferritin in 1% trypan blue in artificial cerebrospinal fluid have been studied. Near the site of injection, disrupted cells contained free and membrane-bound ferritin. In less damaged areas, some signs of oedema were present in the cells, especially in astrocytes. Membrane-bound ferritin occurred occasionally in neurones and more frequently in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Considerable amounts of ferritin were also accumulated in phagocytic cells of unknown origin. In blood vessels, ferritin collected in the basement membrane and around collagen and, in membrane-bound form, in pale cells at the periphery of the vessels. Ferritin occurred in all parts of the intercellular space except in interglial junctions and tight junctions between vascular endothelial cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hypothalamus ; Bufo bufo ; Transection ; Median eminence ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural changes taking place in the median eminence of Bufo bufo 3 hours to 4 months after transection of the brain at different levels, are described. 5 types of neurons in the zona externa of the median eminence of normal toads are described. All types of neurons degenerate, and profound changes of the ultrastructure of the capillaries are observed after transection just behind, or immediately in front of the optic chiasma. A few neurons containing dense granules with a diameter of about 1,000–1,300 Å remain intact, however. The degeneration following denervation in front of the optic chiasma was considerably delayed compared to degeneration after denervation behind the optic chiasma. After transection more rostral to the optic chiasma, no significant degeneration of the median eminence was observed. The results are discussed with regard to degenerative dynamics and origin of the different nerve types. It is concluded, that all types of neurons terminating in the median eminence, originate at a level between the caudal and rostral parts of the preoptic nucleus, some fibres, however, containing dense, 1,000–1,300 Å granules, originate caudally to the optic chiasma, in the posterior hypothalamus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 265-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Germ cells ; Lacerta vivipara ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les gonocytes primaires sont relativement pauvres en polysomes et l'ergastoplasme granulaire est très réduit. Le reticulum endoplasmique de type lisse se développe au cours du développement embryonnaire. L'appareil de Golgi est bien représenté et localisé au niveau de la calotte juxtanucléaire mitochondriale. Les liposomes cytoplasmiques sont très nombreux. Cette étude précise la structure du nucléole «annulaire» et de la «masse paranucléolaire» observés en microscopic photonique. Des modifications nucléolaires sont constatées au cours du développement embryonnaire. Certains aspects ultrastructuraux sont vraisemblablement en rapport avec le déplacement autonome des gonocytes. La signification physiologique du nucléole «annulaire» et de la «masse paranucléolaire» est envisagée.
    Notizen: Summary The primordial germ cells of Lacerta vivipara have relatively few free polysomes and little ergastoplasm. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum increases during embryonic development. The Golgi apparatus is well developed and lies close to the mitochondrial juxtanuclear cap. This study shows the ultrastructure of the ring-shaped nucleoli and the “masse paranucléolaire”. Modifications in nucleolar structure are observed during embryonic development. Some ultrastructural features are probably related to the ameboid movement of the primordial germ cells. The physiological meaning of the ring-shaped nucleoli and the “masse paranucléolaire” is considered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Trypsin-dissociation ; ACTH stimulation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Electron micrographs of trypsin-dissociated rat adrenal showed predominantly intact rounded cells without internal damage. The population contained cells from the glomerular, intermediary and fascicular zones with cells from the zona fasciculata predominant. The presence or absence of cells from the reticular zone could not be determined. Cells from the medullary zone were absent. The addition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the cellular suspension for 2 hours produced corticosterone. However, these stimulated cells did not display any significant ultrastructural change.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal ; Avian ; Ultrastructure ; Graft ; Compensatory hypertrophy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing adrenal gland of the chick has been studied over the embryonic period 10 to 18 days. Cortical cells occur in double-rowed strands, are loosely attached in early development but more firmly attached later in development. Hypertrophy of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lipid and vacuoles increases with increasing age. Two cell types (designated “Dark” and “Light”) were present at 17 days of incubation. Their significance is discussed. Medullary cells occur as single cells at 10 days but more usually in groups by 18 days. Catecholamine-containing granules are a prominent feature of the medullary cells, at all ages. Two cell types could be distinguished in the medulla at 17 days of incubation. These may represent adrenalin and noradrenalin-containing cells. Changes in the ultrastructure of host adrenal glands after exposure to an 18 day adrenal gland, grafted onto the host chorio-allantoic membrane at 8 days, were studied. The chief response within the cortex of the host involved retardation of organelle hypertrophy, so that 17 day hosts resembled 14 day controls. More light cells were seen in the host than in the control cells. The medullary tissue of the host was also retarded in development and the release of catecholamine-containing granules inhibited. The significance of these observations in relation to compensatory hypertrophy within the host is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 17-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus infundibularis ; Reptiles ; Liquor contacting neurons ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Nucleus infundibularis verschiedener Reptilien wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Zellen dieses Kernes entsenden Fortsätze durch ein mehrreihiges Ependym in den 3. Ventrikel und bilden dort freie, intraventrikuläre Nervenendigungen („Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigungen“, Lkne). Lichtmikroskopisch konnten in der Kerngruppe a) kleine, AChE-negative, toluidinblaue und b) große, AChE-positive, mit Toluidinblau hell erscheinende Nervenzellen unterschieden werden. Die knöpfchenförmigen LKNE weisen Elemente des endoplasmatischen Retikulums, freie Ribosomen, eine wechselnde Anzahl Mitochondrien, einzelne Lysosomen, asymmetrische Zilien (Typ 9+0) mit akzessorischem Basalkörper und Zilienwurzeln auf. Zwei LKNE-Typen sind unterscheidbar: a) LKNE mit granulierten Vesikeln mit einem Durchmesser von 800–1100 Å und b) LKNE mit großen, elektronendichten Granula (Durchmesser 1200–1600 Å). Im Lumen des 3. Ventrikels treten kleinkalibrige Axone auf, die kleine, granulierte Bläschen (Durchmesser 700–900 Å) enthalten und mit den LKNE des Nucleus infundibularis intraventrikuläre Synapsen bilden. Die Perikaryen des Nucleus infundibularis weisen ein reichliches endoplasmatisches Retikulum, zahlreiche Polyribosomen, Neurotubuli und Mitochondrien auf. Ähnlich wie bei den LKNE sind zwei Perikaryenarten zu unterscheiden: a) Perikaryen mit granulierten Vesikeln (Durchmesser 800–1100 Å) und b) solche mit elektronendichten Granula (1200–1700 Å). Außerdem kommen verschiedene Arten axosomatischer und axodendritischer Synapsen vor. Die Funktion der intraventrikulären Nervenendigungen und verschiedenen Synapsenarten in der Kerngruppe wird im Hinblick auf einen Informationsaustausch zwischen dem Liquor cerebrospinalis und dem Nucleus infundibularis diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The infundibular nucleus of various reptiles was studied light and electron microscopically. Cells of this nucleus send processes through a stratified ependyma into the 3rd ventricle where they form free, intraventricular nerve terminals (“liquor contacting nerve endings”, LCNE). In the nucleus, two kinds of neurons could be distinguished light microscopically: a) small, AChE-negative, toluidine blue neurons, and b) large, AChE-positive cells staining light with toluidine blue. The club shaped LCNE contain elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, a various amount of mitochondria, and single lysosomes. The terminals bear asymmetrical cilia (type 9+0) supplied with accessory basal bodies and rootlet fibres. Two kinds of LCNE are demonstrable: a) LCNE containing dense-core vesicles with a diameter of about 800–1100 Å, and b) LCNE with large, electron-dense granules (diameter about 1,200–1,600 Å). In the lumen of the 3rd ventricle, there occur small axons that contain small granulated vesicles (diameter about 700–900 Å), and that form intraventricular synapses with the LCNE of the infundibular nucleus. The perikarya of the infundibular nucleus contain an abundant endoplasmic reticulum, numerous polyribosomes, neurotubules and mitochondria. Similarly to the LCNE, two kinds of perikarya can be distinguished: a) perikarya containing granulated vesicles (diameter about 800–1100 Å), and b) perikarya with electron-dense granules (diameter about 1200–1700 Å). Furthermore, different types of axosomatic and axodendritic synapses occur. The function of the intraventricular nerve terminals and the different types of synapses in the nucleus is discussed with regard to an exchange of informations between the cerebrospinal fluid and the infundibular nucleus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 397-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Taste bud ; Denervation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The subject of this study is the ultrastructural alterations of the taste-bud cells of the foliate papilla of the rabbit after sectioning of the homolateral glossopharyngeal nerve. In the course of the experiment two different, and successive, degenerative patterns were observed: the first involves type I sensory cells and the development therein of numerous dense inclusion bodies with a marked polymorphism similar to the classic lysosomes in various stages of development. Some assume the character of autophagic vacuoles or cytosegregosomes with cytoplasmic organelles more or less altered. They prefer slightly differentiated cells and, in particular, a type of cell characterized by a clear cytoplasmic matrix and a scarsity of the organelles. The other degenerative pattern, which appertains to the type II cells, overwhelms the entire cytoplasmic organization and rapidly causes the destruction of the cell. These observations are discussed in relationship to: 1. the evaluation of the autophagic function of the lysosomes and in particular the cytosegregosomes; 2. the theory of the trophic function of nerves, in general, and sensory nerves, in particular.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 195-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ovary ; Interstitial cells ; Thecal gland ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the thecal gland of the domestic fowl, is described for the first time. In the fowl, the glands are located as islets of lipid-laden cells in the theca interna and also in the interfollicular regions. They appear as well defined structures, organized like endocrine glands, quite different from the surrounding theca interna cells. Each gland is composed of two different cell types, the steroid-producing cell, and a cell type never described before, named the enclosing cell. Both cell types are surrounded by a common, distinct basal membrane. The steroid-producing cells are characterized by their content of organelles typical of steroid-producing cells in other organs. The enclosing cells are char cterized by their peripheral location within the gland and their membranous contact with the steroid-producing cells, long processes with desmosomes and their relation to the nerve fibers. They do not contain the organelles typically found in steroid-producing cells. So far, the real function of the enclosing cells is unknown. The following structures are demonstrated in ovarian steroid-producing cells of the fowl for the first time: cytoplasmic microtubules and filaments, intramatrical lipid-like droplets, attachment devices, the polarity of the steroidproducing cells of the thecal gland.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 260-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endometrium ; Glands ; Glycogen ; Cellular involution ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié les variations morphologiques et métaboliques de 15 endomètres humains normaux prélevés à diverses phases du cycle menstruel. En phase proliférative, les cellules glandulaires ont une activité métabolique de synthèse endogène et acquièrent un important complexe ergastoplasmo-golgien. En phase sécrétoire débutante le glycogène s'accumule dans les cellules glandulaires; son catabolisme fournira les réserves métaboliques nécessaires à l'intense activité de synthèse dont font preuve les cellules glandulaires en phase sécrétoire moyenne. Le matériel synthétisé, présumé mucopolysaccharidique, apparaît dans des vacuoles golgiennes qui migrent ensuite vers le pôle apical de la cellule. L'involution débute dès le 24ème jour et se traduit par la régression de l'activité de synthèse, par l'apparition de foyers autophagiques puis par une hyperhydratation cellulaire. En phase menstruelle certaines cellules se nécrosent totalement, d'autres (les plus nombreuses) régénèrent et participent à un nouveau cycle menstruel.
    Notizen: Summary The authors have studied the cyclic morphologic and metabolic variations of 15 normal human endometria. In the phase of proliferation, the glandular cells have a metabolic activity of endogen synthesis and acquire welldeveloped ergastoplasm and Golgi-complexes. In the early phase of secretion, glycogen deposits appear in the glandular cells. Their catabolism will provide the metabolic reserves necessary for the intense synthesis occuring in the glandular cells during the mid secretory phase. The synthezised material — probably mucopolysaccharidic — appears first in Golgi vacuoles which migrate then towards the apical pole of the cell. The cellular involution begins on the 24th day and is characterized by the regression of the synthesis activity, by the appearance of focal necrosis and then by cellular hyperhydratation. In the menstrual phase, while some of the cells undergo total necrosis, others, the majority, regenerate and will participate in a new menstrual cycle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): ATPases ; Endometrial epithelium ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Goat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im Oberflächen- und Drüsenepithel des nicht graviden Uterus der Ziege wurden licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen über den Nachweis der Mg++-, Ca++- und der (Mg++-Na+-K+)-aktivierbaren ATPasen durchgeführt. Spezifische Enzymaktivitäten lassen sich nur an Proben aus der Follikelphase nachweisen. In der Corpus luteum-Phase dagegen liegen diese Enzyme nicht in nachweisbarer Intensität vor. Die lichtmikroskopisch an den seitlichen Zellflächen nachgewiesenen Niederschläge der ATPasen finden sich elektronenoptisch als schwarze Granula an der Außenlamelle der lateralen Plasmalemm-Abschnitte. An apikalen und basalen Zellmembran-Bereichen in beiden Zyklusphasen zu beobachtende Reaktionsprodukte sind das Ergebnis einer Spontanhydrolyse des Substrats ATP bzw. von Spaltungen aufgrund der unspezifischen alkalischen Phosphatase. Haftkomplexe und Desmosomen sind regelmäßig frei von Bleisalz-Niederschlägen. Es können weder regionale Unterschiede in der Reaktionsintensität der Enzyme noch Differenzen im Hinblick auf die Verteilung und ultrastrukturelle Lokalisation von Niederschlägen der Mg++-bzw. der Ca++-aktivierbaren ATPase festgestellt werden.
    Notizen: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies were performed on the Mg++-, Ca++-, and the (Mg++-Na+-K+)-activated ATPases in the surface and glandular epithelium of the non-pregnant uterus of the goat. Specific enzyme activities have been shown only in the epithelial samples collected during the follicular phase. In the luteal phase, none of these enzymes have been demonstrated with certainty. Precipitates of the ATPases which have been shown with the light microscope on the sides of the cell surface, can electron optically be observed as black granules on the outer lamella of the lateral plasmalemma. Reaction products on the apical and basal cell membrane regions observable in both cyclic phases, result from spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate ATP, i.e. splitting caused by non-specific alkaline phosphatase. Junctional complexes and desmosomes are regularly free from lead salt precipitates. Neither regional differences in reaction intensity of the enzymes nor differences in the distribution and ultrastructural localization of either Mg++-or Ca++-activated ATPase precipitates can be observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 350-372 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Gas Bladder ; Argentina silus ; Gland Cells ; Vascular Bundles ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The orifice between the two chambers of the gas bladder in Argentina silus is surrounded by a sphincter muscle. Gas analyses of the gas bladder contents of fish from 400 meters depth give 0–1% carbon dioxide and 9–72% oxygen. Micro-retia mirabilia form a countercurrent vascular system, and the arterial component has peripherally a sphincter mechanism. The function of the “glandular layer” of the anterior chamber remains uncertain, but the structure indicates secretion into blood capillaries. The lining epithelium of the anterior chamber may secrete some substance into blood or directly into the lumen, which may be involved in a secretory mechanism. This conclusion is not supported by our histochemical tests. The posterior chamber has no micro-retia and the blood vessels have a different origin from those of the anterior chamber. The blood vessels form a plexus of capillaries or sinuses in contact with the flat lining epithelium, thus allowing gases to pass freely by diffusion. — The muscular layers of both chambers are innervated by catecholamine-containing nerve fibres.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 496-516 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Innervation of the pituitary ; Gillichthys ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The innervation of the pituitary gland of the teleost fish Gillichthys mirabilis was studied with light and electron microscopy in order to determine its nature and distribution. Two types of neurosecretory fibers (“A” and “B”) are present in the adenohypophysis. Type “A” fibers containing elementary neurosecretory granules, 1,500–1,600 Å in diameter, perforate the basement membrane in the neurointermediate lobe and make synaptoid contacts with MSH cells. Type “B” fibers containing large granulated vesicles (LGV), 900–1,000 Å in diameter, perforate the basement membrane in all lobes of the pituitary gland and terminate in direct contact with the several adenohypophysial cell types. At the electron-microscope level, LGV from type “B” fibers show a positive reaction to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) impregnation. Reserpine treatment resulted in a depletion of their dense cores if osmium tetroxide was used as the only fixative, whereas double fixation with aldehydes and osmium tetroxide did not reveal appreciable changes. Yellow-to-green fluorescent fibers were detected in the pituitary gland after the Falck-Hillarp technique at sites corresponding approximately to the location of type “B” fibers, strongly suggesting the monoaminergic nature of the latter. After hypophysectomy, medial and lateral neurons of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) undergo retrograde degeneration. This finding, together with the morphological and cytochemical similarities of the LGV in NLT neurons and those in the type “B” fibers, suggests that the fibers originate from certain NLT neurosecretory neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 519-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Retina ; Myxine glutinosa ; Epithelial cells ; Receptor cells ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The retina of the atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, displays at the ultrastructural level several structures which in the retina of higher vertebrates are criteria of function. Agranular vesicles, which strongly resemble synaptic vesicles, are found at the receptor base, either evenly distributed in the cytoplasm or aggregated near membrane densities. Moreover, the cytoplasm is rich in glycogen and mitochondria which indicate a metabolic activity. The epithelial cells differ from pigment epithelial cells in higher vertebrates essentially in two respects. The basal surface does not display infoldings and there are no pigment granules. Observations are also reported on the inner layers of the retina. Different types of cell bodies and processes are described as well as follicle-like structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 429-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Insect CNS ; Deutocerebrum ; Experimental degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Bei Calliphora vicina und Periplaneta americana wurde mit Hilfe experimentell erzeugter anterograder Degeneration der Verlauf von Axonen antennaler Rezeptorzellen im Oberschlundganglion verfolgt. Nach Abtrennen einer Antennengeißel (die beiden proximalen Segmente bleiben intakt) findet man degenerierte Nervenfortsätze in den Glomeruli des ipsilateralen Deutocerebrum. Bei Calliphora laufen viele dieser Axone über eine Bahn dorsal des Oesophagus in die Glomeruli des contralateralen Deutocerebrum. Ein großer Ast des Antennennerven Calliphora zieht vorbei an der Region der Glomeruli in posteriore Regionen des Oberschlundganglions. Nach Abtrennen der ganzen Antenne einschließlich der proximalen Segmente findet sich in diesem Trakt eine große Zahl degenerierter Axone. Die Synapsen in der Region der Glomeruli ähneln anderen Synapsen, wie sie im Zentralnervensystem von Insekten bisher beschrieben wurden.
    Notizen: Summary Pathways of axons from antennal receptor organs into the brain have been traced by means of anterograde experimental degeneration in Calliphora vicina and Periplaneta americana. After removal of one antennal flagellum (with the two proximal segments left intact) degenerating nervous processes were found in the glomeruli of the ipsilateral deutocerebrum. In Calliphora a great number of these axons run via a pathway dorsal to the oesophagus into the glomeruli of the contralateral deutocerebrum. A big branch of the antennal nerve of Calliphora runs toward a posterior region of the brain bypassing the glomerular region. After removal of the whole antenna including the proximal segments degenerations can be seen also in this branch on the ipsilateral side. The synapses in the glomerular region of the deutocerebrum resemble other central synapses in insects described so far (electron dense cleft, often ribbon-like dense structures within the presynaptic element near or at the synaptic membrane, clear vesicles etc.).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 475-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adenohypophysis ; Delphinus delphis ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure ; Marine environment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural appearances of the cell types are described in the pars distalis of common (Pacific) dolphins, Delphinus delphis. Tentative functions are assigned to these cells and discussed in relation to some of the known adaptations of these mammals to a marine environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 33-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Microsporidian ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Vegetative growth of Nosema sp. occurs within the gut submucosal cells of Callinectes sapidus. Vegetative cell morphology is dominated by profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, numerous free ribosomes and aggregates of vesicles enclosed by a membranous sac. The dikaryotic vegetative cell is the earliest stage found in the target area for sporogenesis, the sarcoplasm of the striated muscle cell. The next obvious stage is the sporoblast mother cell; it undergoes karyokinesis without breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Intranuclear mitotic microtubules extend from the chromosomes to the intact nuclear envelope. After repeated nuclear divisions, the sporoblast mother cell undergoes delayed cytokinesis and a series of sporoblast progeny develops. The polar filament is the first visually apparent system to develop during sporogenesis. It appears to be of dual origin: (1) the central core component is condensed in Golgi-like saccules, and (2) the envelopes around the core originate from the endoplasmic reticulum. The polaroplast, which forms after early polar filament development, appears to originate as an elaboration of the endoplasmic reticulum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Rat ; Deafferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This report concerns a light and electron microscopic investigation of the median eminence and dorsal infundibular stem of the rat following surgical isolation (deafferentation). Using a modification of the Halász technique, the basal hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus and median eminence were surgically isolated from surrounding structures. Special attention was directed to the contact (external) zone of the median eminence and rostral infundibulum where tuberohypophyseal axons as well as ependymal cell processes abut upon the abluminal basement membrane of the portal perivascular space. The results of this study to date suggest that 9, 20, and 40 days following surgical isolation, there is a distinct increase in the population of tuberohypophyseal dense core vesicles. It is suggested that deafferentation abolishes inhibitory and excitatory input that serves to modify the cellular dynamics of tuberohypophyseal neurosecretory elements. Comments are also made on the presence of cistern-like structures in the lateral median eminence; the presence of vesicle-like inclusions in terminal ependymal processes is discussed in relationship to the role that ependyma may play in linking the third ventricle with the adenohypophysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 61-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thyroid stimulation dog ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The kinetics of the effects of acute administration and of multiple injections of TSH on the ultrastructure of the thyroid of the dog were studied. The results are correlated with data obtained by light microscopy and by biochemical study of the tissue. The response to TSH is more delayed in the dog than in the rat; it is characterized by interfollicular and intrafollicular heterogeneity: only after 3 hours do all thyroid cells demonstrate signs of stimulation. The stimulation of each thyroid cell results in three overlapping stages: colloid phagocytosis, colloid digestion and morphological changes suggesting increased biosynthetic activity. The former effects are concomitant with the effects of TSH on the secretory process in vivo and the metabolic activation of thyroid slices in vitro; the latter effect parallels an increased RNA content of the tissue. Thyroids stimulated for 3 and 6 days by TSH exhibit marked hyperplasia and cellular hypertrophy. The colloid is scant and no colloid droplets are evident. After three days of TSH administration, numerous intracellular spaces, containing colloid are observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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